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Yamada S, Nagai T, Nakai T, Ibi D, Nakajima A, Yamada K. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 is a possible mediator of neurodevelopmental impairment due to polyI:C-induced innate immune activation of astrocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 38:272-82. [PMID: 24594387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing epidemiological evidence indicates that prenatal infection and childhood central nervous system infection with various viral pathogens enhance the risk for several neuropsychiatric disorders. Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid (polyI:C) is known to induce strong innate immune responses that mimic immune activation by viral infections. Our previous findings suggested that activation of the innate immune system in astrocytes results in impairments of neurite outgrowth and spine formation, which lead to behavioral abnormalities in adulthood. To identify candidates of astrocyte-derived humoral factors that affect neuronal development, we analyzed astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) from murine astrocyte cultures treated with polyI:C (polyI:C-ACM) by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Through a quantitative proteomic screen, we found that 13 protein spots were differentially expressed compared with ACM from vehicle-treated astrocytes (control-ACM), and characterized one of the candidates, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (Mmp3). PolyI:C treatment significantly increased the expression levels of Mmp3 mRNA and protein in astrocytes, but not microglia. PolyI:C-ACM was associated with significantly higher Mmp3 protein level and enzyme activity than control-ACM. The addition of recombinant Mmp3 into control-ACM impaired dendritic elongation of primary cultured hippocampal neurons, while the deleterious effect of polyI:C-ACM on neurite elongation was attenuated by knockdown of Mmp3 in astrocytes. These results suggest that Mmp3 is a possible mediator of polyI:C-ACM-induced neurodevelopmental impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ibi
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Akira Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan.
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102
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Béguin P, Nagashima K, Mahalakshmi RN, Vigot R, Matsunaga A, Miki T, Ng MY, Ng YJA, Lim CH, Tay HS, Hwang LA, Firsov D, Tang BL, Inagaki N, Mori Y, Seino S, Launey T, Hunziker W. BARP suppresses voltage-gated calcium channel activity and Ca2+-evoked exocytosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:233-49. [PMID: 24751537 PMCID: PMC4003244 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201304101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) are key regulators of cell signaling and Ca(2+)-dependent release of neurotransmitters and hormones. Understanding the mechanisms that inactivate VGCCs to prevent intracellular Ca(2+) overload and govern their specific subcellular localization is of critical importance. We report the identification and functional characterization of VGCC β-anchoring and -regulatory protein (BARP), a previously uncharacterized integral membrane glycoprotein expressed in neuroendocrine cells and neurons. BARP interacts via two cytosolic domains (I and II) with all Cavβ subunit isoforms, affecting their subcellular localization and suppressing VGCC activity. Domain I interacts at the α1 interaction domain-binding pocket in Cavβ and interferes with the association between Cavβ and Cavα1. In the absence of domain I binding, BARP can form a ternary complex with Cavα1 and Cavβ via domain II. BARP does not affect cell surface expression of Cavα1 but inhibits Ca(2+) channel activity at the plasma membrane, resulting in the inhibition of Ca(2+)-evoked exocytosis. Thus, BARP can modulate the localization of Cavβ and its association with the Cavα1 subunit to negatively regulate VGCC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Béguin
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory and 2 Monoclonal Antibody Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
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103
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Glial wingless/Wnt regulates glutamate receptor clustering and synaptic physiology at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. J Neurosci 2014; 34:2910-20. [PMID: 24553932 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3714-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are emerging as important regulators of synapse formation, maturation, and plasticity through the release of secreted signaling molecules. Here we use chromatin immunoprecipitation along with Drosophila genomic tiling arrays to define potential targets of the glial transcription factor Reversed polarity (Repo). Unexpectedly, we identified wingless (wg), a secreted morphogen that regulates synaptic growth at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), as a potential Repo target gene. We demonstrate that Repo regulates wg expression in vivo and that local glial cells secrete Wg at the NMJ to regulate glutamate receptor clustering and synaptic function. This work identifies Wg as a novel in vivo glial-secreted factor that specifically modulates assembly of the postsynaptic signaling machinery at the Drosophila NMJ.
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104
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Rubashkin M, Ou G, Weaver VM. Deconstructing signaling in three dimensions. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2078-90. [PMID: 24649923 PMCID: PMC3985742 DOI: 10.1021/bi401710d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cells in vivo exist within the context of a multicellular tissue, where their behavior is governed by homo- and heterotypic cell-cell interactions, the material properties of the extracellular matrix, and the distribution of various soluble and physical factors. Most methods currently used to study and manipulate cellular behavior in vitro, however, sacrifice physiological relevance for experimental expediency. The fallacy of such approaches has been highlighted by the recent development and application of three-dimensional culture models to cell biology, which has revealed striking phenotypic differences in cell survival, migration, and differentiation in genetically identical cells simply by varying culture conditions. These perplexing findings beg the question of what constitutes a three-dimensional culture and why cells behave so differently in two- and three-dimensional culture formats. In the following review, we dissect the fundamental differences between two- and three-dimensional culture conditions. We begin by establishing a basic definition of what "three dimensions" means at different biological scales and discuss how dimensionality influences cell signaling across different length scales. We identify which three-dimensional features most potently influence intracellular signaling and distinguish between conserved biological principles that are maintained across culture conditions and cellular behaviors that are sensitive to microenvironmental context. Finally, we highlight state-of-the-art molecular tools amenable to the study of signaling in three dimensions under conditions that facilitate deconstruction of signaling in a more physiologically relevant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
G. Rubashkin
- Joint
Bioengineering Program, UC-Berkeley/UCSF, Center for Bioengineering
and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Guanqing Ou
- Joint
Bioengineering Program, UC-Berkeley/UCSF, Center for Bioengineering
and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Joint
Bioengineering Program, UC-Berkeley/UCSF, Center for Bioengineering
and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Departments
of Anatomy and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Eli and Edythe
Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and
UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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105
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Robson MJ, Turner RC, Naser ZJ, McCurdy CR, O'Callaghan JP, Huber JD, Matsumoto RR. SN79, a sigma receptor antagonist, attenuates methamphetamine-induced astrogliosis through a blockade of OSMR/gp130 signaling and STAT3 phosphorylation. Exp Neurol 2014; 254:180-9. [PMID: 24508558 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) exposure results in dopaminergic neurotoxicity in striatal regions of the brain, an effect that has been linked to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Various aspects of neuroinflammation, including astrogliosis, are believed to be contributory factors in METH neurotoxicity. METH interacts with sigma receptors at physiologically relevant concentrations and treatment with sigma receptor antagonists has been shown to mitigate METH-induced neurotoxicity in rodent models. Whether these compounds alter the responses of glial cells within the central nervous system to METH however has yet to be determined. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to determine whether the sigma receptor antagonist, SN79, mitigates METH-induced striatal reactive astrogliosis. Male, Swiss Webster mice treated with a neurotoxic regimen of METH exhibited time-dependent increases in striatal gfap mRNA and concomitant increases in GFAP protein, indicative of astrogliosis. This is the first report that similar to other neurotoxicants that induce astrogliosis through the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling by stimulating gp-130-linked cytokine signaling resulting from neuroinflammation, METH treatment also increases astrocytic oncostatin m receptor (OSMR) expression and the phosphorylation of STAT3 (Tyr-705) in vivo. Pretreatment with SN79 blocked METH-induced increases in OSMR, STAT3 phosphorylation and astrocyte activation within the striatum. Additionally, METH treatment resulted in striatal cellular degeneration as measured by Fluoro-Jade B, an effect that was mitigated by SN79. The current study provides evidence that sigma receptor antagonists attenuate METH-induced astrocyte activation through a pathway believed to be shared by various neurotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Robson
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryan C Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Zachary J Naser
