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Cuevas-Sierra A, Ramos-Lopez O, Riezu-Boj JI, Milagro FI, Martinez JA. Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Obesity: Links with Host Genetics and Epigenetics and Potential Applications. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:S17-S30. [PMID: 30721960 PMCID: PMC6363528 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is involved in the development of obesity and associated comorbidities. It has been reported that the composition of the gut microbiota differs in obese and lean subjects, suggesting that microbiota dysbiosis can contribute to changes in body weight. However, the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota participates in energy homeostasis are unclear. Gut microbiota can be modulated positively or negatively by different lifestyle and dietary factors. Interestingly, complex interactions between genetic background, gut microbiota, and diet have also been reported concerning the risk of developing obesity and metabolic syndrome features. Moreover, microbial metabolites can induce epigenetic modifications (i.e., changes in DNA methylation and micro-RNA expression), with potential implications for health status and susceptibility to obesity. Also, microbial products, such as short-chain fatty acids or membrane proteins, may affect host metabolism by regulating appetite, lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, inflammation, and other functions. Metabolomic approaches are being used to identify new postbiotics with biological activity in the host, allowing discovery of new targets and tools for incorporation into personalized therapies. This review summarizes the current understanding of the relations between the human gut microbiota and the onset and development of obesity. These scientific insights are paving the way to understanding the complex relation between obesity and microbiota. Among novel approaches, prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiome transplantation could be useful to restore gut dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cuevas-Sierra
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology and Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Omar Ramos-Lopez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology and Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose I Riezu-Boj
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology and Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermin I Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology and Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology and Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies (IMDEA Food), Madrid, Spain
- Address correspondence to JAM (e-mail: )
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102
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Lachica M, Rodríguez-López JM, González-Valero L, Fernández-Fígares I. Iberian pig adaptation to acorn consumption: II. Net portal appearance of amino acids. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6137. [PMID: 30588411 PMCID: PMC6302897 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Iberian pig outdoor production, pigs are fed equilibrated diets until the final fattening period when grazing pigs consume mainly acorns from oak trees. Acorns are rich in energy but poor in crude protein where lysine is the first limiting amino acid (AA). Net portal appearance (NPA) is very useful to ascertain AA available for liver and peripheral tissues. The aim of this study was to determine NPA of AA in Iberian gilts fed with acorns and to ascertain if there was an effect of acorn feeding over time. Two sampling periods were carried out (after one day and after one week of acorn feeding) with six gilts (34 kg average BW) set up with three catheters: in carotid artery and portal vein for blood sampling, and ileal vein for a marker infusion to measure portal plasma flow (PPF). Pigs were fed at 2.5 × ME for maintenance a standard diet in two meals, at 09:00 (0.25) and 15:00 h (the remaining 0.75). The day previous to first sampling, pig diet was replaced by 2.4 kg of acorn. A serial blood collection was done at -5 min, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5 and 6 h after feeding 0.25 of total daily acorn ration. Following identical protocol, one week later the second sampling was done. NPA of sum of essential AA (EAA) was poor. Although increased NPA of histidine (P < 0.001), leucine, phenylalanine and valine (0.05 < P < 0.08) was found after one week of acorn consumption, the sum of EAA did not change. Furthermore, fractional absorption (NPA/AA intake) of EAA, non-essential AA (NEAA) and total AA was 97, 44 and 49% lower, respectively, at the beginning of eating acorn than a week later. Supplementation, with some of the EAA and NEAA to Iberian pigs during the grazing period would be beneficial to overcome the increased portal-drained viscera (PDV) utilization of AA observed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lachica
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Lucrecia González-Valero
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández-Fígares
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
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103
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Ma N, Ma X. Dietary Amino Acids and the Gut-Microbiome-Immune Axis: Physiological Metabolism and Therapeutic Prospects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:221-242. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural Univ.; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural Univ.; Beijing 100193 China
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi Univ.; Xinjiang 832003 China
- Dept. of Internal Medicine; Dept. of Biochemistry; Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX 75390 USA
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104
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Yang H, Yang M, Fang S, Huang X, He M, Ke S, Gao J, Wu J, Zhou Y, Fu H, Chen C, Huang L. Evaluating the profound effect of gut microbiome on host appetite in pigs. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:215. [PMID: 30547751 PMCID: PMC6295093 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are growing evidences showing that gut microbiota should play an important role in host appetite and feeding behavior. However, what kind of microbe(s) and how they affect porcine appetite remain unknown. Results In this study, 280 commercial Duroc pigs were raised in a testing station with the circadian feeding behavior records for a continuous period of 30–100 kg. We first analyzed the influences of host gender and genetics in porcine average daily feed intake (ADFI), but no significant effect was observed. We found that the Prevotella-predominant enterotype had a higher ADFI than the Treponema enterotype-like group. Furthermore, 12 out of the 18 OTUs positively associated with the ADFI were annotated to Prevotella, and Prevotella was the hub bacteria in the co-abundance network. These results suggested that Prevotella might be a keystone bacterial taxon for increasing host feed intake. However, some bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactic acid (e.g. Ruminococcaceae and Lactobacillus) showed negative associations with the ADFI. Predicted function capacity analysis showed that the genes for amino acid biosynthesis had significantly different enrichment between pigs with high and low ADFI. Conclusions The present study provided important information on the profound effect of gut microbiota on porcine appetite and feeding behavior. This will profit us to regulate porcine appetite through modulating the gut microbiome in the pig industry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1364-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.,College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Wens Foodstuff Co. Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Shaoming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiaochang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Maozhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Shanlin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Jun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Jinyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yunyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Hao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Congying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Lusheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
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105
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Neu J, Pammi M. Necrotizing enterocolitis: The intestinal microbiome, metabolome and inflammatory mediators. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 23:400-405. [PMID: 30172660 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease of preterm infants and associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Although the pathogenesis of NEC is not clear, microbial dysbiosis, with a bloom of the phylum Proteobacteria, has been reported. Antibiotics and the use of H2 blockers, which affect the gut microbiome, are associated with increased incidence of NEC. In association with dysbiosis, inflammatory processes are upregulated with increased Toll-like receptor signaling, leading to translocation of nuclear factor kappa-β, a transcription factor that induces transcription of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Microbial metabolites, short chain fatty acids including acetate and butyrate, may modulate immunity, inflammation, intestinal integrity and regulate transcription by epigenetic mechanisms. Evaluation of microbiome and metabolome may provide biomarkers for early diagnosis of NEC and microbial therapeutic approaches to correct microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Neu
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Mohan Pammi
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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106
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Abais-Battad JM, Mattson DL. Influence of dietary protein on Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension: a potential role for gut microbiota. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R907-R914. [PMID: 30133303 PMCID: PMC6295491 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00399.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High blood pressure affects 1.39 billion adults across the globe and is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. Hypertension is a multifaceted disease with known genetic and environmental factors contributing to its progression. Our studies utilizing the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat have demonstrated the remarkable influence of dietary protein and maternal environment on the development of hypertension and renal damage in response to high salt. There is growing interest in the relationship between the microbiome and hypertension, with gut dysbiosis being correlated to a number of pathologies. This review summarizes the current literature regarding the interplay among dietary protein, the gut microbiota, and hypertension. These studies may provide insight into the effects we have observed between diet and hypertension in Dahl SS rats and, we hope, lead to new perspectives where potential dietary interventions or microbiota manipulations could serve as plausible therapies for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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107
