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Improved immunologic responses to heterologous influenza strains in children with low preexisting antibody response vaccinated with MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2021; 39:5351-5357. [PMID: 34393015 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective approach to reduce the substantial morbidity and mortality caused by influenza infection. Vaccine efficacy is highly sensitive to antigenic changes causing differences between circulating and vaccine viruses. Adjuvants such as MF59 increase antibody-mediated cross-reactive immunity and therefore may provide broader seasonal protection. A recent clinical trial showed that an MF59-adjuvanted vaccine was more efficacious than a nonadjuvanted comparator in subjects < 2 years of age, although not in those ≥ 2 years, during influenza seasons in which the predominant circulating virus was an A/H3N2 strain that was antigenically different from the vaccine virus. This finding suggested that the increased efficacy of the adjuvanted vaccine in younger subjects may be mediated by strain cross-reactive antibodies. A subset of the trial population, representing subjects with distinct age and/or immunological history, was tested for antibody responses to the vaccine A/H3N2 strain as well as A/H3N2 drifted strains antigenically matching the viruses circulating during the trial seasons. The neutralizing tests showed that, compared with nonadjuvanted vaccine, the adjuvanted vaccine improved not only the neutralizing antibody response to the vaccine strain but also the cross-reactive antibody response to the drifted strains in subjects with lower preexisting antibody titers, regardless of their age or vaccine history. The results demonstrated an immunological benefit and suggested a potential efficacy benefit by adjuvanted vaccine in subjects with lower preexisting antibody responses.
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102
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Laue C, Stevens Y, van Erp M, Papazova E, Soeth E, Pannenbeckers A, Stolte E, Böhm R, Gall SL, Falourd X, Ballance S, Knutsen SH, Pinheiro I, Possemiers S, Ryan PM, Ross RP, Stanton C, Wells JM, van der Werf S, Mes JJ, Schrezenmeir J. Adjuvant Effect of Orally Applied Preparations Containing Non-Digestible Polysaccharides on Influenza Vaccination in Healthy Seniors: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Controlled Pilot Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:2683. [PMID: 34444843 PMCID: PMC8400163 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Senior individuals can suffer from immunosenescence and novel strategies to bolster the immune response could contribute to healthy ageing. In this double-blind, randomised, controlled pilot trial, we investigated the ability of non-digestible polysaccharide (NPS) preparations to enhance the immune response in a human vaccination model. In total, 239 subjects (aged 50-79 years) were randomised to consume one of five different NPS (yeast β-glucan (YBG), shiitake β-glucan (SBG), oat β-glucan (OBG), arabinoxylan (AX), bacterial exopolysaccharide (EPS)) or control (CTRL) product daily for five weeks. After two weeks of intervention, subjects were vaccinated with seasonal influenza vaccine. The post-vaccination increases in haemagglutination inhibition antibody titres and seroprotection rate against the influenza strains were non-significantly enhanced in the NPS intervention groups compared to CTRL. Specifically, a trend towards a higher mean log2 fold increase was observed in the AX group (uncorrected p = 0.074) combined with a trend for an increased seroprotection rate, AX group (48.7%) compared to CTRL (25.6%) (uncorrected p = 0.057), for the influenza A H1N1 strain. Subjects consuming AX also had a reduced incidence of common colds compared to CTRL (1 vs. 8; p = 0.029 in Fisher exact test). No adverse effects of NPS consumption were reported. The findings of this pilot study warrant further research to study AX as an oral adjuvant to support vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Laue
- Clinical Research Center Kiel, Kiel Center of Innovation and Technology, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.P.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Yala Stevens
- BioActor, Brightlands Health Campus, 6229 GS Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.S.); (M.v.E.)
| | - Monique van Erp
- BioActor, Brightlands Health Campus, 6229 GS Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.S.); (M.v.E.)
| | - Ekaterina Papazova
- Clinical Research Center Kiel, Kiel Center of Innovation and Technology, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.P.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Edlyn Soeth
- Clinical Research Center Kiel, Kiel Center of Innovation and Technology, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.P.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Angelika Pannenbeckers
- Clinical Research Center Kiel, Kiel Center of Innovation and Technology, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.P.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Ellen Stolte
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.S.); (J.M.W.)
| | - Ruwen Böhm
- Clinical Research Center Kiel, Kiel Center of Innovation and Technology, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.P.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- UR1268 BIA, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France; (S.L.G.); (X.F.)
| | - Xavier Falourd
- UR1268 BIA, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France; (S.L.G.); (X.F.)
| | - Simon Ballance
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries & Aquaculture Research , 1433 Ås, Norway; (S.B.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Svein H. Knutsen
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries & Aquaculture Research , 1433 Ås, Norway; (S.B.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Iris Pinheiro
- Prodigest, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (I.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Sam Possemiers
- Prodigest, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (I.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Paul M. Ryan
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., P61 C996 Cork, Ireland; (P.M.R.); (C.S.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., P61 C996 Cork, Ireland; (P.M.R.); (C.S.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.S.); (J.M.W.)
| | | | - Jurriaan J. Mes
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Juergen Schrezenmeir
- Clinical Research Center Kiel, Kiel Center of Innovation and Technology, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.P.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
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103
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Shannon OM, Ashor AW, Scialo F, Saretzki G, Martin-Ruiz C, Lara J, Matu J, Griffiths A, Robinson N, Lillà L, Stevenson E, Stephan BCM, Minihane AM, Siervo M, Mathers JC. Mediterranean diet and the hallmarks of ageing. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 75:1176-1192. [PMID: 33514872 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00841-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is a multifactorial process associated with reduced function and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Recently, nine cellular and molecular hallmarks of ageing have been identified, which characterise the ageing process, and collectively, may be key determinants of the ageing trajectory. These include genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion and altered intercellular communication. Healthier dietary patterns reduce the risk of age-related diseases and increase longevity and may influence positively one or more of these hallmarks. The Mediterranean dietary pattern (MedDiet) is a plant-based eating pattern that was typical of countries such as Greece, Spain, and Italy pre-globalisation of the food system and which is associated with better health during ageing. Here we review the potential effects of a MedDiet on each of the nine hallmarks of ageing, and provide evidence that the MedDiet as a whole, or individual elements of this dietary pattern, may influence each hallmark positively-effects which may contribute to the beneficial effects of this dietary pattern on age-related disease risk and longevity. We also highlight potential avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M Shannon
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ammar W Ashor
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Filippo Scialo
- Biosciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,, NE4 5PL, UK
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Saretzki
- Biosciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Carmen Martin-Ruiz
- Bioscience Institute, Bioscreening Core Facility, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Jose Lara
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne,, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Jamie Matu
- School of Clinical Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds,, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - Alex Griffiths
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity & Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds,, LS163QS, UK
| | - Natassia Robinson
- Biosciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Lionetti Lillà
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Emma Stevenson
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Blossom C M Stephan
- Institute of Mental Health, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anne Marie Minihane
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham,, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,, NE2 4HH, UK
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104
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Desterke C, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Turhan AG. EGR1 dysregulation defines an inflammatory and leukemic program in cell trajectory of human-aged hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:419. [PMID: 34294125 PMCID: PMC8296523 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During aging, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) lose progressively both their self-renewal and differentiation potential. The precise molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon are not well established. To uncover the molecular events underlying this event, we have performed a bioinformatics analysis of 650 single-cell transcriptomes. Methods Single-cell transcriptome analyses of expression heterogeneity, cell cycle, and cell trajectory in human cell compartment enriched in hematopoietic stem cell compartment were investigated in the bone marrow according to the age of the donors. Identification of aging-related nodules was identified by weighted correlation network analysis in this primitive compartment. Results The analysis of single-cell transcriptomes allowed to uncover a major upregulation of EGR1 in human-aged lineage−CD34+CD38− cells which present cell cycle dysregulation with reduction of G2/M phase according to less expression of CCND2 during S phase. EGR1 upregulation in aging hematopoietic stem cells was found to be independent of cell cycle phases and gender. EGR1 expression trajectory in aged HSC highlighted a signature enriched in hematopoietic and immune disorders with the best induction of AP-1 complex and quiescence regulators such as EGR1, BTG2, JUNB, and NR41A. Sonic Hedgehog-related TMEM107 transmembrane molecule followed also EGR1 cell trajectory. EGR1-dependent gene weighted network analysis in human HSC-associated IER2 target protein-specific regulators of PP2A activity, IL1B, TNFSF10 ligands, and CD69, SELP membrane molecules in old HSC module with immune and leukemogenic signature. In contrast, for young HSC which were found with different cell cycle phase progression, its specific module highlighted upregulation of HIF1A hypoxic factor, PDE4B immune marker, DRAK2 (STK17B) T cell apoptosis regulator, and MYADM myeloid-associated marker. Conclusion EGR1 was found to be connected to the aging of human HSC and highlighted a specific cell trajectory contributing to the dysregulation of an inflammatory and leukemia-related transcriptional program in aged human HSCs. EGR1 and its program were found to be connected to the aging of human HSC with dissociation of quiescence property and cell cycle phase progression in this primitive hematopoietic compartment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02498-0.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annelise Bennaceur-Griscelli
- INSERM UA9, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France.,ESTeam Paris Sud, INGESTEM National IPSC Infrastructure, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France.,Division of Hematology, APHP-Paris Saclay University Hospitals, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94275, 94800, Villejuif, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Saclay, 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Ali G Turhan
- INSERM UA9, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France. .,ESTeam Paris Sud, INGESTEM National IPSC Infrastructure, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France. .,Division of Hematology, APHP-Paris Saclay University Hospitals, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94275, 94800, Villejuif, France. .,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Saclay, 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
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105
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Alexopoulos GS. Mechanisms and Treatment of Late-Life Depression. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2021; 19:340-354. [PMID: 34690604 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.19304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
(Appeared originally in Translational Psychiatry 2019; 9:188).
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Alexopoulos
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
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106
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Inflammation, epigenetics, and metabolism converge to cell senescence and ageing: the regulation and intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:245. [PMID: 34176928 PMCID: PMC8236488 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress in ageing research has been achieved over the past decades. General perceptions and experimental evidence pinpoint that the decline of physical function often initiates by cell senescence and organ ageing. Epigenetic dynamics and immunometabolic reprogramming link to the alterations of cellular response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, representing current hotspots as they not only (re-)shape the individual cell identity, but also involve in cell fate decision. This review focuses on the present findings and emerging concepts in epigenetic, inflammatory, and metabolic regulations and the consequences of the ageing process. Potential therapeutic interventions targeting cell senescence and regulatory mechanisms, using state-of-the-art techniques are also discussed.
