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Fyfe JJ, Bishop DJ, Zacharewicz E, Russell AP, Stepto NK. Concurrent exercise incorporating high-intensity interval or continuous training modulates mTORC1 signaling and microRNA expression in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1297-311. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00479.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effects of concurrent exercise, incorporating either high-intensity interval training (HIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), on mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and microRNA expression in skeletal muscle, relative to resistance exercise (RE) alone. Eight males (mean ± SD: age, 27 ± 4 yr; V̇o2 peak, 45.7 ± 9 ml·kg−1·min−1) performed three experimental trials in a randomized order: 1) RE (8 × 5 leg press repetitions at 80% 1-repetition maximum) performed alone and RE preceded by either 2) HIT cycling [10 × 2 min at 120% lactate threshold (LT); HIT + RE] or 3) work-matched MICT cycling (30 min at 80% LT; MICT + RE). Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained immediately before RE, either without (REST) or with (POST) preceding endurance exercise and +1 h (RE + 1 h) and +3 h (RE + 3 h) after RE. Prior HIT and MICT similarly reduced muscle glycogen content and increased ACCSer79 and p70S6KThr389 phosphorylation before subsequent RE (i.e., at POST). Compared with MICT, HIT induced greater mTORSer2448 and rps6Ser235/236 phosphorylation at POST. RE-induced increases in p70S6K and rps6 phosphorylation were not influenced by prior HIT or MICT; however, mTOR phosphorylation was reduced at RE + 1 h for MICT + RE vs. both HIT + RE and RE. Expression of miR-133a, miR-378, and miR-486 was reduced at RE + 1 h for HIT + RE vs. both MICT + RE and RE. Postexercise mTORC1 signaling following RE is therefore not compromised by prior HIT or MICT, and concurrent exercise incorporating HIT, but not MICT, reduces postexercise expression of miRNAs implicated in skeletal muscle adaptation to RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson J. Fyfe
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Evelyn Zacharewicz
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aaron P. Russell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nigel K. Stepto
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; and
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Ballak SB, Busé-Pot T, Harding PJ, Yap MH, Deldicque L, de Haan A, Jaspers RT, Degens H. Blunted angiogenesis and hypertrophy are associated with increased fatigue resistance and unchanged aerobic capacity in old overloaded mouse muscle. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:39. [PMID: 26970774 PMCID: PMC5006008 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesize that the attenuated hypertrophic response in old mouse muscle is (1) partly due to a reduced capillarization and angiogenesis, which is (2) accompanied by a reduced oxidative capacity and fatigue resistance in old control and overloaded muscles, that (3) can be rescued by the antioxidant resveratrol. To investigate this, the hypertrophic response, capillarization, oxidative capacity, and fatigue resistance of m. plantaris were compared in 9- and 25-month-old non-treated and 25-month-old resveratrol-treated mice. Overload increased the local capillary-to-fiber ratio less in old (15 %) than in adult (59 %) muscle (P < 0.05). Although muscles of old mice had a higher succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity (P < 0.05) and a slower fiber type profile (P < 0.05), the isometric fatigue resistance was similar in 9- and 25-month-old mice. In both age groups, the fatigue resistance was increased to the same extent after overload (P < 0.01), without a significant change in SDH activity, but an increased capillary density (P < 0.05). Attenuated angiogenesis during overload may contribute to the attenuated hypertrophic response in old age. Neither was rescued by resveratrol supplementation. Changes in fatigue resistance with overload and aging were dissociated from changes in SDH activity, but paralleled those in capillarization. This suggests that capillarization plays a more important role in fatigue resistance than oxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam B Ballak
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, John Dalton Building, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Laboratory for Myology, Move Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tinelies Busé-Pot
- Laboratory for Myology, Move Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Harding
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, John Dalton Building, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Moi H Yap
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, John Dalton Building, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, FaBeR, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnold de Haan
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, John Dalton Building, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Laboratory for Myology, Move Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Move Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Degens
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, John Dalton Building, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
- Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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103
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Kramerova I, Ermolova N, Eskin A, Hevener A, Quehenberger O, Armando AM, Haller R, Romain N, Nelson SF, Spencer MJ. Failure to up-regulate transcription of genes necessary for muscle adaptation underlies limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2A (calpainopathy). Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2194-2207. [PMID: 27005420 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2A is due to loss-of-function mutations in the Calpain 3 (CAPN3) gene. Our previous data suggest that CAPN3 helps to maintain the integrity of the triad complex in skeletal muscle. In Capn3 knock-out mice (C3KO), Ca2+ release and Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) signaling are attenuated. We hypothesized that calpainopathy may result from a failure to transmit loading-induced Ca2+-mediated signals, necessary to up-regulate expression of muscle adaptation genes. To test this hypothesis, we compared transcriptomes of muscles from wild type (WT) and C3KO mice subjected to endurance exercise. In WT mice, exercise induces a gene signature that includes myofibrillar, mitochondrial and oxidative lipid metabolism genes, necessary for muscle adaptation. C3KO muscles fail to activate the same gene signature. Furthermore, in agreement with the aberrant transcriptional profile, we observe a commensurate functional defect in lipid metabolism whereby C3KO muscles fail to release fatty acids from stored triacylglycerol. In conjunction with the defects in oxidative metabolism, C3KO mice demonstrate reduced exercise endurance. Failure to up-regulate genes in C3KO muscles is due, in part, to decreased levels of PGC1α, a transcriptional co-regulator that orchestrates the muscle adaptation response. Destabilization of PGC1α is attributable to decreased p38 MAPK activation via diminished CaMKII signaling. Thus, we elucidate a pathway downstream of Ca2+-mediated CaMKII activation that is dysfunctional in C3KO mice, leading to reduced transcription of genes involved in muscle adaptation. These studies identify a novel mechanism of muscular dystrophy: a blunted transcriptional response to muscle loading resulting in chronic failure to adapt and remodel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kramerova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
| | - Natalia Ermolova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
| | - Ascia Eskin
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Andrea Hevener
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- Department of Medicine Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aaron M Armando
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ronald Haller
- Department Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA Neuromuscular Center, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Nadine Romain
- Neuromuscular Center, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Stanley F Nelson
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Melissa J Spencer
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
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104
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Romanello V, Sandri M. Mitochondrial Quality Control and Muscle Mass Maintenance. Front Physiol 2016; 6:422. [PMID: 26793123 PMCID: PMC4709858 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of muscle mass and force occurs in many diseases such as disuse/inactivity, diabetes, cancer, renal, and cardiac failure and in aging-sarcopenia. In these catabolic conditions the mitochondrial content, morphology and function are greatly affected. The changes of mitochondrial network influence the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that play an important role in muscle function. Moreover, dysfunctional mitochondria trigger catabolic signaling pathways which feed-forward to the nucleus to promote the activation of muscle atrophy. Exercise, on the other hand, improves mitochondrial function by activating mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy, possibly playing an important part in the beneficial effects of physical activity in several diseases. Optimized mitochondrial function is strictly maintained by the coordinated activation of different mitochondrial quality control pathways. In this review we outline the current knowledge linking mitochondria-dependent signaling pathways to muscle homeostasis in aging and disease and the resulting implications for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to prevent muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Sandri
- Venetian Institute of Molecular MedicinePadova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Science, University of PadovaPadova, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePadova, Italy; Department of Medicine, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
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105
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Kim Y, Kim J, Whang KY, Park Y. Impact of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) on Skeletal Muscle Metabolism. Lipids 2016; 51:159-78. [PMID: 26729488 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has garnered special attention as a food bioactive compound that prevents and attenuates obesity. Although most studies on the effects of CLA on obesity have focused on the reduction of body fat, a number of studies have demonstrated that CLA also increases lean body mass and enhances physical performances. It has been suggested that these effects may be due in part to physiological changes in the skeletal muscle, such as changes in the muscle fiber type transformation, alteration of the intracellular signaling pathways in muscle metabolism, or energy metabolism. However, the mode of action for CLA in muscle metabolism is not completely understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the effects of CLA on skeletal muscle metabolism. Given that CLA not only reduces body fat, but also improves lean mass, there is great potential for the use of CLA to improve muscle metabolism, which would have a significant health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Kim
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jonggun Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Youn Whang
- Division of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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106