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Insights into the Populations of Proteolytic and Amino Acid-Fermenting Bacteria from Microbiota Analysis Using In Vitro Enrichment Cultures. Curr Microbiol 2018; 75:1543-1550. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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108
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Wang Y, Zhou J, Wang G, Cai S, Zeng X, Qiao S. Advances in low-protein diets for swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:60. [PMID: 30034802 PMCID: PMC6052556 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the great advantages of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) with free amino acids (AA) supplementation for sustainable swine industry, including saving protein ingredients, reducing nitrogen excretion, feed costs and the risk of gut disorders without impairing growth performance compared to traditional diets. However, a tendency toward increased fatness is a matter of concern when pigs are fed low-protein (LP) diets. In response, the use of the net energy system and balanced AA for formulation of LP diets has been proposed as a solution. Moreover, the extent to which dietary CP can be reduced is complicated. Meanwhile, the requirements for the first five limiting AA (lysine, threonine, sulfur-containing AA, tryptophan, and valine) that growing-finishing pigs fed LP diets were higher than pigs fed traditional diets, because the need for nitrogen for endogenous synthesis of non-essential AA to support protein synthesis may be increased when dietary CP is lowered. Overall, to address these concerns and give a better understanding of this nutritional strategy, this paper reviews recent advances in the study of LP diets for swine and provides some insights into future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Junyan Zhou
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Gang Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shuang Cai
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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109
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Gao K, Pi Y, Mu CL, Peng Y, Huang Z, Zhu WY. Antibiotics-induced modulation of large intestinal microbiota altered aromatic amino acid profile and expression of neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus of piglets. J Neurochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kan Gao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Yu Pi
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Chun-Long Mu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Yu Peng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Zan Huang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Wei-Yun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
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110
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Chen J, Kang B, Jiang Q, Han M, Zhao Y, Long L, Fu C, Yao K. Alpha-Ketoglutarate in Low-Protein Diets for Growing Pigs: Effects on Cecal Microbial Communities and Parameters of Microbial Metabolism. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1057. [PMID: 29904374 PMCID: PMC5991137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), a critical molecule in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is beneficial to intestinal functions. However, its influence on intestinal microbiota and metabolism is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of a low-protein (LP) diet supplemented with AKG on cecal microbial communities and the parameters of microbial metabolism in growing pigs. Twenty-seven young pigs (Large White × Landrace) with an average initial body weight of 11.96 ± 0.18 kg were randomly allotted into three groups (n = 9): a normal protein (NP) diet containing 20% crude protein (CP); LP diet formulated with 17% CP (LP diet); or LP diet supplemented with 10 g kg-1 of AKG (ALP diet). After a 35-day trial period, the digesta of the cecum were collected to analyze the concentrations of ammonia and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). We also performed a microbial analysis. Although no significant differences were found in performance among the diet groups, pigs fed the ALP diet had greater average daily gain (ADG) when compared with those in the LP group. Experimental diet did not affect cecal bacterial richness or diversity, as determined by Chao1 and ACE species richness measures and Shannon and Simpson indices, respectively. The predominant phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria increased in relative abundances in the cecum of pigs fed ALP diet. At the genus level, compared to the LP diet, the ALP diet significantly increased the abundances of Lachnospiraceae UCG-005, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, Phascolarctobacterium and Parabacteroides, while decreased Vibrio and Maritalea. Pigs fed the ALP diet increased Oribacterium and Lachnoclostridium when compared with the NP diet. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that the distribution of microbiota at each group was distinctly clustered separately along principal coordinate. In addition, quantitative PCR revealed that the ALP diet was also associated with increases in the amounts of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus, but a decrease in the level of Escherichia coli. Compared with the NP diet, the ALP diet enhanced the concentrations of valerate and propionate. This ALP diet also increased the concentrations of valerate and isobutyrate when compared with the LP diet. Moreover, the ALP diet was linked with a significant decline in the concentration of ammonia in the cecum. These results indicate that a LP diet supplemented with AKG can alter the balance in microbial communities, increasing the population of SCFA-producing bacteria and the amounts of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, while reducing the counts of Escherichia coli and the amount of ammonia in the cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Baoju Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yurong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Lina Long
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Chenxing Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Kang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
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111
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An R, Tang Z, Li Y, Li T, Xu Q, Zhen J, Huang F, Yang J, Chen C, Wu Z, Li M, Sun J, Zhang X, Chen J, Wu L, Zhao S, Qingyan J, Zhu W, Yin Y, Sun Z. Activation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase by Sodium Dichloroacetate Shifts Metabolic Consumption from Amino Acids to Glucose in IPEC-J2 Cells and Intestinal Bacteria in Pigs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3793-3800. [PMID: 29471628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The extensive metabolism of amino acids (AA) as fuel is an important reason for the low use efficiency of protein in pigs. In this study, we investigated whether regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)/pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha 1 (PDHA1) pathway affected AA consumption by porcine intestinal epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells and intestinal bacteria in pigs. The effects of knockdown of PDHA1 and PDK1 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) on nutrient consumption by IPEC-J2 cells were evaluated. IPEC-J2 cells were then cultured with sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) to quantify AA and glucose consumption and nutrient oxidative metabolism. The results showed that knockdown of PDHA1 using siRNA decreased glucose consumption but increased total AA (TAA) and glutamate (Glu) consumption by IPEC-J2 cells ( P < 0.05). Opposite effects were observed using siRNA targeting PDK1 ( P < 0.05). Additionally, culturing IPEC-J2 cells in the presence of 5 mM DCA markedly increased the phosphorylation of PDHA1 and PDH phosphatase 1, but inhibited PDK1 phosphorylation ( P < 0.05). DCA treatment also reduced TAA and Glu consumption and increased glucose depletion ( P < 0.05). These results indicated that PDH was the regulatory target for shifting from AA metabolism to glucose metabolism and that culturing cells with DCA decreased the consumption of AAs by increasing the depletion of glucose through PDH activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui An
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha 410125 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jifu Zhen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Feiru Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoliang Wu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Li
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajing Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangxin Zhang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinchao Chen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liuting Wu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjun Zhao
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering , Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan 430023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Qingyan
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Huanan Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha 410125 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
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112
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Ma N, Guo P, Zhang J, He T, Kim SW, Zhang G, Ma X. Nutrients Mediate Intestinal Bacteria-Mucosal Immune Crosstalk. Front Immunol 2018; 9:5. [PMID: 29416535 PMCID: PMC5787545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is the shared site of nutrient digestion, microbiota colonization and immune cell location and this geographic proximity contributes to a large extent to their interaction. The onset and development of a great many diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and metabolic syndrome, will be caused due to the imbalance of body immune. As competent assistants, the intestinal bacteria are also critical in disease prevention and control. Moreover, the gut commensal bacteria are essential for development and normal operation of immune system and the pathogens are also closely bound up with physiological disorders and diseases mediated by immune imbalance. Understanding how our diet and nutrient affect bacterial composition and dynamic function, and the innate and adaptive status of our immune system, represents not only a research need but also an opportunity or challenge to improve health. Herein, this review focuses on the recent discoveries about intestinal bacteria–immune crosstalk and nutritional regulation on their interplay, with an aim to provide novel insights that can aid in understanding their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pingting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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113
