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Kamali AN, Hamedifar H, Sepehri N, Tahmasebi S, Miladi H, Moniri S, Goudarzvand M, Azizi G, Mirshafiey A. The Effect of β- d-Mannuronic Acid in Animal Model of Epilepsy. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20920030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of β-d-mannuronic acid (M2000) in a rat model of epilepsy. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling model was applied in 30 Wistar rats divided into 3 groups through a total of 14 injections, while the rats in the drug-tested group were treated with M2000. Animals were observed for various seizure stages, delay that the rats developed in stages 2 and 5, and the duration of stage 5 seizures. After the last injection, the animals were euthanized and analysis was conducted in the brain for the various gene expression profiles along with histopathology assessments. Pretreatment of animals with M2000 has significantly accelerated epilepsy outcomes promptly following the first PTZ injection (mean ± standard deviation [SD] for seizure stage in the M2000 group was 3.12 ± 1.55 vs 0.75 ± 1.03 for control, P = 0.004). Notably, the mean (±SD) on the latency phase 2 and 5 seizures was lower in the M2000 group compared with control group (79.4 ± 30.7 vs 133.0 ± 38.4, P < 0.001, and 126.1 ± 27.6 vs 233.3 ± 142.8, P = 0.001, respectively). Finally, the mean (±SD) duration of phase 5 seizures was significantly higher in the M2000 pretreated group compared with control rats (344 ± 54 vs 197 ± 94, P < 0.001). Histological findings on the hippocampus showed no significant differences among all groups. Elevated expression level of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and cyclooxygenase-2 was seen in the PTZ-induced kindling group. An elevated expression level of IL-10 was observed in the brains of rats in the M2000 treat group. Our results indicated that rats pretreated with M2000 were predisposed to epilepsy promptly after the first PTZ injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali N. Kamali
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- CinnaGen Research and Production Co., Alborz, Iran
| | - Haleh Hamedifar
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- CinnaGen Research and Production Co., Alborz, Iran
| | - Nima Sepehri
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- CinnaGen Research and Production Co., Alborz, Iran
| | - Saeed Tahmasebi
- Research Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Hosein Miladi
- Department of Pathology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Affiliated to Social Security Organization, Arak, Iran
| | - Shakiba Moniri
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahdi Goudarzvand
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Semple BD, Dill LK, O'Brien TJ. Immune Challenges and Seizures: How Do Early Life Insults Influence Epileptogenesis? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:2. [PMID: 32116690 PMCID: PMC7010861 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of epilepsy, a process known as epileptogenesis, often occurs later in life following a prenatal or early postnatal insult such as cerebral ischemia, stroke, brain trauma, or infection. These insults share common pathophysiological pathways involving innate immune activation including neuroinflammation, which is proposed to play a critical role in epileptogenesis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest preclinical evidence demonstrating that early life immune challenges influence neuronal hyperexcitability and predispose an individual to later life epilepsy. Here, we consider the range of brain insults that may promote the onset of chronic recurrent spontaneous seizures at adulthood, spanning intrauterine insults (e.g. maternal immune activation), perinatal injuries (e.g. hypoxic–ischemic injury, perinatal stroke), and insults sustained during early postnatal life—such as fever-induced febrile seizures, traumatic brain injuries, infections, and environmental stressors. Importantly, all of these insults represent, to some extent, an immune challenge, triggering innate immune activation and implicating both central and systemic inflammation as drivers of epileptogenesis. Increasing evidence suggests that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 and subsequent signaling pathways are important mediators of seizure onset and recurrence, as well as neuronal network plasticity changes in this context. Our current understanding of how early life immune challenges prime microglia and astrocytes will be explored, as well as how developmental age is a critical determinant of seizure susceptibility. Finally, we will consider the paradoxical phenomenon of preconditioning, whereby these same insults may conversely provide neuroprotection. Together, an improved appreciation of the neuroinflammatory mechanisms underlying the long-term epilepsy risk following early life insults may provide insight into opportunities to develop novel immunological anti-epileptogenic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Larissa K Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Zhou X, Chen J, Tao H, Cai Y, Huang L, Zhou H, Chen Y, Cui L, Zhong W, Li K. Intranasal Delivery of miR-155-5p Antagomir Alleviates Acute Seizures Likely by Inhibiting Hippocampal Inflammation. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1295-1307. [PMID: 32547033 PMCID: PMC7251485 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s247677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To confront the resistance to existing antiepileptic drugs, studies have gradually begun to investigate alternative pathologies distinct from the traditional treatments that overwhelmingly target ion channels. Microglia activation is the first inflammatory response in the brain, in which miR-155-5p plays a key proinflammatory role and thus represents a promising target for inflammatory modulation in epilepsy pathologies. METHODS In this study, a pentetrazol-induced acute seizure model was established, and the seizure degree was evaluated within 60 min after pentetrazol administration. Animals were then sacrificed for hippocampal tissue collection for biological experiments. RESULTS Intranasal delivery of miR-155-5p antagomir (30 min before pentetrazol administration) increased the percentage of animals with no induced seizures by 20%, extended the latency to generalized convulsions, and decreased seizure severity. In addition, miR-155-5p antagomir treatment alleviated hippocampal damage and decreased the expression of typical inflammatory modulators (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6). Further research revealed that intranasal delivery of miR-155-5p antagomir significantly decreased the relative level of miR-155-5p and increased the expression of its targets LXRα and SOCS1 in IBA1-labeled microglial cells in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that intranasal delivery of miR-155-5p antagomir alleviated acute seizures, likely by blocking hippocampal inflammation. However, other potential mechanisms of the effects of miR-155-5p antagomir and its long-term safety for epilepsy treatment remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Tao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lidan Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangtao Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Keshen Li
