101
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Ranade S, Bajaj A, Londhe V, Babul N, Kao D. Fabrication of topical metered dose film forming sprays for pain management. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 100:132-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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102
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Amini-Khoei H, Amiri S, Mohammadi-Asl A, Alijanpour S, Poursaman S, Haj-Mirzaian A, Rastegar M, Mesdaghinia A, Banafshe HR, Sadeghi E, Samiei E, Mehr SE, Dehpour AR. Experiencing neonatal maternal separation increased pain sensitivity in adult male mice: Involvement of oxytocinergic system. Neuropeptides 2017; 61:77-85. [PMID: 27932062 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Early-life stress adversely affects the development of the brain, and alters a variety of behaviors such as pain in later life. In present study, we investigated how early-life stress (maternal separation or MS) can affect the nociceptive response later in life. We particularly focused on the role of oxytocin (OT) in regulating nociception in previously exposed (MS during early postnatal development) mice that were subjected to acute stress (restraint stress or RS). Further, we evaluated whether such modulation of pain sensation in MS mice are regulated by shared mechanisms of the OTergic and opioidergic systems. To do this, we assessed the underlying systems mediating the nociceptive response by administrating different antagonists (for both opioid and OTergic systems) under the different experimental conditions (control vs MS, and control plus RS vs MS plus RS). Our results showed that MS increased pain sensitivity in both tail-flick and hot-plate tests while after administration of OT (1μg/μl/mouse, i.c.v) pain threshold was increased. Atosiban, an OT antagonist (10μg/μl/mouse, i.c.v) abolished the effects of OT. While acute RS increased the pain threshold in control (and not MS) mice, treating MS mice with OT normalized the pain response to RS. This latter effect was reversed by atosiban and/or naltrexone, an opioid antagonist (0.5μg/μl/mouse, i.c.v) suggesting that OT enhances the effect of endogenous opioids. OTergic system is involved in mediating the nociception under acute stress in mice subjected to early-life stress and OTergic and opioidergic systems interact to modulate pain sensitivity in MS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Amini-Khoei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ali Mohammadi-Asl
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Alijanpour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad, Iran
| | - Simin Poursaman
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Haj-Mirzaian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Azam Mesdaghinia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Banafshe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ehsanollah Sadeghi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elika Samiei
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Ejtemaie Mehr
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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103
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Kimishima A, Wenthur CJ, Zhou B, Janda KD. An Advance in Prescription Opioid Vaccines: Overdose Mortality Reduction and Extraordinary Alteration of Drug Half-Life. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:36-40. [PMID: 28103678 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prescription opioids (POs) such as oxycodone and hydrocodone are highly effective medications for pain management, yet they also present a substantial risk for abuse and addiction. The consumption of POs has been escalating worldwide, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths due to overdose each year. Pharmacokinetic strategies based upon vaccination present an attractive avenue to suppress PO abuse. Herein, the preparation of two active PO vaccines is described that were found to elicit high-affinity antiopioid antibodies through a structurally congruent drug-hapten design. Administration of these vaccines resulted in a significant blockade of opioid analgesic activity, along with an unprecedented increase in drug serum half-life and protection against lethal overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kimishima
- Departments
of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cody J. Wenthur
- Departments
of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments
of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments
of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology,
Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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104
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Zhu B, Chen Y, Shen X, Liu X, Guo SW. Anti-platelet therapy holds promises in treating adenomyosis: experimental evidence. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:66. [PMID: 27724926 PMCID: PMC5057470 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently emerging evidence indicates that endometriotic lesions are wounds undergoing repeated tissue injury and repair (ReTIAR), and platelets induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation (FMT), leading ultimately to fibrosis. Due to the commonality of cyclic bleeding as in endometriosis, adenomyotic lesions are also wounds that undergo ReTIAR, and we have recently provided evidence corroborating platelet-induced EMT, FMT and fibrogenesis in adenomyosis. This study sought to evaluate the effect of antiplatelet therapy in a mouse model of adenomyosis. METHODS Adenomyosis was induced in 57 female ICR mice with neonatal dosing of tamoxifen, while another 12 (group C) were dosed with solvent only, serving as a blank control. Starting from 4 weeks after birth, hotplate test was administrated to all mice every 4 weeks. At the 16th week, all mice with induced adenomyosis were randomly divided into 6 groups: untreated, low- and high-dose Ozagrel, low- and high-dose anti-mouse GPIbα polyclonal IgG antibody to deplete platelets, and isotype-matched inert IgG non-immune antibody. Group C received no treatment. After 3 weeks of treatment, they were hotplate tested again, their uterine horns and brains were harvested, and a blood sample was taken to measure the plasma corticosterone level by ELISA. The left uterine horn was used for immunohistochemistry analysis. The brainstem nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) sections were subjected to immunofluorescence staining for GAD65. The depth of myometrial infiltration and uterine contractility were evaluated. RESULTS We found that both Ozagrel treatment and platelet depletion dose-dependently suppressed myometrial infiltration, improved generalized hyperalgesia, reduced uterine contractility, and lowered plasma corticosterone levels, improved the expression of some proteins known to be involved in adenomyosis and slowed down the process of fibrogenesis. It also elevated the number of GAD65-expressing neurons in the brainstem NRM, possibly boosting the GABAergic inhibition of pain due to adenomyosis. CONCLUSION This study further provides evidence that platelets play important roles in the development of adenomyosis. Anti-platelet treatment is efficacious in suppression of myometrial infiltration, improving generalized hyperalgesia, reducing uterine hyperactivity and systemic corticosterone levels. Collectively, these results demonstrate that anti-platelet therapy seems to be promising for treating adenomyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325800 China
| | - Yumei Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325800 China
| | - Xiaolu Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325800 China
| | - Xishi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011 China
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011 China
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011 China
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105
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Hestehave S, Munro G, Pedersen TB, Abelson KSP. Antinociceptive effects of voluntarily ingested buprenorphine in the hot-plate test in laboratory rats. Lab Anim 2016; 51:264-272. [PMID: 27681372 DOI: 10.1177/0023677216668553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Researchers performing experiments on animals should always strive towards the refinement of experiments, minimization of stress and provision of better animal welfare. An adequate analgesic strategy is important to improve post-operative recovery and welfare in laboratory rats and mice. In addition, it is desirable to provide post-operative analgesia using methods that are minimally invasive and stressful. This study investigated the antinociceptive effects of orally administered buprenorphine ingested in Nutella® in comparison with subcutaneous buprenorphine administration. By exposing the animal to a thermal stimulus using a hot plate, significant antinociceptive effects of voluntarily ingested buprenorphine administered in Nutella® were demonstrated. This was evident at doses of 1.0 mg/kg 60 and 120 min post administration ( P < 0.01), although antinociceptive effects were not as marked as with subcutaneous administration, and had a later onset. It is advised to administer the oral formulation of buprenorphine in Nutella® in a 10-fold higher dose, as well as approximately 60 min earlier, than with the more commonly employed subcutaneous route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hestehave
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,2 H Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Klas S P Abelson
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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106