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Gao K, Pi Y, Peng Y, Mu CL, Zhu WY. Time-course responses of ileal and fecal microbiota and metabolite profiles to antibiotics in cannulated pigs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2289-2299. [PMID: 29362824 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the time-course effects of therapeutic antibiotics on intestinal microbial composition and metabolism in an ileal-cannulated pig model. Sixteen ileal-cannulated piglets (12 ± 0.5 kg) were assigned to two groups (n = 8) and fed standard diets with or without antibiotics. At 4 days before, and at days 2, 7, and 13 after antibiotic administration, ileal and fecal samples were collected for analysis of microbiota composition via 16S rRNA MiSeq sequencing and metabolites (short-chain fatty acids, biogenic amines, and indole). It was found that Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium had decreased by an average 2.68-fold and 508-fold in ileum on days 2-13, and by an average 45.08-fold and 71.50-fold in feces on days 7-13 (P < 0.05). Escherichia/Shigella had increased by an average 265-fold in ileum on days 2-13, and by an average 36.70-fold in feces on days 7-13 (P < 0.05). Acetate concentration had decreased in ileum by an average 2.88-fold on days 2-13, and by 1.83-fold in feces on day 7 (P < 0.05). Cadaverine concentration had increased by an average 7.03-fold in ileum on days 2-13, and by an average 9.96-fold in feces on days 7-13 (P < 0.05), and fecal indole concentration had increased by an average 2.51-fold on days 7-13 (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis between significant microbes and metabolites indicated that the antibiotic-induced microbiota shift appeared to result in the changes of intestinal metabolism. In conclusion, antibiotic administration led to dynamic changes in microbial communities and metabolism in ileum and feces, with ileal microbiota being more prone to shift than fecal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Gao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Pi
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Peng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Long Mu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Yun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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114
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Chen J, Yang H, Long L, Zhao Y, Jiang Q, Wu F, Kang B, Liu S, Adebowale TO, Fu C, Yao K. The effects of dietary supplementation with α-ketoglutarate on the intestinal microbiota, metabolic profiles, and ammonia levels in growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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115
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Yadav M, Verma MK, Chauhan NS. A review of metabolic potential of human gut microbiome in human nutrition. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:203-217. [PMID: 29188341 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human gut contains a plethora of microbes, providing a platform for metabolic interaction between the host and microbiota. Metabolites produced by the gut microbiota act as a link between gut microbiota and its host. These metabolites act as messengers having the capacity to alter the gut microbiota. Recent advances in the characterization of the gut microbiota and its symbiotic relationship with the host have provided a platform to decode metabolic interactions. The human gut microbiota, a crucial component for dietary metabolism, is shaped by the genetic, epigenetic and dietary factors. The metabolic potential of gut microbiota explains its significance in host health and diseases. The knowledge of interactions between microbiota and host metabolism, as well as modification of microbial ecology, is really beneficial to have effective therapeutic treatments for many diet-related diseases in near future. This review cumulates the information to map the role of human gut microbiota in dietary component metabolism, the role of gut microbes derived metabolites in human health and host-microbe metabolic interactions in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Nar Singh Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
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116
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Zhou H, Yu B, Gao J, Htoo JK, Chen D. Regulation of intestinal health by branched-chain amino acids. Anim Sci J 2017; 89:3-11. [PMID: 29164733 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Besides its primary role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, the intestine also interacts with a complex external milieu, and is the first defense line against noxious pathogens and antigens. Dysfunction of the intestinal barrier is associated with enhanced intestinal permeability and development of various gastrointestinal diseases. The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are important nutrients, which are the essential substrates for protein biosynthesis. Recently, emerging evidence showed that BCAAs are involved in maintaining intestinal barrier function. It has been reported that dietary supplementation with BCAAs promotes intestinal development, enhances enterocyte proliferation, increases intestinal absorption of amino acids (AA) and glucose, and improves the immune defenses of piglets. The underlying mechanism of these effects is mediated by regulating expression of genes and proteins associate with various signaling pathways. In addition, BCAAs promote the production of beneficial bacteria in the intestine of mice. Compelling evidence supports the notion that BCAAs play important roles in both nutrition and intestinal health. Therefore, as functional amino acids with various physiological effects, BCAAs hold key roles in promoting intestinal development and health in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Evonik Degussa (China) Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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117
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Gu M, Bai N, Xu B, Xu X, Jia Q, Zhang Z. Protective effect of glutamine and arginine against soybean meal-induced enteritis in the juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:95-105. [PMID: 28882796 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soybean meal can induce enteritis in the distal intestine (DI) and decrease the immunity of several cultured fish species, including turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Glutamine and arginine supplementation have been used to improve immunity and intestinal morphology in fish. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of these two amino acids on the immunity and intestinal health of turbot suffering from soybean meal-induced enteritis. Turbots (initial weight 7.6 g) were fed one of three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets for 8 weeks: SBM (control diet), with 40% soybean meal; GLN, SBM diet plus 1.5% glutamine; ARG, the SBM diet plus 1.5% arginine. Symptoms that are typical of soybean meal-induced enteritis, including swelling of the lamina propria and subepithelial mucosa and a strong infiltration of various inflammatory cells was observed in fish that fed the SBM diet. Glutamine and arginine supplementation significantly increased (1) the weight gain and feed efficiency ratio; (2) the height and vacuolization of villi and the integrity of microvilli in DI; (3) serum lysozyme activity, and the concentrations of C3, C4, and IgM. These two amino acids also significantly decreased the infiltration of leucocytes in the lamina propria and submucosa and the expression of inflammatory cytokines including il-8, tnf-α, and tgf-β. For the mucosal microbiota, arginine supplementation significantly increased microbiota community richness and diversity, and glutamine supplementation significantly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Bacillus. These results indicate that dietary glutamine and arginine improved the growth performance, feed utilization, and distal intestinal morphology, activated the innate and adaptive immune systems, changed the intestinal mucosal microbiota community, and relieved SBMIE possibly by suppression of the inflammation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gu
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, 180 Wenhua West Road, Weihai, 264209, PR China
| | - Nan Bai
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, 180 Wenhua West Road, Weihai, 264209, PR China.
| | - Bingying Xu
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, 180 Wenhua West Road, Weihai, 264209, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, 180 Wenhua West Road, Weihai, 264209, PR China
| | - Qian Jia
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, 180 Wenhua West Road, Weihai, 264209, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, 180 Wenhua West Road, Weihai, 264209, PR China
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118
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Shen J, Liu Z, Yu Z, Zhu W. Monensin and Nisin Affect Rumen Fermentation and Microbiota Differently In Vitro. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1111. [PMID: 28670304 PMCID: PMC5472720 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nisin, a bacteriocin, is a potential alternative to antibiotics to modulate rumen fermentation. However, little is known about its impacts on rumen microbes. This study evaluated the effects of nisin (1 and 5 μM) on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics, microbiota, and select groups of rumen microbes in comparison with monensin (5 μM), one of the most commonly used ionophores in ruminants. Nisin had greater effects than monensin in inhibiting methane production and decreasing acetate/propionate ratio. Unlike monensin, nisin had no adverse effect on dry matter digestibility. Real-time PCR analysis showed that both monensin and nisin reduced the populations of total bacteria, fungi, and methanogens, while the population of protozoa was reduced only by monensin. Principal component analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons showed a clear separation between the microbiota shaped by monensin and by nisin. Comparative analysis also revealed a significant difference in relative abundance of some bacteria in different taxa between monensin and nisin. The different effects of monensin and nisin on microbial populations and bacterial communities are probably responsible for the discrepancy in their effects on rumen fermentation. Nisin may have advantages over monensin in modulating ruminal microbial ecology and reducing ruminant methane production without adversely affecting feed digestion, and thus it may be used as a potential alternative to monensin fed to ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshi Shen