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Logan SL, Spriet LL. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for 12 Weeks Increases Resting and Exercise Metabolic Rate in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Females. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144828. [PMID: 26679702 PMCID: PMC4682991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical among the changes that occur with aging are decreases in muscle mass and metabolic rate and an increase in fat mass. These changes may predispose older adults to chronic disease and functional impairment; ultimately resulting in a decrease in the quality of life. Research has suggested that long chain omega-3 fatty acids, found predominantly in fatty fish, may assist in reducing these changes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fish oil (FO) supplementation in a cohort of healthy, community-dwelling older females on 1) metabolic rate and substrate oxidation at rest and during exercise; 2) resting blood pressure and resting and exercise heart rates; 3) body composition; 4) strength and physical function, and; 5) blood measures of insulin, glucose, c-reactive protein, and triglycerides. Twenty-four females (66 ± 1 yr) were recruited and randomly assigned to receive either 3g/d of EPA and DHA or a placebo (PL, olive oil) for 12 wk. Exercise measurements were taken before and after 12 wk of supplementation and resting metabolic measures were made before and at 6 and 12 wk of supplementation. The results demonstrated that FO supplementation significantly increased resting metabolic rate by 14%, energy expenditure during exercise by 10%, and the rate of fat oxidation during rest by 19% and during exercise by 27%. In addition, FO consumption lowered triglyceride levels by 29% and increased lean mass by 4% and functional capacity by 7%, while no changes occurred in the PL group. In conclusion, FO may be a strategy to improve age-related physical and metabolic changes in healthy older females. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01734538.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Logan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, 50 Stone Road East, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Lawrence L. Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, 50 Stone Road East, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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107
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Olfert IM, Baum O, Hellsten Y, Egginton S. Advances and challenges in skeletal muscle angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H326-36. [PMID: 26608338 PMCID: PMC4796623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00635.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of capillaries is to serve as the interface for delivery of oxygen and removal of metabolites to/from tissues. During the past decade there has been a proliferation of studies that have advanced our understanding of angiogenesis, demonstrating that tissue capillary supply is under strict control during health but poorly controlled in disease, resulting in either excessive capillary growth (pathological angiogenesis) or losses in capillarity (rarefaction). Given that skeletal muscle comprises nearly 40% of body mass in humans, skeletal muscle capillary density has a significant impact on metabolism, endocrine function, and locomotion and is tightly regulated at many different levels. Skeletal muscle is also high adaptable and thus one of the few organ systems that can be experimentally manipulated (e.g., by exercise) to study physiological regulation of angiogenesis. This review will focus on the methodological concerns that have arisen in determining skeletal muscle capillarity and highlight the concepts that are reshaping our understanding of the angio-adaptation process. We also summarize selected new findings (physical influences, molecular changes, and ultrastructural rearrangement of capillaries) that identify areas of future research with the greatest potential to expand our understanding of how angiogenesis is normally regulated, and that may also help to better understand conditions of uncontrolled (pathological) angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mark Olfert
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;
| | - Oliver Baum
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Integrative Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Stuart Egginton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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108
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Additive Neuroprotective Effects of the Multifunctional Iron Chelator M30 with Enriched Diet in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurotox Res 2015; 29:208-17. [PMID: 26581376 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common degenerative disease of the motoneuron system, involving various abnormalities, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, transitional metal accumulation, neuroinflammation, glutamate excitotoxicity, apoptosis, decreased supply of trophic factors, cytoskeletal abnormalities, and extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1 toxicity. These multiple disease etiologies implicated in ALS gave rise to the perception that future therapeutic approaches for the disease should be aimed at targeting multiple pathological pathways. In line with this view, we have evaluated in the current study the therapeutic effects of low doses of the novel multifunctional monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor/iron-chelating compound, M30 in combination with high Calorie Energy supplemented Diet (CED) in the SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse model of ALS. Our results demonstrated that the combined administration of M30 with CED produced additive neuroprotective effects on motor performance and increased survival of SOD1-G93A mice. We also found that both M30 and M30/CED regimens caused a significant inhibition of MAO-A and -B activities and decreased the turnover of dopamine in the brain of SOD1-G93A mice. In addition, M30/CED combined treatment resulted in a significant increase in mRNA expression levels of various mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism regulators, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ)-co activator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), PPARγ, uncoupling protein 1, and insulin receptor in the gastrocnemius muscle of SOD1-G93A mice. These results suggest that a combination of drug/agents with different, but complementary mechanisms may be beneficial in the treatment of ALS.
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109
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Toedebusch RG, Ruegsegger GN, Braselton JF, Heese AJ, Hofheins JC, Childs TE, Thyfault JP, Booth FW. AMPK agonist AICAR delays the initial decline in lifetime-apex V̇o2 peak, while voluntary wheel running fails to delay its initial decline in female rats. Physiol Genomics 2015; 48:101-15. [PMID: 26578698 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00078.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There has never been an outcome measure for human health more important than peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2 peak), yet little is known regarding the molecular triggers for its lifetime decline with aging. We examined the ability of physical activity or 5 wk of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) administration to delay the initial aging-induced decline in lifetime-apex V̇o2 peak and potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Experiment 1 consisted of female rats with (RUN) and without (NO RUN) running wheels, while experiment 2 consisted of female nonrunning rats getting the AMPK agonist AICAR (0.5 mg/g/day) subcutaneously for 5 wk beginning at 17 wk of age. All rats underwent frequent, weekly or biweekly V̇o2 peak tests beginning at 10 wk of age. In experiment 1, lifetime-apex V̇o2 peak occurred at 19 wk of age in both RUN and NO RUN and decreased thereafter. V̇o2 peak measured across experiment 1 was ∼25% higher in RUN than in NO RUN. In experiment 2, AICAR delayed the chronological age observed in experiment 1 by 1 wk, from 19 wk to 20 wk of age. RUN and NO RUN showed different skeletal muscle transcriptomic profiles both pre- and postapex. Additionally, growth and development pathways are differentially regulated between RUN and NO RUN. Angiomotin mRNA was downregulated postapex in RUN and NO RUN. Furthermore, strong significant correlations to V̇o2 peak and trends for decreased protein concentration supports angiomotin's potential importance in our model. Contrary to our primary hypothesis, wheel running was not sufficient to delay the chronological age of lifetime-apex V̇o2 peak decline, whereas AICAR delayed it 1 wk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Toedebusch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Joshua F Braselton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Alexander J Heese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - John C Hofheins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Tom E Childs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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110
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Silvennoinen M, Ahtiainen JP, Hulmi JJ, Pekkala S, Taipale RS, Nindl BC, Laine T, Häkkinen K, Selänne H, Kyröläinen H, Kainulainen H. PGC-1 isoforms and their target genes are expressed differently in human skeletal muscle following resistance and endurance exercise. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/10/e12563. [PMID: 26438733 PMCID: PMC4632948 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the acute gene expression responses of PGC-1 isoforms and PGC-1α target genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis (cytochrome C), angiogenesis (VEGF-A), and muscle hypertrophy (myostatin), after a resistance or endurance exercise bout. In addition, the study aimed to elucidate whether the expression changes of studied transcripts were linked to phosphorylation of AMPK and MAPK p38. Nineteen physically active men were divided into resistance exercise (RE, n = 11) and endurance exercise (EE, n = 8) groups. RE group performed leg press exercise (10 × 10 RM, 50 min) and EE walked on a treadmill (∼80% HRmax, 50 min). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle before, 30 min, and 180 min after exercise. EE and RE significantly increased the gene expression of alternative promoter originated PGC-1α exon 1b- and 1bxs’-derived isoforms, whereas the proximal promoter originated exon 1a-derived transcripts were less inducible and were upregulated only after EE. Truncated PGC-1α transcripts were upregulated both after EE and RE. Neither RE nor EE affected the expression of PGC-1β. EE upregulated the expression of cytochrome C and VEGF-A, whereas RE upregulated VEGF-A and downregulated myostatin. Both EE and RE increased the levels of p-AMPK and p-MAPK p38, but these changes were not linked to the gene expression responses of PGC-1 isoforms. The present study comprehensively assayed PGC-1 transcripts in human skeletal muscle and showed exercise mode-specific responses thus improving the understanding of early signaling events in exercise-induced muscle adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Silvennoinen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha J Hulmi
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Satu Pekkala
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ritva S Taipale
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- The Military Performance Division, The Unites States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Tanja Laine
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Harri Selänne
- Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kainulainen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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111
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Popov DV, Lysenko EA, Vepkhvadze TF, Kurochkina NS, Maknovskii PA, Vinogradova OL. Promoter-specific regulation of PPARGC1A gene expression in human skeletal muscle. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 55:159-68. [PMID: 26293291 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify unknown transcription start sites of the PPARGC1A (PGC-1α) gene in human skeletal muscle and investigate the promoter-specific regulation of PGC-1α gene expression in human skeletal muscle. Ten amateur endurance-trained athletes performed high- and low-intensity exercise sessions (70 min, 70% or 50% o2max). High-throughput RNA sequencing and exon-exon junction mapping were applied to analyse muscle samples obtained at rest and after exercise. PGC-1α promoter-specific expression and activation of regulators of PGC-1α gene expression (AMPK, p38 MAPK, CaMKII, PKA and CREB1) after exercise were evaluated using qPCR and western blot. Our study has demonstrated that during post-exercise recovery, human skeletal muscle expresses the PGC-1α gene via two promoters only. As previously described, the additional exon 7a that contains a stop codon was found in all samples. Importantly, only minor levels of other splice site variants were found (and not in all samples). Constitutive expression PGC-1α gene occurs via the canonical promoter, independent of exercise intensity and exercise-induced increase of AMPK(Thr172) phosphorylation level. Expression of PGC-1α gene via the alternative promoter is increased of two orders after exercise. This post-exercise expression is highly dependent on the intensity of exercise. There is an apparent association between expression via the alternative promoter and activation of CREB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil V Popov