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677-1848, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jason D Huber
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Rae R Matsumoto
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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106
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Pekny M, Wilhelmsson U, Pekna M. The dual role of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis. Neurosci Lett 2014; 565:30-8. [PMID: 24406153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis accompany most of the pathologies in the brain, spinal cord, and retina. Reactive gliosis has been described as constitutive, graded, multi-stage, and evolutionary conserved defensive astroglial reaction [Verkhratsky and Butt (2013) In: Glial Physiology and Pathophysiology]. A well- known feature of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis are the increased production of intermediate filament proteins (also known as nanofilament proteins) and remodeling of the intermediate filament system of astrocytes. Activation of astrocytes is associated with changes in the expression of many genes and characteristic morphological hallmarks, and has important functional consequences in situations such as stroke, trauma, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other neurodegenerative diseases. The impact of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis on the pathogenesis of different neurological disorders is not yet fully understood but the available experimental evidence points to many beneficial aspects of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis that range from isolation and sequestration of the affected region of the central nervous system (CNS) from the neighboring tissue that limits the lesion size to active neuroprotection and regulation of the CNS homeostasis in times of acute ischemic, osmotic, or other kinds of stress. The available experimental data from selected CNS pathologies suggest that if not resolved in time, reactive gliosis can exert inhibitory effects on several aspects of neuroplasticity and CNS regeneration and thus might become a target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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107
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Beardsley PM, Hauser KF. Glial modulators as potential treatments of psychostimulant abuse. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:1-69. [PMID: 24484974 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glia (including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes), which constitute the majority of cells in the brain, have many of the same receptors as neurons, secrete neurotransmitters and neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory factors, control clearance of neurotransmitters from synaptic clefts, and are intimately involved in synaptic plasticity. Despite their prevalence and spectrum of functions, appreciation of their potential general importance has been elusive since their identification in the mid-1800s, and only relatively recently have they been gaining their due respect. This development of appreciation has been nurtured by the growing awareness that drugs of abuse, including the psychostimulants, affect glial activity, and glial activity, in turn, has been found to modulate the effects of the psychostimulants. This developing awareness has begun to illuminate novel pharmacotherapeutic targets for treating psychostimulant abuse, for which targeting more conventional neuronal targets has not yet resulted in a single, approved medication. In this chapter, we discuss the molecular pharmacology, physiology, and functional relationships that the glia have especially in the light in which they present themselves as targets for pharmacotherapeutics intended to treat psychostimulant abuse disorders. We then review a cross section of preclinical studies that have manipulated glial processes whose behavioral effects have been supportive of considering the glia as drug targets for psychostimulant-abuse medications. We then close with comments regarding the current clinical evaluation of relevant compounds for treating psychostimulant abuse, as well as the likelihood of future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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108
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Chondroitin sulphate-based 3D scaffolds containing MWCNTs for nervous tissue repair. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1543-51. [PMID: 24290440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nervous tissue lesions are an important social concern due to their increasing prevalence and their high sanitary costs. Their treatment still remains a challenge because of the reduced ability of nervous tissue to regenerate, its intrinsic structural and functional complexity and the rapid formation of fibroglial scars inhibiting neural repair. Herein, we show that 3D porous scaffolds made of chondroitin sulphate (CS), a major regulatory component of the nervous tissue, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are selective substrates for the formation of a viable and neuron-enriched network with a transitory low glial content. Scaffolds have been fabricated by using the ice segregation-induced self-assembly technique and cultured with embryonic neural progenitor cells. Cell adhesion, morphology, viability, neuron/glial differentiation, calcium signaling dynamics, and mitochondrial activity have been studied over time on the scaffolds and compared to appropriate 2D control substrates. Our results indicate the formation of viable cultures enriched in neuron cells for up to 20 days, with ability to display calcium transients and active mitochondria, even in the absence of poly-D-lysine coating. A synergistic neural-permissive signaling from both the scaffold structure and its components (i.e., MWCNTs and CS) is suggested as the major responsible factor for these findings. We anticipate that these scaffolds may serve nerve regeneration if implanted in the acute phase after injury, as it is during the first stages of graft implantation when the most critical sequence of phenomena takes place to drive either nervous regeneration or fibroglial scar formation. The temporary glial inhibition found may be, indeed, beneficial for promoting the formation of neuron-enriched circuits at early phases while guaranteeing posterior glial integration to support longer-term neuron survival and activity.
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109
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Rushton DJ, Mattis VB, Svendsen CN, Allen ND, Kemp PJ. Stimulation of GABA-induced Ca2+ influx enhances maturation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81031. [PMID: 24278369 PMCID: PMC3838360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal use of patient-derived, induced pluripotent stem cells for modeling neuronal diseases is crucially dependent upon the proper physiological maturation of derived neurons. As a strategy to develop defined differentiation protocols that optimize electrophysiological function, we investigated the role of Ca2+ channel regulation by astrocyte conditioned medium in neuronal maturation, using whole-cell patch clamp and Ca2+ imaging. Standard control medium supported basic differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons, as assayed by the ability to fire simple, single, induced action potentials. In contrast, treatment with astrocyte conditioned medium elicited complex and spontaneous neuronal activity, often with rhythmic and biphasic characteristics. Such augmented spontaneous activity correlated with astrocyte conditioned medium-evoked hyperpolarization and was dependent upon regulated function of L-, N- and R-type Ca2+ channels. The requirement for astrocyte conditioned medium could be substituted by simply supplementing control differentiation medium with high Ca2+ or γ-amino butyric acid (GABA). Importantly, even in the absence of GABA signalling, opening Ca2+ channels directly using Bay K8644 was able to hyperpolarise neurons and enhance excitability, producing fully functional neurons. These data provide mechanistic insight into how secreted astrocyte factors control differentiation and, importantly, suggest that pharmacological modulation of Ca2+ channel function leads to the development of a defined protocol for improved maturation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Rushton
- Divisions of Pathophysiology & Repair and Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia B. Mattis
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Clive N. Svendsen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas D. Allen
- Divisions of Pathophysiology & Repair and Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PJK); (NDA)
| | - Paul J. Kemp
- Divisions of Pathophysiology & Repair and Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PJK); (NDA)
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110
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TGF-β signaling regulates neuronal C1q expression and developmental synaptic refinement. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1773-82. [PMID: 24162655 PMCID: PMC3973738 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune molecules, including complement proteins C1q and C3, have emerged as critical mediators of synaptic refinement and plasticity. Complement localizes to synapses and refines the developing visual system via C3-dependent microglial phagocytosis of synapses. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) express C1q, the initiating protein of the classical complement cascade, during retinogeniculate refinement; however, the signals controlling C1q expression and function remain elusive. Previous work implicated an astrocyte-derived factor in regulating neuronal C1q expression. Here we identify retinal TGF-β as a key regulator of neuronal C1q expression and synaptic pruning in the developing visual system. Mice lacking TGF-β receptor II (TGFβRII) in retinal neurons have reduced C1q expression in RGCs, reduced synaptic localization of complement, and phenocopy refinement defects observed in complement-deficient mice, including reduced eye specific segregation and microglial engulfment of RGC inputs. These data implicate TGF-β in regulating neuronal C1q expression to initiate complement- and microglia-mediated synaptic pruning.