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107
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Ribeiro AR, Barros C, Barateiro A, Howlett SE, Fernandes A. Improved assessment of overall health in variably aged murine models of Multiple Sclerosis with a novel frailty index tool. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:1-9. [PMID: 34181005 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model is the most commonly used animal model of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, phenotypic characterization of mice based on the traditional 5-point clinical paralysis scale does not fully capture disease progression. The frailty index (FI) conceptualizes frailty as the accumulation of health deficits and it is widely used to assess overall health in aging humans and pre-clinical models. Here we adapted an established mouse FI tool for use in EAE mice and determined whether this could evaluate general signs of health in variably aged female EAE mice. The EAE-Clinical FI included 34 items related to clinical signs and deficits characteristic of aging and MS. This tool clearly showed more detailed EAE progression and severity at all ages, highlighting changes in systems other than motor paralysis measured with the traditional 5-point paralysis scale. When we induced disease at 3- and 6-months-of-age, mice showed typical EAE clinical manifestations with peak disease severity between 17-19 days post-induction and mean frailty scores of 0.36 ± 0.04 (3-month-old) and 0.43 ± 0.05 (6-month-old). By contrast, disease severity peaked after 14 days in 12-month-old mice. They showed atypical signs including wobbling, early belly drag, and splayed hindlegs that were better captured with the EAE-Clinical FI. Peak frailty scores also were higher than those of younger animals (0.54 ± 0.04). As MS most often develops in young to middle-aged people, this new tool may have significant value for use in EAE animal studies as first step towards translation to people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Barros
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Barateiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susan E Howlett
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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108
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Hussien H, Nastasa A, Apetrii M, Nistor I, Petrovic M, Covic A. Different aspects of frailty and COVID-19: points to consider in the current pandemic and future ones. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:389. [PMID: 34176479 PMCID: PMC8236311 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults at a higher risk of adverse outcomes and mortality if they get infected with Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2). These undesired outcomes are because ageing is associated with other conditions like multimorbidity, frailty and disability. This paper describes the impact of frailty on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) management and outcomes. We also try to point out the role of inflamm-ageing, immunosenescence and reduced microbiota diversity in developing a severe form of COVID-19 and a different response to COVID-19 vaccination among older frail adults. Additionally, we attempt to highlight the impact of frailty on intensive care unit (ICU) outcomes, and hence, the rationale behind using frailty as an exclusion criterion for critical care admission. Similarly, the importance of using a time-saving, validated, sensitive, and user-friendly tool for frailty screening in an acute setting as COVID-19 triage. We performed a narrative review. Publications from 1990 to March 2021 were identified by searching the electronic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL and SCOPUS. Based on this search, we have found that in older frail adults, many mechanisms contribute to the severity of COVID-19, particularly cytokine storm; those mechanisms include lower immunological capacity and status of ongoing chronic inflammation and reduced gut microbiota diversity. Higher degrees of frailty were associated with poor outcomes and higher mortality rates during and after ICU admission. Also, the response to COVID-19 vaccination among frail older adults might differ from the general population regarding effectiveness and side effects. Researches also had shown that there are many tools for identifying frailty in an acute setting that could be used in COVID-19 triage, and before ICU admission, the clinical frailty scale (CFS) was the most recommended tool. CONCLUSION Older frail adults have a pre-existing immunopathological base that puts them at a higher risk of undesired outcomes and mortality due to COVID-19 and poor response to COVID-19 vaccination. Also, their admission in ICU should depend on their degree of frailty rather than their chronological age, which is better to be screened using the CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Hussien
- Dr C I Parhon University Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Iasi, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Geriatrics, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Bd Carol nr 50, Iasi, Romania
| | - Andra Nastasa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Geriatrics, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Bd Carol nr 50, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Mugurel Apetrii
- Dr C I Parhon University Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Iasi, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Geriatrics, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Bd Carol nr 50, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionut Nistor
- Dr C I Parhon University Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Iasi, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Geriatrics, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Bd Carol nr 50, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mirko Petrovic
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covic
- Dr C I Parhon University Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Iasi, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Geriatrics, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Bd Carol nr 50, Iasi, Romania
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109
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Zia A, Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. Molecular and cellular pathways contributing to brain aging. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2021; 17:6. [PMID: 34118939 PMCID: PMC8199306 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-021-00179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the leading risk factor for several age-associated diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the biology of aging mechanisms is essential to the pursuit of brain health. In this regard, brain aging is defined by a gradual decrease in neurophysiological functions, impaired adaptive neuroplasticity, dysregulation of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, neuroinflammation, and oxidatively modified molecules and organelles. Numerous pathways lead to brain aging, including increased oxidative stress, inflammation, disturbances in energy metabolism such as deregulated autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and IGF-1, mTOR, ROS, AMPK, SIRTs, and p53 as central modulators of the metabolic control, connecting aging to the pathways, which lead to neurodegenerative disorders. Also, calorie restriction (CR), physical exercise, and mental activities can extend lifespan and increase nervous system resistance to age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. The neuroprotective effect of CR involves increased protection against ROS generation, maintenance of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and inhibition of apoptosis. The recent evidence about the modem molecular and cellular methods in neurobiology to brain aging is exhibiting a significant potential in brain cells for adaptation to aging and resistance to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliabbas Zia
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), 9717853577 Birjand, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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110
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Aghbash PS, Eslami N, Shirvaliloo M, Baghi HB. Viral coinfections in COVID-19. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5310-5322. [PMID: 34032294 PMCID: PMC8242380 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The most consequential challenge raised by coinfection is perhaps the inappropriate generation of recombinant viruses through the exchange of genetic material among different strains. These genetically similar viruses can interfere with the replication process of each other and even compete for the metabolites required for the maintenance of the replication cycle. Due to the similarity in clinical symptoms of most viral respiratory tract infections, and their coincidence with COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, it is recommended to develop a comprehensive diagnostic panel for detection of respiratory and nonrespiratory viruses through the evaluation of patient samples. Given the resulting changes in blood markers, such as coagulation factors and white blood cell count following virus infection, these markers can be of diagnostic value in the detection of mixed infection in individuals already diagnosed with a certain viral illness. In this review, we seek to investigate the coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory and nonrespiratory viruses to provide novel insights into the development of highly sensitive diagnostics and effective treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa S Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Eslami
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein B Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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111
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Luo M, Xu L, Qian Z, Sun X. Infection-Associated Thymic Atrophy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652538. [PMID: 34113341 PMCID: PMC8186317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a vital organ of the immune system that plays an essential role in thymocyte development and maturation. Thymic atrophy occurs with age (physiological thymic atrophy) or as a result of viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal infection (pathological thymic atrophy). Thymic atrophy directly results in loss of thymocytes and/or destruction of the thymic architecture, and indirectly leads to a decrease in naïve T cells and limited T cell receptor diversity. Thus, it is important to recognize the causes and mechanisms that induce thymic atrophy. In this review, we highlight current progress in infection-associated pathogenic thymic atrophy and discuss its possible mechanisms. In addition, we discuss whether extracellular vesicles/exosomes could be potential carriers of pathogenic substances to the thymus, and potential drugs for the treatment of thymic atrophy. Having acknowledged that most current research is limited to serological aspects, we look forward to the possibility of extending future work regarding the impact of neural modulation on thymic atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Luo
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingxin Xu
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyu Qian
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
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112
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Froneman C, Kelleher P, José RJ. Pneumococcal Vaccination in Immunocompromised Hosts: An Update. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:536. [PMID: 34063785 PMCID: PMC8223771 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with the pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae, are a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It particularly affects those at the extremes of age and immunocompromised individuals. Preventing pneumococcal disease is paramount in at risk individuals, and pneumococcal vaccination should be offered. Here, we discuss the role of pneumococcal vaccination in specific groups of immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Froneman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK; (C.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Peter Kelleher
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK; (C.F.); (P.K.)
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ricardo J. José
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK; (C.F.); (P.K.)
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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113
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Ahluwalia P, Vaibhav K, Ahluwalia M, Mondal AK, Sahajpal N, Rojiani AM, Kolhe R. Infection and Immune Memory: Variables in Robust Protection by Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660019. [PMID: 34046033 PMCID: PMC8144450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of a recent pandemic that has led to more than 3 million deaths worldwide. Most individuals are asymptomatic or display mild symptoms, which raises an inherent question as to how does the immune response differs from patients manifesting severe disease? During the initial phase of infection, dysregulated effector immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, megakaryocytes, basophils, eosinophils, erythroid progenitor cells, and Th17 cells can alter the trajectory of an infected patient to severe disease. On the other hand, properly functioning CD4+, CD8+ cells, NK cells, and DCs reduce the disease severity. Detailed understanding of the immune response of convalescent individuals transitioning from the effector phase to the immunogenic memory phase can provide vital clues to understanding essential variables to assess vaccine-induced protection. Although neutralizing antibodies can wane over time, long-lasting B and T memory cells can persist in recovered individuals. The natural immunological memory captures the diverse repertoire of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes after natural infection whereas, currently approved vaccines are based on a single epitope, spike protein. It is essential to understand the nature of the immune response to natural infection to better identify 'correlates of protection' against this disease. This article discusses recent findings regarding immune response against natural infection to SARS-CoV-2 and the nature of immunogenic memory. More precise knowledge of the acute phase of immune response and its transition to immunological memory will contribute to the future design of vaccines and the identification of variables essential to maintain immune protection across diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Ahluwalia
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | | | - Ashis K. Mondal
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Nikhil Sahajpal
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Amyn M. Rojiani
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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114
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Furtado GE, Letieri RV, Caldo-Silva A, Sardão VA, Teixeira AM, de Barros MP, Vieira RP, Bachi ALL. Sustaining efficient immune functions with regular physical exercise in the COVID-19 era and beyond. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13485. [PMID: 33393082 PMCID: PMC7883243 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) appearance in Wuhan, China, did rise the new virus disease (COVID-19), which spread globally in a short time, leading the World Health Organization to declare a new global pandemic. To contain and mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2, specific public health procedures were implemented in virtually all countries, with a significant impact on society, making it difficult to keep the regular practice of physical activity. It is widely accepted that an active lifestyle contributes to the improvement of general health and preservation of cardiovascular, respiratory, osteo-muscular and immune system capacities. The positive effects of regular physical activity on the immune system have emerged as a pivotal trigger of general health, underlying the beneficial effects of physical activity on multiple physiological systems. Accordingly, recent studies have already pointed out the negative impact of physical inactivity caused by the social isolation imposed by the public sanitary authorities due to COVID-19. Nevertheless, there are still no current narrative reviews evaluating the real impact of COVID-19 on active lifestyle or even discussing the possible beneficial effects of exercise-promoted immune upgrade against the severity or progression of COVID-19. Based on the consensus in the scientific literature, in this review, we discuss how an exercise adherence could adequately improve immune responses in times of the 'COVID-19 Era and beyond'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Health Sciences Research Unit, Nursing (UICISA:E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Coimbra, Portugal.,N2i - Polytechnic Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal.,University of Coimbra-Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019) at Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), Portugal
| | - Rubens Vinícius Letieri
- Post-doctoral Researcher, Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Alfenas, Brazil.,Multidisciplinary Research Nucleus in Physical Education (NIMEF), Physical Education Department, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Tocantinópolis, Brazil
| | - Adriana Caldo-Silva
- University of Coimbra-Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019) at Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), Portugal
| | - Vilma A Sardão
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), UC_Biotech, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- Multidisciplinary Research Nucleus in Physical Education (NIMEF), Physical Education Department, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Tocantinópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Paes de Barros
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), UC_Biotech, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Rodolfo Paula Vieira
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), MSc/PhD Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Post-graduation Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Santos, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Bioengineering and in Biomedical Engineering, University Brazil, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - André Luís Lacerda Bachi
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology, São José dos Campos, Brazil.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, Brazil
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115
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Effects of a 6 Week Low-Dose Combined Resistance and Endurance Training on T Cells and Systemic Inflammation in the Elderly. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040843. [PMID: 33917916 PMCID: PMC8068286 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing age, the immune system undergoes a remodeling process, affecting the shift of T cell subpopulations and the development of chronic low-grade inflammation. Clinically, this is characterized by increased susceptibility to infections or development of several diseases. Since lifestyle factors can play a significant role in reducing the hallmarks of immune aging and inflammation, we investigated the effect of a 6 week low-dose combined resistance and endurance training program. Forty participants (70.3 ± 5.0 years) were randomly assigned to either a training (TG) or control group (CG) and performed a controlled low-threshold and care-oriented 6-week-long combined resistance and endurance training program. Changes in anthropometrics as well as strength capacity were measured. In subgroups of TG and CG, T cells and their subpopulations (CD4+, CD8+, naïve, central, effector memory, T-EMRA) were analyzed by flow cytometry. The changes of various plasma cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and adipokines were analyzed by luminex assays. The exercise program was followed by an increase in strength capacities. Participants of TG showed an increase of the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio over time (p < 0.05). Significant decreases in systemic levels of interleukin (IL-) 6, IL-8, IL-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (p < 0.05) were observed for participants of TG over time. Even short-term and low-threshold training can reduce some of the hallmarks of immune aging in elderly and thus could be beneficial to stimulate immunity. The specific characteristics of the program make it easily accessible to older people, who may benefit in the longer term in terms of their immunocompetence.