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Lysenko
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tatiana F Vepkhvadze
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nadia S Kurochkina
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel A Maknovskii
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga L Vinogradova
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Popov DV, Lysenko EA, Miller TF, Bachinin AV, Perfilov DV, Vinogradova OL. The effect of single aerobic exercise on the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscles of trained men: A time-course study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119715030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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113
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Kephart WC, Mobley CB, Fox CD, Pascoe DD, Sefton JM, Wilson TJ, Goodlett MD, Kavazis AN, Roberts MD, Martin JS. A single bout of whole-leg, peristaltic pulse external pneumatic compression upregulates PGC-1α mRNA and endothelial nitric oxide sythase protein in human skeletal muscle tissue. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:852-64. [PMID: 25982469 DOI: 10.1113/ep085160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does 60 min of peristaltic pulse external pneumatic compression (EPC) alter gene and protein expression patterns related to metabolism, vascular biology, redox balance and inflammation in vastus lateralis biopsy samples? What is the main finding and its importance? A single bout of EPC transiently upregulates PGC-1α mRNA, while also upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein and nitric oxide metabolite concentrations in vastus lateralis biopsy samples. We investigated whether a single 60 min bout of whole-leg, lower pressure external pneumatic compression (EPC) altered select vascular, metabolic, antioxidant and inflammation-related mRNAs. Ten participants (eight male, two female; aged 22.0 ± 0.4 years) reported to the laboratory 4 h postprandial, and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained before (PRE) and 1 and 4 h after EPC treatment. Messenger RNA expression was analysed using real-time RT-PCR, and significant mRNA findings were investigated further by Western blot analysis of respective protein concentrations. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) mRNA increased by 77% 1 h following EPC compared with PRE levels (P = 0.005), but no change in protein concentration 1 or 4 h post-EPC was observed. Increases in endothelial nitric oxide sythase (eNOS) mRNA (+44%) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) mRNA (+57%) 1 h post-EPC as well as an increase in interleukin-10 mRNA (+132%) 4 h post-EPC compared with PRE levels were observed, but only approached significance (P = 0.076, 0.077 and 0.074, respectively). Interestingly, eNOS protein (+40%, P = 0.025) and nitrate and nitrite (NOx) concentrations (+69%, P = 0.025) increased 1-4 h post-EPC. Moreover, SOD2 protein tended to increase from PRE to 4 h post-EPC (+43%, P = 0.074), although no changes in tissue 4-hydroxnonenal levels was observed. An acute bout of EPC transiently upregulates PGC-1α mRNA, while also upregulating eNOS protein and NOx concentrations in vastus lateralis biopsy samples. Future research should characterize the origin of these responses (e.g. vascular or muscle fibre cells) and how the acute effects of EPC application on gene and protein expression observed herein are associated with functional improvements (e.g. metabolism, vascular function) in acute and chronic models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlton D Fox
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - David D Pascoe
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Michael D Goodlett
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA.,Athletic Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA
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114
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Steinbacher P, Feichtinger RG, Kedenko L, Kedenko I, Reinhardt S, Schönauer AL, Leitner I, Sänger AM, Stoiber W, Kofler B, Förster H, Paulweber B, Ring-Dimitriou S. The single nucleotide polymorphism Gly482Ser in the PGC-1α gene impairs exercise-induced slow-twitch muscle fibre transformation in humans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123881. [PMID: 25886402 PMCID: PMC4401702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α) is an important regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and a master regulator of enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Recent evidence demonstrated that the Gly482Ser single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the PGC-1α gene affects insulin sensitivity, blood lipid metabolism and binding to myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2). Individuals carrying this SNP were shown to have a reduced cardiorespiratory fitness and a higher risk to develop type 2 diabetes. Here, we investigated the responses of untrained men with the Gly482Ser SNP to a 10 week programme of endurance training (cycling, 3 x 60 min/week, heart rate at 70-90% VO2peak). Quantitative data from analysis of biopsies from vastus lateralis muscle revealed that the SNP group, in contrast to the control group, lacked a training-induced increase in content of slow contracting oxidative fibres. Capillary supply, mitochondrial density, mitochondrial enzyme activities and intramyocellular lipid content increased similarly in both groups. These results indicate that the impaired binding of MEF2 to PGC-1α in humans with this SNP impedes exercise-induced fast-to-slow muscle fibre transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Steinbacher
- Department of Cell Biology, Paris Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - René G. Feichtinger
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pedicatrics, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lyudmyla Kedenko
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Igor Kedenko
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sandra Reinhardt
- Department of Cell Biology, Paris Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna-Lena Schönauer
- Department of Cell Biology, Paris Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Isabella Leitner
- Department of Cell Biology, Paris Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra M. Sänger
- Department of Cell Biology, Paris Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Walter Stoiber
- Department of Cell Biology, Paris Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pedicatrics, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Holger Förster
- Medical Office in Pediatrics and Sports Medicine, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Paulweber
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne Ring-Dimitriou
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, Paris Lodron-University of Salzburg, Hallein, Austria
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115
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Impact of oxidative stress on exercising skeletal muscle. Biomolecules 2015; 5:356-77. [PMID: 25866921 PMCID: PMC4496677 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that muscle contractions during exercise lead to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal muscle. These highly reactive molecules have many deleterious effects, such as a reduction of force generation and increased muscle atrophy. Since the discovery of exercise-induced oxidative stress several decades ago, evidence has accumulated that ROS produced during exercise also have positive effects by influencing cellular processes that lead to increased expression of antioxidants. These molecules are particularly elevated in regularly exercising muscle to prevent the negative effects of ROS by neutralizing the free radicals. In addition, ROS also seem to be involved in the exercise-induced adaptation of the muscle phenotype. This review provides an overview of the evidences to date on the effects of ROS in exercising muscle. These aspects include the sources of ROS, their positive and negative cellular effects, the role of antioxidants, and the present evidence on ROS-dependent adaptations of muscle cells in response to physical exercise.
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116
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Pugh JK, Faulkner SH, Jackson AP, King JA, Nimmo MA. Acute molecular responses to concurrent resistance and high-intensity interval exercise in untrained skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:e12364. [PMID: 25902785 PMCID: PMC4425969 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Concurrent training involving resistance and endurance exercise may augment the benefits of single-mode training for the purpose of improving health. However, muscle adaptations, associated with resistance exercise, may be blunted by a subsequent bout of endurance exercise, via molecular interference. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), generating similar adaptations to endurance exercise, may offer an alternative exercise mode to traditional endurance exercise. This study examined the influence of an acute HIIT session on the molecular responses following resistance exercise in untrained skeletal muscle. Ten male participants performed resistance exercise (4 × 8 leg extensions, 70% 1RM, (RE)) or RE followed by HIIT (10 × 1 min at 90% HRmax, (RE+HIIT)). Muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis before, 2 and 6 h post-RE to determine intramuscular protein phosphorylation and mRNA responses. Phosphorylation of Akt (Ser(473)) decreased at 6 h in both trials (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser(2448)) was higher in RE+HIIT (P < 0.05). All PGC-1α mRNA variants increased at 2 h in RE+HIIT with PGC-1α and PGC-1α-ex1b remaining elevated at 6 h, whereas RE-induced increases at 2 and 6 h for PGC-1α-ex1b only (P < 0.05). Myostatin expression decreased at 2 and 6 h in both trials (P < 0.05). MuRF-1 was elevated in RE+HIIT versus RE at 2 and 6 h (P < 0.05). Atrogin-1 was lower at 2 h, with FOXO3A downregulated at 6 h (P < 0.05). These data do not support the existence of an acute interference effect on protein signaling and mRNA expression, and suggest that HIIT may be an alternative to endurance exercise when performed after resistance exercise in the same training session to optimize adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Pugh
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Steve H Faulkner
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - James A King
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Myra A Nimmo
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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117