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001 China; Stroke Center, Neurology & Neurosurgery Division, Clinical Medicine Research Institute & The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, People's Republic of China
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Treatment with CCR2 antagonist is neuroprotective but does not alter epileptogenesis in the pilocarpine rat model of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 102:106695. [PMID: 31785482 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation role on epileptogenesis has been the subject of increasing interest. Many studies showed elevation in cytokines and chemokines expression following seizures, such as, CCL2 protein (C-C motif ligand 2 chemokine) and its specific receptor, CCR2. In addition, recent studies manipulating the CCL2/CCR2 complex verified improved seizure outcome in different seizure models. In the present study, the effects of CCR2 antagonist was investigated using the pilocarpine rat model of epilepsy. Status epilepticus (SE) was induced by pilocarpine i.p. injection in adult rats. Daily oral treatment with CCR2 antagonist or vehicle was initiated 5 h following SE and lasted 5 or 10 days. Rats were euthanized 5 days after SE to evaluate neuronal damage and glial density or 30 days after SE to investigate spontaneous seizures development and seizure susceptibility to a second hit pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) test. Rats that received CCR2 antagonist presented less degenerating cells at hippocampal CA1 region. There was also a significant decrease in CA1 volume after SE that was not observed in treated rats. On the other hand, microglia cell density increased after SE regardless of CCR2 antagonist use. Treatment with CCR2 antagonist did not alter spontaneous seizure occurrence or later seizure susceptibility to PTZ in chronic rats. Additional rats were pretreated with CCR2 antagonist prior to SE induction, but this did not change SE progression. The data show that oral treatment with CCR2 antagonist is neuroprotective, but does not alter other epileptogenic factors, such as, neuroinflammation, or seizure development, after pilocarpine-induced SE in rats.
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105
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Xu S, Sun Q, Fan J, Jiang Y, Yang W, Cui Y, Yu Z, Jiang H, Li B. Role of Astrocytes in Post-traumatic Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1149. [PMID: 31798512 PMCID: PMC6863807 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury, a common cause of acquired epilepsy, is typical to find necrotic cell death within the injury core. The dynamic changes in astrocytes surrounding the injury core contribute to epileptic seizures associated with intense neuronal firing. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that activate astrocytes during traumatic brain injury or the effect of functional changes of astrocytes on seizures. In this comprehensive review, we present our cumulated understanding of the complex neurological affection in astrocytes after traumatic brain injury. We approached the problem through describing the changes of cell morphology, neurotransmitters, biochemistry, and cytokines in astrocytes during post-traumatic epilepsy. In addition, we also discussed the relationship between dynamic changes in astrocytes and seizures and the current pharmacologic agents used for treatment. Hopefully, this review will provide a more detailed knowledge from which better therapeutic strategies can be developed to treat post-traumatic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qihan Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifeng Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, Yanbian Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Zhenxiang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiyi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Barseem NF, Khattab ESAEH, Mahasab MM. IL-1β-31/IL1-RA genetic markers association with idiopathic generalized epilepsy and treatment response in a cohort of Egyptian population. Int J Neurosci 2019; 130:348-354. [PMID: 31698971 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1688809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Neuroinflammation is an important feature of epileptogenesis.Objectives: To investigate the association of Interleukin-1beta-31 (IL-1β-31) and Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1-RA) genetic polymorphisms with idiopathic generalized epilepsy and demonstrate their influence on drug resistance in children.Materials and Methods: One hundred children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy were age and gender-matched with apparently healthy controls. Both groups were genotyped for IL-1β-31, and IL1-RA gene variants, analysis of these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was done through restriction digestion of the corresponding polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay.Results: Genotype frequency of rs1143627 TT of IL-1β-31 and the homozygous IL1RN*I were found to be more prevalent in epileptic patients (p < .05, OR 0.12 and 5.27respectively). Also observed, T allele of IL-1β-31 and IL1-RAI/I were substantially positively correlated with drug resistance against those who responded well to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).Conclusions: The significant association with IL-1β-31T and IL1-RAN*I alleles potentiated their useful role as predictive markers for the development of epilepsy and response to medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa Fathy Barseem
- Genetic and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatric, Menoufia University, Shebeen Elkom, Egypt
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107