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Antinociceptive properties of the mastoparan peptide Agelaia-MPI isolated from social wasps. Toxicon 2016; 120:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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107
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Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, analgesic activities, and side effects of some pyrazole derivatives. Inflammopharmacology 2016; 24:163-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-016-0270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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108
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Bremer PT, Kimishima A, Schlosburg JE, Zhou B, Collins KC, Janda KD. Combatting Synthetic Designer Opioids: A Conjugate Vaccine Ablates Lethal Doses of Fentanyl Class Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3772-5. [PMID: 26879590 PMCID: PMC4860013 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fentanyl is an addictive prescription opioid that is over 80 times more potent than morphine. The synthetic nature of fentanyl has enabled the creation of dangerous "designer drug" analogues that escape toxicology screening, yet display comparable potency to the parent drug. Alarmingly, a large number of fatalities have been linked to overdose of fentanyl derivatives. Herein, we report an effective immunotherapy for reducing the psychoactive effects of fentanyl class drugs. A single conjugate vaccine was created that elicited high levels of antibodies with cross-reactivity for a wide panel of fentanyl analogues. Moreover, vaccinated mice gained significant protection from lethal fentanyl doses. Lastly, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based technique was established enabling drug-specificity profiling of antibodies derived directly from serum. Our newly developed fentanyl vaccine and analytical methods may assist in the battle against synthetic opioid abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Atsushi Kimishima
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joel E Schlosburg
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Karen C Collins
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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109
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Kashem SW, Riedl MS, Yao C, Honda CN, Vulchanova L, Kaplan DH. Nociceptive Sensory Fibers Drive Interleukin-23 Production from CD301b+ Dermal Dendritic Cells and Drive Protective Cutaneous Immunity. Immunity 2016; 43:515-26. [PMID: 26377898 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate resistance to Candida albicans in mucosal tissues requires the production of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by tissue-resident cells early during infection, but the mechanism of cytokine production has not been precisely defined. In the skin, we found that dermal γδ T cells were the dominant source of IL-17A during C. albicans infection and were required for pathogen resistance. Induction of IL-17A from dermal γδ T cells and resistance to C. albicans required IL-23 production from CD301b(+) dermal dendritic cells (dDCs). In addition, we found that sensory neurons were directly activated by C. albicans. Ablation of sensory neurons increased susceptibility to C. albicans infection, which could be rescued by exogenous addition of the neuropeptide CGRP. These data define a model in which nociceptive pathways in the skin drive production of IL-23 by CD301b(+) dDCs resulting in IL-17A production from γδ T cells and resistance to cutaneous candidiasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Candida albicans/immunology
- Candida albicans/physiology
- Candidiasis/genetics
- Candidiasis/immunology
- Candidiasis/microbiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dermis/cytology
- Flow Cytometry
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Immunity/genetics
- Immunity/immunology
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-23/genetics
- Interleukin-23/immunology
- Interleukin-23/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/immunology
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sensory Receptor Cells/immunology
- Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transcriptome/genetics
- Transcriptome/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakeen W Kashem
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Maureen S Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chen Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher N Honda
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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110
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Du GH, Yuan TY, Du LD, Zhang YX. The Potential of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment and Modulation of Pain. PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND THE MODULATION OF PAIN 2016; 75:325-61. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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111
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Vanini G. Sleep Deprivation and Recovery Sleep Prior to a Noxious Inflammatory Insult Influence Characteristics and Duration of Pain. Sleep 2016; 39:133-42. [PMID: 26237772 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Insufficient sleep and chronic pain are public health epidemics. Sleep loss worsens pain and predicts the development of chronic pain. Whether previous, acute sleep loss and recovery sleep determine pain levels and duration remains poorly understood. This study tested whether acute sleep deprivation and recovery sleep prior to formalin injection alter post-injection pain levels and duration. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) underwent sleep deprivation or ad libitum sleep for 9 hours. Thereafter, rats received a subcutaneous injection of formalin or saline into a hind paw. In the recovery sleep group, rats were allowed 24 h between sleep deprivation and the injection of formalin. Mechanical and thermal nociception were assessed using the von Frey test and Hargreaves' method. Nociceptive measures were performed at 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17 and 21 days post-injection. RESULTS Formalin caused bilateral mechanical hypersensitivity (allodynia) that persisted for up to 21 days post-injection. Sleep deprivation significantly enhanced bilateral allodynia. There was a synergistic interaction when sleep deprivation preceded a formalin injection. Rats allowed a recovery sleep period prior to formalin injection developed allodynia only in the injected limb, with higher mechanical thresholds (less allodynia) and a shorter recovery period. There were no persistent changes in thermal nociception. CONCLUSION The data suggest that acute sleep loss preceding an inflammatory insult enhances pain and can contribute to chronic pain. The results encourage studies in a model of surgical pain to test whether enhancing sleep reduces pain levels and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Vanini
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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112
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McMackin MZ, Lewin MR, Tabuena DR, Arreola FE, Moffatt C, Fuse M. Use of von Frey filaments to assess nociceptive sensitization in the hornworm, Manduca sexta. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 257:139-46. [PMID: 26432932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hornworm Manduca sexta exhibits a defensive strike to noxious assaults, a response that is robust and is easily observed by experimenters. Von Frey filaments and methods typical for studying nociception in other animals were used to assess the strike response in M. sexta. NEW METHODS A series of von Frey filaments was applied to the body wall in ascending order and the data generated were used to determine the strike threshold by (i) the up-and-down method, (ii) the first response method, and (iii) the simplified up-and-down order method (SUDO). The effect of a noxious pinch on strike threshold was assessed. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS To our knowledge none of these methods has been used on M. sexta previously, making the use of the up-and-down and SUDO methods the first in an invertebrate. The use of the first response method has been used in other invertebrates, and the method appears equally suited to M. sexta. RESULTS All three methods were successful in monitoring the threshold sensitivity to touch, which was lowered (sensitized) by tissue damage induced with a pinch. Sensitization lasted 19h. CONCLUSIONS All three methods of assessing nociception were successfully applied to quantify the defensive strike response in M. sexta, although the SUDO method required empirical assessment of which filament to start the test sequence with. The results revealed both short- and long-term sensitization. These methods should prove to be useful for quantifying sensitization in M. sexta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Zubia McMackin
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
| | - Matthew R Lewin
- Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability Director Center for Exploration and Travel Health, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Dr., Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | - Dennis R Tabuena
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
| | - F Eric Arreola
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
| | - Christopher Moffatt
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
| | - Megumi Fuse
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