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Apró W, Moberg M, Hamilton DL, Ekblom B, van Hall G, Holmberg HC, Blomstrand E. Resistance exercise-induced S6K1 kinase activity is not inhibited in human skeletal muscle despite prior activation of AMPK by high-intensity interval cycling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E470-81. [PMID: 25605643 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00486.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Combining endurance and strength training in the same session has been reported to reduce the anabolic response to the latter form of exercise. The underlying mechanism, based primarily on results from rodent muscle, is proposed to involve AMPK-dependent inhibition of mTORC1 signaling. This hypothesis was tested in eight trained male subjects who in randomized order performed either resistance exercise only (R) or interval cycling followed by resistance exercise (ER). Biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis before and after endurance exercise and repeatedly after resistance exercise were assessed for glycogen content, kinase activity, protein phosphorylation, and gene expression. Mixed muscle fractional synthetic rate was measured at rest and during 3 h of recovery using the stable isotope technique. In ER, AMPK activity was elevated immediately after both endurance and resistance exercise (∼90%, P < 0.05) but was unchanged in R. Thr(389) phosphorylation of S6K1 was increased severalfold immediately after exercise (P < 0.05) in both trials and increased further throughout recovery. After 90 and 180 min recovery, S6K1 activity was elevated (∼55 and ∼110%, respectively, P < 0.05) and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 phosphorylation was reduced (∼55%, P < 0.05) with no difference between trials. In contrast, markers for protein catabolism were differently influenced by the two modes of exercise; ER induced a significant increase in gene and protein expression of MuRF1 (P < 0.05), which was not observed following R exercise only. In conclusion, cycling-induced elevation in AMPK activity does not inhibit mTOR complex 1 signaling after subsequent resistance exercise but may instead interfere with the hypertrophic response by influencing key components in protein breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Apró
- Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Marcus Moberg
- Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Björn Ekblom
- Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden; and
| | - Eva Blomstrand
- Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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118
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Exercise therapy normalizes BDNF upregulation and glial hyperactivity in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Pain 2015; 156:504-513. [DOI: 10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460339.23976.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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119
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Hoier B, Hellsten Y. Exercise-induced capillary growth in human skeletal muscle and the dynamics of VEGF. Microcirculation 2015; 21:301-14. [PMID: 24450403 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, growth of capillaries is an important adaptation to exercise training that secures adequate diffusion capacity for oxygen and nutrients even at high-intensity exercise when increases in muscle blood flow are profound. Mechanical forces present during muscle activity, such as shear stress and passive stretch, lead to cellular signaling, enhanced expression of angiogenic factors, and initiation of capillary growth. The most central angiogenic factor in skeletal muscle capillary growth is VEGF. During muscle contraction, VEGF increases in the muscle interstitium, acts on VEGF receptors on the capillary endothelium, and thereby stimulates angiogenic processes. A primary source of muscle interstitial VEGF during exercise is the skeletal muscle fibers which contain large stores of VEGF within vesicles. We propose that, during muscle activity, these VEGF-containing vesicles are redistributed toward the sarcolemma where the contents are secreted into the extracellular fluid. VEGF mRNA expression is increased primarily after exercise, which allows for a more rapid replenishment of VEGF stores lost through secretion during exercise. Future studies should focus on elucidating mechanisms and regulation of VEGF secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Hoier
- Division of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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120
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Jensen L, Gejl KD, Ørtenblad N, Nielsen JL, Bech RD, Nygaard T, Sahlin K, Frandsen U. Carbohydrate restricted recovery from long term endurance exercise does not affect gene responses involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in highly trained athletes. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/2/e12184. [PMID: 25677542 PMCID: PMC4393183 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim was to determine if the metabolic adaptations, particularly PGC-1α and downstream metabolic genes were affected by restricting CHO following an endurance exercise bout in trained endurance athletes. A second aim was to compare baseline expression level of these genes to untrained. Elite endurance athletes (VO2max 66 ± 2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), n = 15) completed 4 h cycling at ~56% VO2max. During the first 4 h recovery subjects were provided with either CHO or only H2O and thereafter both groups received CHO. Muscle biopsies were collected before, after, and 4 and 24 h after exercise. Also, resting biopsies were collected from untrained subjects (n = 8). Exercise decreased glycogen by 67.7 ± 4.0% (from 699 ± 26.1 to 239 ± 29.5 mmol·kg(-1)·dw(-1)) with no difference between groups. Whereas 4 h of recovery with CHO partly replenished glycogen, the H2O group remained at post exercise level; nevertheless, the gene expression was not different between groups. Glycogen and most gene expression levels returned to baseline by 24 h in both CHO and H2O. Baseline mRNA expression of NRF-1, COX-IV, GLUT4 and PPAR-α gene targets were higher in trained compared to untrained. Additionally, the proportion of type I muscle fibers positively correlated with baseline mRNA for PGC-1α, TFAM, NRF-1, COX-IV, PPAR-α, and GLUT4 for both trained and untrained. CHO restriction during recovery from glycogen depleting exercise does not improve the mRNA response of markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. Further, baseline gene expression of key metabolic pathways is higher in trained than untrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Jensen
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Institute of Clinical Research, Clinical Pathology, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kasper D Gejl
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Jakob L Nielsen
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rune D Bech
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tobias Nygaard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kent Sahlin
- The Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, GIH, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Frandsen
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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121
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Aoi W, Ogaya Y, Takami M, Konishi T, Sauchi Y, Park EY, Wada S, Sato K, Higashi A. Glutathione supplementation suppresses muscle fatigue induced by prolonged exercise via improved aerobic metabolism. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:7. [PMID: 25685110 PMCID: PMC4328900 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Glutathione is an endogenous redox couple in animal cells and plays important roles in antioxidant defense and detoxification, although it is unknown if oral glutathione supplementation affects exercise-induced physiological changes. The present study investigated the effect of glutathione intake on exercise-induced muscle metabolism and fatigue in mice and humans. Methods ICR mice were divided into 4 groups: sedentary control, sedentary supplemented with glutathione (2.0%, 5 μL/g body weight), exercise control, and exercise supplemented with glutathione. After 2 weeks, the exercise groups ran on a treadmill at 25 m/min for 30 min. Immediately post-exercise, intermuscular pH was measured, and hind limb muscle and blood samples were collected to measure biochemical parameters. In a double-blind, cross-over study, 8 healthy men (35.9 ± 2.0 y) were administered either glutathione (1 g/d) or placebo for 2 weeks. Then, they exercised on a cycle ergometer at 40% maximal heart rate for 60 min. Psychological state and blood biochemical parameters were examined after exercise. Results In the mouse experiment, post-exercise plasma non-esterified fatty acids were significantly lower in the exercise supplemented with glutathione group (820 ± 44 mEq/L) compared with the exercise control group (1152 ± 61 mEq/L). Intermuscular pH decreased with exercise (7.17 ± 0.01); however, this reduction was prevented by glutathione supplementation (7.23 ± 0.02). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α protein and mitochondrial DNA levels were significantly higher in the sedentary supplemented with glutathione group compared with the sedentary control group (25% and 53% higher, respectively). In the human study, the elevation of blood lactate was suppressed by glutathione intake (placebo, 3.4 ± 1.1 mM; glutathione, 2.9 ± 0.6 mM). Fatigue-related psychological factors were significantly decreased in the glutathione trial compared with the placebo trial. Conclusions These results suggest that glutathione supplementation improved lipid metabolism and acidification in skeletal muscles during exercise, leading to less muscle fatigue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0067-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Aoi
- Laboratory of Health Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
| | - Yumi Ogaya
- Laboratory of Health Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
| | - Maki Takami
- Laboratory of Health Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
| | - Toru Konishi
- KOHJIN Life Sciences Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Eun Young Park
- Laboratory of Food Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sayori Wada
- Laboratory of Health Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
| | - Kenji Sato
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akane Higashi
- Laboratory of Health Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
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Abstract
Signaling pathways regulate contraction of striated (skeletal and cardiac) and smooth muscle. Although these are similar, there are striking differences in the pathways that can be attributed to the distinct functional roles of the different muscle types. Muscles contract in response to depolarization, activation of G-protein-coupled receptors and other stimuli. The actomyosin fibers responsible for contraction require an increase in the cytosolic levels of calcium, which signaling pathways induce by promoting influx from extracellular sources or release from intracellular stores. Rises in cytosolic calcium stimulate numerous downstream calcium-dependent signaling pathways, which can also regulate contraction. Alterations to the signaling pathways that initiate and sustain contraction and relaxation occur as a consequence of exercise and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Y Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Barbara E Ehrlich
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Ca2+-dependent regulations and signaling in skeletal muscle: from electro-mechanical coupling to adaptation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:1066-95. [PMID: 25569087 PMCID: PMC4307291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16011066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) plays a pivotal role in almost all cellular processes and ensures the functionality of an organism. In skeletal muscle fibers, Ca(2+) is critically involved in the innervation of skeletal muscle fibers that results in the exertion of an action potential along the muscle fiber membrane, the prerequisite for skeletal muscle contraction. Furthermore and among others, Ca(2+) regulates also intracellular processes, such as myosin-actin cross bridging, protein synthesis, protein degradation and fiber type shifting by the control of Ca(2+)-sensitive proteases and transcription factors, as well as mitochondrial adaptations, plasticity and respiration. These data highlight the overwhelming significance of Ca(2+) ions for the integrity of skeletal muscle tissue. In this review, we address the major functions of Ca(2+) ions in adult muscle but also highlight recent findings of critical Ca(2+)-dependent mechanisms essential for skeletal muscle-regulation and maintenance.