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111
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Rizzo F, Riboldi G, Salani S, Nizzardo M, Simone C, Corti S, Hedlund E. Cellular therapy to target neuroinflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:999-1015. [PMID: 24100629 PMCID: PMC3928509 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the selective vulnerability and progressive loss of discrete neuronal populations. Non-neuronal cells appear to significantly contribute to neuronal loss in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson, and Alzheimer’s disease. In ALS, there is deterioration of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord, which control voluntary muscle groups. This results in muscle wasting, paralysis, and death. Neuroinflammation, characterized by the appearance of reactive astrocytes and microglia as well as macrophage and T-lymphocyte infiltration, appears to be highly involved in the disease pathogenesis, highlighting the involvement of non-neuronal cells in neurodegeneration. There appears to be cross-talk between motor neurons, astrocytes, and immune cells, including microglia and T-lymphocytes, which are subsequently activated. Currently, effective therapies for ALS are lacking; however, the non-cell autonomous nature of ALS may indicate potential therapeutic targets. Here, we review the mechanisms of action of astrocytes, microglia, and T-lymphocytes in the nervous system in health and during the pathogenesis of ALS. We also evaluate the therapeutic potential of these cellular populations, after transplantation into ALS patients and animal models of the disease, in modulating the environment surrounding motor neurons from pro-inflammatory to neuroprotective. We also thoroughly discuss the recent advances made in the field and caveats that need to be overcome for clinical translation of cell therapies aimed at modulating non-cell autonomous events to preserve remaining motor neurons in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rizzo
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulietta Riboldi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Salani
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Nizzardo
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Simone
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius v. 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Patkai J, Zana-Taieb E, Didier C, Jarreau PH, Lopez E. Aspects fondamentaux de la toxicite éventuelle des drogues anesthésiques. Arch Pediatr 2013; 20:1059-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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113
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Dezonne RS, Stipursky J, Araujo APB, Nones J, Pavão MSG, Porcionatto M, Gomes FCA. Thyroid hormone treated astrocytes induce maturation of cerebral cortical neurons through modulation of proteoglycan levels. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:125. [PMID: 23964200 PMCID: PMC3740295 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper brain neuronal circuitry formation and synapse development is dependent on specific cues, either genetic or epigenetic, provided by the surrounding neural environment. Within these signals, thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) play crucial role in several steps of brain morphogenesis including proliferation of progenitor cells, neuronal differentiation, maturation, migration, and synapse formation. The lack of thyroid hormones during childhood is associated with several impair neuronal connections, cognitive deficits, and mental disorders. Many of the thyroid hormones effects are mediated by astrocytes, although the mechanisms underlying these events are still unknown. In this work, we investigated the effect of 3, 5, 3′-triiodothyronine-treated (T3-treated) astrocytes on cerebral cortex neuronal differentiation. Culture of neural progenitors from embryonic cerebral cortex mice onto T3-treated astrocyte monolayers yielded an increment in neuronal population, followed by enhancement of neuronal maturation, arborization and neurite outgrowth. In addition, real time PCR assays revealed an increase in the levels of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans, Glypican 1 (GPC-1) and Syndecans 3 e 4 (SDC-3 e SDC-4), followed by a decrease in the levels of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, Versican. Disruption of glycosaminoglycan chains by chondroitinase AC or heparanase III completely abolished the effects of T3-treated astrocytes on neuronal morphogenesis. Our work provides evidence that astrocytes are key mediators of T3 actions on cerebral cortex neuronal development and identified potential molecules and pathways involved in neurite extension; which might eventually contribute to a better understanding of axonal regeneration, synapse formation, and neuronal circuitry recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rômulo S Dezonne
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Primary hippocampal neurons, which lack four crucial extracellular matrix molecules, display abnormalities of synaptic structure and function and severe deficits in perineuronal net formation. J Neurosci 2013; 33:7742-55. [PMID: 23637166 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3275-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain plays crucial roles during the development, maturation, and regeneration of the CNS. In a subpopulation of neurons, the ECM condenses to superstructures called perineuronal nets (PNNs) that surround synapses. Camillo Golgi described PNNs a century ago, yet their biological functions remain elusive. Here, we studied a mouse mutant that lacks four ECM components highly enriched in the developing brain: the glycoproteins tenascin-C and tenascin-R and the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans brevican and neurocan. Primary embryonic hippocampal neurons and astrocytes were cultivated using a cell insert system that allows for co-culture of distinct cell populations in the absence of direct membrane contacts. The wild-type and knock-out cells were combined in the four possible permutations. Using this approach, neurons cultivated in the presence of mutant astrocytes displayed a transient increase of synapses after 2 weeks. However, after a period of 3 weeks or longer, synapse formation and stabilization were compromised when either neuron or astrocyte cell populations or both were of mutant origin. The development of PNN structures was observed, but their size was substantially reduced on knock-out neurons. The synaptic activity of both wild-type and knock-out neurons was monitored using whole-cell patch clamping. The salient observation was a reduced frequency of IPSCs and EPSCs, whereas the amplitudes were not modified. Remarkably, the knock-out neuron phenotypes could not be rescued by wild-type astrocytes. We conclude that the elimination of four ECM genes compromises neuronal function.
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115
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Noninvasive strategies to promote functional recovery after stroke. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:854597. [PMID: 23864962 PMCID: PMC3707231 DOI: 10.1155/2013/854597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common and disabling global health-care problem, which is the third most common cause of death and one of the main causes of acquired adult disability in many countries. Rehabilitation interventions are a major component of patient care. In the last few years, brain stimulation, mirror therapy, action observation, or mental practice with motor imagery has emerged as interesting options as add-on interventions to standard physical therapies. The neural bases for poststroke recovery rely on the concept of plasticity, namely, the ability of central nervous system cells to modify their structure and function in response to external stimuli. In this review, we will discuss recent noninvasive strategies employed to enhance functional recovery in stroke patients and we will provide an overview of neural plastic events associated with rehabilitation in preclinical models of stroke.