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113
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Craig MM, Bajic D. Long-term behavioral effects in a rat model of prolonged postnatal morphine exposure. Behav Neurosci 2015; 129:643-55. [PMID: 26214209 PMCID: PMC4586394 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged morphine treatment in neonatal pediatric populations is associated with a high incidence of opioid tolerance and dependence. Despite the clinical relevance of this problem, our knowledge of long-term consequences is sparse. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether prolonged morphine administration in a neonatal rat is associated with long-term behavioral changes in adulthood. Newborn animals received either morphine (10 mg/kg) or equal volume of saline subcutaneously twice daily for the first 2 weeks of life. Morphine-treated animals underwent 10 days of morphine weaning to reduce the potential for observable physical signs of withdrawal. Animals were subjected to nonstressful testing (locomotor activity recording and a novel-object recognition test) at a young age (Postnatal Days [PDs] 27-31) or later in adulthood (PDs 55-56), as well as stressful testing (calibrated forceps test, hot plate test, and forced swim test) only in adulthood. Analysis revealed that prolonged neonatal morphine exposure resulted in decreased thermal but not mechanical threshold. Importantly, no differences were found for total locomotor activity (proxy of drug reward/reinforcement behavior), individual forced swim test behaviors (proxy of affective processing), or novel-object recognition test. Performance on the novel-object recognition test was compromised in the morphine-treated group at the young age, but the effect disappeared in adulthood. These novel results provide insight into the long-term consequences of opioid treatment during an early developmental period and suggest long-term neuroplastic differences in sensory processing related to thermal stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Craig
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dusica Bajic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA, USA
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114
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Wang Y, Liu X, Wang D, Yang J, Zhao L, Yu J, Wang R. Endomorphin-1 analogues (MELs) penetrate the blood–brain barrier and exhibit good analgesic effects with minimal side effects. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:312-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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115
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Jalah R, Torres OB, Mayorov AV, Li F, Antoline JFG, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Deschamps JR, Beck Z, Alving CR, Matyas GR. Efficacy, but not antibody titer or affinity, of a heroin hapten conjugate vaccine correlates with increasing hapten densities on tetanus toxoid, but not on CRM197 carriers. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1041-53. [PMID: 25970207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against drugs of abuse have induced antibodies in animals that blocked the biological effects of the drug by sequestering the drug in the blood and preventing it from crossing the blood-brain barrier. Drugs of abuse are too small to induce antibodies and, therefore, require conjugation of drug hapten analogs to a carrier protein. The efficacy of these conjugate vaccines depends on several factors including hapten design, coupling strategy, hapten density, carrier protein selection, and vaccine adjuvant. Previously, we have shown that 1 (MorHap), a heroin/morphine hapten, conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) and mixed with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A [L(MPLA)] as adjuvant, partially blocked the antinociceptive effects of heroin in mice. Herein, we extended those findings, demonstrating greatly improved vaccine induced antinociceptive effects up to 3% mean maximal potential effect (%MPE). This was obtained by evaluating the effects of vaccine efficacy of hapten 1 vaccine conjugates with varying hapten densities using two different commonly used carrier proteins, TT and cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197). Immunization of mice with these conjugates mixed with L(MPLA) induced very high anti-1 IgG peak levels of 400-1500 μg/mL that bound to both heroin and its metabolites, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine. Except for the lowest hapten density for each carrier, the antibody titers and affinity were independent of hapten density. The TT carrier based vaccines induced long-lived inhibition of heroin-induced antinociception that correlated with increasing hapten density. The best formulation contained TT with the highest hapten density of ≥30 haptens/TT molecule and induced %MPE of approximately 3% after heroin challenge. In contrast, the best formulation using CRM197 was with intermediate 1 densities (10-15 haptens/CRM197 molecule), but the %MPE was approximately 13%. In addition, the chemical synthesis of 1, the optimization of the conjugation method, and the methods for the accurate quantification of hapten density are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Jalah
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Oscar B Torres
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Alexander V Mayorov
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Fuying Li
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Joshua F G Antoline
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Zoltan Beck
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Carl R Alving
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Gary R Matyas
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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Aziz CBA, Ismail CAN, Hussin CMC, Mohamed M. The antinociceptive effects of tualang honey in male sprague-dawley rats: a preliminary study. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 4:298-302. [PMID: 25379476 PMCID: PMC4220512 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.139115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tualang honey (蜂蜜 Fēng Mì) is known to have anti-inflammatory property, but its antinociceptive property has not been extensively investigated. In this study, we examined the preemptive effects on administering different doses of Tualang honey and prednisolone on the nociceptive response in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into five groups (n = 7) and each group received either distilled water, Tualang honey (0.2, 1.2 or 2.4 g/kg) or prednisolone (10 mg/kg) for 10 days. The response to noxious thermal stimulus was assessed using tail flick test on Day 10. The well-being of the rats was also assessed by monitoring their food intake and body weight. Data were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Scheffe's test and P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. In tail flick test, the tail flick latency time was significantly higher in the groups that received 1.2 g/kg and 2.4 g/kg of Tualang honey and 10 mg/kg of prednisolone, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). There was significant reduction in the total food pellet intake in the groups receiving prednisolone and Tualang honey (1.2 g/kg and 2.4 g/kg) compared to controls; however, the body weight gain was only significantly reduced in the prednisolone group. All the parameters were not significantly affected in the group receiving 0.2 g/kg of Tualang honey. In conclusion, preemptive administration of Tualang honey (1.2 g/kg and 2.4 g/kg) and prednisolone (10 mg/kg) had reduced the pain responses. The reduced weight gain in the prednisolone group is an unwanted effect due to its metabolic and central actions. Further studies are required to confirm the antinociceptive effects and elucidate the mechanism of antinociceptive action of Tualang honey in the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Badariah Abd Aziz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Che Aishah Nazariah Ismail
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Che Maraina Che Hussin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mahaneem Mohamed
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The hot water tail-flick test is widely used to measure the degree of nociception experienced by laboratory animals. This study was carried out to optimise interval times for the hot water immersion tail-flick tests in rats. METHOD Ten different intervals from 10 s to 1 h were tested in 60 Sprague-Dawley male rats. At least eight rats were tested for each interval in three consecutive hot water tail-flick tests. Dixon's up-and-down method was also used to find the optimal intervals. The same rats were then divided into two groups. In Group N, naloxone was injected to reverse the prolonged latency times, whereas saline was used in the control Group S. RESULTS Intervals of 10 s, 20 s, 30 min and 1 h did not significantly impact latencies, yielding similar results in three consecutive tests (p > 0.05). However, interval times of between 30 s and 20 min, inclusively, caused significantly prolonged latencies in the second and third tests (p < 0.001). Dixon's up-and-down method showed that 95% of the rats had prolonged latencies in hot water tail-flick tests at intervals longer than 32 s. Naloxone reversed prolonged latencies in Group N, whereas the latencies in Group S were further prolonged in 5 min interval tests. CONCLUSION The optimal intervals for hot water tail-flick tests are either shorter than 20 s or longer than 20 min. The prolonged latencies after repetitive tests were attributable to an endocrine opioid.