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124
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Jeong TS, Bartlett JD, Joo CH, Louhelainen J, Close GL, Morton JP, Drust B. Acute simulated soccer-specific training increases PGC-1α mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:1493-503. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.992937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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125
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Facteurs influençant la prescription d’activités physiques dans la prise en charge thérapeutique du patient diabétique de type 2. NUTR CLIN METAB 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Blaauw B, Schiaffino S, Reggiani C. Mechanisms modulating skeletal muscle phenotype. Compr Physiol 2014; 3:1645-87. [PMID: 24265241 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian skeletal muscles are composed of a variety of highly specialized fibers whose selective recruitment allows muscles to fulfill their diverse functional tasks. In addition, skeletal muscle fibers can change their structural and functional properties to perform new tasks or respond to new conditions. The adaptive changes of muscle fibers can occur in response to variations in the pattern of neural stimulation, loading conditions, availability of substrates, and hormonal signals. The new conditions can be detected by multiple sensors, from membrane receptors for hormones and cytokines, to metabolic sensors, which detect high-energy phosphate concentration, oxygen and oxygen free radicals, to calcium binding proteins, which sense variations in intracellular calcium induced by nerve activity, to load sensors located in the sarcomeric and sarcolemmal cytoskeleton. These sensors trigger cascades of signaling pathways which may ultimately lead to changes in fiber size and fiber type. Changes in fiber size reflect an imbalance in protein turnover with either protein accumulation, leading to muscle hypertrophy, or protein loss, with consequent muscle atrophy. Changes in fiber type reflect a reprogramming of gene transcription leading to a remodeling of fiber contractile properties (slow-fast transitions) or metabolic profile (glycolytic-oxidative transitions). While myonuclei are in postmitotic state, satellite cells represent a reserve of new nuclei and can be involved in the adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Blaauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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127
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Apontes P, Liu Z, Su K, Benard O, Youn DY, Li X, Li W, Mirza RH, Bastie CC, Jelicks LA, Pessin JE, Muzumdar RH, Sauve AA, Chi Y. Mangiferin stimulates carbohydrate oxidation and protects against metabolic disorders induced by high-fat diets. Diabetes 2014; 63:3626-36. [PMID: 24848064 PMCID: PMC4207399 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive dietary fat intake causes systemic metabolic toxicity, manifested in weight gain, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. In addition, carbohydrate utilization as a fuel is substantially inhibited. Correction or reversal of these effects during high-fat diet (HFD) intake is of exceptional interest in light of widespread occurrence of diet-associated metabolic disorders in global human populations. Here we report that mangiferin (MGF), a natural compound (the predominant constituent of Mangifera indica extract from the plant that produces mango), protected against HFD-induced weight gain, increased aerobic mitochondrial capacity and thermogenesis, and improved glucose and insulin profiles. To obtain mechanistic insight into the basis for these effects, we determined that mice exposed to an HFD combined with MGF exhibited a substantial shift in respiratory quotient from fatty acid toward carbohydrate utilization. MGF treatment significantly increased glucose oxidation in muscle of HFD-fed mice without changing fatty acid oxidation. These results indicate that MGF redirects fuel utilization toward carbohydrates. In cultured C2C12 myotubes, MGF increased glucose and pyruvate oxidation and ATP production without affecting fatty acid oxidation, confirming in vivo and ex vivo effects. Furthermore, MGF inhibited anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate to lactate but enhanced pyruvate oxidation. A key target of MGF appears to be pyruvate dehydrogenase, determined to be activated by MGF in a variety of assays. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of activation of carbohydrate utilization in correction of metabolic syndrome and highlight the potential of MGF to serve as a model compound that can elicit fuel-switching effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasha Apontes
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Zhongbo Liu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Kai Su
- Department of Paediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Dou Y Youn
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Xisong Li
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Raihan H Mirza
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Claire C Bastie
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Linda A Jelicks
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics and Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jeffrey E Pessin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Radhika H Muzumdar
- Department of Paediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Anthony A Sauve
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Yuling Chi
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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128
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Ciapaite J, van den Berg SA, Houten SM, Nicolay K, van Dijk KW, Jeneson JA. Fiber-type-specific sensitivities and phenotypic adaptations to dietary fat overload differentially impact fast- versus slow-twitch muscle contractile function in C57BL/6J mice. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 26:155-64. [PMID: 25516489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diets (HFDs) have been shown to interfere with skeletal muscle energy metabolism and cause peripheral insulin resistance. However, understanding of HFD impact on skeletal muscle primary function, i.e., contractile performance, is limited. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD containing lard (HFL) or palm oil (HFP), or low-fat diet (LFD) for 5weeks. Fast-twitch (FT) extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch (ST) soleus muscles were characterized with respect to contractile function and selected biochemical features. In FT EDL muscle, a 30%-50% increase in fatty acid (FA) content and doubling of long-chain acylcarnitine (C14-C18) content in response to HFL and HFP feeding were accompanied by increase in protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes and acyl-CoA dehydrogenases involved in mitochondrial FA β-oxidation. Peak force of FT EDL twitch and tetanic contractions was unaltered, but the relaxation time (RT) of twitch contractions was 30% slower compared to LFD controls. The latter was caused by accumulation of lipid intermediates rather than changes in the expression levels of proteins involved in calcium handling. In ST soleus muscle, no evidence for lipid overload was found in any HFD group. However, particularly in HFP group, the peak force of twitch and tetanic contractions was reduced, but RT was faster than LFD controls. The latter was associated with a fast-to-slow shift in troponin T isoform expression. Taken together, these data highlight fiber-type-specific sensitivities and phenotypic adaptations to dietary lipid overload that differentially impact fast- versus slow-twitch skeletal muscle contractile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolita Ciapaite
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, PO Box 94215, NL-1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Building 3226, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd A van den Berg
- Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, PO Box 94215, NL-1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, NL- 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander M Houten
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, NL-1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, PO Box 94215, NL-1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, NL- 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A Jeneson
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, PO Box 94215, NL-1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Building 3226, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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129
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Pauly M, Chabi B, Favier FB, Vanterpool F, Matecki S, Fouret G, Bonafos B, Vernus B, Feillet-Coudray C, Coudray C, Bonnieu A, Ramonatxo C. Combined Strategies for Maintaining Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function in Aging: Myostatin Inactivation and AICAR-Associated Oxidative Metabolism Induction. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:1077-87. [PMID: 25227129 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (mstn) blockade, resulting in muscle hypertrophy, is a promising therapy to counteract age-related muscle loss. However, oxidative and mitochondrial deficit observed in young mice with myostatin inhibition could be detrimental with aging. The aim of this study was (a) to bring original data on metabolic and mitochondrial consequences of mstn inhibition in old mice, and (b) to examine whether 4-weeks of AICAR treatment, a pharmacological compound known to upregulate oxidative metabolism, may be useful to improve exercise capacity and mitochondrial deficit of 20-months mstn KO versus wild-type (WT) mice. Our results show that despite the enlarged muscle mass, the oxidative and mitochondrial deficit associated with reduced endurance running capacity is maintained in old mstn KO mice but not worsened by aging. Importantly, AICAR treatment induced a significant beneficial effect on running limit time only in old mstn KO mice, with a marked increase in PGC-1α expression and slight beneficial effects on mitochondrial function. We showed that AICAR effects were autophagy-independent. This study underlines the relevance of aged muscle remodelling by complementary approaches that impact both muscle mass and function, and suggest that mstn inhibition and aerobic metabolism activators should be co-developed for delaying age-related deficits in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Pauly
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060, Montpellier, France INSERM U1046, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Heart-Muscle Unit, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Béatrice Chabi
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - François Bertrand Favier
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Frankie Vanterpool
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Stefan Matecki
- INSERM U1046, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Heart-Muscle Unit, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Fouret
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Béatrice Bonafos
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Barbara Vernus
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Feillet-Coudray
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Coudray
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Bonnieu
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Ramonatxo
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, F-34060, Montpellier, France
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130
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Popov DV, Bachinin AV, Lysenko EA, Miller TF, Vinogradova OL. Exercise-induced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α isoforms in skeletal muscle of endurance-trained males. J Physiol Sci 2014; 64:317-23. [PMID: 24907054 PMCID: PMC10718011 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-014-0321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of acute aerobic exercise on the expression of PGC-1α transcript variants in human skeletal muscle. Seven endurance-trained athletes performed a 90-min cycling test (62% of VO2max). At resting state, the levels of N-truncated (NT)-PGC-1α and PGC-1α exon 1a-derived transcripts were significantly higher (>20-fold; P<0.05) than those of PGC-1α exon 1b- and 1c-derived transcripts. Acute exercise did not change the PGC-1α exon 1a-derived expression level, but it did increase the expression level of NT-PGC-1α mRNAs 6-fold, and the expression levels of PGC-1α exon 1b- and 1c-derived mRNAs>200-fold (P<0.05). We conclude that NT-PGC-1α transcript expression in resting muscle and after acute moderate-intensity exercise constituted a significant share of total PGC-1α expression. The exercise led to a higher level of PGC-1α expression from alternative promoters (exon 1b- and 1c-derived mRNA) than from the canonical proximal promoter (exon 1a-derived mRNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil V Popov
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76A Khoroshevskoe Shosse, Moscow, 123007, Russia,
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131
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Kano Y, Miura S, Eshima H, Ezaki O, Poole DC. The effects of PGC-1α on control of microvascular Po2 kinetics following onset of muscle contractions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:163-70. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00080.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
During contractions, regulation of microvascular oxygen partial pressure (Pmvo2), which drives blood-myocyte O2 flux, is a function of skeletal muscle fiber type and oxidative capacity and can be altered by exercise training. The kinetics of Pmvo2 during contractions in predominantly fast-twitch muscles evinces a more rapid fall to far lower levels compared with slow-twitch counterparts. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) improves endurance performance, in part, due to mitochondrial biogenesis, a fiber-type switch to oxidative fibers, and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. We tested the hypothesis that improvement of exercise capacity by genetic overexpression of PGC-1α would be associated with an altered Pmvo2 kinetics profile of the fast-twitch (white) gastrocnemius during contractions toward that seen in slow-twitch muscles (i.e., slowed response kinetics and elevated steady-state Pmvo2). Phosphorescence quenching techniques were used to measure Pmvo2 at rest and during separate bouts of twitch (1 Hz) and tetanic (100 Hz) contractions in gastrocnemius muscles of mice with overexpression of PGC-1α and wild-type littermates (WT) mice under isoflurane anesthesia. Muscles of PGC-1α mice exhibited less fatigue than WT ( P < 0.01). However, except for the Pmvo2 response immediately following onset of contractions, WT and PGC-1α mice demonstrated similar Pmvo2 kinetics. Specifically, the time delay of the Pmvo2 response was shortened in PGC-1α mice compared with WT (1 Hz: WT, 6.6 ± 2.4 s; PGC-1α, 2.9 ± 0.8 s; 100 Hz: WT, 3.3 ± 1.1 s, PGC-1α, 0.9 ± 0.3 s, both P < 0.05). The ratio of muscle force to Pmvo2 was higher for the duration of tetanic contractions in PGC-1α mice. Slower dynamics and maintenance of higher Pmvo2 following muscle contractions is not obligatory for improved fatigue resistance in fast-twitch muscle of PGC-1α mice. Moreover, overexpression of PGC-1α may accelerate O2 utilization kinetics to a greater extent than O2 delivery kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kano