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116
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Qiang L, Fujita R, Abeliovich A. Remodeling Neurodegeneration: Somatic Cell Reprogramming-Based Models of Adult Neurological Disorders. Neuron 2013; 78:957-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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117
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Kiiski H, Aänismaa R, Tenhunen J, Hagman S, Ylä-Outinen L, Aho A, Yli-Hankala A, Bendel S, Skottman H, Narkilahti S. Healthy human CSF promotes glial differentiation of hESC-derived neural cells while retaining spontaneous activity in existing neuronal networks. Biol Open 2013; 2:605-12. [PMID: 23789111 PMCID: PMC3683163 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20134648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibilities of human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cells from the basic research tool to a treatment option in regenerative medicine have been well recognized. These cells also offer an interesting tool for in vitro models of neuronal networks to be used for drug screening and neurotoxicological studies and for patient/disease specific in vitro models. Here, as aiming to develop a reductionistic in vitro human neuronal network model, we tested whether human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived neural cells could be cultured in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in order to better mimic the in vivo conditions. Our results showed that CSF altered the differentiation of hESC-derived neural cells towards glial cells at the expense of neuronal differentiation. The proliferation rate was reduced in CSF cultures. However, even though the use of CSF as the culture medium altered the glial vs. neuronal differentiation rate, the pre-existing spontaneous activity of the neuronal networks persisted throughout the study. These results suggest that it is possible to develop fully human cell and culture-based environments that can further be modified for various in vitro modeling purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Kiiski
- Critical Care Medicine Research Group, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Tampere University Hospital , FI-33521 Tampere , Finland ; NeuroGroup, Institute of Biomedical Technology/BioMediTech, University of Tampere , FI-33520 Tampere , Finland
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118
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Imbrici P, Camerino DC, Tricarico D. Major channels involved in neuropsychiatric disorders and therapeutic perspectives. Front Genet 2013; 4:76. [PMID: 23675382 PMCID: PMC3646240 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated ion channels are important mediators of physiological functions in the central nervous system. The cyclic activation of these channels influences neurotransmitter release, neuron excitability, gene transcription, and plasticity, providing distinct brain areas with unique physiological and pharmacological response. A growing body of data has implicated ion channels in the susceptibility or pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases. Indeed, population studies support the association of polymorphisms in calcium and potassium channels with the genetic risk for bipolar disorders (BPDs) or schizophrenia. Moreover, point mutations in calcium, sodium, and potassium channel genes have been identified in some childhood developmental disorders. Finally, antibodies against potassium channel complexes occur in a series of autoimmune psychiatric diseases. Here we report recent studies assessing the role of calcium, sodium, and potassium channels in BPD, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders, and briefly summarize promising pharmacological strategies targeted on ion channels for the therapy of mental illness and related genetic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbrici
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Science, University of Bari Bari, Italy
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119
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De Angelis F, Bernardo A, Magnaghi V, Minghetti L, Tata AM. Muscarinic receptor subtypes as potential targets to modulate oligodendrocyte progenitor survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 72:713-28. [PMID: 21913336 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a major neurotransmitter but also an important signaling molecule in neuron-glia interactions. Expression of ACh receptors has been reported in several glial cell populations, including oligodendrocytes (OLs). Nonetheless, the characterization of muscarinic receptors in these cells, as well as the description of the cholinergic effects at different stages of OL development, is still incomplete. In this study, we characterized the pattern of expression of muscarinic receptor subtypes in primary cultures of rat oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) and mature OLs, at both mRNA and protein levels. We found that muscarinic receptor expression is developmentally regulated. M1, M3, and M4 receptors were the main subtypes expressed in OPC, whereas all receptor subtypes were expressed at low levels in mature OLs. Exposure of OPC to muscarine enhanced cell proliferation, an effect mainly due to M1, M3, and M4 receptor subtypes as demonstrated by pharmacological competition with selective antagonists. Conversely, M2 receptor activation impaired OPC survival. In line with the mitogenic activity, muscarinic receptor activation increased the expression of platelet derived growth factor receptor α. Muscarine stimulation increased CX32 and myelin basic protein expression, left unaffected that of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), and decreased member of the family of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ErbB3/ErbB4 receptor expression indicating a predominant role of muscarinic receptors in OPC. These findings suggest that ACh may contribute to the maintenance of an immature proliferating progenitor pool and impair the progression toward mature stage. This hypothesis is further supported by increased expression of Notch-1 in OL on muscarinic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Angelis
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Center of Neurobiology Research Daniel Bovet, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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120
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Abstract
It is now accepted that glial cells actively interact with neurons and modulate their activity in many regions of the nervous system. Importantly, modulation of synaptic activity by glial cells depends on the proper detection and decoding of synaptic activity. However, it remains unknown whether glial cells are capable of decoding synaptic activity and properties during early postdevelopmental stages, in particular when different presynaptic nerve terminals compete for the control of the same synaptic site. This may be particularly relevant because a major determinant of the outcome of synaptic competition process is the relative synaptic strength of competing terminals whereby stronger terminals are more likely to occupy postsynaptic territory and become stabilized while weaker terminals are often eliminated. Hence, because of their ability to decode synaptic activity, glial cells should be able to integrate neuronal information of competing terminals. Using simultaneous glial Ca(2+) imaging and synaptic recordings of dually innervated mouse neuromuscular junctions, we report that single glial cells decipher the strength of competing nerve terminals. Activity of single glial cells, revealed by Ca(2+) responses, reflects the synaptic strength of each competing nerve terminal and the state of synaptic competition. This deciphering is mediated by functionally segregated purinergic receptors and intrinsic properties of glial cells. Our results indicate that glial cells decode ongoing synaptic competition and, hence, are poised to influence its outcome.
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121
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Deconstructing complexity: serial block-face electron microscopic analysis of the hippocampal mossy fiber synapse. J Neurosci 2013; 33:507-22. [PMID: 23303931 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1600-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) terminal is among the largest and most complex synaptic structures in the brain. Our understanding of the development of this morphologically elaborate structure has been limited because of the inability of standard electron microscopy techniques to quickly and accurately reconstruct large volumes of neuropil. Here we use serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM) to surmount these limitations and investigate the establishment of MF connectivity during mouse postnatal development. Based on volume reconstructions, we find that MF axons initially form bouton-like specializations directly onto dendritic shafts, that dendritic protrusions primarily arise independently of bouton contact sites, and that a dramatic increase in presynaptic and postsynaptic complexity follows the association of MF boutons with CA3 dendritic protrusions. We also identify a transient period of MF bouton filopodial exploration, followed by refinement of sites of synaptic connectivity. These observations enhance our understanding of the development of this highly specialized synapse and illustrate the power of SBEM to resolve details of developing microcircuits at a level not easily attainable with conventional approaches.