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Specific targeting of neurotoxic side effects and pharmacological profile of the novel cancer stem cell drug salinomycin in mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:889-900. [PMID: 24770997 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Salinomycin is a polyether antibiotic which effectively eliminates a variety of cancer stem cells and chemotherapy-resistant tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. One important caveat for its clinical application is the paucity of preclinical pharmacological and safety data. In the present study, we thus aimed to elucidate pharmacokinetic properties of salinomycin and to assess the side effect profile of chronic treatment with this compound in C57Bl/6 mice. In addition, we tested whether neurotoxic side effects can be prevented by interference with the intracellular calcium homeostasis. We observed that salinomycin has a narrow therapeutic index; however, a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight was well tolerated, and analysis of blood parameters as well as organ histology of liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and heart showed no abnormalities after daily salinomycin injection for 4 weeks. Pharmacokinetic evaluation revealed low micromolar peak concentrations and an almost complete systemic elimination within 5 h after injection. In contrast to low systemic toxicity, typical signs of a sensory polyneuropathy with mechanical and cold allodynia, distinct gait alterations, decreased sensory nerve action potential amplitudes, and loss of myelinated fibers in the sciatic nerve were observed in salinomycin-treated animals. Inhibition of the mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger partially prevented the development of salinomycin-induced neuropathy in vivo, an approach which did not reduce salinomycin's antineoplastic efficacy in vitro. Taken together, this study establishes a framework of pharmacokinetic data for future preclinical trials and safety data for translational trials. Furthermore, we established a strategy to reduce salinomycin's off-target neurotoxic effects. KEY MESSAGE Salinomycin has a narrow therapeutic index; a dose of 5 mg/kg is tolerated in mice. Mice treated with salinomycin develop a painful sensory polyneuropathy. An optimized protocol was established to measure salinomycin in serum samples. Inhibition of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers prevents salinomycin-induced neuropathy. Blocking mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers does not impair antineoplastic efficacy.
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Recla JM, Robledo RF, Gatti DM, Bult CJ, Churchill GA, Chesler EJ. Precise genetic mapping and integrative bioinformatics in Diversity Outbred mice reveals Hydin as a novel pain gene. Mamm Genome 2014; 25:211-22. [PMID: 24700285 PMCID: PMC4032469 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mouse genetics is a powerful approach for discovering genes and other genome features influencing human pain sensitivity. Genetic mapping studies have historically been limited by low mapping resolution of conventional mouse crosses, resulting in pain-related quantitative trait loci (QTL) spanning several megabases and containing hundreds of candidate genes. The recently developed Diversity Outbred (DO) population is derived from the same eight inbred founder strains as the Collaborative Cross, including three wild-derived strains. DO mice offer increased genetic heterozygosity and allelic diversity compared to crosses involving standard mouse strains. The high rate of recombinatorial precision afforded by DO mice makes them an ideal resource for high-resolution genetic mapping, allowing the circumvention of costly fine-mapping studies. We utilized a cohort of ~300 DO mice to map a 3.8 Mbp QTL on chromosome 8 associated with acute thermal pain sensitivity, which we have tentatively named Tpnr6. We used haplotype block partitioning to narrow Tpnr6 to a width of ~230 Kbp, reducing the number of putative candidate genes from 44 to 3. The plausibility of each candidate gene’s role in pain response was assessed using an integrative bioinformatics approach, combining data related to protein domain, biological annotation, gene expression pattern, and protein functional interaction. Our results reveal a novel, putative role for the protein-coding gene, Hydin, in thermal pain response, possibly through the gene’s role in ciliary motility in the choroid plexus–cerebrospinal fluid system of the brain. Real-time quantitative-PCR analysis showed no expression differences in Hydin transcript levels between pain-sensitive and pain-resistant mice, suggesting that Hydin may influence hot-plate behavior through other biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Recla
- IGERT Program in Functional Genomics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA,
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Schildhaus N, Trink E, Polson C, Detolla L, Tyler BM, Jallo GI, Tok S, Guarnieri M. Thermal latency studies in opiate-treated mice. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2014; 6:43-7. [PMID: 24459403 PMCID: PMC3895293 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.124316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The change in the reaction time of a tail or paw exposed to a thermal stimulus is a measure of nociceptive activity in laboratory animals. Tail-flick and plantar thermal sensitivity (Hargreaves) tests are non-invasive, minimize stress, and can be used to screen animals for phenotype and drug activity. Objective: Hargreaves testing has been widely used in rats. We investigated its use to measure the activity of opiate analgesia in mice. Methods: Mice were used in thermal stimulus studies at 1-5 hours and 1-5 days to test acute and extended release preparations of buprenorphine. Results: Hargreaves testing had limited value at 1-5 hours because mice can have an obtunded response to opiate therapy. Tail-flick studies with restrained mice are not affected by the initial locomotor stimulation. Discussion: The present report describes a simple restraint system for mice. The utility of the system is demonstrated by examining the efficacy of acute and extended release buprenorphine injections in Balb/c and Swiss mice. Conclusion: Standardized tail-flick testing provides a sensitive robust method to monitor opiate activity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Schildhaus
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eliana Trink
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chirs Polson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Louis Detolla
- Departments of Pathology, Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, The Program of Comparative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Betty M Tyler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - George I Jallo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sino Tok
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Guarnieri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Castel D, Willentz E, Doron O, Brenner O, Meilin S. Characterization of a porcine model of post-operative pain. Eur J Pain 2013; 18:496-505. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Castel
- The Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Sackler School of Medicine; Tel-Aviv University; Israel
| | | | - O. Doron
- Lahav Research Institute; Negev Israel
| | - O. Brenner
- Department of Veterinary Resources; The Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | - S. Meilin
- Neurology Division; MD Biosciences; Ness Ziona Israel
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Immature doublecortin-positive hippocampal neurons are important for learning but not for remembering. J Neurosci 2013; 33:6603-13. [PMID: 23575857 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3064-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that hippocampal neurogenesis underpins critical cognitive functions, such as learning and memory. To assess the behavioral importance of adult-born neurons, we developed a novel knock-in mouse model that allowed us to specifically and reversibly ablate hippocampal neurons at an immature stage. In these mice, the diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) is expressed under control of the doublecortin (DCX) promoter, which allows for specific ablation of immature DCX-expressing neurons after administration of diphtheria toxin while leaving the neural precursor pool intact. Using a spatially challenging behavioral test (a modified version of the active place avoidance test), we present direct evidence that immature DCX-expressing neurons are required for successful acquisition of spatial learning, as well as reversal learning, but are not necessary for the retrieval of stored long-term memories. Importantly, the observed learning deficits were rescued as newly generated immature neurons repopulated the granule cell layer upon termination of the toxin treatment. Repeat (or cyclic) depletion of immature neurons reinstated behavioral deficits if the mice were challenged with a novel task. Together, these findings highlight the potential of stimulating neurogenesis as a means to enhance learning.