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116
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Yu Y, Singh H, Kwon K, Tsitrin T, Petrini J, Nelson KE, Pieper R. Protein signatures from blood plasma and urine suggest changes in vascular function and IL-12 signaling in elderly with a history of chronic diseases compared with an age-matched healthy cohort. GeroScience 2021. [PMID: 32974878 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00269-y/figures/10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Key processes characterizing human aging are immunosenescence and inflammaging. The capacity of the immune system to adequately respond to external perturbations (e.g., pathogens, injuries, and biochemical irritants) and to repair somatic mutations that may cause cancers or cellular senescence declines. An important goal remains to identify genetic or biochemical, predictive biomarkers for healthy aging. We recruited two cohorts in the age range 70 to 82, one afflicted by chronic illnesses (non-healthy aging, NHA) and the other in good health (healthy aging, HA). NHA criteria included major cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and chronic pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and cancers. Quantitative analysis of forty proinflammatory cytokines in blood plasma and more than 500 proteins in urine was performed to identify candidate biomarkers for and biological pathway implications of healthy aging. Nine cytokines revealed lower quantities in blood plasma for the NHA compared with the HA groups (fold change > 1.5; p value < 0.025) including IL-12p40 and IL-12p70. We note that, sampling at two timepoints, intra-individual cytokine abundance patterns clustered in 86% of all 60 cases, indicative of person-specific, highly controlled multi-cytokine signatures in blood plasma. Twenty-three urinary proteins were differentially abundant (HA versus NHA; fold change > 1.5; p value < 0.01). Among the proteins increased in abundance in the HA cohort were glycoprotein MUC18, ephrin type-B receptor 4, matrix remodeling-associated protein 8, angiopoietin-related protein 2, K-cadherin, and plasma protease C1 inhibitor. These proteins have been linked to the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, and vascular remodeling and repair processes. In silico network analysis identified the regulation of coagulation, antimicrobial humoral immune responses, and the IL-12 signaling pathway as enriched GO terms. To validate links of these preliminary biomarkers and IL-12 signaling with healthy aging, clinical studies using larger cohorts and functional characterization of the genes/proteins in cellular models of aging need to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Yu
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Keehwan Kwon
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Tamara Tsitrin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Joann Petrini
- Western Connecticut Health Network, 24 Hospital Avenue, Danbury, CT, 06810, USA
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rembert Pieper
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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117
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Singhal G, Morgan J, Corrigan F, Toben C, Jawahar MC, Jaehne EJ, Manavis J, Hannan AJ, Baune BT. Short-Term Environmental Enrichment is a Stronger Modulator of Brain Glial Cells and Cervical Lymph Node T Cell Subtypes than Exercise or Combined Exercise and Enrichment. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:469-486. [PMID: 32451728 PMCID: PMC7920895 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise (PE) and environmental enrichment (EE) can modulate immunity. However, the differential effects of short-term PE, EE, and PE + EE on neuroimmune mechanisms during normal aging has not been elucidated. Hence, a cohort of 3-, 8-, and 13-month-old immunologically unchallenged C57BL/6 wild-type mice were randomly assigned to either Control, PE, EE, or PE + EE groups and provided with either no treatment, a running wheel, a variety of plastic and wooden objects alone or in combination with a running wheel for seven weeks, respectively. Immunohistochemistry and 8-color flow cytometry were used to determine the numbers of dentate gyrus glial cells, and the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell numbers and their subsets from cervical lymph nodes, respectively. An increase in the number of IBA1+ microglia in the dentate gyrus at 5 and 10 months was observed after EE, while PE and PE + EE increased it only at 10 months. No change in astroglia number in comparison to controls were observed in any of the treatment groups. Also, all treatments induced significant differences in the proportion of specific T cell subsets, i.e., CD4+ and CD8+ T naïve (TN), central memory (TCM), and effector memory (TEM) cells. Our results suggest that in the short-term, EE is a stronger modulator of microglial and peripheral T cell subset numbers than PE and PE + EE, and the combination of short-term PE and EE has no additive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Singhal
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julie Morgan
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Division of Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Catherine Toben
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Magdalene C. Jawahar
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emily J. Jaehne
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jim Manavis
- Centre for Neurological Diseases, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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118
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Paiola M, Moreira C, Hétru J, Duflot A, Pinto PIS, Scapigliati G, Knigge T, Monsinjon T. Prepubertal gonad investment modulates thymus function: evidence in a teleost fish. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:238091. [PMID: 33789987 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thymus plasticity following gonadectomy or sex hormone replacement has long since exemplified sex hormone effects on the immune system in mammals and, to a lesser extent, in 'lower vertebrates', including amphibians and fish. Nevertheless, the underlying physiological significances as well as the ontogenetic establishment of this crosstalk remain largely unknown. Here, we used a teleost fish, the European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, to investigate: (1) whether the regulation of thymus plasticity relies on resource trade-off with somatic growth and reproductive investment and (2) if the gonad-thymus interaction takes place during gonadal differentiation and development. Because gonadal development and, supposedly, thymus function in sea bass depend on environmental changes associated with the winter season, we evaluated thymus changes (foxn1 expression, and thymocyte and T cell content) in juvenile D. labrax raised for 1 year under either constant or fluctuating photoperiod and temperature. Importantly, in both conditions, intensive gonadal development following sex differentiation coincided with a halt of thymus growth, while somatic growth continued. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing that gonadal development during prepuberty regulates thymus plasticity. This finding may provide an explanation for the initiation of the thymus involution related to ageing in mammals. Comparing fixed and variable environmental conditions, our work also demonstrates that the extent of the effects on the thymus, which are related to reproduction, depend on ecophysiological conditions, rather than being directly related to sexual maturity and sex hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Paiola
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Catarina Moreira
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Julie Hétru
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Aurélie Duflot
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Patricia I S Pinto
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Thomas Knigge
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Tiphaine Monsinjon
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), University of Le Havre Normandy, 76600 Le Havre, France
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119
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Gasparoto TH, Dalboni TM, Amôr NG, Abe AE, Perri G, Lara VS, Vieira NA, Gasparoto CT, Campanelli AP. Fcγ receptors on aging neutrophils. J Appl Oral Sci 2021; 29:e20200770. [PMID: 33825754 PMCID: PMC8011831 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2020-0770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neutrophils are key effector cells of the innate immune system. They recognize antigens through membrane receptors, which are expressed during their maturation and activation. Neutrophils express FcγRII (CD32), FcγRIII (CD16), and FcγRI (CD64) after being activated by different factors such as cytokines and bacterial products. These receptors are involved with phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized microbes and enhance defense mechanisms. Based on that, our study seeks to compare the expression of FcγRII, FcγRIII, FcγRI, and CD11b on neutrophils from elderly and young subjects and their expression after in vitro activation with cytokines and LPS. METHODOLOGY Neutrophils were isolated from human peripheral blood and from mice bone marrow by density gradient. After isolation, FCγRs expression was immediately analyzed by flow cytometry or after in vitro stimulation. RESULTS In freshly isolated cells, the percentage of FcγRIIIb+ and CD11b+ neutrophils were higher in samples from young individuals; FcγRIIIa expression was more prominent on aged neutrophils; FcγRIA expression was similar in all samples analyzed. Exposure to CXCL8 and LPS resulted in a higher percentage of FcγRIa+ neutrophils on elderly individuals' samples but lower when compared with neutrophils from young donors. We observed that LPS caused an increase in FcγRIIa expression on aging human neutrophils. In contrast, FcγRIIIb expression in response to CXCL8 and LPS stimulation was not altered in the four groups. CD11b expression was lower in neutrophils from elderly individuals even in response to LPS and CXCL8. In mice, we observed differences only regarding CD11b expression, which was increased on aged neutrophils. LPS exposure caused an increase in all FcγRs. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that, in humans, the overall pattern of FcγR expression and integrin CD11b are altered during aging and immunosenescence might contribute to age-related infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Helena Gasparoto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Thalita Marcato Dalboni
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Nádia Ghinelli Amôr
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Aneli Eiko Abe
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Graziela Perri
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Estomatologia (Patologia Oral), Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Carlos Teodoro Gasparoto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Departamento de Saúde Pública, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Campanelli
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
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120
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Furtado GE, Letieri RV, Silva-Caldo A, Trombeta JCS, Monteiro C, Rodrigues RN, Vieira-Pedrosa A, Barros MP, Cavaglieri CR, Hogervorst E, Teixeira AM, Ferreira JP. Combined Chair-Based Exercises Improve Functional Fitness, Mental Well-Being, Salivary Steroid Balance, and Anti-microbial Activity in Pre-frail Older Women. Front Psychol 2021; 12:564490. [PMID: 33841224 PMCID: PMC8026892 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.564490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Regular exercise has long been shown to positively impact the immune system responsiveness and improve mental well-being (MWB). However, the putative links between biomarkers of mental health and immune efficiency in exercising subjects have been scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of a 14-week combined chair-based exercise program (CEP) on salivary steroid hormones and anti-microbial proteins, functional fitness, and MWB indexes in pre-frail older women. Methods The participant women (82.8 4.6 years old; n = 32) were randomly divided into the exercising group (CEP, n = 17) and the non-exercising control group (CG, n = 15). The pre/post assessment included: (1) salivary anti-microbial proteins lysozyme; (Lys) and immunoglobulin-A (IgA); (2) salivary steroid hormones of testosterone (TT) and cortisol (COR); (3) functional fitness (gait speed, hand grip strength, and static balance); (4) MWB questionnaires (happiness, depression state, satisfaction with life, and stress). Results Significant differences with large Cohen's (d) effect sizes were found on increased salivary TT (p < 0.05; d = 0.60) after exercise intervention. The results revealed a decrease in IgA levels after CEP (p < 0.01, d = 0.30). The increase in subjective happiness levels (p < 0.05, d = 0.30) and decrease of stress perception (p < 0.01, d = 2.60) and depressive state (p < 0.05, d = 0.30) were found after intervention in the CEP group. Robust statistical differences in gait speed (p < 0.05; d = 0.60) and balance tests (p < 0.05; d = 0.80) were also found in the CEP group. In control, COR increased moderately (p < 0.05; d = 0.65) while no changes were found for the other indicators. Correlation analyses showed inter-dependence between pre-post variations of MWB, biochemical indexes, and fitness function (e.g., COR inverse correlation with hand grip strength and balance tests). Conclusion The CEP program was able to improve functional-fitness performance, decrease feelings of stress, and increase happiness. The CEP also induced clinically relevant hormonal and immune responses, which suggests that chair exercises that combine muscular strength, balance, and gait speed training are promising interventions to improve physical and mental health of older pre-frail adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Research Unit in Sport and Physical Activity-CIDAF (UID/PTD/04213/2020), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education (FCDEF-UC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rubens Vinícius Letieri
- Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Alfenas, Brazil.,Multidisciplinary Research Nucleus in Physical Education (NIMEF), Physical Education Department, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Tocantinópolis, Brazil
| | - Adriana Silva-Caldo
- Research Unit in Sport and Physical Activity-CIDAF (UID/PTD/04213/2020), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education (FCDEF-UC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joice C S Trombeta
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory (FISEX), Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Clara Monteiro
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Federal University of São Carlos (UFscar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nogueira Rodrigues
- Research Unit in Sport and Physical Activity-CIDAF (UID/PTD/04213/2020), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education (FCDEF-UC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Vieira-Pedrosa
- Research Unit in Sport and Physical Activity-CIDAF (UID/PTD/04213/2020), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education (FCDEF-UC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Paes Barros
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory (FISEX), Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Gerontology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eef Hogervorst
- Applied Cognitive Research NCSEM, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- Research Unit in Sport and Physical Activity-CIDAF (UID/PTD/04213/2020), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education (FCDEF-UC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Ferreira
- Research Unit in Sport and Physical Activity-CIDAF (UID/PTD/04213/2020), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education (FCDEF-UC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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St-Jean M, Dong X, Tafessu H, Moore D, Honer WG, Vila-Rodriguez F, Sereda P, Hogg RS, Patterson TL, Salters K, Barrios R, Montaner JSG, Lima VD. Overdose mortality is reducing the gains in life expectancy of antiretroviral-treated people living with HIV in British Columbia, Canada. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2021; 96:103195. [PMID: 33773878 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A remarkable reduction in AIDS-related mortality has been achieved through the widespread use of triple combination antiretroviral therapy, considerably increasing the life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLWH). However, these survival gains are now at risk in North America due to an unprecedented public health emergency: the deadly drug overdose epidemic. Drug overdoses are now the leading cause of unintentional death in British Columbia (BC), Canada and the United States due to synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl) in illegal markets. This manuscript aimed to estimate the effect of overdose mortality on life expectancy and identify covariates associated with the hazard for overdose mortality in the presence of competing risk among PLWH in BC. METHODS Those eligible were aged ≥20 years, initiated antiretroviral therapy from 1-Apr-1996 to 30-Dec-2017, and were followed until 31-Dec-2017, last contact or death date. We estimated the potential gains in life expectancy from abridged life tables. We modelled the association between covariates and the cause-specific hazard for overdose mortality, accounting for mortality of other causes as a competing risk. RESULTS Among the 10,362 PLWH, 3% experienced overdose mortality. The life expectancy at age 20 increased by 8.7 years from 2002-2007 to 2008-2013 compared to only 3.0 years from 2008-2013 to 2014-2017. The potential gain in life expectancy was 3.3 years at age 20 during the ongoing overdose epidemic (2014-2017). There were gender differences in life expectancies throughout the study period. People who have ever injected drugs, women and viral load monitoring non-compliance were key covariates associated with an increased hazard of overdose mortality. CONCLUSION Survival gains among PLWH have been considerably reduced due to the ongoing overdose epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin St-Jean
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xinzhe Dong
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hiwot Tafessu
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David Moore
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - William G Honer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Paul Sereda
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Robert S Hogg
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | | | - Kate Salters
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rolando Barrios
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada; Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Julio S G Montaner
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Viviane D Lima
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Extensive longitudinal immune profiling reveals sustained innate immune activation in COVID-19 patients with unfavorable outcome. Eur Cytokine Netw 2021; 31:154-167. [PMID: 33648924 PMCID: PMC7937051 DOI: 10.1684/ecn.2020.0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 differs substantially between individuals, ranging from mild to severe or even fatal. Heterogeneity in the immune response against SARS-COV-2 likely contributes to this. Therefore, we explored the temporal dynamics of key cellular and soluble mediators of innate and adaptive immune activation in relation to COVID-19 severity and progression. Forty-four patients with a PCR-proven diagnosis of COVID-19 were included. Extensive cellular (leukocytes and T-lymphocyte subsets) and serological immune profiling (cytokines, soluble cell surface molecules, and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies) was performed at hospital admission and every 3–4 days during hospitalization. Measurements and disease outcome were compared between patients with an unfavorable (IC admission and/or death) and favorable (all others) outcome. Patients with an unfavorable outcome had higher leukocyte numbers at baseline, mostly due to increased neutrophils, whereas lymphocyte and monocyte numbers were reduced. CRP, IL-6, CCL2, CXCL10, and GM-CSF levels were higher at baseline in the unfavorable group, whereas IL-7 levels were lower. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were more frequently absent in the unfavorable group. Longitudinal analysis revealed delayed kinetics of activated CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocyte subsets in the unfavorable group. Furthermore, whereas CRP, IL-6, CXCL10, and GM-CSF declined in the favorable group, these cytokines declined with delayed kinetics, remained increased, or even increased further in the unfavorable group. Our data indicate a state of increased innate immune activation in COVID19-patients with an unfavorable outcome at hospital admission, which remained over time, as compared with patients with a favorable outcome.
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Wang Y, Fu Z, Li X, Liang Y, Pei S, Hao S, Zhu Q, Yu T, Pei Y, Yuan J, Ye J, Fu J, Xu J, Hong J, Yang R, Hou H, Huang X, Peng C, Zheng M, Xiao Y. Cytoplasmic DNA sensing by KU complex in aged CD4 + T cell potentiates T cell activation and aging-related autoimmune inflammation. Immunity 2021; 54:632-647.e9. [PMID: 33667382 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with DNA accumulation and increased homeostatic proliferation of circulating T cells. Although these attributes are associated with aging-related autoimmunity, their direct contributions remain unclear. Conventionally, KU complex, the regulatory subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), together with the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK (DNA-PKcs), mediates DNA damage repair in the nucleus. Here, we found KU complex abundantly expressed in the cytoplasm, where it recognized accumulated cytoplasmic DNA in aged human and mouse CD4+ T cells. This process enhanced T cell activation and pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in aged mice. Mechanistically, KU-mediated DNA sensing facilitated DNA-PKcs recruitment and phosphorylation of the kinase ZAK. This activated AKT and mTOR pathways, promoting CD4+ T cell proliferation and activation. We developed a specific ZAK inhibitor, which dampened EAE pathology in aged mice. Overall, these findings demonstrate a KU-mediated cytoplasmic DNA-sensing pathway in CD4+ T cells that potentiates aging-related autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zunyun Fu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xutong Li
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yinming Liang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Siyu Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shumeng Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qingchen Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tao Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yifei Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jia Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jialin Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiemeng Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jin Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ruirui Yang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hui Hou
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinfang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Rodilla E, López-Carmona MD, Cortes X, Cobos-Palacios L, Canales S, Sáez MC, Campos Escudero S, Rubio-Rivas M, Díez Manglano J, Freire Castro SJ, Vázquez Piqueras N, Mateo Sanchis E, Pesqueira Fontan PM, Magallanes Gamboa JO, González García A, Madrid Romero V, Tamargo Chamorro L, González Moraleja J, Villanueva Martínez J, González Noya A, Suárez-Lombraña A, Gracia Gutiérrez A, López Reboiro ML, Ramos Rincón JM, Gómez Huelgas R. Impact of Arterial Stiffness on All-Cause Mortality in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in Spain. Hypertension 2021; 77:856-867. [PMID: 33377393 PMCID: PMC7884247 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Older age and cardiovascular comorbidities are well-known risk factors for all-cause mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hypertension and age are the 2 principal determinants of arterial stiffness (AS). This study aimed to estimate AS in patients with COVID-19 requiring hospitalization and analyze its association with all-cause in-hospital mortality. This observational, retrospective, multicenter cohort study analyzed 12 170 patients admitted to 150 Spanish centers included in the SEMI-COVID-19 Network. We compared AS, defined as pulse pressure ≥60 mm Hg, and clinical characteristics between survivors and nonsurvivors. Mean age was 67.5 (±16.1) years and 42.5% were women. Overall, 2606 (21.4%) subjects died. Admission systolic blood pressure (BP) <120 and ≥140 mm Hg was a predictor of higher all-cause mortality (23.5% and 22.8%, respectively, P<0.001), compared with systolic BP between 120 and 140 mm Hg (18.6%). The 4379 patients with AS (36.0%) were older and had higher systolic and lower diastolic BP. Multivariate analysis showed that AS and systolic BP <120 mm Hg significantly and independently predicted all-cause in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj]: 1.27, P=0.0001; ORadj: 1.48, P=0.0001, respectively) after adjusting for sex (males, ORadj: 1.6, P=0.0001), age tertiles (second and third tertiles, ORadj: 2.0 and 4.7, P=0.0001), Charlson Comorbidity Index (second and third tertiles, ORadj: 4.8 and 8.6, P=0.0001), heart failure, and previous and in-hospital antihypertensive treatment. Our data show that AS and admission systolic BP <120 mm Hg had independent prognostic value for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19 requiring hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rodilla
- From the Internal Medicine Department, Hypertension and Vascular Risk Unit, Sagunto University Hospital, Sagunto (Valencia), Spain (E.R., X.C., S.C., M.C.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain (E.R., X.C., S.C., M.C.S.)