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Miura
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Eshima
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Ezaki
- Department of Human Health and Design, Showa Women's University, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - David C. Poole
- Departments of Anatomy, Physiology, and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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132
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Abdul-Wahed A, Gautier-Stein A, Casteras S, Soty M, Roussel D, Romestaing C, Guillou H, Tourette JA, Pleche N, Zitoun C, Gri B, Sardella A, Rajas F, Mithieux G. A link between hepatic glucose production and peripheral energy metabolism via hepatokines. Mol Metab 2014; 3:531-43. [PMID: 25061558 PMCID: PMC4099510 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a deterioration of glucose tolerance, which associates insulin resistance of glucose uptake by peripheral tissues and increased endogenous glucose production. Here we report that the specific suppression of hepatic glucose production positively modulates whole-body glucose and energy metabolism. We used mice deficient in liver glucose-6 phosphatase that is mandatory for endogenous glucose production. When they were fed a high fat/high sucrose diet, they resisted the development of diabetes and obesity due to the activation of peripheral glucose metabolism and thermogenesis. This was linked to the secretion of hepatic hormones like fibroblast growth factor 21 and angiopoietin-like factor 6. Interestingly, the deletion of hepatic glucose-6 phosphatase in previously obese and insulin-resistant mice resulted in the rapid restoration of glucose and body weight controls. Therefore, hepatic glucose production is an essential lever for the control of whole-body energy metabolism during the development of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Abdul-Wahed
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France ; University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Amandine Gautier-Stein
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Sylvie Casteras
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Maud Soty
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Damien Roussel
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5023, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Caroline Romestaing
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5023, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | | | - Jean-André Tourette
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Nicolas Pleche
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Carine Zitoun
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Blandine Gri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Anne Sardella
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France ; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
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133
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Mukund K, Mathewson M, Minamoto V, Ward SR, Subramaniam S, Lieber RL. Systems analysis of transcriptional data provides insights into muscle's biological response to botulinum toxin. Muscle Nerve 2014; 50:744-58. [PMID: 24536034 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study provides global transcriptomic profiling and analysis of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A)-treated muscle over a 1-year period. METHODS Microarray analysis was performed on rat tibialis anterior muscles from 4 groups (n = 4/group) at 1, 4, 12, and 52 weeks after BoNT-A injection compared with saline-injected rats at 12 weeks. RESULTS Dramatic transcriptional adaptation occurred at 1 week with a paradoxical increase in expression of slow and immature isoforms, activation of genes in competing pathways of repair and atrophy, impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, and increased metal ion imbalance. Adaptations of the basal lamina and fibrillar extracellular matrix (ECM) occurred by 4 weeks. The muscle transcriptome returned to its unperturbed state 12 weeks after injection. CONCLUSIONS Acute transcriptional adaptations resemble denervated muscle with some subtle differences, but resolved more quickly compared with denervation. Overall, gene expression across time correlates with the generally accepted BoNT-A time course and suggests that the direct action of BoNT-A in skeletal muscle is relatively rapid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Mukund
- Bioinformatics and System Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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134
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Ling C, Rönn T. Epigenetic adaptation to regular exercise in humans. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1015-8. [PMID: 24632002 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Regular exercise has numerous health benefits, for example, it reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. It has also been shown that the risk of type 2 diabetes can be halved in high-risk groups through nonpharmacological lifestyle interventions involving exercise and diet. Nevertheless, the number of people living a sedentary life is dramatically increasing worldwide. Researchers have searched for molecular mechanisms explaining the health benefits of regular exercise for decades and it is well established that exercise alters the gene expression pattern in multiple tissues. However, until recently it was unknown that regular exercise can modify the genome-wide DNA methylation pattern in humans. This review will focus on recent progress in the field of regular exercise and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Ling
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, CRC, Scania University Hospital, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Tina Rönn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, CRC, Scania University Hospital, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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135
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Franks PW, Christophi CA, Jablonski KA, Billings LK, Delahanty LM, Horton ES, Knowler WC, Florez JC. Common variation at PPARGC1A/B and change in body composition and metabolic traits following preventive interventions: the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetologia 2014; 57:485-90. [PMID: 24317794 PMCID: PMC4154629 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS PPARGC1A and PPARGCB encode transcriptional coactivators that regulate numerous metabolic processes. We tested associations and treatment (i.e. metformin or lifestyle modification) interactions with metabolic traits in the Diabetes Prevention Program, a randomised controlled trial in persons at high risk of type 2 diabetes. METHODS We used Tagger software to select 75 PPARGCA1 and 94 PPARGC1B tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for analysis. These SNPs were tested for associations with relevant cardiometabolic quantitative traits using generalised linear models. Aggregate genetic effects were tested using the sequence kernel association test. RESULTS In aggregate, PPARGC1A variation was strongly associated with baseline triacylglycerol concentrations (p = 2.9 × 10(-30)), BMI (p = 2.0 × 10(-5)) and visceral adiposity (p = 1.9 × 10(-4)), as well as with changes in triacylglycerol concentrations (p = 1.7 × 10(-5)) and BMI (p = 9.9 × 10(-5)) from baseline to 1 year. PPARGC1B variation was only associated with baseline subcutaneous adiposity (p = 0.01). In individual SNP analyses, Gly482Ser (rs8192678, PPARGC1A) was associated with accumulation of subcutaneous adiposity and worsening insulin resistance at 1 year (both p < 0.05), while rs2970852 (PPARGC1A) modified the effects of metformin on triacylglycerol levels (p(interaction) = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings provide several novel and other confirmatory insights into the role of PPARGC1A variation with respect to diabetes-related metabolic traits. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00004992.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Science, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden,
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136
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Nielsen S, Åkerström T, Rinnov A, Yfanti C, Scheele C, Pedersen BK, Laye MJ. The miRNA plasma signature in response to acute aerobic exercise and endurance training. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87308. [PMID: 24586268 PMCID: PMC3929352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MiRNAs are potent intracellular posttranscriptional regulators and are also selectively secreted into the circulation in a cell-specific fashion. Global changes in miRNA expression in skeletal muscle in response to endurance exercise training have been reported. Therefore, our aim was to establish the miRNA signature in human plasma in response to acute exercise and chronic endurance training by utilizing a novel methodological approach. RNA was isolated from human plasma collected from young healthy men before and after an acute endurance exercise bout and following 12 weeks of endurance training. Global miRNA (742 miRNAs) measurements were performed as a screening to identify detectable miRNAs in plasma. Using customized qPCR panels we quantified the expression levels of miRNAs detected in the screening procedure (188 miRNAs). We demonstrate a dynamic regulation of circulating miRNA (ci-miRNA) levels following 0 hour (miR-106a, miR-221, miR-30b, miR-151-5p, let-7i, miR-146, miR-652 and miR-151-3p), 1 hour (miR-338-3p, miR-330-3p, miR-223, miR-139-5p and miR-143) and 3 hours (miR-1) after an acute exercise bout (P<0.00032). Where ci-miRNAs were all downregulated immediately after an acute exercise bout (0 hour) the 1 and 3 hour post exercise timepoints were followed by upregulations. In response to chronic training, we identified seven ci-miRNAs with decreased levels in plasma (miR-342-3p, let-7d, miR-766, miR-25, miR-148a, miR-185 and miR-21) and two miRNAs that were present at higher levels after the training period (miR-103 and miR-107) (P<0.00032). In conclusion, acute exercise and chronic endurance training, likely through specific mechanisms unique to each stimulus, robustly modify the miRNA signature of human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Nielsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Thorbjörn Åkerström
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- August Krogh Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Rinnov
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Yfanti
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Scheele
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente K. Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew J. Laye
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
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137
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Liu PH, Aoi W, Takami M, Terajima H, Tanimura Y, Naito Y, Itoh Y, Yoshikawa T. The astaxanthin-induced improvement in lipid metabolism during exercise is mediated by a PGC-1α increase in skeletal muscle. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2014; 54:86-9. [PMID: 24688216 PMCID: PMC3947967 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.13-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, accelerates lipid utilization during aerobic exercise, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. The present study investigated the effect of astaxanthin intake on lipid metabolism associated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups: sedentary, sedentary and astaxanthin-treated, exercised, and exercised and astaxanthin-treated. After 2 weeks of treatment, the exercise groups performed treadmill running at 25 m/min for 30 min. Immediately after running, intermuscular pH was measured in hind limb muscles, and blood was collected for measurements. Proteins were extracted from the muscle samples and PGC-1α and its downstream proteins were measured by western blotting. Levels of plasma fatty acids were significantly decreased after exercise in the astaxanthin-fed mice compared with those fed a normal diet. Intermuscular pH was significantly decreased by exercise, and this decrease was inhibited by intake of astaxanthin. Levels of PGC-1α and its downstream proteins were significantly elevated in astaxanthin-fed mice compared with mice fed a normal diet. Astaxanthin intake resulted in a PGC-1α elevation in skeletal muscle, which can lead to acceleration of lipid utilization through activation of mitochondrial aerobic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Hung Liu
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Wataru Aoi
- Laboratory of Health Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Maki Takami
- Laboratory of Health Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Hitomi Terajima
- Laboratory of Health Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Yuko Tanimura
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yoshikawa
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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138
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β-Aminoisobutyric acid induces browning of white fat and hepatic β-oxidation and is inversely correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Cell Metab 2014; 19:96-108. [PMID: 24411942 PMCID: PMC4017355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) regulates metabolic genes in skeletal muscle and contributes to the response of muscle to exercise. Muscle PGC-1α transgenic expression and exercise both increase the expression of thermogenic genes within white adipose. How the PGC-1α-mediated response to exercise in muscle conveys signals to other tissues remains incompletely defined. We employed a metabolomic approach to examine metabolites secreted from myocytes with forced expression of PGC-1α, and identified β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) as a small molecule myokine. BAIBA increases the expression of brown adipocyte-specific genes in white adipocytes and β-oxidation in hepatocytes both in vitro and in vivo through a PPARα-mediated mechanism, induces a brown adipose-like phenotype in human pluripotent stem cells, and improves glucose homeostasis in mice. In humans, plasma BAIBA concentrations are increased with exercise and inversely associated with metabolic risk factors. BAIBA may thus contribute to exercise-induced protection from metabolic diseases.