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Thirunarayanan N, Nir EA, Raaka BM, Gershengorn MC. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 (TRH-R1), not TRH-R2, primarily mediates taltirelin actions in the CNS of mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:950-6. [PMID: 23303050 PMCID: PMC3629383 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 2 (TRH-R2), not TRH-R1, has been proposed to mediate the CNS effects of TRH and its more effective analog taltirelin (TAL). Consistent with this idea, TAL exhibited higher binding affinity and signaling potency at mouse TRH-R2 than TRH-R1 in a model cell system. We used TRH-R1 knockout (R1ko), R2ko and R1/R2ko mice to determine which receptor mediates the CNS effects of TAL. There was no TRH-R1 mRNA in R1ko and R1/R2ko mice and no TRH-R2 mRNA in R2ko and R1/R2ko mice. Specific [(3)H]MeTRH binding to whole brain membranes was 5% of wild type (WT) for R1ko mice, 100% for R2ko mice and 0% for R1/R2ko mice, indicating TRH-R1 is the predominant receptor expressed in the brain. In arousal assays, TAL shortened sleep time with pentobarbital sedation in WT and R2ko mice by 44 and 49% and with ketamine/xylazine sedation by 66 and 55%, but had no effect in R1ko and R1/R2ko mice. In a tail flick assay of nociception, TAL increased response latency by 65 and 70% in WT and R2ko mice, but had no effect in R1ko and R1/R2ko mice. In a tail suspension test of depression-like behavior, TAL increased mobility time by 49 and 37% in WT and R2ko mice, but had no effect in R1ko and R1/R2ko mice. Thus, in contrast to the generally accepted view that the CNS effects of TAL are mediated by TRH-R2, these effects are mediated primarily if not exclusively by TRH-R1 in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanthakumar Thirunarayanan
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eshel A Nir
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bruce M Raaka
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marvin C Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA,Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 50 South Drive, Room 4134, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Tel: +1 301 451 6305, Fax: +1 301 480 4214, E-mail:
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Gunduz A, Eraydin I, Turkmen S, Kalkan OF, Turedi S, Eryigit U, Ayar A. Analgesic effects of mad honey (grayanotoxin) in mice models of acute pain and painful diabetic neuropathy. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:130-5. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113482693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the effects of mad honey (grayanotoxin, GTX), used in complementary medicine for a variety of purposes besides being food, on pain thresholds in normal mice as model for acute pain and diabetic mouse as model for neuropathic pain. Methods: Hind paw withdrawal pain threshold to thermal stimulus was measured with a plantar analgesia meter in a mice model using healthy intact animals for acute pain and streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals for chronic neuropathic pain. Time and dose-dependent effects of intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered GTX were investigated in both acute and neuropathic pain. Results: In the acute pain model, administration of GTX caused a dose- and time-dependent marked increase in the pain latency values. In diabetic mice, which had markedly increased threshold to pain, GTX (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) restored the mean pain latencies by decreasing from the pre-GTX treatment values of 3.2 ± 0.6 to 3.0 ± 0.9s at 10 min, 3.2 ± 0.6s at 20 min, 3.4 ± 0.6s at 30 min, 2.6 ± 0.5s at 60 min and 2.4 ± 0.6s ( p < 0.05) at 100 min. Conclusion: The results from this experimental study indicate that GTX exhibits significant analgesic activity and has potential benefits against painful diabetic neuropathy. This is compatible with the widespread use of GTX containing mad honey for alleviating pain. Further studies involving long-term applications are needed for a more decisive conclusion regarding the usefulness of GTX as an analgesic, especially in the treatment of painful neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gunduz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - I Eraydin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Trabzon Teaching and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - S Turkmen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - O F Kalkan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - S Turedi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - U Eryigit
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - A Ayar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Kariuki HN, Kanui TI, Yenesew A, Patel N, Mbugua PM. Antinocieptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Toddalia asiatica (L) Lam. (Rutaceae) root extract in Swiss albino mice. Pan Afr Med J 2013; 14:133. [PMID: 23734278 PMCID: PMC3670198 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2013.14.133.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toddalia asiatica is a commonly used medicinal plant in East Africa for the management of pain and inflammatory conditions. The present study investigated the antinociceptive and the anti-inflammatory effects of T. asiatica in Swiss albino mice. Methods The antinociceptive and the anti-inflammatory effects of T. asiatica were investigated using formalin-induced pain test and the carrageenin-induced oedema paw. The extract solvent (vehicle), aspirin and indomethacin were employed as negative and positive controls respectively. Eight mice were used in each experiment. Results In the early phase of the formalin test, the 100mg/kg dose showed no significant antinociceptive activity while the 200mg/kg showed significant (p < 0.01) antinociceptive activity. The 100 mg/kg dose showed highly significant antinociceptive activity (p < 0.001) in the late phase of the formalin test while the 200mg/kg dose showed no significant antinociceptive activity. A reduction in carragenin induced acute inflammation paw oedema was significant (p < 0.01) following administration of 100mg/kg dose but not with the 200mg/kg dose. Conclusion The present study therefore lends support to the anecdotal evidence for use of T. asiatica in the management of painful and inflammatory conditions.
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Chen CCV, Shih YYI, Chang C. Dopaminergic imaging of nonmotor manifestations in a rat model of Parkinson's disease by fMRI. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 49:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Reduction of Pain Behavior by Stimulation of the Basolateral Amygdalar Nuclei in Freely Moving Rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-012-9310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Guo SW, Zheng Y, Lu Y, Liu X, Geng JG. Slit2 overexpression results in increased microvessel density and lesion size in mice with induced endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2012; 20:285-98. [PMID: 22875847 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112452940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that Slit/Roundabout (ROBO) 1 pathway may be a constituent biomarker for recurrence of endometriosis, likely through promoting angiogenesis. In this study, we sought to determine as whether Slit2 overexpression can facilitate angiogenesis, increase lesion size, and induce hyperalgesia in mice with induced endometriosis. We used 30 Slit2 transgenic (S) and 29 wild-type (W) mice and cross-transplanted endometrial fragments from S to W (group SW) and vice versa (group WS), and also within the S and W (groups SS and WW, respectively), into the peritoneal cavity, inducing endometriosis. We also performed a sham surgery within both S and W mice (groups Sm and Wm, respectively). The size of the ectopic implants, microvessel density (MVD) and immunoreactivity to ROBO1, and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) in ectopic and eutopic endometrium, along with hotplate and tail-flick tests in all mice, were then evaluated. We found that the induction of endometriosis resulted in generalized hyperalgesia, which was unaffected by Slit2 overexpression. Slit2 overexpression did increase the lesion size significantly and correlated positively with the MVD in ectopic and eutopic endometrium. Slit2 expression levels appear to correlate with the MVD, but not with VEGF immunoreactivity, in ectopic endometrium. Consequently, we conclude that Slit2 may play an important role in angiogenesis in endometriosis. The increased angiogenesis, as measured by MVD, but not VEGF immunoreactivity, likely resulted in increased lesion size in induced endometriosis. Thus, SLIT2/ROBO1 pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for treating endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Nita LE, Chiriac AP, Nistor MT, Tartau L. Evaluation of the controlled release ability from the poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-3,9-divinyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]-undecane) polymer network synthesized in the presence of β-cyclodextrin. