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Plum L, Ma X, Hampel B, Balthasar N, Coppari R, Münzberg H, Shanabrough M, Burdakov D, Rother E, Janoschek R, Alber J, Belgardt BF, Koch L, Seibler J, Schwenk F, Fekete C, Suzuki A, Mak TW, Krone W, Horvath TL, Ashcroft FM, Brüning JC. Enhanced PIP3 signaling in POMC neurons causes KATP channel activation and leads to diet-sensitive obesity. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1886-901. [PMID: 16794735 PMCID: PMC1481658 DOI: 10.1172/jci27123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin and insulin have been identified as fuel sensors acting in part through their hypothalamic receptors to inhibit food intake and stimulate energy expenditure. As their intracellular signaling converges at the PI3K pathway, we directly addressed the role of phosphatidylinositol3,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated (PIP3-mediated) signals in hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons by inactivating the gene for the PIP3 phosphatase Pten specifically in this cell type. Here we show that POMC-specific disruption of Pten resulted in hyperphagia and sexually dimorphic diet-sensitive obesity. Although leptin potently stimulated Stat3 phosphorylation in POMC neurons of POMC cell-restricted Pten knockout (PPKO) mice, it failed to significantly inhibit food intake in vivo. POMC neurons of PPKO mice showed a marked hyperpolarization and a reduction in basal firing rate due to increased ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel activity. Leptin was not able to elicit electrical activity in PPKO POMC neurons, but application of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and the KATP blocker tolbutamide restored electrical activity and leptin-evoked firing of POMC neurons in these mice. Moreover, icv administration of tolbutamide abolished hyperphagia in PPKO mice. These data indicate that PIP3-mediated signals are critical regulators of the melanocortin system via modulation of KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Plum
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaosong Ma
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brigitte Hampel
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nina Balthasar
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto Coppari
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marya Shanabrough
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva Rother
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth Janoschek
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jens Alber
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bengt F. Belgardt
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda Koch
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jost Seibler
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frieder Schwenk
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tak W. Mak
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wilhelm Krone
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamas L. Horvath
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frances M. Ashcroft
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jens C. Brüning
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
Klinik II und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne and CMMC, Cologne, Germany.
University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Artemis Pharmaceuticals, Cologne, Germany.
Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Medical Biophysics, and Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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