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122
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Perederiy JV, Westbrook GL. Structural plasticity in the dentate gyrus- revisiting a classic injury model. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:17. [PMID: 23423628 PMCID: PMC3575076 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult brain is in a continuous state of remodeling. This is nowhere more true than in the dentate gyrus, where competing forces such as neurodegeneration and neurogenesis dynamically modify neuronal connectivity, and can occur simultaneously. This plasticity of the adult nervous system is particularly important in the context of traumatic brain injury or deafferentation. In this review, we summarize a classic injury model, lesioning of the perforant path, which removes the main extrahippocampal input to the dentate gyrus. Early studies revealed that in response to deafferentation, axons of remaining fiber systems and dendrites of mature granule cells undergo lamina-specific changes, providing one of the first examples of structural plasticity in the adult brain. Given the increasing role of adult-generated new neurons in the function of the dentate gyrus, we also compare the response of newborn and mature granule cells following lesioning of the perforant path. These studies provide insights not only to plasticity in the dentate gyrus, but also to the response of neural circuits to brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Perederiy
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
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123
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Surin AM, Khiroug S, Gorbacheva LR, Khodorov BI, Pinelis VG, Khiroug L. Comparative analysis of cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP synthesis in embryonic and postnatal hippocampal neuronal cultures. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 5:102. [PMID: 23335879 PMCID: PMC3541538 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP in neurons is commonly believed to be synthesized mostly by mitochondria via oxidative phosphorylation. Neuronal mitochondria have been studied primarily in culture, i.e., in neurons isolated either from embryos or from neonatal pups. Although it is generally assumed that both embryonic and postnatal cultured neurons derive their ATP from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, this has never been tested experimentally. We expressed the FRET-based ATP sensor AT1.03 in cultured hippocampal neurons isolated either from E17 to E18 rat embryos or from P1 to P2 rat pups and monitored [ATP]c simultaneously with mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm; TMRM) and NAD(P)H autofluorescence. In embryonic neurons, transient glucose deprivation induced a near-complete decrease in [ATP]c, which was partially reversible and was accelerated by inhibition of glycolysis with 2-deoxyglucose. In the absence of glucose, pyruvate did not cause any significant increase in [ATP]c in 84% of embryonic neurons, and inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthase with oligomycin failed to decrease [ATP]c. Moreover, ΔΨm was significantly reduced by oligomycin, indicating that mitochondria acted as consumers rather than producers of ATP in embryonic neurons. In sharp contrast, in postnatal neurons pyruvate added during glucose deprivation significantly increased [ATP]c (by 54 ± 8%), whereas oligomycin induced a sharp decline in [ATP]c and increased ΔΨm. These signs of oxidative phosphorylation were observed in all tested P1-P2 neurons. Measurement of ΔΨm with the potential-sensitive probe JC-1 revealed that neuronal mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly reduced in embryonic cultures compared to the postnatal ones, possibly due to increased proton permeability of inner mitochondrial membrane. We conclude that, in embryonic, but not postnatal neuronal cultures, ATP synthesis is predominantly glycolytic and the oxidative phosphorylation-mediated synthesis of ATP by mitochondrial F1Fo-ATPase is insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Surin
- Neuroscience Center, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical SciencesMoscow, Russia
- Scientific Center for Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Serguei Khiroug
- Neuroscience Center, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | | | - Boris I. Khodorov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod G. Pinelis
- Scientific Center for Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Leonard Khiroug
- Neuroscience Center, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
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124
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Puschmann TB, Zandén C, De Pablo Y, Kirchhoff F, Pekna M, Liu J, Pekny M. Bioactive 3D cell culture system minimizes cellular stress and maintains thein vivo-like morphological complexity of astroglial cells. Glia 2013; 61:432-40. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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125
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Reactive Astrocytes, Astrocyte Intermediate Filament Proteins, and Their Role in the Disease Pathogenesis. THE CYTOSKELETON 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-266-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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126
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Mitterauer BJ. Ketamine may block NMDA receptors in astrocytes causing a rapid antidepressant effect. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2012; 4:8. [PMID: 23269917 PMCID: PMC3529362 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2012.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard J Mitterauer
- Volitronics-Institute for Basic Research, Psychopathology and Brain Philosophy, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
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127
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Antioxidant and astroprotective effects of a Pulicaria incisa infusion. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:157598. [PMID: 23320126 PMCID: PMC3540991 DOI: 10.1155/2012/157598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the brain, protect neurons from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and provide them with trophic support, such as glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Thus, any damage to astrocytes will affect neuronal survival. In the present study, an infusion prepared from the desert plant Pulicaria incisa (Pi) was tested for its protective and antioxidant effects on astrocytes subjected to oxidative stress. The Pi infusion attenuated the intracellular accumulation of ROS following treatment with hydrogen peroxide and zinc and prevented the H(2)O(2)-induced death of astrocytes. The Pi infusion also exhibited an antioxidant effect in vitro and induced GDNF transcription in astrocytes. It is proposed that this Pi infusion be further evaluated for use as a functional beverage for the prevention and/or treatment of brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases in which oxidative stress plays a role.
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128
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De Pittà M, Volman V, Berry H, Parpura V, Volterra A, Ben-Jacob E. Computational quest for understanding the role of astrocyte signaling in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Front Comput Neurosci 2012; 6:98. [PMID: 23267326 PMCID: PMC3528083 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2012.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the signaling network that underlies astrocyte-synapse interactions may seem discouraging when tackled from a theoretical perspective. Computational modeling is challenged by the fact that many details remain hitherto unknown and conventional approaches to describe synaptic function are unsuitable to explain experimental observations when astrocytic signaling is taken into account. Supported by experimental evidence is the possibility that astrocytes perform genuine information processing by means of their calcium signaling and are players in the physiological setting of the basal tone of synaptic transmission. Here we consider the plausibility of this scenario from a theoretical perspective, focusing on the modulation of synaptic release probability by the astrocyte and its implications on synaptic plasticity. The analysis of the signaling pathways underlying such modulation refines our notion of tripartite synapse and has profound implications on our understanding of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio De Pittà
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv, Israel
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129
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Korn MJ, Koppel SJ, Li LH, Mehta D, Mehta SB, Seidl AH, Cramer KS. Astrocyte-secreted factors modulate the developmental distribution of inhibitory synapses in nucleus laminaris of the avian auditory brainstem. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:1262-77. [PMID: 22020566 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nucleus laminaris (NL) neurons in the avian auditory brainstem are coincidence detectors necessary for the computation of interaural time differences used in sound localization. In addition to their excitatory inputs from nucleus magnocellularis, NL neurons receive inhibitory inputs from the superior olivary nucleus (SON) that greatly improve coincidence detection in mature animals. The mechanisms that establish mature distributions of inhibitory inputs to NL are not known. We used the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) as a marker for inhibitory presynaptic terminals to study the development of inhibitory inputs to NL between embryonic day 9 (E9) and E17. VGAT immunofluorescent puncta were first seen sparsely in NL at E9. The density of VGAT puncta increased with development, first within the ventral NL neuropil region and subsequently throughout both the ventral and dorsal dendritic neuropil, with significantly fewer terminals in the cell body region. A large increase in density occurred between E13–15 and E16–17, at a developmental stage when astrocytes that express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) become mature. We cultured E13 brainstem slices together with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) obtained from E16 brainstems and found that ACM, but not control medium, increased the density of VGAT puncta. This increase was similar to that observed during normal development. Astrocyte-secreted factors interact with the terminal ends of SON axons to increase the number of GABAergic terminals. These data suggest that factors secreted from GFAP-positive astrocytes promote maturation of inhibitory pathways in the auditory brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Korn
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4550, USA
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130
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Resveratrol Produces Neurotrophic Effects on Cultured Dopaminergic Neurons through Prompting Astroglial BDNF and GDNF Release. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:937605. [PMID: 23304227 PMCID: PMC3526011 DOI: 10.1155/2012/937605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicated astroglia-derived neurotrophic factors generation might hold a promising therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). Resveratrol, naturally present in red wine and grapes with potential benefit for health, is well known to possess a number of pharmacological activities. Besides the antineuroinflammatory properties, we hypothesized the neuroprotective potency of resveratrol is partially due to its additional neurotrophic effects. Here, primary rat midbrain neuron-glia cultures were applied to investigate the neurotrophic effects mediated by resveratrol on dopamine (DA) neurons and further explore the role of neurotrophic factors in its actions. Results showed resveratrol produced neurotrophic effects on cultured DA neurons. Additionally, astroglia-derived neurotrophic factors release was responsible for resveratrol-mediated neurotrophic properties as evidenced by the following observations: (1) resveratrol failed to exert neurotrophic effects on DA neurons in the cultures without astroglia; (2) the astroglia-conditioned medium prepared from astroglia-enriched cultures treated with resveratrol produced neurotrophic effects in neuron-enriched cultures; (3) resveratrol increased neurotrophic factors release in the concentration- and time-dependent manners; (4) resveratrol-mediated neurotrophic effects were suppressed by blocking the action of the neurotrophic factors. Together, resveratrol could produce neurotrophic effects on DA neurons through prompting neurotrophic factors release, and these effects might open new alternative avenues for neurotrophic factor-based therapy targeting PD.