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:1211-1223. [PMID: 22415361 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The study presents the possibility to use the 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate--HEMA copolymer with a comonomer with spiroacetal moiety, 3,9-divinyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]-undecane)-U, as polymer network for loading the indomethacin--INN as drug model, and also, the controlled release evaluation of the prepared bioactive system. The macromolecular compounds were prepared by radical dispersion polymerization in the presence of a pair of surfactants. The use of cyclodextrin as surfactant allowed the building of the host-guest complexes by inclusion of hydrophobic molecules. Also, the cyclodextrin supplemented the hydrogen bonds and the hydrophobic interactions responsible for the stability of the achieved complexes. The copolymers composition and the INN inclusion onto the polymeric matrix were confirmed by FTIR analysis. The porous structure of the lyophilized P(HEMA-U) samples was illustrated by SEM images. The swelling studies evidenced the interdependence between P(HEMA-U) network properties and the spiroacetal moiety amount. Thus, the copolymers presented the increase of the equilibrium swelling degree with pH and temperature. Also, the polymeric matrices manifested dual sensitivity with pH and temperature. The in vitro release of the INN drug from the polymeric network as well as the in vivo experimental studies evidenced the benefit consequence of the spiroacetal compound presence. The clinical observation of the experimental groups does not show any behavioral modifications to suggest a possible toxic effect of these polymeric formulations with and without INN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana E Nita
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley No. 41-A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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130
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Albarran-Zeckler RG, Brantley AF, Smith RG. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) knockout mice exhibit improved spatial memory and deficits in contextual memory. Behav Brain Res 2012; 232:13-9. [PMID: 22484009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the hormone ghrelin is best known for its stimulatory effect on appetite and regulation of growth hormone release, it is also reported to have beneficial effects on learning and memory formation in mice. Nevertheless, controversy exists about whether endogenous ghrelin acts on its receptors in extra-hypothalamic areas of the brain. The ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) is co-expressed in neurons that express dopamine receptor type-1 (DRD1a) and type-2 (DRD2), and we have shown that a subset of GHS-R1a, which are not occupied by the agonist (apo-GHSR1a), heterodimerize with these two receptors to regulate dopamine signaling in vitro and in vivo. To determine the consequences of ghsr ablation on brain function, congenic ghsr -/- mice on the C57BL6/J background were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests. We show that the ghsr -/- mice exhibit normal balance, movement, coordination, and pain sensation, outperform ghsr +/+ mice in the Morris water maze, but show deficits in contextual fear conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie G Albarran-Zeckler
- The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, Department of Metabolism & Aging, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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131
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Liu M, Liu X, Zhang Y, Guo SW. Valproic acid and progestin inhibit lesion growth and reduce hyperalgesia in experimentally induced endometriosis in rats. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:360-73. [PMID: 22344726 DOI: 10.1177/1933719111424453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that endometriosis is an epigenetic disease. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of valproic acid (VPA) and progesterone (P4) in a rat model of endometriosis on serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, hot plate and tail-flick latencies, lesion size, and body weight. We used 77 adult female rats, and endometriosis was induced by autotransplanting pieces of uterus (ENDO) or fat (SHAM) to the pelvic cavity. The BLANK group received no surgery. After 2 weeks, the ENDO group was further divided, randomly, into 5 groups, receiving, respectively, treatment with low- and high-dose VPA, P4 alone, VPA + P4, and no treatment. The SHAM rats received no treatment. The BLANK rats were further divided into 2 groups, one received VPA treatment and the other, no treatment. After 4 weeks, all rats were sacrificed. Response latency in hot plate and tail-flick tests, body weight, and serum TNF-α levels were measured before the surgery, before and after the treatment, along with lesion size. We found that induced endometriosis reduced response latency. ENDO rats receiving VPA and/or P4 treatment had significantly reduced lesion size as compared with untreated ones, and had significantly improved response to noxious thermal stimuli. They also had significantly increased weight gain. Serum TNF-α levels increased following surgery but eventually decreased regardless of treatment or not. In conclusion, VPA is well tolerated. Treatment with VPA significantly reduces lesion growth and improves sensitivity to nocifensive stimuli. The improvement is specific to endometriosis-induced hyperalgesia. Thus, histone deacetylase inhibitors may be a promising therapeutics for treating endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohua Liu
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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132
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Pava MJ, Blake EM, Green ST, Mizroch BJ, Mulholland PJ, Woodward JJ. Tolerance to cannabinoid-induced behaviors in mice treated chronically with ethanol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:137-47. [PMID: 21701813 PMCID: PMC3249519 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic ethanol (EtOH) treatment decreases the motor-impairing effects of cannabinoids and downregulates the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor. However, these studies have been limited to measures of ataxia and analysis of CB1 expression from whole-brain or hippocampal preparations. OBJECTIVE To more fully assess the interactions between ethanol and cannabinoids, a tetrad of four well-characterized cannabinoid-induced behaviors (hypolocomotion, antinociception, hypothermia, and catalepsy) was measured in mice following EtOH treatment. Additionally, immunoblotting assessed CB1 protein in tissue from nine brain regions associated with these behaviors and the addiction neurocircuitry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57Bl/6J mice were administered EtOH (0, 2, or 4 g/kg; intraperitoneally (i.p.)) twice daily for 10 days. Tetrad behaviors induced by the CB1 agonist WIN 55212-2 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) were measured in subjects 1 or 10 days following the last EtOH injection. In a separate group of animals, tissue was collected at the same time points for immunoblot analysis. RESULTS EtOH-treated mice were less sensitive to the hypothermic, hypolocomotive, and antinociceptive effects of WIN, and this effect reversed to control levels over a 10-day abstinence period. EtOH treatment did not affect WIN-induced catalepsy. CB1 protein expression was significantly altered in several brain areas including the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, ventral tegmental area, and cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS These results show that chronic EtOH treatment significantly affects the behavioral sensitivity to cannabinoid drugs and alters CB1 expression in several brain regions. Furthermore, these effects are selective as some behaviors and brain regions display an altered response while others do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Pava
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Emily M. Blake
- Program in Neuroscience, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC
| | | | | | - Patrick J. Mulholland
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - John J. Woodward