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139
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Wu HH, Liu NJ, Yang Z, Tao XM, Du YP, Wang XC, Lu B, Zhang ZY, Hu RM, Wen J. Association and interaction analysis of PPARGC1A and serum uric acid on type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese Han population. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:107. [PMID: 25302081 PMCID: PMC4190481 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PPARGC1A/ PGC-1α) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The activity of PGC-1α or genetic variations in the gene encoding the enzyme may contribute to individual variations in mitochondrial function and insulin resistance or diabetes. The objective of this study was to assess the extent to which PPARGC1A (rs8192678) and serum uric acid (UA) and its interaction impact on T2DM susceptibility in Chinese Han population. METHOD We conducted a study in a cohort that included 1166 T2DM patients and 1135 controls, and was genotyped for the presence of the PPARGC1A rs8192678 polymorphisms. Genotyping was performed by iPLEX technology. The association between rs8192678 or UA and T2DM was assessed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression (MLR) analysis controlling for confounders. The interaction between rs8192678 and UA for T2DM susceptibility was also assessed by MLR analysis. RESULTS The generalized linear regression analysis failed to show an association between the PPARGC1A rs8192678 polymorphisms and T2DM. Interestingly, the present study provided data suggesting that the minor A-allele of PPARGC1A (rs8192678) had a protective effect against T2DM in subjects with higher level of UA (ORint =1.50 95% CI: 1.06-2.12 for allele and P = 0.02, ORint =1.63 95% CI: 1.17-2.26 for genotype and P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The combination of higher level of UA and PPARGC1A (rs8192678) was an independent predictor for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Wu
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, NO. 12 Wulumuqi Mid Road, Building 0#, Jing’an District, Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Nai-Jia Liu
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, NO. 12 Wulumuqi Mid Road, Building 0#, Jing’an District, Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Zhen Yang
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200020 China
| | - Xiao-Ming Tao
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hua Dong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Yan-Ping Du
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hua Dong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Xuan-Chun Wang
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, NO. 12 Wulumuqi Mid Road, Building 0#, Jing’an District, Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Bin Lu
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, NO. 12 Wulumuqi Mid Road, Building 0#, Jing’an District, Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Zhao-Yun Zhang
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, NO. 12 Wulumuqi Mid Road, Building 0#, Jing’an District, Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Ren-Ming Hu
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, NO. 12 Wulumuqi Mid Road, Building 0#, Jing’an District, Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Jie Wen
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, NO. 12 Wulumuqi Mid Road, Building 0#, Jing’an District, Shanghai 200040 China
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jing’an District Center Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200040 China
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140
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Yang SJ, Choi JM, Kim L, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Lee WY, Oh KW, Park SW, Park CY. Nicotinamide improves glucose metabolism and affects the hepatic NAD-sirtuin pathway in a rodent model of obesity and type 2 diabetes. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 25:66-72. [PMID: 24314867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acid (NA) and nicotinamide (NAM) are major forms of niacin and exert their physiological functions as precursors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Sirtuins, which are NAD-dependent deacetylases, regulate glucose and lipid metabolism and are implicated in the pathophysiology of aging, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two NAD donors, NA and NAM, on glucose metabolism and the hepatic NAD-sirtuin pathway. The effects were investigated in OLETF rats, a rodent model of obesity and type 2 diabetes. OLETF rats were divided into five groups: (1) high fat (HF) diet, (2) HF diet and 10 mg NA/kg body weight (BW)/day (NA 10), (3) HF diet and 100 mg NA/kg BW/day (NA 100), (4) HF diet and 10 mg NAM/kg BW/day (NAM 10), and (5) HF diet and 100 mg NAM/kg BW/day (NAM 100). NA and NAM were delivered via drinking water for four weeks. NAM 100 treatment affected glucose control significantly, as shown by lower levels of accumulative area under the curve during oral glucose tolerance test, serum fasting glucose, serum fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and higher levels of serum adiponectin. With regard to NAD-sirtuin pathway, intracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, NAD, the NAD/NADH ratio, Sirt1, 2, 3, and 6 mRNA expressions, and Sirt1 activity all increased in livers of NAM 100-treated rats. These alterations were accompanied by the increased levels of proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha and mitochondrial DNA. The effect of NA treatment was less evident than that of NAM 100. These results demonstrate that NAM is more effective than NA on the regulation of glucose metabolism and the NAD-sirtuin pathway, which may relate to the altered mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Yang
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Human Ecology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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141
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Christensen B, Nellemann B, Larsen MS, Thams L, Sieljacks P, Vestergaard PF, Bibby BM, Vissing K, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Pedersen SB, Møller N, Nielsen S, Jessen N, Jørgensen JOL. Whole body metabolic effects of prolonged endurance training in combination with erythropoietin treatment in humans: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E879-89. [PMID: 23921143 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00269.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Erythropoietin (Epo) administration improves aerobic exercise capacity and insulin sensitivity in renal patients and also increases resting energy expenditure (REE). Similar effects are observed in response to endurance training. The aim was to compare the effects of endurance training with erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) treatment in healthy humans. Thirty-six healthy untrained men were randomized to 10 wk of either: 1) placebo (n = 9), 2) ESA (n = 9), 3) endurance training (n = 10), or 4) ESA and endurance training (n = 8). In a single-blinded design, ESA/placebo was injected one time weekly. Training consisted of biking for 1 h at 65% of wattmax three times per week. Measurements performed before and after the intervention were as follows: body composition, maximal oxygen uptake, insulin sensitivity, REE, and palmitate turnover. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) mRNA levels were assessed in skeletal muscle. Fat mass decreased after training (P = 0.003), whereas ESA induced a small but significant increase in intrahepatic fat (P = 0.025). Serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels and palmitate turnover decreased significantly in response to training, whereas the opposite pattern was found after ESA. REE corrected for lean body mass increased in response to ESA and training, and muscle UCP2 mRNA levels increased after ESA (P = 0.035). Insulin sensitivity increased only after training (P = 0.011). IN CONCLUSION 1) insulin sensitivity is not improved after ESA treatment despite improved exercise capacity, 2) the calorigenic effects of ESA may be related to increased UCP2 gene expression in skeletal muscle, and 3) training and ESA exert opposite effects on lipolysis under basal conditions, increased FFA levels and liver fat fraction was observed after ESA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Christensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, NBG/THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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142
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Kanazawa Y, Maekawa K, Okumura Y, Fujita N, Fujino H. Preventive effect of nucleoprotein on hindlimb unloading-induced capillary regression in rat soleus muscle. Biotech Histochem 2013; 89:220-7. [PMID: 24063644 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2013.835444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the preventive effects of nucleoprotein on capillary regression and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by unloading in the soleus muscle of rats. Nucleoprotein is a supplement made from soft roe of salmon, and its major components are nucleotides and protamine. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into control, hindlimb unloading (HU), and hindlimb unloading plus nucleoprotein administration (HU+ NP) groups. Hindlimb unloading was carried out for 2 weeks in the rats belonging to the HU and the HU+ NP groups. The rats of the HU+ NP group were administered nucleoprotein (500 mg/kg) using a feeding needle twice a day for 2 weeks. Hindlimb unloading resulted in capillary regression, decreased succinate dehydrogenase activity of the muscle fiber, and decreased PGC-1α expression in the soleus muscle. These effects were prevented by administration of nucleoprotein. Nucleoprotein appears to prevent capillary regression and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by unloading of the skeletal muscle. Therefore, nucleoprotein supplementation may be an effective therapy for maintaining capillary network and mitochondrial metabolism of the muscle fiber during an unloading period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kanazawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care , Takarazuka 666-0162
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143
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Ringholm S, Olesen J, Pedersen JT, Brandt CT, Halling JF, Hellsten Y, Prats C, Pilegaard H. Effect of lifelong resveratrol supplementation and exercise training on skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in aging mice; impact of PGC-1α. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1311-8. [PMID: 23994519 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study tested the hypothesis that lifelong resveratrol (RSV) supplementation counteracts an age-associated decrease in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α and that RSV combined with lifelong exercise training (EX) exerts additive effects through PGC-1α in mice. METHODS 3 month old PGC-1α whole body knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) littermate mice were placed in cages with or without running wheel and fed either standard chow or standard chow with RSV supplementation (4 g/kg food) for 12 months. Young (3 months of age), sedentary mice on standard chow served as young controls. A graded running performance test and a glucose tolerance test were performed 2 and 1 week, respectively, before euthanization where quadriceps and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were removed. RESULTS In PGC-1α KO mice, quadriceps citrate synthase (CS) activity, mitochondrial (mt)DNA content as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)-E1α, cytochrome (Cyt) c and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein content were 20-75% lower and, EDL capillary-to-fiber (C:F) ratio was 15-30% lower than in WT mice. RSV and/or EX had no effect on the C:F ratio in EDL. CS activity (P=0.063) and mtDNA content (P=0.013) decreased with age in WT mice, and CS activity, mtDNA content, PDH-E1α protein and VEGF protein increased ~1.5-1.8-fold with lifelong EX in WT, but not in PGC-1α KO mice, while RSV alone had no significant effect on these proteins. CONCLUSION Lifelong EX increased activity/content of oxidative proteins, mtDNA and angiogenic proteins in skeletal muscle through PGC-1α, while RSV supplementation alone had no effect. Combining lifelong EX and RSV supplementation had no additional effect on skeletal muscle oxidative and angiogenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Ringholm