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De Caro C, Iannone LF, Citraro R, Striano P, De Sarro G, Constanti A, Cryan JF, Russo E. Can we 'seize' the gut microbiota to treat epilepsy? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:750-764. [PMID: 31626816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut-microbiota, the complex intestinal microbial ecosystem essential to health, is an emerging concept in medicine. Several studies demonstrate a microbiota-gut-brain bidirectional connection via neural, endocrine, metabolic and immune pathways. Accordingly, the gut microbiota has a crucial role in modulating intestinal permeability, to alter local/peripheral immune responses and in production of essential metabolites and neurotransmitters. Its alterations may consequently influence all these pathways that contribute to neuronal hyper-excitability and mirrored neuroinflammation in epilepsy and similarly other neurological conditions. Indeed, pre- and clinical studies support the role of the microbiome in pathogenesis, seizure modulation and responses to treatment in epilepsy. Up to now, researchers have focussed attention above all on the brain to develop antiepileptic treatments, but considering the microbiome, could extend our possibilities for developing novel therapies in the future. We provide here a comprehensive overview of the available data on the potential role of gut microbiota in the physiopathology and therapy of epilepsy and the supposed underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen De Caro
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Francesco Iannone
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Paediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, DINOGMI-Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, IRCCS "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrew Constanti
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - John F Cryan
- UK.APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emilio Russo
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Shen Y, Peng W, Chen Q, Hammock BD, Liu J, Li D, Yang J, Ding J, Wang X. Anti-inflammatory treatment with a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor attenuates seizures and epilepsy-associated depression in the LiCl-pilocarpine post-status epilepticus rat model. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:535-544. [PMID: 31306773 PMCID: PMC6873816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate whether 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU), a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory effects, could alleviate spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) and epilepsy-associated depressive behaviours in the lithium chloride (LiCl)-pilocarpine-induced post-status epilepticus (SE) rat model. METHODS The rats were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with LiCl (127 mg/kg) and pilocarpine (40 mg/kg) to induce SE. A video surveillance system was used to monitor SRS in the post-SE model for 6 weeks (from the onset of the 2nd week to the end of the 7th week after SE induction). TPPU (0.1 mg/kg/d) was intragastrically given for 4 weeks from the 21st day after SE induction in the SRS + 0.1 TPPU group. The SRS + PEG 400 group was given the vehicle (40% polyethylene glycol 400) instead, and the control group was given LiCl and PEG 400 but not pilocarpine. The sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swim test (FST) were conducted to evaluate the depression-like behaviours of rats. Immunofluorescent staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blot analysis were performed to measure astrocytic and microglial gliosis, neuronal loss, and levels of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), cytokines [tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6], and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-response element binding protein (CREB). RESULTS The frequency of SRS was significantly decreased at 6 weeks and 7 weeks after SE induction in the 0.1TPP U group compared with the SRS + PEG 400 group. The immobility time (IMT) evaluated by FST was significantly decreased, whereas the climbing time (CMT) was increased, and the sucrose preference rate (SPR) evaluated by SPT was in an increasing trend. The levels of sEH, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the hippocampus (Hip) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were all significantly increased in the SRS + PEG 400 group compared with the control group; neuronal loss, astrogliosis, and microglial activation were also observed. The astrocytic and microglial activation and levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines in the Hip and PFC were significantly attenuated in the TPPU group compared with the SRS + PEG 400 group; moreover, neuronal loss and the decreased CREB expression were significantly alleviated as well. CONCLUSION TPPU treatment after SE attenuates SRS and epilepsy-associated depressive behaviours in the LiCl-pilocarpine induced post-SE rat model, and it also exerts anti-inflammatory effects in the brain. Our findings suggest a new therapeutic approach for epilepsy and its comorbidities, especially depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Shen
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China,Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weifeng Peng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qinglan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Junyan Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Metabolomics & Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Dongyang Li
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Scienceand the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Ribot R, Kanner AM. Neurobiologic properties of mood disorders may have an impact on epilepsy: Should this motivate neurologists to screen for this psychiatric comorbidity in these patients? Epilepsy Behav 2019; 98:298-301. [PMID: 31182393 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidities have a complex relation, which can be manifested by their relatively high comorbid occurrence and the existence of a bidirectional relation, whereby not only are people with epilepsy (PWE) at greater risk of developing psychiatric disorders, but patients with primary psychiatric disorders are at higher risk of developing epilepsy. The existence of common pathogenic mechanisms operant in primary psychiatric disorders and epilepsy has been postulated as one of the leading hypothesis to explain their close and very complex relation. The neurobiologic characteristics of mood disorders can be used as a model to test this hypothesis. In this manuscript, we highlight data that suggest how several neurobiologic aspects of mood disorders can facilitate the epileptogenic process in animal models and explain the increased risk of patients with primary mood disorders to develop epilepsy in general and treatment-resistant epilepsy in particular. It is our hope that the inclusion of these data in this Special Issue will motivate neurologists to screen common psychiatric comorbidities in PWE. This article is part of the Special Issue "Obstacles of Treatment of Psychiatric Comorbidities in Epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramses Ribot
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Andres M Kanner
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America.