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131
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Xie AX, Sun MY, Murphy T, Lauderdale K, Tiglao E, Fiacco TA. Bidirectional scaling of astrocytic metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling following long-term changes in neuronal firing rates. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49637. [PMID: 23166735 PMCID: PMC3499417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about the ability of astrocytic receptors to exhibit plasticity as a result of changes in neuronal activity. Here we provide evidence for bidirectional scaling of astrocytic group I metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling in acute mouse hippocampal slices following long-term changes in neuronal firing rates. Plasticity of astrocytic mGluRs was measured by recording spontaneous and evoked Ca2+ elevations in both astrocytic somata and processes. An exogenous astrocytic Gq G protein-coupled receptor was resistant to scaling, suggesting that the alterations in astrocyte Ca2+ signaling result from changes in activity of the surface mGluRs rather than a change in intracellular G protein signaling molecules. These findings suggest that astrocytes actively detect shifts in neuronal firing rates and adjust their receptor signaling accordingly. This type of long-term plasticity in astrocytes resembles neuronal homeostatic plasticity and might be important to ensure an optimal or expected level of input from neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison X. Xie
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Min-Yu Sun
- Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Murphy
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Kelli Lauderdale
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Tiglao
- Undergraduate Neuroscience Major, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Todd A. Fiacco
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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132
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Kawano H, Katsurabayashi S, Kakazu Y, Yamashita Y, Kubo N, Kubo M, Okuda H, Takasaki K, Kubota K, Mishima K, Fujiwara M, Harata NC, Iwasaki K. Long-term culture of astrocytes attenuates the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48034. [PMID: 23110166 PMCID: PMC3482238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The astrocyte is a major glial cell type of the brain, and plays key roles in the formation, maturation, stabilization and elimination of synapses. Thus, changes in astrocyte condition and age can influence information processing at synapses. However, whether and how aging astrocytes affect synaptic function and maturation have not yet been thoroughly investigated. Here, we show the effects of prolonged culture on the ability of astrocytes to induce synapse formation and to modify synaptic transmission, using cultured autaptic neurons. By 9 weeks in culture, astrocytes derived from the mouse cerebral cortex demonstrated increases in β-galactosidase activity and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, both of which are characteristic of aging and glial activation in vitro. Autaptic hippocampal neurons plated on these aging astrocytes showed a smaller amount of evoked release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, and a lower frequency of miniature release of glutamate, both of which were attributable to a reduction in the pool of readily releasable synaptic vesicles. Other features of synaptogenesis and synaptic transmission were retained, for example the ability to induce structural synapses, the presynaptic release probability, the fraction of functional presynaptic nerve terminals, and the ability to recruit functional AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors to synapses. Thus the presence of aging astrocytes affects the efficiency of synaptic transmission. Given that the pool of readily releasable vesicles is also small at immature synapses, our results are consistent with astrocytic aging leading to retarded synapse maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kawano
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shutaro Katsurabayashi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (SK); (KI)
| | - Yasuhiro Kakazu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yuta Yamashita
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kubo
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kubo
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideto Okuda
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Takasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaori Kubota
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mishima
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
- A.I.G. Collaborative Research Institute for Aging and Brain Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michihiro Fujiwara
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - N. Charles Harata
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Katsunori Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
- A.I.G. Collaborative Research Institute for Aging and Brain Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (SK); (KI)
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133
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Barker AJ, Ullian EM. New roles for astrocytes in developing synaptic circuits. Commun Integr Biol 2012; 1:207-11. [PMID: 19513261 DOI: 10.4161/cib.1.2.7284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Barker
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology; University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California USA
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134
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Gerber AR, Bale TL. Antiinflammatory treatment ameliorates HPA stress axis dysfunction in a mouse model of stress sensitivity. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4830-7. [PMID: 22893724 PMCID: PMC3512021 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated stress responsivity is a hallmark of neuropsychiatric disease. The regulation of stress activation and recovery involves tight coordination between neuronal and glial networks. At a certain threshold of sensitivity, stress exposure can evoke a neuroimmune response. Astrocytes are potential mediators of these effects because they are able to respond to neuroimmune effector molecules and regulate neuronal activity. Mice deficient in corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-2 display increased stress sensitivity and are therefore a useful model in which to examine the intersection of neuroimmune activation and stress pathway dysregulation. We hypothesized that a component of elevated stress reactivity may involve an engagement of neuroimmune effectors, including astrocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that this phenotype may be rescued by concomitant nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) treatment. To examine this, mice exposed to chronic stress were treated with NSAID in their drinking water, and changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis function were examined. As a correlate of altered astrocyte function, levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein were measured. Supportive of our hypothesis, NSAID treatment rescued the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis dysfunction in stress-sensitive corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-2(-/-) mice and also reversed the stress-induced increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein in stress-regulating brain regions including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, ventral hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. These findings support the local involvement of astrocytes in the exacerbation of stress pathway dysregulation. The specificity of these effects in a stress-sensitive genotype highlights the importance of utilizing a model of stress dysregulation in the examination of factors that may translate to neuropsychiatric disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Aspirin/pharmacology
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Corticosterone/metabolism
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/physiopathology
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology
- Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/metabolism
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology
- Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- Prefrontal Cortex/physiopathology
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Restraint, Physical
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis R Gerber
- Department of Animal Biology, Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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135
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Sukumari-Ramesh S, Alleyne CH, Dhandapani KM. Astrocyte-specific expression of survivin after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice: a possible role in reactive gliosis? J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:2798-804. [PMID: 22862734 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the most common form of hemorrhagic stroke, accounts for up to 15% of all strokes. Despite maximal surgical intervention and supportive care, ICH is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, in part due to a lack of viable treatment options. Astrogliosis, a key feature of secondary injury that is characterized by glial proliferation, is a poorly-defined process that may produce both beneficial and detrimental outcomes after brain injury. Using a pre-clinical murine model of collagenase-induced ICH, we demonstrate a delayed upregulation of survivin, a key molecule involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival, by 72 h post-ICH. Notably, this increase in survivin expression was prominent in GFAP-positive astrocytes, but absent in neurons. Survivin was not expressed at detectable levels in the striatum of sham-operated mice. The expression of survivin after ICH was temporally and spatially associated with the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an established marker of cellular proliferation. Moreover, the survivin expression was co-localized in proliferating astrocytes as evidenced by triple-label immunohistochemistry. Finally, shRNA-mediated silencing of survivin expression attenuated PCNA expression and reduced cellular proliferation in human glial cells. Together, these data suggest a potentially novel role for survivin in functionally promoting astrocytic proliferation after ICH.