| | - Maria Dolores López-Carmona
- Internal Medicine Department, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga (UMA), Spain (M.D.L.-C., L.C.-P., R.G.H.)
| | - Xavi Cortes
- From the Internal Medicine Department, Hypertension and Vascular Risk Unit, Sagunto University Hospital, Sagunto (Valencia), Spain (E.R., X.C., S.C., M.C.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain (E.R., X.C., S.C., M.C.S.)
| | - Lidia Cobos-Palacios
- Internal Medicine Department, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga (UMA), Spain (M.D.L.-C., L.C.-P., R.G.H.)
| | - Sergio Canales
- From the Internal Medicine Department, Hypertension and Vascular Risk Unit, Sagunto University Hospital, Sagunto (Valencia), Spain (E.R., X.C., S.C., M.C.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain (E.R., X.C., S.C., M.C.S.)
| | - Maria Carmen Sáez
- From the Internal Medicine Department, Hypertension and Vascular Risk Unit, Sagunto University Hospital, Sagunto (Valencia), Spain (E.R., X.C., S.C., M.C.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain (E.R., X.C., S.C., M.C.S.)
| | | | - Manuel Rubio-Rivas
- Internal Medicine Department, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain (M.R.-R.)
| | - Jesus Díez Manglano
- Internal Medicine Department, Royo Villanova Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain (J.D.M.)
| | | | - Nuria Vázquez Piqueras
- Internal Medicine Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, Moisès Broggi Hospital Sant Joan Despí (Barcelona), Spain (N.V.P.)
| | | | | | | | - Andrés González García
- Internal Medicine Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (A.G.G.)
- Internal Medicine Department, Defensa General Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain (A.G.G.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amara González Noya
- Internal Medicine Department, Ourense University Hospital Complex, Ourense, Spain (A.G.N.)
| | | | - Anyuli Gracia Gutiérrez
- Internal Medicine Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (A.G.G.)
- Internal Medicine Department, Defensa General Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain (A.G.G.)
| | | | - José Manuel Ramos Rincón
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain (J.M.R.R.)
| | - Ricardo Gómez Huelgas
- Internal Medicine Department, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga (UMA), Spain (M.D.L.-C., L.C.-P., R.G.H.)
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Evaluation of Thymic Output and Regulatory T Cells in Kidney Transplant Recipients with Chronic Antibody-Mediated Rejection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6627909. [PMID: 33628795 PMCID: PMC7889358 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6627909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) have an essential role in the regulation of allogeneic immune responses. However, their mechanisms of action in chronic antibody-mediated rejection (cAMR) are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to compare Treg and RTE levels between stable graft function (SGF) patients and cAMR subjects after kidney transplantation. Method Mononuclear cells (MNs) were separated from peripheral blood, and flow cytometry analysis was performed for detection of CD4+ and CD25high as Treg markers and CD4+, CD31+, and CD45RA+ as RTE immunophenotyping markers. Result The level of peripheral Treg cells was significantly lower in cAMR subjects in comparison to stable graft function patients. Moreover, SGF patients who had received cyclosporine A had a higher level of Treg in comparison to the tacrolimus recipients. Nevertheless, the RTE level between SGF and cAMR patients did not show any significant differences. Conclusion It seems that Treg cells are significantly associated with transplant outcomes in cAMR patients, and prescribed immunosuppressive drugs can influence the frequency of this crucial subset of T cells. Although these drugs are beneficial and inevitable for allograft maintenance, more investigations are needed to elucidate their complete effects on different immune cell subsets which some of them like Tregs are in favor of transplant tolerance. Besides, the thymic output is seemingly not a beneficial biomarker for predicting cAMR; however, more in vivo and in vitro studies are needed for revealing the precise role of Tregs and RTEs in the transplantation context.
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Lioulios G, Fylaktou A, Papagianni A, Stangou M. T cell markers recount the course of immunosenescence in healthy individuals and chronic kidney disease. Clin Immunol 2021; 225:108685. [PMID: 33549833 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging results in substantial changes in almost all cellular subpopulations within the immune system, including functional and phenotypic alterations. T lymphocytes, as the main representative population of cellular immunity, have been extensively studied in terms of modifications and adjustments during aging. Phenotypic alterations are attributed to three main mechanisms; a reduction of naïve T cell population with a shift to more differentiated forms, a subsequent oligoclonal expansion of naïve T cells characterized by repertoire restriction, and replicative insufficiency after repetitive activation. These changes and the subsequent phenotypic disorders are comprised in the term "immunosenescence". Similar changes seem to occur in chronic kidney disease, with T cells of young patients resembling those of healthy older individuals. A broad range of surface markers can be utilized to identify immunosenescent T cells. In this review, we will discuss the most important senescence markers and their potential connection with impaired renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Lioulios
- Department of Nephrology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Asimina Fylaktou
- Department of Immunology, National Peripheral Histocompatibility Center, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Papagianni
- Department of Nephrology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Stangou
- Department of Nephrology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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The role of curcumin in aging and senescence: Molecular mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 134:111119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Orlandoni P, Jukic Peladic N, Amoruso A, Pane M, Di Rosa M, Vedruccio J, Santini F. Safety and Efficacy of Probiotic Supplementation in Reducing the Incidence of Infections and Modulating Inflammation in the Elderly with Feeding Tubes: A Pilot, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study, "IntegPRO". Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020391. [PMID: 33513820 PMCID: PMC7911800 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed in a sample of geriatric patients treated with home enteral nutrition (HEN) to analyze the efficacy of a probiotic supplement Proxian®, which contains Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP01 (LMG P-21021), Lentilactobacillus buchneri Lb26 (DSM 16341), Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BS01 (LMG P-21384), and is enriched with zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se), in reducing the incidence of infections and modulating inflammation. Thirty-two subjects were enrolled (mean age 79.7 ± 10.3 years), 16 in the intervention group, 16 controls. They received Proxian® or placebo for 60 days. Patients were assessed at baseline (t0) and 60 (t1) and 90 (t2) days after the beginning. Infections were detected by information regarding their clinical manifestations and the incidence of antibiotic therapy. Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured to study inflammation. Information on bowel function, nutritional status and testimonials regarding the feasibility of administration of the product were collected. Differences between the two groups in number of infections (25% intervention group vs. 44% controls), antibiotic therapies (12% vs. 37%) and modulation of CRP levels (median CRP moved from 0.95 mg/L (t0), to 0.6 (t1) and 0.7 (t2) in intervention group vs. 0.7 mg/L, 0.5 and 0.7 in controls) did not reach statistical significance. No significant changes in bowel function and nutritional status were found. Caregivers’ adherence was 100%. Results of this “IntegPRO” study showed that Proxian® is potentially safe, easy to administer and promising for further studies but it appears not to change the incidence of infections or modulate inflammation in elderly treated with HEN. The utility of Proxian® in reducing the incidence of infections and modulating inflammation in these subjects needs to be investigated by a larger multi-center clinical trial, and by using additional analyses on inflammatory markers and markers of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Orlandoni
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, National Institute of Health and Science on Aging, IRCCS INRCA Ancona, Via della Montagnola 81, 60127 Ancona, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-8003653; Fax: +39-071-8003777
| | - Nikolina Jukic Peladic
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, National Institute of Health and Science on Aging, IRCCS INRCA Ancona, Via della Montagnola 81, 60127 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Angela Amoruso
- Probiotical Research Srl, Via E.Mattei 3, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Marco Pane
- Probiotical Research Srl, Via E.Mattei 3, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Mirko Di Rosa
- Unit of Geriatric Pharmacoepidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Health and Science on Aging, IRCCS INRCA Ancona, Via Santa Margherita 5, 60124 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Jennifer Vedruccio
- Residenza Conero Santo Stefano, SS 16 Via Flaminia 293 326/A, 60020 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Franco Santini
- Ex Medical Direction, Errekappa Euroterapici S.p.A., Via Ciro Menotti 1/A, 20129 Milan, Italy;
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129
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Lee KS, Lin S, Copland DA, Dick AD, Liu J. Cellular senescence in the aging retina and developments of senotherapies for age-related macular degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:32. [PMID: 33482879 PMCID: PMC7821689 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a degenerative disease in the central macula area of the neuroretina and the supporting retinal pigment epithelium, is the most common cause of vision loss in the elderly. Although advances have been made, treatment to prevent the progressive degeneration is lacking. Besides the association of innate immune pathway genes with AMD susceptibility, environmental stress- and cellular senescence-induced alterations in pathways such as metabolic functions and inflammatory responses are also implicated in the pathophysiology of AMD. Cellular senescence is an adaptive cell process in response to noxious stimuli in both mitotic and postmitotic cells, activated by tumor suppressor proteins and prosecuted via an inflammatory secretome. In addition to physiological roles in embryogenesis and tissue regeneration, cellular senescence is augmented with age and contributes to a variety of age-related chronic conditions. Accumulation of senescent cells accompanied by an impairment in the immune-mediated elimination mechanisms results in increased frequency of senescent cells, termed “chronic” senescence. Age-associated senescent cells exhibit abnormal metabolism, increased generation of reactive oxygen species, and a heightened senescence-associated secretory phenotype that nurture a proinflammatory milieu detrimental to neighboring cells. Senescent changes in various retinal and choroidal tissue cells including the retinal pigment epithelium, microglia, neurons, and endothelial cells, contemporaneous with systemic immune aging in both innate and adaptive cells, have emerged as important contributors to the onset and development of AMD. The repertoire of senotherapeutic strategies such as senolytics, senomorphics, cell cycle regulation, and restoring cell homeostasis targeted both at tissue and systemic levels is expanding with the potential to treat a spectrum of age-related diseases, including AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Siang Lee
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Shuxiao Lin
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David A Copland
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew D Dick
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK. .,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, EC1V 2QH, UK.