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Kothur K, Bandodkar S, Wienholt L, Chu S, Pope A, Gill D, Dale RC. Etiology is the key determinant of neuroinflammation in epilepsy: Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid cytokines and chemokines in febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome and febrile status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2019; 60:1678-1688. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kothur
- Neuroimmunology Group Kids Neuroscience Centre The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- T. Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery The Children's Hospital at Westmead Westmead New South Wales Australia
| | - Sushil Bandodkar
- Department of Biochemistry The Children's Hospital at Westmead Westmead New South Wales Australia
| | - Louise Wienholt
- Department of Clinical Immunology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie Chu
- Department of Clinical Immunology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alun Pope
- Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Deepak Gill
- Neuroimmunology Group Kids Neuroscience Centre The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- T. Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery The Children's Hospital at Westmead Westmead New South Wales Australia
| | - Russell C. Dale
- Neuroimmunology Group Kids Neuroscience Centre The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- T. Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery The Children's Hospital at Westmead Westmead New South Wales Australia
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Kobylarek D, Iwanowski P, Lewandowska Z, Limphaibool N, Szafranek S, Labrzycka A, Kozubski W. Advances in the Potential Biomarkers of Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:685. [PMID: 31312171 PMCID: PMC6614180 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders characterized by recurrent, spontaneous, and unpredictable seizures. It is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting tens of millions of people worldwide. Comprehensive studies on epilepsy in recent decades have revealed the complexity of epileptogenesis, in which immunological processes, epigenetic modifications, and structural changes in neuronal tissues have been identified as playing a crucial role. This review discusses the recent advances in the biomarkers of epilepsy. We evaluate the possible molecular background underlying the clinical changes observed in recent studies, focusing on therapeutic investigations, and the evidence of their safety and efficacy in the human population. This article reviews the pathophysiology of epilepsy, including recent reports on the effects of oxidative stress and hypoxia, and focuses on specific biomarkers and their clinical implications, along with further perspectives in epilepsy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kobylarek
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Iwanowski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Lewandowska
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Sara Szafranek
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anita Labrzycka
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Ballout N, Rochelle T, Brot S, Bonnet ML, Francheteau M, Prestoz L, Zibara K, Gaillard A. Characterization of Inflammation in Delayed Cortical Transplantation. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:160. [PMID: 31293384 PMCID: PMC6603085 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that embryonic motor cortical neurons transplanted 1-week after lesion in the adult mouse motor cortex significantly enhances graft vascularization, survival, and proliferation of grafted cells, the density of projections developed by grafted neurons and improves functional repair and recovery. The purpose of the present study is to understand the extent to which post-traumatic inflammation following cortical lesion could influence the survival of grafted neurons and the development of their projections to target brain regions and conversely how transplanted cells can modulate host inflammation. For this, embryonic motor cortical tissue was grafted either immediately or with a 1-week delay into the lesioned motor cortex of adult mice. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was performed to determine the density and cell morphology of resident and peripheral infiltrating immune cells. Then, in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed to analyze the distribution and temporal mRNA expression pattern of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines following cortical lesion. In parallel, we analyzed the protein expression of both M1- and M2-associated markers to study the M1/M2 balance switch. We have shown that 1-week after the lesion, the number of astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and CD45+ cells were significantly increased along with characteristics of M2 microglia phenotype. Interestingly, the majority of microglia co-expressed transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, supporting the hypothesis that microglial activation is also neuroprotective. Our results suggest that the modulation of post-traumatic inflammation 1-week after cortical lesion might be implicated in the improvement of graft vascularization, survival, and density of projections developed by grafted neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissrine Ballout
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France.,Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, DSST, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tristan Rochelle
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Sebastien Brot
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France.,CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Maureen Francheteau
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Laetitia Prestoz
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Kazem Zibara
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, DSST, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Afsaneh Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
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113
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Vitaliti G, Pavone P, Marino S, Saporito MAN, Corsello G, Falsaperla R. Molecular Mechanism Involved in the Pathogenesis of Early-Onset Epileptic Encephalopathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:118. [PMID: 31156384 PMCID: PMC6529508 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that neurologic inflammation may both precipitate and sustain seizures, suggesting that inflammation may be involved not only in epileptogenesis but also in determining the drug-resistant profile. Extensive literature data during these last years have identified a number of inflammatory markers involved in these processes of “neuroimmunoinflammation” in epilepsy, with key roles for pro-inflammatory cytokines such as: IL-6, IL-17 and IL-17 Receptor (IL-17R) axis, Tumor-Necrosis-Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and Transforming-Growth-Factor Beta (TGF-β), all responsible for the induction of processes of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and inflammation of the Central Nervous System (CNS) itself. Nevertheless, many of these inflammatory biomarkers have also been implicated in the pathophysiologic process of other neurological diseases. Future studies will be needed to identify the disease-specific biomarkers in order to distinguish epilepsies from other neurological diseases, as well as recognize different epileptic semiology. In this context, biological markers of BBB disruption, as well as those reflecting its integrity, can be useful tools to determine the pathological process of a variety of neurological diseases. However; how these molecules may help in the diagnosis and prognostication of epileptic disorders remains yet to be determined. Herein, authors present an extensive literature review on the involvement of both, systemic and neuronal immune systems, in the early onset of epileptic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Vitaliti