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China.,Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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119
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Wu G, Bazer FW, Johnson GA, Herring C, Seo H, Dai Z, Wang J, Wu Z, Wang X. Functional amino acids in the development of the pig placenta. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:870-882. [PMID: 28390193 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian placenta is essential for supplying nutrients (e.g., amino acids and water) and oxygen from the mother to fetus and for removing fetal metabolites (e.g., ammonia and CO2 ) from fetus to mother. Thus, placental growth and development are determinants of fetal survival, growth, and development. Indeed, low birth weight is closely associated with reduced placental growth. Providing gestating gilts or sows with dietary supplementation of arginine and glutamine, increases placental growth (including vascular growth), improves embryonic/fetal growth and survival, and reduces the large variation in birth weight among litters. These two amino acids serve as building blocks for tissue protein as well as substrates for the production of polyamines and nitric oxide, which stimulate DNA and protein synthesis and angiogenesis and vascular growth in the placenta. These recent findings not only greatly advance the field of mammalian amino acid metabolism and nutrition, but also provide practical, mechanism-based methods to enhance reproductive efficiency in swine. These results may also help improve embryonic/fetal survival and growth in other livestock species (e.g., sheep and cattle) and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Gregory A Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Cassandra Herring
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Heewon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Henan Yinfa Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Xinzheng, Henan, China
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120
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Mu C, Yang Y, Su Y, Zoetendal EG, Zhu W. Differences in Microbiota Membership along the Gastrointestinal Tract of Piglets and Their Differential Alterations Following an Early-Life Antibiotic Intervention. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:797. [PMID: 28536561 PMCID: PMC5422473 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life antibiotic interventions can change the predisposition to disease by disturbing the gut microbiota. However, the impact of antibiotics on gut microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract is not completely understood, although antibiotic-induced alterations in the distal gut have been reported. Here, employing a piglet model, the microbial composition was analyzed by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PICRUSt predictions of metagenome function. The present study showed clear spatial variation of microbial communities in the stomach and intestine, and found that the administration of antibiotics (a mixture of olaquindox, oxytetracycline calcium, kitasamycin) in early life caused markedly differential alterations in the compartmentalized microbiota, with major alterations in their spatial variation in the lumen of the stomach and small intestine. In piglets fed an antibiotic-free diet, most of the variation in microbial communities was concentrated in gut segments and niches (lumen/mucosa). The microbial diversity was higher in the lumen of stomach and duodenum than that in ileum. The early-life antibiotic intervention decreased the abundance of some Lactobacillus species and increased the abundance of potentially pathogenic Streptococcus suis in the lumen of the stomach and small intestine. Interestingly, the intervention increased the abundance of Treponema only in the colonic lumen and that of Faecalibacterium only in the ileal mucosa. Furthermore, the antibiotic intervention exerted location-specific effects on the functional potential involved in the phosphotransferase system (decreased sucrose phosphotransferase in the stomach) and antibiotic-resistance genes (increased in the colon). These results point to an early-life antibiotic-induced dramatic and location-specific shift in the gut microbiota, with profound impact in the foregut and less impact in the hindgut. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the membership of the microbiota along the gastrointestinal tract of piglets and highlight the importance of considering the foregut microbiota in health management of piglets at early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Erwin G Zoetendal
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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121
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Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1-24. [PMID: 28393285 PMCID: PMC5847071 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1311] [Impact Index Per Article: 187.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The diverse microbial community that inhabits the human gut has an extensive metabolic repertoire that is distinct from, but complements the activity of mammalian enzymes in the liver and gut mucosa and includes functions essential for host digestion. As such, the gut microbiota is a key factor in shaping the biochemical profile of the diet and, therefore, its impact on host health and disease. The important role that the gut microbiota appears to play in human metabolism and health has stimulated research into the identification of specific microorganisms involved in different processes, and the elucidation of metabolic pathways, particularly those associated with metabolism of dietary components and some host-generated substances. In the first part of the review, we discuss the main gut microorganisms, particularly bacteria, and microbial pathways associated with the metabolism of dietary carbohydrates (to short chain fatty acids and gases), proteins, plant polyphenols, bile acids, and vitamins. The second part of the review focuses on the methodologies, existing and novel, that can be employed to explore gut microbial pathways of metabolism. These include mathematical models, omics techniques, isolated microbes, and enzyme assays.
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122
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Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1716701. [PMID: 28337245 PMCID: PMC5350494 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1716701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycine is most important and simple, nonessential amino acid in humans, animals, and many mammals. Generally, glycine is synthesized from choline, serine, hydroxyproline, and threonine through interorgan metabolism in which kidneys and liver are the primarily involved. Generally in common feeding conditions, glycine is not sufficiently synthesized in humans, animals, and birds. Glycine acts as precursor for several key metabolites of low molecular weight such as creatine, glutathione, haem, purines, and porphyrins. Glycine is very effective in improving the health and supports the growth and well-being of humans and animals. There are overwhelming reports supporting the role of supplementary glycine in prevention of many diseases and disorders including cancer. Dietary supplementation of proper dose of glycine is effectual in treating metabolic disorders in patients with cardiovascular diseases, several inflammatory diseases, obesity, cancers, and diabetes. Glycine also has the property to enhance the quality of sleep and neurological functions. In this review we will focus on the metabolism of glycine in humans and animals and the recent findings and advances about the beneficial effects and protection of glycine in different disease states.
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123
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Zhang S, Zeng X, Ren M, Mao X, Qiao S. Novel metabolic and physiological functions of branched chain amino acids: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:10. [PMID: 28127425 PMCID: PMC5260006 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are not only elementary components for building muscle tissue but also participate in increasing protein synthesis in animals and humans. BCAA (isoleucine, leucine and valine) regulate many key signaling pathways, the most classic of which is the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. This signaling pathway connects many diverse physiological and metabolic roles. Recent years have witnessed many striking developments in determining the novel functions of BCAA including: (1) Insufficient or excessive levels of BCAA in the diet enhances lipolysis. (2) BCAA, especially isoleucine, play a major role in enhancing glucose consumption and utilization by up-regulating intestinal and muscular glucose transporters. (3) Supplementation of leucine in the diet enhances meat quality in finishing pigs. (4) BCAA are beneficial for mammary health, milk quality and embryo growth. (5) BCAA enhance intestinal development, intestinal amino acid transportation and mucin production. (6) BCAA participate in up-regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, abnormally elevated BCAA levels in the blood (decreased BCAA catabolism) are a good biomarker for the early detection of obesity, diabetes and other metabolic diseases. This review will provide some insights into these novel metabolic and physiological functions of BCAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Man Ren
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science & Technology University, No. 9 Donghua Road, Fengyang, 233100 Anhui Province People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-ResistanceNutrition,Ministry of Education, Sichuan AgriculturalUniversity, Ya'an, Sichuan China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
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124
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Mu C, Yang Y, Yu K, Yu M, Zhang C, Su Y, Zhu W. Alteration of metabolomic markers of amino-acid metabolism in piglets with in-feed antibiotics. Amino Acids 2017; 49:771-781. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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125