| | - Jian Liu
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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130
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Santos JC, Ribeiro ML, Gambero A. The Impact of Polyphenols-Based Diet on the Inflammatory Profile in COVID-19 Elderly and Obese Patients. Front Physiol 2021; 11:612268. [PMID: 33584335 PMCID: PMC7874176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.612268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-associated disease (coronavirus disease 2019 - COVID-19) as a pandemic in March 2020. COVID-19 is characterized by cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and systemic inflammation-related pathology and already kills more than 1.5 million of people worldwide. Since aged and obese COVID-19 patients exhibit an enhanced inflammatory status, they represent a high-risk cluster for rapidly progressive clinical deterioration. These individuals present comorbid disorders and immunosenescence that may promote viral-induced cytokine storm and expression of molecules acting as virus receptor as angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and CD26 (dipeptidyl-peptidase 4), resulting in respiratory failure and increased morbidity and mortality. A better knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection in inflammatory-associated high-risk population is essential in order to develop the therapies needed to combat or prevent severe COVID-19. Here, we review the pathogenesis and clinical implications of inflammatory disorders and disease markers associated to senescence in COVID-19 patients and the emerging evidence to argue that a high intake of polyphenols may have a protective effect on SARS-CoV-2 illness severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Carvalho Santos
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Marcelo Lima Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, Sao Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Gambero
- Life Science Center, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (PUCCAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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131
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T cell-depleted cultured pediatric thymus tissue as a model for some aspects of human age-related thymus involution. GeroScience 2021; 43:1369-1382. [PMID: 33420705 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human age-related thymus involution is characterized by loss of developing thymocytes and the thymic epithelial network that supports them, with replacement by adipose tissue. The mechanisms that drive these changes are difficult to study in vivo due to constant trafficking to and from the thymus. We hypothesized that the loss of thymocytes that occurs during human thymic organ cultures could model some aspects of thymus involution and begin to identify mechanisms that drive age-related changes in the thymic microenvironment. Potential mechanistically important candidate molecules were initially identified by screening conditioned media from human thymus organ cultures using antibody microarrays. These candidates were further validated using cultured tissue extracts and conditioned media. Results were compared with gene expression studies from a panel of well-characterized (non-cultured) human thymus tissues from human donors aged 5 days to 78 years. L-selectin released into conditioned media was identified as a biomarker for the content of viable thymocytes within the cultured thymus. Levels of the chemokines CCL21 and CXCL12, likely produced by surviving thymic epithelial cells, increased markedly in conditioned media as thymocytes were lost during culture. Native non-cultured thymus from adults older than 18 years also showed a strong trend toward increased CCL21 expression, in conjunction with significant decreases in thymocyte-related mRNAs compared with thymus from subjects younger than 18 years. Together, these findings demonstrate that use of postnatal human thymus organ cultures can model some aspects of human age-related thymic involution.
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132
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Yoon KJ, Ahn A, Park SH, Kwak SH, Kwak SE, Lee W, Yang YR, Kim M, Shin HM, Kim HR, Moon HY. Exercise reduces metabolic burden while altering the immune system in aged mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:1294-1313. [PMID: 33406502 PMCID: PMC7834985 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although several evidence has suggested the impact of exercise on the prevention of aging phenotypes, few studies have been conducted on the mechanism by which exercise alters the immune-cell profile, thereby improving metabolism in senile obesity. In this study, we confirmed that 4-week treadmill exercise sufficiently improved metabolic function, including increased lean mass and decreased fat mass, in 88-week-old mice. The expression level of the senescence marker p16 in the white adipose tissue (WAT) was decreased after 4-weeks of exercise. Exercise induced changes in the profiles of immune-cell subsets, including natural killer (NK) cells, central memory CD8+ T cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils, in the stromal vascular fraction of WAT. In addition, it has been shown through transcriptome analysis of WAT that exercise can activate pathways involved in the interaction between WAT and immune cells, in particular NK cells, in aged mice. These results suggest that exercise has a profound effect on changes in immune-cell distribution and senescent-cell scavenging in WAT of aged mice, eventually affecting overall energy metabolism toward a more youthful state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Jin Yoon
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Ahn
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269,USA
| | - Soo Hong Park
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Kwak
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Eun Kwak
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wonsang Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ryoul Yang
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Mu Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang-Rae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Youl Moon
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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133
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Darden DB, Moore FA, Brakenridge SC, Navarro EB, Anton SD, Leeuwenburgh C, Moldawer LL, Mohr AM, Efron PA, Mankowski RT. The Effect of Aging Physiology on Critical Care. Crit Care Clin 2021; 37:135-150. [PMID: 33190766 PMCID: PMC8194285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Older patients experience a decline in their physiologic reserves as well as chronic low-grade inflammation named "inflammaging." Both of these contribute significantly to aging-related factors that alter the acute, subacute, and chronic response of these patients to critical illness, such as sepsis. Unfortunately, this altered response to stressors can lead to chronic critical illness followed by dismal outcomes and death. The primary goal of this review is to briefly highlight age-specific changes in physiologic systems majorly affected in critical illness, especially because it pertains to sepsis and trauma, which can lead to chronic critical illness and describe implications in clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijoia B Darden
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Frederick A Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Scott C Brakenridge
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eduardo B Navarro
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Stephen D Anton
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Alicia M Mohr
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Philip A Efron
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Robert T Mankowski
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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134
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Güneş H, Dinçer S, Acıpayam C, Yurttutan S, Özkars MY. What chances do children have against COVID-19? Is the answer hidden within the thymus? Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180:983-986. [PMID: 33047161 PMCID: PMC7550201 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new type of coronavirus named as SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has begun to threaten human health. As with other types of coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 affects children less frequently, and it has been observed that the disease is mild. In the pathogenesis of a standard viral infection, the pathogen's contact with the mucosa is initially followed by an innate immunity response. T cells are the primary decisive element in adaptive immunity capability. For this reason, the adaptive immune response mediated by the thymus is a process that regulates the immune response responsible for preventing invasive damage from a virus. Regulatory T cells (T-reg) are active during the early periods of life and have precise roles in immunomodulation. The thymus is highly active in the intrauterine and neonatal period; it begins to shrink after birth and continues its activity until adolescence. The loss of T-reg function by age results in difficulty with the control of the immune response, increased inflammation as shown in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as an inflammatory storm. Also, the thymus is typically able to replace the T cells destroyed by apoptosis caused by the virus. Thymus and T cells are the key factors of pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in children.Conclusion: We speculated that thymus activity and T lymphocyte function in children protect them against the virus effects. Stimulating and preventing the inhibition of the thymus can be possible treatment components against COVID-19. What is Known: • The SARS-CoV-2 infection does not often progress with an invasive clinic in children. • Thymus activity and T lymphocyte functions are highly active in children. What is New: • Effective thymus activity and T lymphocyte function in children protect them against the invasive SARS-CoV-2 infection. • Stimulating and preventing the inhibition of the thymus can be possible treatment components against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Güneş
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Serpil Dinçer
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Can Acıpayam
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Sadık Yurttutan
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Avsar Campus, 46100, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Yaşar Özkars
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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135
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Begbey A, Guppy JH, Mohan C, Webster S. Hafnia alvei pneumonia: a rare cause of infection in the multimorbid or immunocompromised. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/12/e237061. [PMID: 33384344 PMCID: PMC7780556 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hafnia alvei is a rare, poorly understood commensal bacterium which has, on occasion, been shown to infect humans. We present two cases. The first patient presented with a 1-week history of dyspnoea, pleurisy and a productive cough, and the second with a prodrome of fatigue and night sweats. The former had a history of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the latter had a history of Crohn's disease. Both patients had underlying comorbidities and immunosuppression, but differed in presentation, radiological findings and recovery. This case series aims to remind readers of the broad differential of pathogens that can lead to disease in the immunocompromised and that one should not dismiss atypical cultured bacteria as commensal too hastily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Begbey
- Respiratory Medicine, Tunbridge Wells Hospital, Tunbridge Wells, UK
| | | | - Chithra Mohan
- Respiratory Medicine, Tunbridge Wells Hospital, Tunbridge Wells, UK
| | - Simon Webster
- Respiratory Medicine, Tunbridge Wells Hospital, Tunbridge Wells, UK
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136
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Moehling KK, Zhai B, Schwarzmann WE, Chandran UR, Ortiz M, Nowalk MP, Nace D, Lin CJ, Susick M, Levine MZ, Alcorn JF, Zimmerman RK. The impact of physical frailty on the response to inactivated influenza vaccine in older adults. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:24633-24650. [PMID: 33347425 PMCID: PMC7803506 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Physical frailty's impact on hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers (HAI) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) transcriptional responses after influenza vaccination is unclear. Physical frailty was assessed using the 5-item Fried frailty phenotype in 168 community- and assisted-living adults ≥55 years of age during an observational study. Blood was drawn before, 3, 7, and 28 days post-vaccination with the 2017-2018 inactivated influenza vaccine. HAI response to the A/H1N1 strain was measured at Days 0 and 28 using seropositivity, seroconversion, log2 HAI titers, and fold-rise in log2 HAI titers. RNA sequencing of PBMCs from Days 0, 3 and 7 was measured in 28 participants and compared using pathway analyses. Frailty was not significantly associated with any HAI outcome in multivariable models. Compared with non-frail participants, frail participants expressed decreased cell proliferation, metabolism, antibody production, and interferon signaling genes. Conversely, frail participants showed elevated gene expression in IL-8 signaling, T-cell exhaustion, and oxidative stress pathways compared with non-frail participants. These results suggest that reduced effectiveness of influenza vaccine among older, frail individuals may be attributed to immunosenescence-related changes in PBMCs that are not reflected in antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissy K. Moehling
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bo Zhai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - William E. Schwarzmann
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Uma R. Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Marianna Ortiz
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Mary Patricia Nowalk
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - David Nace
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Chyongchiou J. Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael Susick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Min Z. Levine
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - John F. Alcorn
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Richard K. Zimmerman
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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137
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Name JJ, Souza ACR, Vasconcelos AR, Prado PS, Pereira CPM. Zinc, Vitamin D and Vitamin C: Perspectives for COVID-19 With a Focus on Physical Tissue Barrier Integrity. Front Nutr 2020; 7:606398. [PMID: 33365326 PMCID: PMC7750357 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.606398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Some nutrients play key roles in maintaining the integrity and function of the immune system, presenting synergistic actions in steps determinant for the immune response. Among these elements, zinc and vitamins C and D stand out for having immunomodulatory functions and for playing roles in preserving physical tissue barriers. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, nutrients that can optimize the immune system to prevent or lower the risk of severe progression and prognosis of this viral infection become relevant. Thus, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the roles of zinc and vitamins C and D in the immune response to viral infections, focusing on the synergistic action of these nutrients in the maintenance of physical tissue barriers, such as the skin and mucous membranes. The evidence found in the literature shows that deficiency of one or more of these three elements compromises the immune response, making an individual more vulnerable to viral infections and to a worse disease prognosis. Thus, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the adequate intake of zinc and vitamins C and D may represent a promising pharmacological tool due to the high demand for these nutrients in the case of contact with the virus and onset of the inflammatory process. Ongoing clinical trials will help to clarify the role of these nutrients for COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- José João Name