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy
| | - Piero Pavone
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy
| | - Silvia Marino
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Andrea Nicola Saporito
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santo Bambino Hospital of Catania, Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Raffaele Falsaperla
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy
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114
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Du Y, Chi X, An W. Downregulation of microRNA-200c-3p reduces damage of hippocampal neurons in epileptic rats by upregulating expression of RECK and inactivating the AKT signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:223-233. [PMID: 31018114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the role of mircoRNA-200c-3p (miR-200c-3p) on hippocampal neuron injury in epileptic rats through the regulation of the AKT signaling pathway by targeting RECK. METHODS The epilepsy rat model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride-pilocarpine. Successful modeled rats were injected with miR-200c-3p inhibitors, inhibitors NC, siRNA-negative control (NC) and RECK-siRNA. The astrocyte activation, levels of oxidative stress indexes, contents of inflammatory factors and the AKT signaling pathway-related proteins in hippocampus tissues were evaluated. RESULTS High expression of miR-200c-3p and low expression of RECK were found in the hippocampus tissues of epileptic rats. Downregulation of miR-200c-3p or upregulation of RECK decreased apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, expression of GFAP, content of MDA and increased the activities of GSH-Px and SOD, decreased expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 as well as expression of p-PI3K/t-PI3K and p-Akt/t-Akt in hippocampus tissues of epileptic rats. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that downregulation of miR-200c-3p reduces damage of hippocampal neurons in epileptic rats by upregulating RECK and inactivating the AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Du
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, PR China.
| | - Xiaowen Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Wen An
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
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115
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Sun Y, Ma J, Li D, Li P, Zhou X, Li Y, He Z, Qin L, Liang L, Luo X. Interleukin-10 inhibits interleukin-1β production and inflammasome activation of microglia in epileptic seizures. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:66. [PMID: 30922332 PMCID: PMC6437919 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are important for secreting chemical mediators of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-1β secreted by glial cells support neuronal functions, but the related mechanisms remain vague. Our goal was to demonstrate the efficacy of IL-10 in suppressing IL-1β and in inflammasome activation in mice with epileptic seizure based on an epileptic-seizure mouse model. METHODS In this study, mice in which epileptic seizures were induced by administering picrotoxin (PTX) were used as a case group, and mice injected with saline were employed as the control group. The expression of nucleic acids, cytokines, or signaling pathways was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, and Western blotting. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that IL-10 inhibits IL-1β production through two distinct mechanisms: (1) Treatment with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) results in IL-10 overexpression in microglia and reduced NLRP3 inflammasome activity, thus inhibiting caspase-1-related IL-1β maturation; (2) next, autocrine IL-10 was found to subsequently promote signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3), reducing amounts of pro-IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that IL-10 is potentially effective in the treatment of inflammation encephalopathy, and suggest the potential usefulness of IL-10 for treating autoimmune or inflammatory ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiangjun Ma
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Dongfang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Pinggan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhanwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lijun Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Liyang Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiangyang Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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116
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Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Koepp MJ, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T, White HS. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Fourteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs and Devices (EILAT XIV). II. Drugs in more advanced clinical development. Epilepsia 2019; 59:1842-1866. [PMID: 30368788 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Fourteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs and Devices (EILAT XIV) took place in Madrid, Spain, on May 13-16, 2018 and was attended by 168 delegates from 28 countries. The conference provided a forum for professionals involved in basic science, clinical research, regulatory affairs, and clinical care to meet and discuss the latest advances related to discovery and development of drugs and devices aimed at improving the management of people with epilepsy. This progress report provides a summary of findings on investigational compounds for which data from both preclinical studies and studies in patients were presented. The compounds reviewed include anakinra, cannabidiol, cannabidivarin, fenfluramine, ganaxolone, medium-chain fatty acids, padsevonil, and the valproic derivatives valnoctamide and sec-butylpropylacetamide. On June 25, 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration approved a standardized formulation of cannabidiol oral solution for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome in patients 2 years and older. The report shows that there continues to be a steady flow of potential antiepileptic drugs progressing to clinical development. Many of these compounds show innovative mechanisms of action, and some have already been tested in placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials, with promising efficacy and safety results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Bialer