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Portune KJ, Beaumont M, Davila AM, Tomé D, Blachier F, Sanz Y. Gut microbiota role in dietary protein metabolism and health-related outcomes: The two sides of the coin. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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126
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Utzschneider KM, Kratz M, Damman CJ, Hullar M. Mechanisms Linking the Gut Microbiome and Glucose Metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:1445-54. [PMID: 26938201 PMCID: PMC4880177 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-4251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review details potential mechanisms linking gut dysbiosis to metabolic dysfunction, including lipopolysaccharide, bile acids, short chain fatty acids, gut hormones, and branched-chain amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Utzschneider
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.M.U.), Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Public Health Sciences (M.K.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Gastroenterology (C.J.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Division of Public Health Sciences (M.H.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mario Kratz
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.M.U.), Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Public Health Sciences (M.K.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Gastroenterology (C.J.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Division of Public Health Sciences (M.H.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chris J Damman
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.M.U.), Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Public Health Sciences (M.K.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Gastroenterology (C.J.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Division of Public Health Sciences (M.H.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Meredith Hullar
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.M.U.), Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Public Health Sciences (M.K.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Gastroenterology (C.J.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Division of Public Health Sciences (M.H.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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Mu C, Yang Y, Luo Z, Guan L, Zhu W. The Colonic Microbiome and Epithelial Transcriptome Are Altered in Rats Fed a High-Protein Diet Compared with a Normal-Protein Diet. J Nutr 2016; 146:474-83. [PMID: 26843585 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.223990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high-protein diet (HPD) can produce hazardous compounds and reduce butyrate-producing bacteria in feces, which may be detrimental to gut health. However, information on whether HPD affects intestinal function is limited. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the impact of an HPD on the microbiota, microbial metabolites, and epithelial transcriptome in the colons of rats. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were fed either a normal-protein diet (20% protein, 56% carbohydrate) or an HPD (45% protein, 30% carbohydrate) for 6 wk (n = 10 rats per group, individually fed). After 6 wk, the colonic microbiome, microbial metabolites, and epithelial transcriptome were determined. RESULTS Compared with the normal-protein diet, the HPD adversely altered the colonic microbiota by increasing (P < 0.05) Escherichia/Shigella, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, and sulfate-reducing bacteria by 54.9-fold, 31.3-fold, 5.36-fold, and 2.59-fold, respectively. However, the HPD reduced Ruminococcus (8.04-fold), Akkermansia (not detected in HPD group), and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (3.5-fold) (P < 0.05), which are generally regarded as beneficial bacteria in the colon. Concomitant increases in cadaverine (4.88-fold), spermine (31.2-fold), and sulfide (4.8-fold) (P < 0.05) and a decrease in butyrate (2.16-fold) (P < 0.05) in the HPD rats indicated an evident shift toward the production of unhealthy microbial metabolites. In the colon epithelium of the HPD rats, transcriptome analysis identified an upregulation of genes (P < 0.05) involved in disease pathogenesis; these genes are involved in chemotaxis, the tumor necrosis factor signal process, and apoptosis. The HPD was also associated with a downregulation of many genes (P < 0.05) involved in immunoprotection, such as genes involved in innate immunity, O-linked glycosylation of mucin, and oxidative phosphorylation, suggesting there may be an increased disease risk in these rats. The abundance of Escherichia/Shigella, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus was positively correlated (Spearman's ρ > 0.7, P < 0.05) with genes and metabolites generally regarded as being involved in disease pathogenesis, suggesting these bacteria may mediate the detrimental effects of HPDs on colonic health. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the HPD altered the colonic microbial community, shifted the metabolic profile, and affected the host response in the colons of rats toward an increased risk of colonic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Zhen Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Leluo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; and
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128
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Li L, Zhang P, Zheng P, Bao Z, Wang Y, Huang F. Hepatic cumulative net appearance of amino acids and related gene expression response to different protein diets in pigs. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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129
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Zeng X, Huang Z, Zhang F, Mao X, Zhang S, Qiao S. Oral administration of N-carbamylglutamate might improve growth performance and intestinal function of suckling piglets. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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130
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Kong X, Zhou X, Feng Z, Li F, Ji Y, Tan B, Liu Y, Geng M, Wu G, Blachier F, Yin Y. Dietary supplementation with monosodium l-glutamate modifies lipid composition and gene expression related to lipid metabolism in growing pigs fed a normal- or high-fat diet. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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131
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Wang H, Ji Y, Wu G, Sun K, Sun Y, Li W, Wang B, He B, Zhang Q, Dai Z, Wu Z. l-Tryptophan Activates Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and Enhances Expression of Tight Junction Proteins in Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells. J Nutr 2015; 145:1156-62. [PMID: 25878205 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.209817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides serving as a substrate for protein synthesis, L-tryptophan (L-Trp) is used via serotonin-, kynurenine-, and niacin-synthetic pathways to produce bioactive compounds crucial for whole-body homeostasis. It is unknown whether L-Trp itself can regulate metabolic pathways in animal cells. OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that L-Trp may activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 and enhance expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. METHODS Jejunal enterocytes, intestinal porcine epithelial cell line 1 (IPEC-1) isolated from newborn pigs, were cultured in customized Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with or without L-Trp for the indicated time periods. Cell proliferation, L-Trp metabolism, protein turnover, mRNA abundance for L-Trp transporters [solute carrier family 3 member 1 (SLC3A1), solute carrier family 6 member 14 (SLC6A14), solute carrier family 6 member 19 (SLC6A19), and Na(+)/K(+) ATPase subunit-α1 (ATP1A1)], abundance of proteins involved in mTOR signaling, and TJ proteins were determined. RESULTS L-Trp was not degraded in IPEC-1 cells. Compared with basal medium containing 0.04 mmol/L L-Trp, 0.4 and 0.8 mmol/L L-Trp enhanced (P < 0.05) protein synthesis by 45-52% and cell growth by 17% and 25% on day 1 and 72% and 51% on day 2, respectively, while reducing (P < 0.05) protein degradation by 12% and 22%, respectively. These effects of L-Trp were associated with mTOR activation and increased (P < 0.05) mRNA abundance for L-Trp transporters (SLC6A19, SLC6A14, and SLC3A1) by 1.5-2.7 fold and ATP1A1 by 3 fold. L-Trp also upregulated (P < 0.05) the abundance of occludin, claudin-4, zonula occludens (ZO) 1 and 2 by 0.5-2 fold but did not affect expression of claudin-1 or ZO-3 in IPEC-1 cells. CONCLUSION L-Trp is not catabolized by pig small intestinal epithelial cells but can regulate intracellular protein turnover and expression of TJ proteins in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Kaiji Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yuli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Beibei He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
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Sun Y, Wu Z, Li W, Zhang C, Sun K, Ji Y, Wang B, Jiao N, He B, Wang W, Dai Z, Wu G. Dietary l-leucine supplementation enhances intestinal development in suckling piglets. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1517-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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133
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Neis EPJG, Dejong CHC, Rensen SS. The role of microbial amino acid metabolism in host metabolism. Nutrients 2015; 7:2930-46. [PMID: 25894657 PMCID: PMC4425181 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in gut microbiota composition and function are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The functional output of the gut microbiota, including short-chain fatty acids and amino acids, are thought to be important modulators underlying the development of these disorders. Gut bacteria can alter the bioavailability of amino acids by utilization of several amino acids originating from both alimentary and endogenous proteins. In turn, gut bacteria also provide amino acids to the host. This could have significant implications in the context of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, conditions associated with elevated systemic concentrations of certain amino acids, in particular the aromatic and branched-chain amino acids. Moreover, several amino acids released by gut bacteria can serve as precursors for the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids, which also play a role in the development of obesity. In this review, we aim to compile the available evidence on the contribution of microbial amino acids to host amino acid homeostasis, and to assess the role of the gut microbiota as a determinant of amino acid and short-chain fatty acid perturbations in human obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien P J G Neis