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Fledrich R, Schlotter-Weigel B, Schnizer TJ, Wichert SP, Stassart RM, Meyer zu Hörste G, Klink A, Weiss BG, Haag U, Walter MC, Rautenstrauss B, Paulus W, Rossner MJ, Sereda MW. A rat model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1A recapitulates disease variability and supplies biomarkers of axonal loss in patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 135:72-87. [PMID: 22189569 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is the most common inherited neuropathy and a duplication of the peripheral myelin protein 22 gene causes the most frequent subform Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A. Patients develop a slowly progressive dysmyelinating and demyelinating peripheral neuropathy and distally pronounced muscle atrophy. The amount of axonal loss determines disease severity. Although patients share an identical monogenetic defect, the disease progression is strikingly variable and the impending disease course can not be predicted in individual patients. Despite promising experimental data, recent therapy trials have failed. Established clinical outcome measures are thought to be too insensitive to detect amelioration within trials. Surrogate biomarkers of disease severity in Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A are thus urgently needed. Peripheral myelin protein 22 transgenic rats harbouring additional copies of the peripheral myelin protein 22 gene ('Charcot-Marie-Tooth rats'), which were kept on an outbred background mimic disease hallmarks and phenocopy the variable disease severity of patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A. Hence, we used the Charcot-Marie-Tooth rat to dissect prospective and surrogate markers of disease severity derived from sciatic nerve and skin tissue messenger RNA extracts. Gene set enrichment analysis of sciatic nerve transcriptomes revealed that dysregulation of lipid metabolism associated genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma constitutes a modifier of present and future disease severity. Importantly, we directly validated disease severity markers from the Charcot-Marie-Tooth rats in 46 patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A. Our data suggest that the combination of age and cutaneous messenger RNA levels of glutathione S-transferase theta 2 and cathepsin A composes a strong indicator of disease severity in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A, as quantified by the Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy Score. This translational approach, utilizing a transgenic animal model, demonstrates that transcriptional analysis of skin biopsy is suitable to identify biomarkers of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fledrich
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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134
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Bi Y, Chen H, Su J, Cao X, Bian X, Wang K. Visceral hyperalgesia induced by forebrain-specific suppression of native Kv7/KCNQ/M-current in mice. Mol Pain 2011; 7:84. [PMID: 22029713 PMCID: PMC3214183 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of brain-gut interaction is thought to underlie visceral hypersensitivity which causes unexplained abdominal pain syndromes. However, the mechanism by which alteration of brain function in the brain-gut axis influences the perception of visceral pain remains largely elusive. In this study we investigated whether altered brain activity can generate visceral hyperalgesia. RESULTS Using a forebrain specific αCaMKII promoter, we established a line of transgenic (Tg) mice expressing a dominant-negative pore mutant of the Kv7.2/KCNQ2 channel which suppresses native KCNQ/M-current and enhances forebrain neuronal excitability. Brain slice recording of hippocampal pyramidal neurons from these Tg mice confirmed the presence of hyperexcitable properties with increased firing. Behavioral evaluation of Tg mice exhibited increased sensitivity to visceral pain induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either acetic acid or magnesium sulfate, and intracolon capsaicin stimulation, but not cutaneous sensation for thermal or inflammatory pain. Immunohistological staining showed increased c-Fos expression in the somatosensory SII cortex and insular cortex of Tg mice that were injected intraperitoneally with acetic acid. To mimic the effect of cortical hyperexcitability on visceral hyperalgesia, we injected KCNQ/M channel blocker XE991 into the lateral ventricle of wild type (WT) mice. Intracerebroventricular injection of XE991 resulted in increased writhes of WT mice induced by acetic acid, and this effect was reversed by co-injection of the channel opener retigabine. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence that forebrain hyperexcitability confers visceral hyperalgesia, and suppression of central hyperexcitability by activation of KCNQ/M-channel function may provide a therapeutic potential for treatment of abdominal pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeping Bi
- Department of Neurobiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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135
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Liu X, Guo SW. Valproic acid alleviates generalized hyperalgesia in mice with induced adenomyosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37:696-708. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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136
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Maguma H, Taylor DA. The effect of chronic opioid vs. cannabinoid exposure on the expression of tolerance to morphine- or WIN-55,212-2-induced analgesia and hypothermia in the guinea pig. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:334-40. [PMID: 21514292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies using the guinea pig longitudinal muscle/myenteric plexus (LM/MP) demonstrated that chronic morphine treatment in vivo leads to the development of heterologous tolerance while chronic treatment with WIN 55,212-2 induces homologous tolerance. Few studies have evaluated whether a similar difference in tolerance development exists to the analgesic or hypothermic effects of these agents. Tolerance produced following chronic morphine (7 days) or WIN-55,212-2 (5 days) injection was assessed by determining the alteration in hypothermic response (using a rectal thermometer) or mechanical (paw pressure) or thermal (hot plate) analgesic threshold to challenge doses of WIN-55,212-2 and morphine. The tolerance observed in the hot plate test corresponded closely to that observed in the LM/MP studies where morphine pretreatment produced heterologous tolerance and WIN-55,212-2 pretreatment induced homologous tolerance. In contrast, chronic WIN-55,212-2 pretreatment precipitated tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine in the paw pressure model despite the absence of an analgesic effect to this agent. Unlike chronic treatment with WIN-55,212-2, no tolerance to the hypothermic effect of WIN-55,212-2 was observed following morphine treatment. However, the hypothermic response observed to morphine challenge was modest suggesting that tolerance to this effect may be difficult to assess or not biologically relevant. The non-uniform character of tolerance observed in different models further suggests that the analysis of tolerance using in vivo test systems involves complex neuronal interactions in which altered responsiveness at one site may produce cascading cellular effects within a neuronal circuit that may differentially impact on tolerance expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hercules Maguma
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, The Brody Building, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
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Mao X, Wang Y, Carter AV, Zhen X, Guo SW. The Retardation of Myometrial Infiltration, Reduction of Uterine Contractility, and Alleviation of Generalized Hyperalgesia in Mice With Induced Adenomyosis by Levo-Tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP) and Andrographolide. Reprod Sci 2011; 18:1025-37. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719111404610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Mao
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuedong Wang
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Andrew V. Carter
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital and Shanghai College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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138
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Cognitive and socio-emotional deficits in platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β gene knockout mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18004. [PMID: 21437241 PMCID: PMC3060876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent mitogen. Extensive in vivo studies of PDGF and its receptor (PDGFR) genes have reported that PDGF plays an important role in embryogenesis and development of the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, PDGF and the β subunit of the PDGF receptor (PDGFR-β) have been reported to be associated with schizophrenia and autism. However, no study has reported on the effects of PDGF deletion on mice behavior. Here we generated novel mutant mice (PDGFR-β KO) in which PDGFR-β was conditionally deleted in CNS neurons using the Cre/loxP system. Mice without the Cre transgene but with floxed PDGFR-β were used as controls. Both groups of mice reached adulthood without any apparent anatomical defects. These mice were further examined by conducting several behavioral tests for spatial memory, social interaction, conditioning, prepulse inhibition, and forced swimming. The test results indicated that the PDGFR-β KO mice show deficits in all of these areas. Furthermore, an immunohistochemical study of the PDGFR-β KO mice brain indicated that the number of parvalbumin (calcium-binding protein)-positive (i.e., putatively γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic) neurons was low in the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex. Neurophysiological studies indicated that sensory-evoked gamma oscillation was low in the PDGFR-β KO mice, consistent with the observed reduction in the number of parvalbumin-positive neurons. These results suggest that PDGFR-β plays an important role in cognitive and socioemotional functions, and that deficits in this receptor may partly underlie the cognitive and socioemotional deficits observed in schizophrenic and autistic patients.