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy and David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Svein I Johannessen
- National Center for Epilepsy, Sandvika, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthias J Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - René H Levy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Emilio Perucca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Torbjörn Tomson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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117
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Saletti PG, Ali I, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Semple BD, Lisgaras CP, Moshé SL, Galanopoulou AS. In search of antiepileptogenic treatments for post-traumatic epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 123:86-99. [PMID: 29936231 PMCID: PMC6309524 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is diagnosed in 20% of individuals with acquired epilepsy, and can impact significantly the quality of life due to the seizures and other functional or cognitive and behavioral outcomes of the traumatic brain injury (TBI) and PTE. There is no available antiepileptogenic or disease modifying treatment for PTE. Animal models of TBI and PTE have been developed, offering useful insights on the value of inflammatory, neurodegenerative pathways, hemorrhages and iron accumulation, calcium channels and other target pathways that could be used for treatment development. Most of the existing preclinical studies test efficacy towards pathologies of functional recovery after TBI, while a few studies are emerging testing the effects towards induced or spontaneous seizures. Here we review the existing preclinical trials testing new candidate treatments for TBI sequelae and PTE, and discuss future directions for efforts aiming at developing antiepileptogenic and disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Saletti
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Idrish Ali
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christos Panagiotis Lisgaras
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Einstein/Montefiore Epilepsy Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Einstein/Montefiore Epilepsy Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Einstein/Montefiore Epilepsy Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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118
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Kovács Z, D'Agostino DP, Diamond DM, Ari C. Exogenous Ketone Supplementation Decreased the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:45. [PMID: 30930744 PMCID: PMC6427924 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated previously that exogenous ketone supplements such as ketone ester (KE) decreased absence epileptic activity in a well-studied animal model of human absence epilepsy, Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats. It is known that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated changes in inflammatory processes increase absence epileptic activity, while previous studies show that ketone supplement-evoked ketosis can modulate inflammatory processes. Thus, we investigated in the present study whether administration of exogenous ketone supplements, which were mixed with standard rodent chow (containing 10% KE + 10% ketone salt/KS, % by weight, KEKS) for 10 days, can modulate the LPS-evoked changes in absence epileptic activity in WAG/Rij rats. At first, KEKS food alone was administered and changes in spike-wave discharge (SWD) number, SWD time, discharge frequency within SWDs, blood glucose, and beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) levels, as well as body weight and sleep-waking stages were measured. In a separate experiment, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of LPS (50 μg/kg) alone and a cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2) inhibitor indomethacin (10 mg/kg) alone, as well as combined IP injection of indomethacin with LPS (indomethacin + LPS) were applied in WAG/Rij rats to elucidate their influences on SWD number. In order to determine whether KEKS food can modify the LPS-evoked changes in SWD number, KEKS food in combination with IP LPS (50 μg/kg) (KEKS + LPS), as well as KEKS food with IP indomethacin (10 mg/kg) and LPS (50 μg/kg) (KEKS + indomethacin + LPS) were also administered. We demonstrated that KEKS food significantly increased blood βHB levels and decreased not only the spontaneously generated absence epileptic activity (SWD number), but also the LPS-evoked increase in SWD number in WAG/Rij rats. Our results suggest that administration of exogenous ketone supplements (ketogenic foods) may be a promising therapeutic tool in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Kovács
- Department of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Savaria University Centre, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Dominic P D'Agostino
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Ocala, FL, United States
| | - David M Diamond
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Comparative Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Csilla Ari
- Comparative Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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119
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Excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and oxidant stress as molecular bases of epileptogenesis and epilepsy-derived neurodegeneration: The role of vitamin E. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1098-1112. [PMID: 30703511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress are common underlying events in neurodegeneration. This pathogenic "triad" characterizes the neurobiology of epilepsy, leading to seizure-induced cell death, increased susceptibility to neuronal synchronization and network alterations. Along with other maladaptive changes, these events pave the way to spontaneous recurrent seizures and progressive degeneration of the interested brain areas. In vivo models of epilepsy are available to explore such epileptogenic mechanisms, also assessing the efficacy of chemoprevention and therapy strategies at the pre-clinical level. The kainic acid model of pharmacological excitotoxicity and epileptogenesis is one of the most investigated mimicking the chronicization profile of temporal lobe epilepsy in humans. Its pathogenic cues include inflammatory and neuronal death pathway activation, mitochondrial disturbances and lipid peroxidation of several regions of the brain, the most vulnerable being the hippocampus. The importance of neuroinflammation and lipid peroxidation as underlying molecular events of brain damage was demonstrated in this model by the possibility to counteract the related maladaptive morphological and functional changes of this organ with vitamin E, the main fat-soluble cellular antioxidant and "conditional" co-factor of enzymatic pathways involved in polyunsaturated lipid metabolism and inflammatory signaling. The present review paper provides an overview of the literature supporting the potential for a timely intervention with vitamin E therapy in clinical management of seizures and epileptogenic processes associated with excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and lipid peroxidation, i.e. the pathogenic "triad".