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis H C Dejong
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander S Rensen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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134
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Dai Z, Wu Z, Hang S, Zhu W, Wu G. Amino acid metabolism in intestinal bacteria and its potential implications for mammalian reproduction. Mol Hum Reprod 2015; 21:389-409. [PMID: 25609213 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gav003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is vital for producing offspring and preserving genetic resources. However, incidences of many reproductive disorders (e.g. miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, premature delivery and lower sperm quality) have either increased dramatically or remained at high rates over the last decades. Mounting evidence shows a strong correlation between enteral protein nutrition and reproduction. Besides serving as major nutrients in the diet, amino acids (AA) are signaling molecules in the regulation of diverse physiological processes, ranging from spermatogenesis to oocyte fertilization and to embryo implantation. Notably, the numbers of bacteria in the intestine exceed the numbers of host cells by 10 times. Microbes in the small-intestinal lumen actively metabolize large amounts of dietary AA and, therefore, affect the entry of AA into the portal circulation for whole-body utilization. Changes in the composition and abundance of AA-metabolizing bacteria in the gut during pregnancy, as well as their translocation to the uterus, may alter uterine function and epigenetic modifications of maternal physiology and metabolism, which are crucial for pregnancy recognition and fetal development. Thus, the presence of the maternal gut microbiota and AA metabolites in the intrauterine environments (e.g. endometrium and placenta) and breast milk is likely a unique signature for the programming of the whole-body microbiome and metabolism in both the fetus and infant. Dietary intervention with functional AA, probiotics and prebiotics to alter the abundance and activity of intestinal bacteria may ameliorate or prevent the development of metabolic syndrome, while improving reproductive performance in both males and females as well as their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Suqin Hang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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135
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Wang W, Wu Z, Lin G, Hu S, Wang B, Dai Z, Wu G. Glycine stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits oxidative stress in pig small intestinal epithelial cells. J Nutr 2014; 144:1540-8. [PMID: 25122646 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.194001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine has recently been classified as a nutritionally essential amino acid for maximal growth in young pigs. Currently, little is known about the metabolism or function of glycine in the neonatal intestine. This work was conducted to test the hypothesis that glycine has a protective effect against oxidative stress in intestinal epithelial cells. Jejunal enterocytes isolated from newborn pigs were cultured in the presence of 0.0-2 mmol/L glycine for measurements of glycine metabolism, cell proliferation, protein turnover, apoptosis, and antioxidative response. Compared with 0.0-0.5 mmol/L glycine, 1.0 mmol/L glycine enhanced (P < 0.05) cell growth (by 8-24% on day 2 and by 34-224% on day 4, respectively) and protein synthesis (by 36-419%) while reducing (P < 0.05) protein degradation (by 7-28%). This effect of glycine was associated with activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in enterocytes. By using a model of oxidative stress induced by 30 μmol/L 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), which was assessed by flow cytometry analysis, 1.0 mmol/L glycine inhibited (P < 0.05) activation of caspase 3 by 25% and attenuated (P < 0.05) 4-HNE-induced apoptosis by 38% in intestinal porcine epithelial cell line 1 cells through promotion of reduced glutathione synthesis and expression of glycine transporter 1 while reducing the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, c-Jun amino-terminal kinases, and p38 protein in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. These novel findings provide a biochemical mechanism for the use of dietary glycine to improve intestinal health in neonates under conditions of oxidative stress and glycine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Gang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Shengdi Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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136
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Yang YX, Dai ZL, Zhu WY. Important impacts of intestinal bacteria on utilization of dietary amino acids in pigs. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2489-501. [PMID: 25063203 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria in pig intestine can actively metabolize amino acids (AA). However, little research has focused on the variation in AA metabolism by bacteria from different niches. This study compared the metabolism of AA by microorganisms derived from the lumen and epithelial wall of the pig small intestine, aiming to test the hypothesis that the metabolic profile of AA by gut microbes was niche specific. Samples from the digesta, gut wall washes and gut wall of the jejunum and ileum were used as inocula. Anaerobic media containing single AA were used and cultured for 24 h. The 24-h culture served as inocula for the subsequent 30 times of subcultures. Results showed that for the luminal bacteria, all AA concentrations except phenylalanine in the ileum decreased during the 24-h in vitro incubation with a increase of ammonia concentration, while 4 AA (glutamate, glutamine, arginine and lysine) in the jejunum decreased, with the disappearance rate at 60-95 %. For tightly attached bacteria, all AA concentrations were generally increased during the first 12 h and then decreased coupled with first a decrease and then an increase of ammonia concentration, suggesting a synthesis first and then a catabolism pattern. Among them, glutamate in both segments, histidine in the jejunum and lysine in the ileum increased significantly during the first 12 h and then decreased at 24 h. The concentrations of glutamine and arginine did not change during the first 12 h, but significantly decreased at 24 h. Jejunal lysine and ileal threonine were increased for the first 6 or 12 h. For the loosely attached bacteria, there was no clear pattern for the entire AA metabolism. However, glutamate, methionine and lysine in the jejunum decreased after 24 h of cultivation, while glutamine and threonine in the jejunum and glutamine and lysine in the ileum increased in the first 12 h. During subculture, AA metabolism, either utilization or synthesis, was generally decreased with disappearance rate around 20-40 % for most of AA and negligible for branch chained AA (BCAA). However, the disappearance rate of lysine in each group was around 90 % throughout the subculture, suggesting a high utilization of lysine by bacteria from all three compartments. Analysis of the microbial community during the 24-h in vitro cultivation revealed that bacteria composition in most AA cultures varied between different niches (lumen and wall-adherent fractions) in the jejunum, while being relatively similar in the ileum. However, for isoleucine and leucine cultures, bacteria diversity was similar between the luminal fraction and tightly attached fraction, but significantly higher than in the loosely attached fraction. For glutamine and valine cultures, bacteria diversity was similar between the luminal and loosely attached fractions, but lower than that of tightly attached bacteria. After 30 subcultures, bacteria diversity in arginine, valine, glutamine, and leucine cultures varied between niches in the jejunum while being relatively stable in the ileum, consistent with those in the 24-h in vitro cultures. The findings may suggest that luminal bacteria tended to utilize free AA, while tightly attached adherent bacteria seemed in favor of AA synthesis, and that small intestinal microbes contributed little to BCAA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiang Yang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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137
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Ren W, Duan J, Yin J, Liu G, Cao Z, Xiong X, Chen S, Li T, Yin Y, Hou Y, Wu G. Dietary L-glutamine supplementation modulates microbial community and activates innate immunity in the mouse intestine. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2403-13. [PMID: 25023447 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine effects of dietary supplementation with 1 % L-glutamine for 14 days on the abundance of intestinal bacteria and the activation of intestinal innate immunity in mice. The measured variables included (1) the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium in the lumen of the small intestine; (2) the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and antibacterial substances secreted by Paneth cells and goblet cells in the jejunum, ileum and colon; and (3) the activation of TLR4-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3K)/PI3K-protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathways in the jejunum and ileum. In the jejunum, glutamine supplementation decreased the abundance of Firmicutes, while increased mRNA levels for antibacterial substances in association with the activation of NF-κB and PI3K-Akt pathways. In the ileum, glutamine supplementation induced a shift in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio in favor of Bacteroidetes, and enhanced mRNA levels for Tlr4, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and antibacterial substances participating in NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways. These results indicate that the effects of glutamine on the intestine vary with its segments and compartments. Collectively, dietary glutamine supplementation of mice beneficially alters intestinal bacterial community and activates the innate immunity in the small intestine through NF-κB, MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China,
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138