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139
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Ghilardi JR, Freeman KT, Jimenez-Andrade JM, Mantyh WG, Bloom AP, Bouhana KS, Trollinger D, Winkler J, Lee P, Andrews SW, Kuskowski MA, Mantyh PW. Sustained blockade of neurotrophin receptors TrkA, TrkB and TrkC reduces non-malignant skeletal pain but not the maintenance of sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers. Bone 2011; 48:389-98. [PMID: 20854944 PMCID: PMC3020250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for treating skeletal pain have significant limitations as available drugs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opiates) have significant unwanted side effects. Targeting nerve growth factor (NGF) or its cognate receptor tropomysin receptor kinase A (TrkA) has recently become an attractive target for inhibition of adult skeletal pain. Here we explore whether sustained administration of a selective small molecule Trk inhibitor that blocks TrkA, TrkB and TrkC kinase activity with nanomolar affinity reduces skeletal pain while allowing the maintenance of sensory and sympathetic neurons in the adult mouse. Twice-daily administration of a Trk inhibitor was begun 1 day post fracture and within 8 h of acute administration fracture pain-related behaviors were reduced by 50% without significant sedation, weight gain or inhibition of fracture healing. Following administration of the Trk inhibitor for 7 weeks, there was no significant decline in the density of unmyelinated or myelinated sensory nerve fibers, sympathetic nerve fibers, measures of acute thermal pain, acute mechanical pain, or general neuromuscular function. The present results suggest that sustained administration of a peripherally selective TrkA, B and C inhibitor significantly reduces skeletal pain without having any obvious detrimental effects on adult sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers or early fracture healing. As with any potential therapeutic advance, understanding whether the benefits of Trk blockade are associated with any risks or unexpected effects will be required to fully appreciate the patient populations that may benefit from this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William G. Mantyh
- Department of Pharmacology University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Aaron P. Bloom
- Department of Pharmacology University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick W. Mantyh
- Research Service VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
- Department of Pharmacology University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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140
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Zhao T, Liu X, Zhen X, Guo SW. Levo-tetrahydropalmatine retards the growth of ectopic endometrial implants and alleviates generalized hyperalgesia in experimentally induced endometriosis in rats. Reprod Sci 2010; 18:28-45. [PMID: 20884991 DOI: 10.1177/1933719110381928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
One primary goal of medical treatment of endometriosis is to alleviate pain and there is a pressing need for new therapeutics for endometriosis with better efficacy and side-effect profiles. Levo-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP) has been used as a sedative or analgesic for chronic pains in China since 1970s. In this study, we sought to evaluate the efficacy of l-THP, with or without valproic acid (VPA), in a rat model of endometriosis. We surgically induced endometriosis in 55 adult female rats. Two weeks after, all rats were further divided into 5 groups randomly: untreated, low- and high-dose of l-THP, VPA, and l-THP + VPA. Response latency in hotplate test was measured before the surgery, before and after 3-week treatment of respective drugs. All rats were then sacrificed for analysis. The average lesion size and the immunoreactivity to N-methyl-D-asparate receptor 1 (NMDAR1), acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), c-Fos, tyrosine kinase receptor A (TrkA), and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), to phorphorylated p65, HDAC2, TrkA, and CGRP in ectopic endometrium and to phorphorylated p65 and CGRP in eutopic endometrium were evaluated. We found that rats receiving l-THP, with or without VPA, had significantly reduced lesion size and exhibited significantly improved response to noxious thermal stimulus. The treatment also significantly lowered immunoreactivity to all mediators involved in central sensitization and to HDAC2 in DRG, to TrkA and CGRP in ectopic endometrium, and to CGRP in eutopic endometrium. In summary, l-THP reduces lesion growth and generalized hyperalgesia. Thus, l-THP may be a promising therapeutics for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
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141
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The influence of non-nociceptive factors on hot-plate latency in rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2010; 12:222-7. [PMID: 20797920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The hot plate is a widely used test to assess nociception. The effect of non-nociceptive factors (weight, sex, activity, habituation, and repeated testing) on hot-plate latency was examined. Comparison of body weight and hot-plate latency revealed a small but significant inverse correlation (light rats had longer latencies). Habituating rats to the test room for 1 hour prior to testing did not decrease hot-plate latency except for female rats tested on days 2 to 4. Hot-plate latency decreased with repeated daily testing, but this was not caused by a decrease in locomotor activity or learning to respond. Activity on the hot plate was consistent across all 4 trials, and prior exposure to a room-temperature plate caused a similar decrease in latency as rats tested repeatedly on the hot plate. Despite this decrease in baseline hot-plate latency, there was no difference in morphine antinociceptive potency. The present study shows that weight, habituation to the test room, and repeated testing can alter baseline hot-plate latency, but these effects are small and have relatively little impact on morphine antinociception. PERSPECTIVE This manuscript shows that non-nociceptive factors such as body weight, habituation, and repeated testing can alter hot-plate latency, but these factors do not alter morphine potency. In sum, the hot-plate test is an easy to use and reliable method to assess supraspinally organized nociceptive responses.
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142
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Dimitrov EL, Petrus E, Usdin TB. Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) signaling modulates acute and tonic nociception. Exp Neurol 2010; 226:68-83. [PMID: 20696160 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) synthesizing neurons at the caudal border of the thalamus and in the lateral pons project to areas rich in its receptor, the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R). These areas include many involved in processing nociceptive information. Here we examined the potential role of TIP39 signaling in nociception using a PTH2R antagonist (HYWH) and mice with deletion of TIP39's coding sequence or PTH2R null mutation. Intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of HYWH significantly inhibited nociceptive responses in tail-flick and hot-plate tests and attenuated the nociceptive response to hindpaw formalin injection. TIP39-KO and PTH2R-KO had increased response latency in the 55°C hot-plate test and reduced responses in the hindpaw formalin test. The tail-flick test was not affected in either KO line. Thermal hypoalgesia in KO mice was dose-dependently reversed by systemic administration of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist rimonabant, which did not affect nociception in wild-type (WT). Systemic administration of the cannabinoid agonist CP 55,940 did not affect nociception in KO mice at a dose effective in WT. WT mice administered HYWH icv, and both KOs, had significantly increased stress-induced analgesia (SIA). Rimonabant blocked the increased SIA in TIP39-KO, PTH2R-KO or after HYWH infusion. CB1 and FAAH mRNA were decreased and increased, respectively, in the basolateral amygdala of TIP39-KO mice. These data suggest that TIP39 signaling modulates nociception, very likely by inhibiting endocannabinoid circuitry at a supraspinal level. We infer a new central mechanism for endocannabinoid regulation, via TIP39 acting on the PTH2R in discrete brain regions.
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MESH Headings
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Animals
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/metabolism
- Formaldehyde
- In Situ Hybridization
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Injections, Spinal
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Neuropeptides/administration & dosage
- Neuropeptides/pharmacology
- Nociceptors/drug effects
- Nociceptors/physiology
- Pain/pathology
- Pain/physiopathology
- Pain Measurement/drug effects
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 2/genetics
- Rimonabant
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Stress, Psychological/psychology
- Synapses/physiology
- Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2/biosynthesis
- Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene L Dimitrov
- Section on Fundamental Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, 35 Convent Drive, Room 1B-213, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Wen T, Ansonoff MA, Pintar JE. The tail pigmentation pattern of C57BL/6J mice affects nociception/pain quantification in the tail flick test. Eur J Pain 2008; 13:564-7. [PMID: 18805031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The heat radiant tail flick test is commonly used to quantify nociception and pain levels. Likewise, the C57BL/6J strain of mice is frequently used in pain-related studies as transgenic mice are often backcrossed onto this background. C57BL/6J mice naturally develop non-pigmented patches of variable length on the distal part of the tail that could conceivably modify the response latency in tail flick assays. Here we find that these non-pigmented regions, in a position-independent manner, significantly increase the response latency in the heat radiant tail flick assay, but not the warm water immersion test. This finding demonstrates that the extent of pigmentation, and not other potential variables between pigmented and non-pigmented skin, affects radiant heat tail flick latency, and should be considered in the design of pain-related studies using mice with variable tail pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wen
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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