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120
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Singh N, Saha L, Kumari P, Singh J, Bhatia A, Banerjee D, Chakrabarti A. Effect of dimethyl fumarate on neuroinflammation and apoptosis in pentylenetetrazol kindling model in rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 144:233-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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121
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Ghorbanian D, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Hashemian M, Gorji E, Gol M, Feizi F, Kazemi S, Ashrafpour M, Moghadamnia AA. Myristica Fragrans Houtt Extract Attenuates Neuronal Loss and Glial Activation in Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Kindling Model. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2019; 18:812-825. [PMID: 31531064 PMCID: PMC6706727 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory reactions are closely associated with the development and progression of epilepsy. It has been shown that inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are released from activated astrocytes and microglia, are considered to be an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of epileptic disorders. Regarding the anti-inflammatory effects of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt), the present study was designed to investigate whether the nutmeg ethanolic extract could exert anticonvulsant and inhibitory effects on glial activation in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced mice model of kindling. Ethanolic extract of nutmeg was administrated intraperitoneally (i.p.) 1 hour before PTZ injection or one week before PTZ as a separate group, to become fully-kindled. The chemical components of nutmeg extract were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Immunostaining against neuronal and glial markers was performed on hippocampus sections. GC-MS data indicated that the main components of nutmeg extract are myristic acid (39.93%), elemicin (22.16%) and myristicin (11.17%). Behavioral studies showed that pre-treatment of nutmeg extract effectively reduced seizures behavior, decreased cell death, and ameliorated glial activation that is followed by PTZ administration. In conclusion, nutmeg extract might be regarded as a useful supplementary agent in epilepsy treatment through its attenuation of neuronal loss and glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davoud Ghorbanian
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Mona Hashemian
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Elaheh Gorji
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Gol
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Farideh Feizi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Sohrab Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Manouchehr Ashrafpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Moghadamnia
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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122
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Jin M, Sheng W, Han L, He Q, Ji X, Liu K. Activation of BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway-regulated brain inflammation in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in zebrafish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:26-36. [PMID: 30195910 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seizures are sustained neuronal hyperexcitability in brain that result in loss of consciousness and injury. Understanding how the brain responds to seizures is critical to help developing new therapeutic strategies for epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent and unprovoked seizures. However, the mechanisms underlying seizure-dependent alterations of biological properties are poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed gene expression profiles of the zebrafish heads that were undergoing seizures and identified 1776 differentially expressed genes. Gene-regulatory network analysis revealed that BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway positively regulated brain inflammation in zebrafish during seizures. Using K252a, a TrkB inhibitor to block BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway, attenuated pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures, which also confirmed BDNF-TrkB mediated inflammatory responses including regulation of il1β and nfκb, and neutrophil and macrophage infiltration of brain. Our results have provided novel insights into seizure-induced brain inflammation in zebrafish and anti-inflammatory related therapy for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jin
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Wenlong Sheng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Liwen Han
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qiuxia He
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xiuna Ji
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Cavarsan CF, Malheiros J, Hamani C, Najm I, Covolan L. Is Mossy Fiber Sprouting a Potential Therapeutic Target for Epilepsy? Front Neurol 2018; 9:1023. [PMID: 30555406 PMCID: PMC6284045 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) caused by hippocampal sclerosis is one of the most frequent focal epilepsies in adults. It is characterized by focal seizures that begin in the hippocampus, sometimes spread to the insulo-perisylvian regions and may progress to secondary generalized seizures. Morphological alterations in hippocampal sclerosis are well defined. Among them, hippocampal sclerosis is characterized by prominent cell loss in the hilus and CA1, and abnormal mossy fiber sprouting (granular cell axons) into the dentate gyrus inner molecular layer. In this review, we highlight the role of mossy fiber sprouting in seizure generation and hippocampal excitability and discuss the response of alternative treatment strategies in terms of MFS and spontaneous recurrent seizures in models of TLE (temporal lobe epilepsy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa F Cavarsan
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackeline Malheiros
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clement Hamani
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Imad Najm
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Luciene Covolan
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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124
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Nikolic L, Shen W, Nobili P, Virenque A, Ulmann L, Audinat E. Blocking TNFα-driven astrocyte purinergic signaling restores normal synaptic activity during epileptogenesis. Glia 2018; 66:2673-2683. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Nikolic
- Neuron-glia interactions group, INSERM U1128; Paris Descartes University; Paris France
| | - Weida Shen
- Neuron-glia interactions group, INSERM U1128; Paris Descartes University; Paris France
- Department of Pharmacology; Zhejiang University City College; Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Paola Nobili