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Trevisi P, Corrent E, Mazzoni M, Messori S, Priori D, Gherpelli Y, Simongiovanni A, Bosi P. Effect of added dietary threonine on growth performance, health, immunity and gastrointestinal function of weaning pigs with differing genetic susceptibility to Escherichia coli infection and challenged with E. coli K88ac. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:511-20. [PMID: 24965751 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Threonine (Thr) is important for mucin and immunoglobulin production. We studied the effect of added dietary Thr on growth performance, health, immunity and gastrointestinal function of weaning pigs with differing genetic susceptibility to E. coli K88ac (ETEC) infection and challenged with ETEC. Forty-eight 24-day-old weaned pigs were divided into two groups by their ETEC susceptibility using mucin 4 (MUC4) gene as a marker (2 MUC4(-/-) , not-susceptible, and 2 MUC4(+/+) , susceptible, pigs per litter). Within genotype, pigs were fed two different diets: 8.5 (LThr) or 9.0 (HThr) g Thr/kg. Pigs were orally challenged on day 7 after weaning and slaughtered on day 12 or 13 after weaning. Before ETEC challenge, HThr pigs ate more (p < 0.05). The diet did not affect post-challenge growth, but HThr tended to increase post-challenge feed efficiency (p = 0.087) and overall growth (p = 0.087) and feed efficiency (p = 0.055). Before challenge, HThr pigs excreted less E. coli (p < 0.05), while after challenge, diet did not affect the number of days with diarrhoea and ETEC excretion. MUC4(+/+) pigs responded to the challenge with more diarrhoea, ETEC excretion and anti-K88 IgA in blood and jejunal secretion (p < 0.001). HThr pigs had a higher increase of anti-K88 IgA values in jejunal secretion (p = 0.089) and in blood (p = 0.089, in MUC4(+/+) pigs only). Thr did not affect total IgA and IgM values, morphometry of jejunum, goblet cells count in colon, total mucin from jejunum and colon, but varied jejunal goblet cells counts (p < 0.05). In the first two post-weaning weeks, 8.5 g Thr/kg diet may be not sufficient to optimize initial feed intake, overall feed efficiency and intestinal IgA secretion and to control the gut microbiota in the first post-weaning week, irrespective of the pig genetic susceptibility to ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Trevisi
- DISTAL, University of Bologna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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139
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Wang B, Wu G, Zhou Z, Dai Z, Sun Y, Ji Y, Li W, Wang W, Liu C, Han F, Wu Z. Glutamine and intestinal barrier function. Amino Acids 2014; 47:2143-54. [PMID: 24965526 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1773-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier integrity is essential for the absorption of nutrients and health in humans and animals. Dysfunction of the mucosal barrier is associated with increased gut permeability and development of multiple gastrointestinal diseases. Recent studies highlighted a critical role for glutamine, which had been traditionally considered as a nutritionally non-essential amino acid, in activating the mammalian target of rapamycin cell signaling in enterocytes. In addition, glutamine has been reported to enhance intestinal and whole-body growth, to promote enterocyte proliferation and survival, and to regulate intestinal barrier function in injury, infection, weaning stress, and other catabolic conditions. Mechanistically, these effects were mediated by maintaining the intracellular redox status and regulating expression of genes associated with various signaling pathways. Furthermore, glutamine stimulates growth of the small intestinal mucosa in young animals and also enhances ion transport by the gut in neonates and adults. Growing evidence supports the notion that glutamine is a nutritionally essential amino acid for neonates and a conditionally essential amino acid for adults. Thus, as a functional amino acid with multiple key physiological roles, glutamine holds great promise in protecting the gut from atrophy and injury under various stress conditions in mammals and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Metabolomic analysis of amino acid and energy metabolism in rats supplemented with chlorogenic acid. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2219-29. [PMID: 24927697 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) supplementation on serum and hepatic metabolomes in rats. Rats received daily intragastric administration of either CGA (60 mg/kg body weight) or distilled water (control) for 4 weeks. Growth performance, serum biochemical profiles, and hepatic morphology were measured. Additionally, serum and liver tissue extracts were analyzed for metabolomes by high-resolution (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics and multivariate statistics. CGA did not affect rat growth performance, serum biochemical profiles, or hepatic morphology. However, supplementation with CGA decreased serum concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, succinate, citrate, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, while increasing serum concentrations of glycine and hepatic concentrations of glutathione. These results suggest that CGA supplementation results in perturbation of energy and amino acid metabolism in rats. We suggest that glycine and glutathione in serum may be useful biomarkers for biological properties of CGA on nitrogen metabolism in vivo.
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141
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Ren W, Chen S, Yin J, Duan J, Li T, Liu G, Feng Z, Tan B, Yin Y, Wu G. Dietary arginine supplementation of mice alters the microbial population and activates intestinal innate immunity. J Nutr 2014; 144:988-95. [PMID: 24670969 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.192120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, little is known about the function of arginine in the homeostasis of the intestinal immune system. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary arginine supplementation may alter intestinal microbiota and innate immunity in mice. Mice were fed a basal diet (containing 0.93% l-arginine; grams per gram) or the basal diet supplemented with 0.5% l-arginine for 14 d. We studied the composition of intestinal microbiota, the activation of innate immunity, and the expression of toll-like receptors (Tlrs), proinflammatory cytokines, and antimicrobials in the jejunum, ileum, or colon of mice. Signal transduction pathway activation in the jejunum and ileum, including TLR4-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/PI3K-protein kinase B (Akt), was analyzed by Western blotting. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that arginine supplementation induced (P < 0.05) a shift in the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio to favor Bacteroidetes in the jejunum (0.33 ± 0.04 vs. 1.0 ± 0.22) and ileum (0.20 ± 0.08 vs. 1.0 ± 0.27) compared with the control group. This finding coincided with greater (P < 0.05) activation of the innate immune system, including TLR signaling, as well as expression of proinflammatory cytokines, secretory immunoglobulin A, mucins, and Paneth antimicrobials in the jejunum and ileum. Finally, arginine supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) expression of the proteins for NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways but activated (P < 0.05) p38 and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase in the jejunum and the ileum, respectively. Collectively, dietary arginine supplementation of mice changes the intestinal microbiota, contributing to the activation of intestinal innate immunity through NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K-phosphorylated Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Ren
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China; and
| | - Shuai Chen
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China; and
| | - Jie Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China; and
| | - Jielin Duan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China; and
| | - Tiejun Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China; and
| | - Gang Liu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China; and
| | - Zemeng Feng
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China; and
| | - Bie Tan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China; and
| | - Yulong Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China; and
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China; and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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142
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Zhao Y, Weaver AC, Fellner V, Payne RL, Kim SW. Amino acid fortified diets for weanling pigs replacing fish meal and whey protein concentrate: Effects on growth, immune status, and gut health. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:57. [PMID: 25838896 PMCID: PMC4383190 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited availability of fish meal and whey protein concentrate increases overall feed costs. Availability of increased number of supplemental amino acids including Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and Ile allows replacing expensive protein supplements to reduce feed costs. This study was to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate in nursery diets with 6 supplemental amino acids on growth performance and gut health of post-weaning pigs. Treatments were 1) FM-WPC: diet with fish meal (FM) and whey protein concentrate (WPC); 2) FM-AA: diet with FM and crystalline amino acids (L-Lys, L-Thr, L-Trp, DL-Met, L-Val, and L-Ile); 3) WPC-AA: diet with WPC and crystalline amino acid; and 4) AA: diet with crystalline amino acid. Results Pigs in FM-AA, WPC-AA, and AA had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and gain:feed than pigs in FM-WPC during wk 1 (phase 1). Plasma insulin concentration of pigs in AA tended to be greater (P = 0.064) than that of FM-WPC at the end of wk 1(phase 1). Plasma concentrations of IgG in AA was lower (P < 0.05) compared with WPC-AA and FW, and FM-AA had lower (P < 0.05) IgG concentration than WPC-AA at the end of wk 1 (phase 1). Concentration of acetate in cecum digesta in FM-AA tended to be greater (P = 0.054) than that of FM-WPC and WPC-AA. Concentration of isovalerate in cecum digesta of pigs in FM-AA was greater (P < 0.05) than that of FW and WPC-AA. Conclusions This study indicates that use of 6 supplemental amino acids can replace fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate without adverse effects on growth performance, immune status, and gut health of pigs at d 21 to 49 of age. Positive response with the use of 6 supplemental amino acids in growth during the first week of post-weaning may due to increased plasma insulin potentially improving uptake of nutrients for protein synthesis and energy utilization. The replacement of fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate with 6 supplemental amino acids could decrease the crude protein level in nursery diets, and potentially lead to substantial cost savings in expensive nursery diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Alexandra C Weaver
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Vivek Fellner
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
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143