- Kilyos Consultoria, Assessoria, Cursos e Palestras, São Paulo, Brazil
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138
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Blanco JR, Negredo E, Bernal E, Blanco J. Impact of HIV infection on aging and immune status. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:719-731. [PMID: 33167724 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1848546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Thanks to antiretroviral therapy (ART), persons living with HIV (PLWH), have a longer life expectancy. However, immune activation and inflammation remain elevated, even after viral suppression, and contribute to morbidity and mortality in these individuals.Areas covered: We review aspects related to immune activation and inflammation in PLWH, their consequences, and the potential strategies to reduce immune activation in HIV-infected individuals on ART.Expert opinion: When addressing a problem, it is necessary to thoroughly understand the topic. This is the main limitation faced when dealing with immune activation and inflammation in PLWH since there is no consensus on the ideal markers to evaluate immune activation or inflammation. To date, the different interventions that have addressed this problem by targeting specific mediators have not been able to significantly reduce immune activation or its consequences. Given that there is currently no curative intervention for HIV infection, more studies are necessary to understand the mechanism underlying immune activation and help to identify potential therapeutic targets that contribute to improving the life expectancy of HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Ramon Blanco
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro- Centro De Investigación Biomédica De La Rioja (CIBIR), La Rioja, Spain
| | - Eugenia Negredo
- Lluita Contra La Sida Foundation, Germans Trias I Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain. Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (Uvic - UCC), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Enrique Bernal
- Unidad De Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad De Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juliá Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat De Vic-Central De Catalunya (UVIC-UCC), Vic, Spain
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139
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Furuya-Kanamori L, Ramsey L, Manson M, Gilbert B, Lau CL. Intradermal rabies pre-exposure vaccination schedules in older travellers: comparison of immunogenicity post-primary course and post-booster. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5704962. [PMID: 31943042 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intradermal (ID) rabies vaccination for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has become increasingly popular; however, there is limited evidence about the effectiveness of different ID PrEP schedules in travellers aged > 50 years or their response to ID boosters. This study aimed to compare across different ID vaccine schedules and age groups the proportion of travellers who were seropositive after (i) primary course of ID PrEP and (ii) a booster. METHODS Travellers who received ID PrEP at a travel medicine clinic in South Australia from 2000 to 2016 were included. Three schedules were examined: 1IDx3 (1 × 0.1 ml on days 0, 7, 21-28), 2IDx2 (2 × 0.1 ml on days 0, 7) and 4IDx1 (4x0.1 ml on day 0). The 4IDx1 is a non-standard schedule that has been previously explored in research settings, but not endorsed by WHO for PrEP. Antibody titres of ≥0.5 IU/ml were considered seropositive. The proportion seropositive after a primary course or post-booster was estimated for each schedule and age category. Predictors of seronegative status after a primary course were examined using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS Overall, 835 travellers (median age 37.5 years; 37.1% > 50 years) were included in the analyses of seropositivity after a primary course. Another group of 771 travellers (median age 45.9 years; 43.5% > 50 years) was included in the analyses of seropositivity post-booster. The proportion seropositive after primary course was 92.5% (95%CI: 90.5-94.1%) and highest with the 1IDx3 schedule (93.4%; 95%CI: 91.4-95.0%). After adjusting for age and timing of the serology, the odds of seronegative status were four times higher (OR 4.17; 95%CI: 1.43-12.18) with the 4IDx1 schedule compared to 1IDx3. Overall, 98.7% (95%CI: 97.6-99.3%) were seropositive post-booster. Of 46 travellers who received a booster ≥3 years after PrEP, all were seropositive post-booster. CONCLUSIONS In older travellers, the 1IDx3 schedule was the most effective, and a high proportion were seropositive post-booster even many years after a primary course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Lani Ramsey
- Travel-Bug Vaccination Clinic, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Colleen L Lau
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia
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140
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Chen YJ, Liao YJ, Tram VTN, Lin CH, Liao KC, Liu CL. Alterations of Specific Lymphocytic Subsets with Aging and Age-Related Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10100246. [PMID: 33080827 PMCID: PMC7603042 DOI: 10.3390/life10100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the association of immunosenescence with aged-related morbidity in the elderly, a clinical study was conducted to analyze and compare the alterations in peripheral blood (PB) T-cell subsets among young healthy (YH) controls, elderly healthy (EH) controls, and age-matched elderly patients with metabolic diseases (E-MDs), with cardiovascular diseases (E-CVDs) or with both (E-MDs/E-CVDs). The frequencies of CD3T, CD8T and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells were decreased in the EH, E-MD and E-CVD cohorts, indicating a decline in defense function. Although CD4T and regulatory T (Treg) cell frequencies tended to increase with aging, they were lower in patients with E-MDs and E-CVDs. Subset analyses of T-cells consistently showed the accumulation of senescent T-cell in aging and in patients with E-MDs and E-CVDs, compared with YH volunteers. These accumulated senescent T-cells were undergoing apoptosis upon stimulation due to the replicative senescence stage of T-cells. In addition, serum levels of cytokines, including interferon (IF)-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15, consistently reflected alterations in T-cell subsets. This study demonstrated that T-cell subset changes with paralleled alterations in cytokines were associated with aging and age-related pathogenesis. These altered T-cell subsets and/or cytokines can potentially serve as biomarkers for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of age-related morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jen Chen
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.J.C.); (C.H.L.); (K.C.L.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yi Jen Liao
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.J.L.); (V.T.N.T.)
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Van Thi Ngoc Tram
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.J.L.); (V.T.N.T.)
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chung Hao Lin
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.J.C.); (C.H.L.); (K.C.L.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Kuo Chen Liao
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Y.J.C.); (C.H.L.); (K.C.L.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chao Lien Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.J.L.); (V.T.N.T.)
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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141
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Yin JX, Cheng XO, Luo YY, Zhao QF, Wei ZF, Xu DD, Wang MD, Zhou Y, Wang XF, Liu ZX. The relationship between fleas and small mammals in households of the Western Yunnan Province, China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16705. [PMID: 33028907 PMCID: PMC7542161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yunnan province has one of the most serious outbreaks of the plague epidemic in China. Small mammals and fleas are risk factors for the occurrence of plague in commensal plague foci. Understanding the relationship between fleas and small mammals will help control fleas and prevent the onset of the plague. Four hundred and twenty-one small mammals, belonging to 9 species, were captured. Of these, 170 small mammals (40.4%) were found infested with fleas. A total of 992 parasitic fleas (including 5 species) were collected. The number of Leptopsylla segnis and Xenopsylla cheopis accounted for 91.03% (903/992). The final multiple hurdle negative binomial regression model showed that when compared with Rattus tanezumi, the probability of flea infestation with Mus musculus as well as other host species decreased by 58% and 99%, respectively, while the number of flea infestations of the other host species increased by 4.71 folds. The probability of flea prevalence in adult hosts increased by 74%, while the number of fleas decreased by 76%. The number of flea infestations in small male mammals increased by 62%. The number of fleas in small mammals weighing more than 59 g has been multiplied by about 4. R. tanezumi is the predominant species in households in the west Yunnan province, while L.segnis and X. cheopis were dominant parasitic fleas. There is a strong relationship between the abundance of fleas and the characteristics of small mammals (e.g. Species, age, sex, and body weight).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiang Yin
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Ou Cheng
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Yan Luo
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Fang Zhao
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Fei Wei
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Xu
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Di Wang
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhou
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Fang Wang
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Xiang Liu
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali, 671000, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
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142
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Xu W, Wong G, Hwang YY, Larbi A. The untwining of immunosenescence and aging. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:559-572. [PMID: 33165716 PMCID: PMC7665974 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
From a holistic point of view, aging results from the cumulative erosion of the various systems. Among these, the immune system is interconnected to the rest as immune cells are present in all organs and recirculate through bloodstream. Immunosenescence is the term used to define the remodelling of immune changes during aging. Because immune cells-and particularly lymphocytes-can further differentiate after their maturation in response to pathogen recognition, it is therefore unclear when senescence is induced in these cells. Additionally, it is also unclear which signals triggers senescence in immune cells (i) aging per se, (ii) specific response to pathogens, (iii) underlying conditions, or (iv) inflammaging. In this review, we will cover the current knowledge and concepts linked to immunosenescence and we focus this review on lymphocytes and T cells, which represent the typical model for replicative senescence. With the evidence presented, we propose to disentangle the senescence of immune cells from chronological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Glenn Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - You Yi Hwang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
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143
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Yu Y, Singh H, Kwon K, Tsitrin T, Petrini J, Nelson KE, Pieper R. Protein signatures from blood plasma and urine suggest changes in vascular function and IL-12 signaling in elderly with a history of chronic diseases compared with an age-matched healthy cohort. GeroScience 2020; 43:593-606. [PMID: 32974878 PMCID: PMC8110643 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Key processes characterizing human aging are immunosenescence and inflammaging. The capacity of the immune system to adequately respond to external perturbations (e.g., pathogens, injuries, and biochemical irritants) and to repair somatic mutations that may cause cancers or cellular senescence declines. An important goal remains to identify genetic or biochemical, predictive biomarkers for healthy aging. We recruited two cohorts in the age range 70 to 82, one afflicted by chronic illnesses (non-healthy aging, NHA) and the other in good health (healthy aging, HA). NHA criteria included major cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and chronic pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and cancers. Quantitative analysis of forty proinflammatory cytokines in blood plasma and more than 500 proteins in urine was performed to identify candidate biomarkers for and biological pathway implications of healthy aging. Nine cytokines revealed lower quantities in blood plasma for the NHA compared with the HA groups (fold change > 1.5; p value < 0.025) including IL-12p40 and IL-12p70. We note that, sampling at two timepoints, intra-individual cytokine abundance patterns clustered in 86% of all 60 cases, indicative of person-specific, highly controlled multi-cytokine signatures in blood plasma. Twenty-three urinary proteins were differentially abundant (HA versus NHA; fold change > 1.5; p value < 0.01). Among the proteins increased in abundance in the HA cohort were glycoprotein MUC18, ephrin type-B receptor 4, matrix remodeling-associated protein 8, angiopoietin-related protein 2, K-cadherin, and plasma protease C1 inhibitor. These proteins have been linked to the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, and vascular remodeling and repair processes. In silico network analysis identified the regulation of coagulation, antimicrobial humoral immune responses, and the IL-12 signaling pathway as enriched GO terms. To validate links of these preliminary biomarkers and IL-12 signaling with healthy aging, clinical studies using larger cohorts and functional characterization of the genes/proteins in cellular models of aging need to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Yu
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Keehwan Kwon
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Tamara Tsitrin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Joann Petrini
- Western Connecticut Health Network, 24 Hospital Avenue, Danbury, CT, 06810, USA
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.,J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rembert Pieper
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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144