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136
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Han SB, Kim H, Skuba A, Tessler A, Ferguson T, Son YJ. Sensory Axon Regeneration: A Review from an in vivo Imaging Perspective. Exp Neurobiol 2012; 21:83-93. [PMID: 23055786 PMCID: PMC3454810 DOI: 10.5607/en.2012.21.3.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Injured primary sensory axons fail to regenerate into the spinal cord, leading to chronic pain and permanent sensory loss. Re-entry is prevented at the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ), the CNS-PNS interface. Why axons stop or turn around at the DREZ has generally been attributed to growth-repellent molecules associated with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes/myelin. The available evidence challenges the contention that these inhibitory molecules are the critical determinant of regeneration failure. Recent imaging studies that directly monitored axons arriving at the DREZ in living animals raise the intriguing possibility that axons stop primarily because they are stabilized by forming presynaptic terminals on non-neuronal cells that are neither astrocytes nor oligodendrocytes. These observations revitalized the idea raised many years ago but virtually forgotten, that axons stop by forming synapses at the DREZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Baek Han
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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137
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Witcher MR, Ellis TL. Astroglial networks and implications for therapeutic neuromodulation of epilepsy. Front Comput Neurosci 2012; 6:61. [PMID: 22952462 PMCID: PMC3429855 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2012.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurologic disorder affecting approximately 1% of the world population. More than one-third of all epilepsy patients have incompletely controlled seizures or debilitating medication side effects in spite of optimal medical management. Medically refractory epilepsy is associated with excess injury and mortality, psychosocial dysfunction, and significant cognitive impairment. Effective treatment options for these patients can be limited. The cellular mechanisms underlying seizure activity are incompletely understood, though we here describe multiple lines of evidence supporting the likely contribution of astroglia to epilepsy, with focus on individual astrocytes and their network functions. Of the emerging therapeutic modalities for epilepsy, one of the most intriguing is the field of neuromodulation. Neuromodulatory treatment, which consists of administering electrical pulses to neural tissue to modulate its activity leading to a beneficial effect, may be an option for these patients. Current modalities consist of vagal nerve stimulation, open and closed-loop stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Due to their unique properties, we here present astrocytes as likely important targets for the developing field of neuromodulation in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Witcher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest University Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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138
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Zhang F, Lu YF, Wu Q, Liu J, Shi JS. Resveratrol promotes neurotrophic factor release from astroglia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:943-8. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are considered to contribute to the development, maintenance and survival of neurons, glia and oligodendrocytes. Astroglia are a major source of various neurotrophic factors. Thus, enhancement of astroglia-mediated neurotrophic factor release might hold promising potential for neurological diseases. Resveratrol, a natural non-flavonoid polyphenol found in grapes and red wine, has been recognized to be beneficial for health. Here, rat primary astroglia-enriched cultures were used to investigate the effects of resveratrol-mediated neurotrophic factor release and the related mechanisms. The cultures were treated with 25–100 μmmol/L resveratrol for 12–48 h. Results showed resveratrol increased BDNF and GDNF production in the culture medium. In addition, the production of BDNF in the supernatant of cultures was increased five-fold over control cultures 24 h after resveratrol treatment and then remained high 36 h later. Meanwhile, the production of GDNF was initially increased by up to four-fold 24 h after resveratrol treatment and continued to increase to six-fold at 36 h and remained at a high level till 48 h. Western blot analysis of BDNF and GDNF protein in astroglia at different time points after resveratrol treatment indicated similar increases. Furthermore, resveratrol significantly induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) in astroglia. Overall, resveratrol is effective in promoting astroglia-derived neurotrophic factor release, and this effect is mediated, at least in part, by the activation of ERK1/2 and CREB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Key Lab of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou, Zunyi Medical College, 563099 Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Fu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Key Lab of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou, Zunyi Medical College, 563099 Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Key Lab of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou, Zunyi Medical College, 563099 Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jing-Shan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Key Lab of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou, Zunyi Medical College, 563099 Zunyi, People's Republic of China
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139
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Dunaevsky A. Neuron-glial interactions in the developing cerebellum. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:742-744. [PMID: 22832013 PMCID: PMC4382864 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927612000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Advances in microscopy allow one to probe the structure of neurons and their interactions with astrocytes in brain slices and in vivo at ever increasing resolution. Moreover, the dynamic interactions between the cells can be examined in live preparation. In this paper we discuss how a variety of imaging approaches: confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, and multiphoton time-lapse microscopy are employed to probe neuron glia interactions in the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dunaevsky
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68918, USA.
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140
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Turski CA, Ikonomidou C. Neuropathological sequelae of developmental exposure to antiepileptic and anesthetic drugs. Front Neurol 2012; 3:120. [PMID: 23015798 PMCID: PMC3449494 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain which regulate brain development at molecular, cellular, and systems level. Sedative, anesthetic, and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) interact with glutamate and GABA receptors to produce their desired effects. The question is posed whether such interference with glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission may exert undesired, and perhaps even detrimental effects on human brain development. Preclinical research in rodents and non-human primates has provided extensive evidence that sedative, anesthetic, and AEDs can trigger suicide of neurons and oligodendroglia, suppress neurogenesis, and inhibit normal synapse development and sculpting. Behavioral correlates in rodents and non-human primates consist of long-lasting cognitive impairment. Retrospective clinical studies in humans exposed to anesthetics or AEDs in utero, during infancy or early childhood have delivered conflicting but concerning results in terms of a correlation between drug exposure and impaired neurodevelopmental outcomes. Prospective studies are currently ongoing. This review provides a short overview of the current state of knowledge on this topic.
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141
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Bridges R, Lutgen V, Lobner D, Baker DA. Thinking outside the cleft to understand synaptic activity: contribution of the cystine-glutamate antiporter (System xc-) to normal and pathological glutamatergic signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:780-802. [PMID: 22759795 PMCID: PMC3400835 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
System x(c)(-) represents an intriguing target in attempts to understand the pathological states of the central nervous system. Also called a cystine-glutamate antiporter, system x(c)(-) typically functions by exchanging one molecule of extracellular cystine for one molecule of intracellular glutamate. Nonvesicular glutamate released during cystine-glutamate exchange activates extrasynaptic glutamate receptors in a manner that shapes synaptic activity and plasticity. These findings contribute to the intriguing possibility that extracellular glutamate is regulated by a complex network of release and reuptake mechanisms, many of which are unique to glutamate and rarely depicted in models of excitatory signaling. Because system x(c)(-) is often expressed on non-neuronal cells, the study of cystine-glutamate exchange may advance the emerging viewpoint that glia are active contributors to information processing in the brain. It is noteworthy that system x(c)(-) is at the interface between excitatory signaling and oxidative stress, because the uptake of cystine that results from cystine-glutamate exchange is critical in maintaining the levels of glutathione, a critical antioxidant. As a result of these dual functions, system x(c)(-) has been implicated in a wide array of central nervous system diseases ranging from addiction to neurodegenerative disorders to schizophrenia. In the current review, we briefly discuss the major cellular components that regulate glutamate homeostasis, including glutamate release by system x(c)(-). This is followed by an in-depth discussion of system x(c)(-) as it relates to glutamate release, cystine transport, and glutathione synthesis. Finally, the role of system x(c)(-) is surveyed across a number of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bridges
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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142
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Lei X, Guo Q, Zhang J. Mechanistic insights into neurotoxicity induced by anesthetics in the developing brain. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:6772-6799. [PMID: 22837663 PMCID: PMC3397495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13066772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence has shown that exposure to anesthetics used in the clinic can cause neurodegeneration in the mammalian developing brain, but the basis of this is not clear. Neurotoxicity induced by exposure to anesthestics in early life involves neuroapoptosis and impairment of neurodevelopmental processes such as neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and immature glial development. These effects may subsequently contribute to behavior abnormalities in later life. In this paper, we reviewed the possible mechanisms of anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity based on new in vitro and in vivo findings. Also, we discussed ways to protect against anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity and their implications for exploring cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection. These findings help in improving our understanding of developmental neurotoxicology and in avoiding adverse neurological outcomes in anesthesia practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mail:
| | - Qihao Guo
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mail:
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-21-52887693; Fax: +86-21-52887690
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143
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Parasynaptic NMDA receptor signaling couples neuronal glutamate transporter function to AMPA receptor synaptic distribution and stability. J Neurosci 2012; 32:2552-63. [PMID: 22396428 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3237-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
At synapses, two major processes occur concomitantly after the release of glutamate: activation of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) to conduct synaptic transmission and activation of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) for transmitter removal. Although crosstalk between the receptors and EAATs is conceivable, whether and how the transporter activity affects AMPAR synaptic localization remain unknown. Using cultured hippocampal and cortical rat neurons, we show that inhibition of glutamate transporters leads to rapid reduction in AMPAR synaptic accumulation and total AMPAR abundance. EAAT inactivity also results in elevated internalization and reduced surface expression of AMPARs. The reduction in AMPAR amount is accompanied by receptor ubiquitination and can be blocked by suppression of proteasome activity, indicating the involvement of proteasome-mediated receptor degradation. Consistent with glutamate spillover, effect of EAAT inhibition on AMPAR distribution and stability is dependent on the activation of parasynaptically localized NR2B-containing NMDA receptors (NMDARs). Moreover, we show that neuronal glutamate transporters, especially those localized at the postsynaptic sites, are responsible for the observed effect during EAAT suppression. These results indicate a role for neuron-specific glutamate transporters in AMPAR synaptic localization and stability.