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Zhang S, Qiao S, Ren M, Zeng X, Ma X, Wu Z, Thacker P, Wu G. Supplementation with branched-chain amino acids to a low-protein diet regulates intestinal expression of amino acid and peptide transporters in weanling pigs. Amino Acids 2013; 45:1191-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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144
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Ruan Z, Lv Y, Fu X, He Q, Deng Z, Liu W, Yingli Y, Wu X, Wu G, Wu X, Yin Y. Metabolomic analysis of amino acid metabolism in colitic rats supplemented with lactosucrose. Amino Acids 2013; 45:877-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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145
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Ziemer CJ. Broad diversity and newly cultured bacterial isolates from enrichment of pig feces on complex polysaccharides. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 66:448-461. [PMID: 23354293 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the fascinating functions of mammalian intestinal microbiota is fermentation of plant cell wall components. Eight-week continuous culture enrichments of pig feces with cellulose and xylan/pectin were used to isolate bacteria from this community. A total of 575 bacterial isolates were classified phylogenetically using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Six phyla were represented in the bacterial isolates: Firmicutes (242), Bacteroidetes (185), Proteobacteria (65), Fusobacteria (55), Actinobacteria (23), and Synergistetes (5). The majority of the bacterial isolates had ≥ 97 % similarity to cultured bacteria with sequences in the RDP, but 179 isolates represent new species and/or genera. Within the Firmicutes isolates, most were classified in the families of Lachnospiraceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, and Clostridiaceae I. The majority of the Bacteroidetes were most closely related to Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatus, and B. xylanisolvens. Many of the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes isolates were identified as species that possess enzymes that ferment plant cell wall components, and the rest likely support these bacteria. The microbial communities that arose in these enrichment cultures had broad bacterial diversity. With over 30 % of the isolates not represented in culture, there are new opportunities to study genomic and metabolic capacities of these members of the complex intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie J Ziemer
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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146
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Ren W, Liu S, Chen S, Zhang F, Li N, Yin J, Peng Y, Wu L, Liu G, Yin Y, Wu G. Dietary l-glutamine supplementation increases Pasteurella multocida burden and the expression of its major virulence factors in mice. Amino Acids 2013; 45:947-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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147
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Liu W, Ren P, He S, Xu L, Yang Y, Gu Z, Zhou Z. Comparison of adhesive gut bacteria composition, immunity, and disease resistance in juvenile hybrid tilapia fed two different Lactobacillus strains. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:54-62. [PMID: 23608032 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study compares the effects of two Lactobacillus strains, highly adhesive Lactobacillus brevis JCM 1170 (HALB) and less-adhesive Lactobacillus acidophilus JCM 1132 (LALB), on the survival and growth, adhesive gut bacterial communities, immunity, and protection against pathogenic bacterial infection in juvenile hybrid tilapia. During a 5-week feeding trial the fish were fed a diet containing 0 to 10(9) cells/g feed of the two Lactobacillus strains. Samples of intestine, kidney, and spleen were taken at the start and at 10, 20, and 35 days for analysis of stress tolerance and cytokine gene mRNA levels and to assess the diversity of adhesive gut bacterial communities. A 14-day immersion challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila NJ-1 was also performed following the feeding trial. The results showed no significant differences in survival rate, weight gain, or feed conversion in the different dietary treatments. The adhesive gut bacterial communities were strikingly altered in the fish fed either the HALB or the LALB, but the response was more rapid and substantial with the adhesive strain. The two strains induced similar changes in the patterns (upregulation or downregulation) of intestinal, splenic or kidney cytokine expression, but they differed in the degree of response for these genes. Changes in intestinal HSP70 expression levels coincided with changes in the similarity coefficient of the adhesive gut bacterial communities between the probiotic treatments. The highest dose of the HALB appeared to protect against the toxic effects of immersion in A. hydrophila (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the degree to which Lactobacillus strains adhere to the gut may be a favorable criterion in selecting probiotic strain for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PR China
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148
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Effects of dietary l-lysine intake on the intestinal mucosa and expression of CAT genes in weaned piglets. Amino Acids 2013; 45:383-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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149
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Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: implications for nutrition and health. Amino Acids 2013; 45:463-77. [PMID: 23615880 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycine is a major amino acid in mammals and other animals. It is synthesized from serine, threonine, choline, and hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism involving primarily the liver and kidneys. Under normal feeding conditions, glycine is not adequately synthesized in birds or in other animals, particularly in a diseased state. Glycine degradation occurs through three pathways: the glycine cleavage system (GCS), serine hydroxymethyltransferase, and conversion to glyoxylate by peroxisomal D-amino acid oxidase. Among these pathways, GCS is the major enzyme to initiate glycine degradation to form ammonia and CO2 in animals. In addition, glycine is utilized for the biosynthesis of glutathione, heme, creatine, nucleic acids, and uric acid. Furthermore, glycine is a significant component of bile acids secreted into the lumen of the small intestine that is necessary for the digestion of dietary fat and the absorption of long-chain fatty acids. Glycine plays an important role in metabolic regulation, anti-oxidative reactions, and neurological function. Thus, this nutrient has been used to: (1) prevent tissue injury; (2) enhance anti-oxidative capacity; (3) promote protein synthesis and wound healing; (4) improve immunity; and (5) treat metabolic disorders in obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, cancers, and various inflammatory diseases. These multiple beneficial effects of glycine, coupled with its insufficient de novo synthesis, support the notion that it is a conditionally essential and also a functional amino acid for mammals (including pigs and humans).
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150
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Morrow AL, Lagomarcino AJ, Schibler KR, Taft DH, Yu Z, Wang B, Altaye M, Wagner M, Gevers D, Ward DV, Kennedy MA, Huttenhower C, Newburg DS. Early microbial and metabolomic signatures predict later onset of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. MICROBIOME 2013; 1:13. [PMID: 24450576 PMCID: PMC3971624 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-1-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intestinal disease that afflicts 10% of extremely preterm infants. The contribution of early intestinal colonization to NEC onset is not understood, and predictive biomarkers to guide prevention are lacking. We analyzed banked stool and urine samples collected prior to disease onset from infants <29 weeks gestational age, including 11 infants who developed NEC and 21 matched controls who survived free of NEC. Stool bacterial communities were profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Urinary metabolomic profiles were assessed by NMR. RESULTS During postnatal days 4 to 9, samples from infants who later developed NEC tended towards lower alpha diversity (Chao1 index, P = 0.086) and lacked Propionibacterium (P = 0.009) compared to controls. Furthermore, NEC was preceded by distinct forms of dysbiosis. During days 4 to 9, samples from four NEC cases were dominated by members of the Firmicutes (median relative abundance >99% versus <17% in the remaining NEC and controls, P < 0.001). During postnatal days 10 to 16, samples from the remaining NEC cases were dominated by Proteobacteria, specifically Enterobacteriaceae (median relative abundance >99% versus 38% in the other NEC cases and 84% in controls, P = 0.01). NEC preceded by Firmicutes dysbiosis occurred earlier (onset, days 7 to 21) than NEC preceded by Proteobacteria dysbiosis (onset, days 19 to 39). All NEC cases lacked Propionibacterium and were preceded by either Firmicutes (≥98% relative abundance, days 4 to 9) or Proteobacteria (≥90% relative abundance, days 10 to 16) dysbiosis, while only 25% of controls had this phenotype (predictive value 88%, P = 0.001). Analysis of days 4 to 9 urine samples found no metabolites associated with all NEC cases, but alanine was positively associated with NEC cases that were preceded by Firmicutes dysbiosis (P < 0.001) and histidine was inversely associated with NEC cases preceded by Proteobacteria dysbiosis (P = 0.013). A high urinary alanine:histidine ratio was associated with microbial characteristics (P < 0.001) and provided good prediction of overall NEC (predictive value 78%, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Early dysbiosis is strongly involved in the pathobiology of NEC. These striking findings require validation in larger studies but indicate that early microbial and metabolomic signatures may provide highly predictive biomarkers of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardythe L Morrow
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anne J Lagomarcino
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kurt R Schibler
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Diana H Taft
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhuoteng Yu
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Michael A Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | | | - David S Newburg
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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