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Chiou KL, Montague MJ, Goldman EA, Watowich MM, Sams SN, Song J, Horvath JE, Sterner KN, Ruiz-Lambides AV, Martínez MI, Higham JP, Brent LJN, Platt ML, Snyder-Mackler N. Rhesus macaques as a tractable physiological model of human ageing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190612. [PMID: 32951555 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in the basic biology of ageing is increasingly identifying mechanisms and modifiers of ageing in short-lived organisms such as worms and mice. The ultimate goal of such work is to improve human health, particularly in the growing segment of the population surviving into old age. Thus far, few interventions have robustly transcended species boundaries in the laboratory, suggesting that changes in approach are needed to avoid costly failures in translational human research. In this review, we discuss both well-established and alternative model organisms for ageing research and outline how research in nonhuman primates is sorely needed, first, to translate findings from short-lived organisms to humans, and second, to understand key aspects of ageing that are unique to primate biology. We focus on rhesus macaques as a particularly promising model organism for ageing research owing to their social and physiological similarity to humans as well as the existence of key resources that have been developed for this species. As a case study, we compare gene regulatory signatures of ageing in the peripheral immune system between humans and rhesus macaques from a free-ranging study population in Cayo Santiago. We show that both mRNA expression and DNA methylation signatures of immune ageing are broadly shared between macaques and humans, indicating strong conservation of the trajectory of ageing in the immune system. We conclude with a review of key issues in the biology of ageing for which macaques and other nonhuman primates may uniquely contribute valuable insights, including the effects of social gradients on health and ageing. We anticipate that continuing research in rhesus macaques and other nonhuman primates will play a critical role in conjunction with the model organism and human biodemographic research in ultimately improving translational outcomes and extending health and longevity in our ageing population. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution of the primate ageing process'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Chiou
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Pathology, Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Michael J Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Marina M Watowich
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sierra N Sams
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeff Song
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Julie E Horvath
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.,Research and Collections Section, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kirstin N Sterner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Angelina V Ruiz-Lambides
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Melween I Martínez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - James P Higham
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren J N Brent
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Michael L Platt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Marketing, Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Pathology, Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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145
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Kim KU, Yoon KJ, Park S, Lee JC, Moon HY, Moon MH. Exercise-induced recovery of plasma lipids perturbed by ageing with nanoflow UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:8003-8014. [PMID: 32918173 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02933-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Daily physical exercise is an essential part of life and is required for remaining healthy; it enhances therapeutic efficacy in the elderly and prevents age-related diseases associated with lipid profile alterations, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and dementia. To more efficiently analyse the lipid profiles and unveil the effect of exercise in aged mice, we optimized our study by examining the effects of using ionization modifiers in the mobile phase and in-source fragmentation of lysophospholipids on the simultaneous analysis of fatty acids (FAs) including hydroxyl fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycerolipids using nanoflow ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. We applied the optimization to investigate the lipidomic plasma alterations in young (7 weeks old) and aged (84 weeks old) mice (C57BL/6) subjected to treadmill exercise. Of the 390 identified lipid species, 159 were quantified to investigate ageing-related lipid species responsive to physical exercise. In particular, circulating lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine levels showed a significant decrease, and lysophosphatidic acid showed a simultaneous increase with ageing. The saturated FA (16:0 and 18:0) increased with ageing while the unsaturated FA 22:6 decreased. Dihydroxy fatty acid (18:1_2OH) showed an exercise-induced recovery against ageing. It is notable that the levels of five triacylglycerol species significantly increased by as much as threefold with ageing, but their levels largely recovered to those observed in the young mice after exercise. These findings can help understand the influence of ageing on lipid perturbation and the role of physical exercise on lipidomic recovery in response to ageing-associated loss of physical status. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Uk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Yoon
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Suhong Park
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyo Youl Moon
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Institute on Ageing, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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146
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Expanding the role of bacterial vaccines into life-course vaccination strategies and prevention of antimicrobial-resistant infections. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:84. [PMID: 32963814 PMCID: PMC7486369 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A crisis in bacterial infections looms as ageing populations, increasing rates of bacteraemia and healthcare-associated infections converge with increasing antimicrobial resistance and a paucity of new antimicrobial classes. New initiatives are needed to develop bacterial vaccines for older adults in whom immune senescence plays a critical role. Novel vaccines require an expanded repertoire to prevent mucosal diseases such as pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections and urinary tract infections that are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, and key drivers of antimicrobial resistance. This review considers the challenges inherent to the prevention of bacterial diseases, particularly mucosal infections caused by major priority bacterial pathogens against which current vaccines are sub-optimal. It has become clear that prevention of many lung, urinary tract and skin infections requires more than circulating antibodies. Induction of Th1/Th17 cellular responses with tissue-resident memory (Trm) cells homing to mucosal tissues may be a pre-requisite for success.
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147
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Garrido A, Cruces J, Ceprián N, Hernández-Sánchez C, De Pablo F, De la Fuente M. Social Environment Ameliorates Behavioral and Immune Impairments in Tyrosine Hydroxylase Haploinsufficient Female Mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 16:548-566. [PMID: 32772235 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The social environment can influence the functional capacity of nervous and immune systems, and consequently the state of health, especially in aged individuals. Adult female tyrosine hydroxylase haploinsufficient (TH-HZ) mice exhibit behavioral impairments, premature immunosenescence and oxidative- inflammatory stress. All these deteriorations are associated with a lower lifespan than wild type (WT) counterparts. The aim was to analyze whether the cohabitation with WT animals could revert or at least ameliorate the deterioration in the nervous and immune systems that female TH-HZ mice show at adult age. Female TH-HZ and WT mice at age of 3-4 weeks were divided into following groups: control TH-HZ (5 TH-HZ mice in the cage; TH-HZ100%), control WT (5 WT mice in the cage; WT100%), TH-HZ > 50% and WT < 50% (5 TH-HZ with 2 WT mice in each cage) as well as TH-HZ < 50% and WT > 50% (2 TH-HZ and 5 WT mice in each cage). At the age of 37-38 weeks, all mice were submitted to a battery of behavioral tests, evaluating sensorimotor abilities, exploratory capacities and anxiety-like behaviors. Subsequently, peritoneal leukocytes were extracted and several immune functions as well as oxidative and inflammatory stress parameters were analyzed. The results showed that the TH-HZ < 50% group had improved behavioral responses, especially anxiety-like behaviors, and the immunosenescence and oxidative stress of their peritoneal leukocytes were ameliorated. However, WT mice that cohabited with TH-HZ mice presented higher anxiety-like behaviors and deterioration in immune functions and in their inflammatory stress parameters. Thus, this social environment is capable of ameliorating the impairments associated with a haploinsufficiency of the th gene. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garrido
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Cruces
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Ceprián
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Hernández-Sánchez
- 3D Lab (Development, Differentiation and Degeneration), Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - F De Pablo
- 3D Lab (Development, Differentiation and Degeneration), Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica De la Fuente
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041, Madrid, Spain.
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148
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Cardiovascular involvement during COVID-19 and clinical implications in elderly patients. A review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 57:236-243. [PMID: 32802325 PMCID: PMC7403130 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus is responsible for the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) which has relevant pathogenic implications for the cardiovascular system. Incidence and severity of COVID-19 are higher in the elderly population (65 years and older). This may be due to higher frequency of comorbidities, but increased frailty and immunosenescence linked with aging may also contribute. Moreover, in elderly individuals, SARS-CoV-2 may adopt different molecular strategies to strongly impact on cardiac aging that culminate in exacerbating a pro-inflammatory state (cytokine storm activation), which, in turn, may lead to pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, microangiopathy, diffuse thrombosis, myocarditis, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and acute coronary syndromes. All these events are particularly relevant in elderly patients, and deserve targeted cardiovascular treatments and specific management of repurposed drugs against COVID-19. We discuss current evidence about the cardiovascular involvement during COVID-19, and elaborate on clinical implications in elderly patients. SARS-CoV-2 infection has relevant pathogenic implications for the heart, mainly in elderly patients. Common cardiometabolic comorbidities and aging strongly contribute to higher frequency and severity of disease in elderly. SARS-CoV-2 may directly and indirectly damage the heart leading to multi-organ failure and death. Network-oriented analysis are providing novel insight about SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic mechanisms and putative drug targets.
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149
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Saeed Z, Greer O, Shah NM. Is the Host Viral Response and the Immunogenicity of Vaccines Altered in Pregnancy? Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E38. [PMID: 32759839 PMCID: PMC7551810 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricacy of the maternal immune system arises from its ability to prevent a maternal immune response against a semi-allogenic fetus, while protecting the mother against harmful pathogens. However, these immunological adaptations may also make pregnant women vulnerable to developing adverse complications from respiratory viral infections. While the influenza and SARS pandemics support this theory, there is less certainty regarding the clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine development is key to public preventative strategies. Whilst most viral vaccines are able to induce a seroprotective antibody response, in some high-risk individuals this may not correlate with clinical protection. Some studies have shown that factors such as age, gender, and chronic illnesses can reduce their effectiveness and in this review, we discuss how pregnancy may affect the efficacy and immunogenicity of vaccines. We present literature to support the hypothesis that pregnant women are more susceptible to respiratory viral infections and may not respond to vaccines as effectively. In particular, we focus on the clinical implications of important respiratory viral infections such as influenza during pregnancy, and the pregnancy induced alterations in important leukocytes such as TFH, cTFH and B cells, which play an important role in generating long-lasting and high-affinity antibodies. Finally, we review how this may affect the efficacy of vaccines against influenza in pregnancy and highlight areas that require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nishel Mohan Shah
- Academic Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Imperial College London, Level 3, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK; (Z.S.); (O.G.)
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150
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Abstract
A balanced inflammatory response is important for successful fracture healing. The response of osteoporotic fracture healing is deranged and an altered inflammatory response can be one underlying cause. The objectives of this review were to compare the inflammatory responses between normal and osteoporotic fractures and to examine the potential effects on different healing outcomes. A systematic literature search was conducted with relevant keywords in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science independently. Original preclinical studies and clinical studies involving the investigation of inflammatory response in fracture healing in ovariectomized (OVX) animals or osteoporotic/elderly patients with available full text and written in English were included. In total, 14 articles were selected. Various inflammatory factors were reported; of those tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 are two commonly studied markers. Preclinical studies showed that OVX animals generally demonstrated higher systemic inflammatory response and poorer healing outcomes compared to normal controls (SHAM). However, it is inconclusive if the local inflammatory response is higher or lower in OVX animals. As for clinical studies, they mainly examine the temporal changes of the inflammatory stage or perform comparison between osteoporotic/fragility fracture patients and normal subjects without fracture. Our review of these studies emphasizes the lack of understanding that inflammation plays in the altered fracture healing response of osteoporotic/elderly patients. Taken together, it is clear that additional studies, preclinical and clinical, are required to dissect the regulatory role of inflammatory response in osteoporotic fracture healing. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(7):368–385.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon K-H Chow
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Ning Chim
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jin-Yu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald M-Y Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Victoria M-H Choy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wing-Hoi Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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