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144
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Astrogliosis: a target for intervention in intracerebral hemorrhage? Transl Stroke Res 2012; 3:80-7. [PMID: 24323864 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a debilitating neurological injury, accounting for 10-15 % of all strokes. Despite neurosurgical intervention and supportive care, the 30-day mortality rate remains ~50 %, with ICH survivors frequently displaying neurological impairments and requiring long-term assisted care. Unfortunately, the lack of medical interventions to improve clinical outcomes has led to the notion that ICH is the least treatable form of stroke. Hence, additional studies are warranted to better understand the pathophysiology of ICH. Astrogliosis is an underlying astrocytic response to a wide range of brain injuries and postulated to have both beneficial and detrimental effects. However, the molecular mechanisms and functional roles of astrogliosis remain least characterized following ICH. Herein, we review the functional roles of astrogliosis in brain injuries and raise the prospects of therapeutically targeting astrogliosis after ICH.
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145
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A new indirect co-culture set up of mouse hippocampal neurons and cortical astrocytes on microelectrode arrays. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 204:262-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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146
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Risher WC, Eroglu C. Thrombospondins as key regulators of synaptogenesis in the central nervous system. Matrix Biol 2012; 31:170-7. [PMID: 22285841 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondins (TSPs) are a family of large, oligomeric multidomain glycoproteins that participate in a variety of biological functions as part of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Through their associations with a number of binding partners, TSPs mediate complex cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in such diverse processes as angiogenesis, inflammation, osteogenesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. It was recently shown in the developing central nervous system (CNS) that TSPs promote the formation of new synapses, which are the unique cell-cell adhesions between neurons in the brain. This increase in synaptogenesis is mediated by the interaction between astrocyte-secreted TSPs and their neuronal receptor, calcium channel subunit α2δ-1. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie induction of synaptogenesis via this interaction are yet to be fully elucidated. This review will focus on what is known about TSP and synapse formation during development, possible roles for TSP following brain injury, and what the previously established actions of TSP in other biological tissues may tell us about the mechanisms underlying TSP's functions in CNS synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Christopher Risher
- Cell Biology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
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147
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Kurronen A, Pihlaja R, Pollari E, Kanninen K, Storvik M, Wong G, Koistinaho M, Koistinaho J. Adult and neonatal astrocytes exhibit diverse gene expression profiles in response to beta amyloid <i>ex vivo</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/wjns.2012.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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148
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Abstract
Astrocytes have been recognized as a class of cells that fill the space between neurons for more than a century. From their humble beginnings in the literature as merely space filling cells, an ever expanding list of functions in the CNS now exceeds the list of functions performed by neurons. In virtually all developmental and pathological conditions in the brain, astrocytes are involved in some capacity that directly affects neuronal function. Today we recognize that astrocytes are involved in the development and function of synaptic communication. Increasing evidence suggests that abnormal synaptic function may be a prominent contributing factor to the learning disability phenotype. With the discovery of FMRP in astrocytes, coupled with a role of astrocytes in synaptic function, research directed to glial neurobiology has never been more important. This chapter highlights the current knowledge of astrocyte function with a focus on their involvement in Fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Jacobs
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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149
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Cao G, Harris KM. Developmental regulation of the late phase of long-term potentiation (L-LTP) and metaplasticity in hippocampal area CA1 of the rat. J Neurophysiol 2011; 107:902-12. [PMID: 22114158 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00780.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a form of synaptic plasticity thought to underlie memory; thus knowing its developmental profile is fundamental to understanding function. Like memory, LTP has multiple phases with distinct timing and mechanisms. The late phase of LTP (L-LTP), lasting longer than 3 h, is protein synthesis dependent and involves changes in the structure and content of dendritic spines, the major sites of excitatory synapses. In previous work, tetanic stimulation first produced L-LTP at postnatal day 15 (P15) in area CA1 of rat hippocampus. Here we used a more robust induction paradigm involving theta-burst stimulation (TBS) in acute slices and found the developmental onset of L-LTP to be 3 days earlier at P12. In contrast, at P8-11, TBS only reversed the synaptic depression that occurs from test-pulse stimulation in developing (P8-15) hippocampus. A second bout of TBS delivered 30-180 min later produced L-LTP at P10-11 but not at P8-9 and enhanced L-LTP at P12-15. Both the developmental onset and the enhanced L-LTP produced by repeated bouts of TBS were blocked by the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist dl-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid. Thus the developmental onset age is P12 for L-LTP induced by the more robust and perhaps more naturalistic TBS induction paradigm. Metaplasticity produced by repeated bouts of TBS is developmentally regulated, advancing the capacity for L-LTP from P12 to P10, but not to younger ages. Together these findings provide a new basis from which to investigate mechanisms that regulate the developmental onset of this important form of synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Cao
- Center for Learning and Memory, Section of Neurobiology, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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150
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Bourne JN, Harris KM. Nanoscale analysis of structural synaptic plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2011; 22:372-82. [PMID: 22088391 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Structural plasticity of dendritic spines and synapses is an essential mechanism to sustain long lasting changes in the brain with learning and experience. The use of electron microscopy over the last several decades has advanced our understanding of the magnitude and extent of structural plasticity at a nanoscale resolution. In particular, serial section electron microscopy (ssEM) provides accurate measurements of plasticity-related changes in synaptic size and density and distribution of key cellular resources such as polyribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and synaptic vesicles. Careful attention to experimental and analytical approaches ensures correct interpretation of ultrastructural data and has begun to reveal the degree to which synapses undergo structural remodeling in response to physiological plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Bourne
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-0805, USA
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