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, August Krogh Centre, Department of Biology, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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144
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Broholm C, Mathur N, Hvid T, Grøndahl TS, Frøsig C, Pedersen BK, Lindegaard B. Insulin signaling in skeletal muscle of HIV-infected patients in response to endurance and strength training. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00060. [PMID: 24303139 PMCID: PMC3835015 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with lipodystrophy have decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Both endurance and resistance training improve insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle of HIV-infected patients, but the mechanisms are unknown. This study aims to identify the molecular pathways involved in the beneficial effects of training on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle of HIV-infected patients. Eighteen sedentary male HIV-infected patients underwent a 16 week supervised training intervention, either resistance or strength training. Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps with muscle biopsies were performed before and after the training interventions. Fifteen age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched HIV-negative men served as a sedentary baseline group. Phosphorylation and total protein expression of insulin signaling molecules as well as glycogen synthase (GS) activity were analyzed in skeletal muscle biopsies in relation to insulin stimulation before and after training. HIV-infected patients had reduced basal and insulin-stimulated GS activity (%fractional velocity, [FV]) as well as impaired insulin-stimulated Akt(thr308) phosphorylation. Despite improving insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, neither endurance nor strength training changed the phosphorylation status of insulin signaling proteins or affected GS activity. However; endurance training markedly increased the total Akt protein expression, and both training modalities increased hexokinase II (HKII) protein. HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy have decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and defects in insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt(thr308). Endurance and strength training increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in these patients, and the muscular training adaptation is associated with improved capacity for phosphorylation of glucose by HKII, rather than changes in markers of insulin signaling to glucose uptake or glycogen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Broholm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen, Denmark
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145
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Apró W, Wang L, Pontén M, Blomstrand E, Sahlin K. Resistance exercise induced mTORC1 signaling is not impaired by subsequent endurance exercise in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E22-32. [PMID: 23632629 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00091.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current dogma is that the muscle adaptation to resistance exercise is blunted when combined with endurance exercise. The suggested mechanism (based on rodent experiments) is that activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) during endurance exercise impairs muscle growth through inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). The purpose of this study was to investigate potential interference of endurance training on the signaling pathway of resistance training [mTORC1 phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1)] in human muscle. Ten healthy and moderately trained male subjects performed on two separate occasions either acute high-intensity and high-volume resistance exercise (leg press, R) or R followed by 30 min of cycling (RE). Muscle biopsies were collected before and 1 and 3 h post resistance exercise. Phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser²⁴⁴⁸) increased 2-fold (P < 0.05) and that of S6K1 (Thr³⁸⁹) 14-fold (P < 0.05), with no difference between R and RE. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2, Thr⁵⁶) was reduced ~70% during recovery in both trials (P < 0.05). An interesting finding was that phosphorylation of AMPK (Thr¹⁷²) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC, Ser⁷⁹) decreased ~30% and ~50%, respectively, 3 h postexercise (P < 0.05). Proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1α) mRNA increased more after RE (6.5-fold) than after R (4-fold) (RE vs. R: P < 0.01) and was the only gene expressed differently between trials. These data show that the signaling of muscle growth through the mTORC1-S6K1 axis after heavy resistance exercise is not inhibited by subsequent endurance exercise. It is also suggested that prior activation of mTORC1 signaling may repress subsequent phosphorylation of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Apró
- Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
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146
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Abstract
Hormesis in ageing is probably represented by mild stress-induced stimulation of protective mechanisms in cells and organisms resulting in biologically beneficial effects. Mild stress and hormetins may act on bifurcation points in the complex network of cell signaling and transcription factors, often turning homeodynamics to health or survival. Several signaling pathways activated by diverse stimuli and by stress response converge on NF-κB activation, resulting in a regulatory system characterized by high complexity. NF-κB behaves as a chaotic oscillator and it is increasingly recognized that the number of components that impinges upon phenotypic outcomes of signal transduction pathways may be higher than those taken into consideration from canonical pathway representations. NF-κB is closely related to other important upstream signaling networks, creating chaotic oscillators with other receptor-related kinases and targeting hubs for hormesis. The great bulk of natural hormetins acts on these signaling pathways, while NF-κB appears as a key regulatory factor in this context. Due to its tight relationship with main signaling system NF-κB plays a fundamental role in stress response, apoptosis and autophagy and appears to be a possible target for hormesis in ageing.
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147
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Hoier B, Prats C, Qvortrup K, Pilegaard H, Bangsbo J, Hellsten Y. Subcellular localization and mechanism of secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2013; 27:3496-504. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-224618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Hoier
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and SportUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Clara Prats
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCore Facility of Integrated MicroscopyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Klaus Qvortrup
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCore Facility of Integrated MicroscopyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and SportUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and SportUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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148
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Radak Z, Koltai E, Taylor AW, Higuchi M, Kumagai S, Ohno H, Goto S, Boldogh I. Redox-regulating sirtuins in aging, caloric restriction, and exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 58:87-97. [PMID: 23339850 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The consequence of decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) levels as a result of oxidative challenge is altered activity of sirtuins, which, in turn, brings about a wide range of modifications in mammalian cellular metabolism. Sirtuins, especially SIRT1, deacetylate important transcription factors such as p53, forkhead homeobox type O proteins, nuclear factor κB, or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (which controls the transcription of pro- and antioxidant enzymes, by which the cellular redox state is affected). The role of SIRT1 in DNA repair is enigmatic, because it activates Ku70 to cope with double-strand breaks, but deacetylation of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 and probably of 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase 1 decreases the activity of these DNA repair enzymes. The protein-stabilizing effects of the NAD+-dependent lysine deacetylases are readily related to housekeeping and redox regulation. The role of sirtuins in caloric restriction (CR)-related longevity in yeast is currently under debate. However, in mammals, it seems certain that sirtuins are involved in many cellular processes that mediate longevity and disease prevention via the effects of CR through the vascular, neuronal, and muscular systems. Regular physical exercise-mediated health promotion also involves sirtuin-regulated pathways including the antioxidant-, macromolecular damage repair-, energy-, mitochondrial function-, and neuronal plasticity-associated pathways. This review critically evaluates these findings and points out the age-associated role of sirtuins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary.
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149
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Popov DV, Zinovkin RA, Karger EM, Tarasova OS, Vinogradova OL. The effect of aerobic exercise on the expression of genes in skeletal muscles of trained and untrained men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119713020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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150
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Green HJ, Burnett M, Carter S, Jacobs I, Ranney D, Smith I, Tupling S. Role of exercise duration on metabolic adaptations in working muscle to short-term moderate-to-heavy aerobic-based cycle training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:1965-78. [PMID: 23543067 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2621-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the relative roles of the duration versus intensity of exercise on the metabolic adaptations in vastus lateralis to short-term (10 day) aerobic-based cycle training. Healthy males with a peak aerobic power (VO2 peak) of 46.0 ± 2.0 ml kg(-1) min(-1) were assigned to either a 30-min (n = 7) or a 60-min (n = 8) duration performed at two different intensities (with order randomly assigned), namely moderate (M) and heavy (H), corresponding to 70 and 86 % VO2 peak, respectively. No change (P > 0.05) in VO2 peak was observed regardless of the training program. Based on the metabolic responses to prolonged exercise (60 % VO2 peak), both M and H and 30 and 60 min protocols displayed less of a decrease (P < 0.05) in phosphocreatine (PCr) and glycogen (Glyc) and less of an increase (P < 0.05) in free adenosine diphosphate (ADPf), free adenosine monophosphate (AMPf), inosine monophosphate (IMP) and lactate (La). Training for 60 min compared with 30 min resulted in a greater protection (P < 0.05) of ADPf, AMPf, PCr and Glyc during exercise, effects that were not displayed between M and H. The reduction in both VO2 and RER (P < 0.05) observed during submaximal exercise did not depend on training program specifics. These findings indicate that in conjunction with our earlier study (Green et al., Eur J Appl Physiol, 2012b), a threshold exists for duration rather than intensity of aerobic exercise to induce a greater training impact in reducing metabolic strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Green
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON , N2L3G1, Canada.
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