- Neuron-glia interactions group, INSERM U1128; Paris Descartes University; Paris France
| | - Anaïs Virenque
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier; CNRS, INSERM; Montpellier France
| | - Lauriane Ulmann
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier; CNRS, INSERM; Montpellier France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics; Montpellier France
| | - Etienne Audinat
- Neuron-glia interactions group, INSERM U1128; Paris Descartes University; Paris France
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier; CNRS, INSERM; Montpellier France
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125
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Zhang Y, Dong H, Duan L, Yuan G, Liang W, Li Q, Zhang X, Pan Y. SLC1A2 mediates refractory temporal lobe epilepsy with an initial precipitating injury by targeting the glutamatergic synapse pathway. IUBMB Life 2018; 71:213-222. [PMID: 30360015 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Laboratory of Neurosurgery; Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Huateng Dong
- Department of Pediatric Neurology; Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital; Lanzhou, 730050 Gansu China
| | - Lei Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Laboratory of Neurosurgery; Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Guoqiang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Laboratory of Neurosurgery; Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Wentao Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Laboratory of Neurosurgery; Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Laboratory of Neurosurgery; Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Xinding Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Laboratory of Neurosurgery; Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
| | - Yawen Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Laboratory of Neurosurgery; Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
- Institute of Neurology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou, 730030 Gansu China
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126
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Valle-Dorado MG, Santana-Gómez CE, Orozco-Suárez SA, Rocha L. Sodium cromoglycate reduces short- and long-term consequences of status epilepticus in rats. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 87:200-206. [PMID: 30115604 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several studies indicate that sodium cromoglycate (CG) induces neuroprotective effects in acute neurological conditions. The present study focused on investigating if the use of CG in rats during the post-status epilepticus (post-SE) period reduces the acute and long-term consequences of seizure activity. Our results revealed that animals that received a single dose of CG (50 mg/kg s.c.: subcutaneously) during the post-SE period showed a lower number of neurons in the process of dying in the dentate gyrus, hilus, cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), and CA3 of the dorsal hippocampus than the rats that received the vehicle. However, this effect was not evident in layers V-VI of the sensorimotor cortex or the lateral-posterior thalamic nucleus. A second experiment showed that animals that received CG subchronically (50 mg/kg s.c. every 12 h for 5 days followed by 24 mg/kg/day s.c. for 14 days using osmotic minipumps) after SE presented fewer generalized convulsive seizures and less neuronal damage in the lateral-posterior thalamic nucleus but not in the hippocampus or cortex. Our data indicate that CG can be used as a therapeutic strategy to reduce short- and long-term neuronal damage in the hippocampus and thalamus, respectively. The data also indicate that CG can reduce the expression of generalized convulsive spontaneous seizures when it is given during the latent period of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luisa Rocha
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center of Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico.
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127
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Xia J, Wang H, Zhang Q, Han Z. Modulation of P2X Purinoceptor 3 (P2X3) in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Epilepsy in Rats. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:6165-6177. [PMID: 30181529 PMCID: PMC6134887 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is a complex neurologic disorder with abnormal electrical impulses in the brain. A crucial role of purinergic signalling in the proper working of the nervous system has been reported but much less is known about the modulation of P2X3 purinergic receptors in epilepsy. This study investigated the effect of NF110, a potent P2X3 receptor antagonist, in the rat epilepsy model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling. Material/Methods The mean kindling score, motor activity, locomotion, emotional tension, anxiety, discrimination ability, learning, memory, serum neuron-specific enolase (sNSE), hippocampal IL-1β and TNF-α, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and mitochondrial complex I, II, and IV levels of PTZ-kindling animals were assessed. Results The PTZ-kindling animals have shown impaired motor activity, locomotion, discrimination ability, learning, and memory, along with increased emotional tension, anxiety, neuronal damage (increased sNSE), hippocampal pro-inflammatory mediators (increased IL-1β and TNF-α), oxidative stress (increased TBARS, decreased GSH and CAT), and mitochondrial dysfunction. The administration of NF110 in 3 different doses has significantly and dose-dependently corrected PTZ-kindling-induced impaired behavior, learning, memory, locomotion, motor activity, discrimination ability, neuronal damage, hippocampal inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These beneficial effects of NF110 in PTZ-kindling animals were significantly abolished by the administration of the P2X agonist α, β methylene-ATP. Conclusions P2X3 receptors play a very important role in kindling epilepsy and further research should be done to design P2X3 modulators for their possible therapeutic benefits in epileptic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xia
- Institute of Neurology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Qimei Zhang
- Institute of Neurology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongmou Han
- Institute of Neurology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China (mainland)
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128
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Nagib MM, Tadros MG, Al-Khalek HAA, Rahmo RM, Sabri NA, Khalifa AE, Masoud SI. Molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective effect of adjuvant therapy with phenytoin in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures: Impact on Sirt1/NRF2 signaling pathways. Neurotoxicology 2018; 68:47-65. [PMID: 30017425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Current anticonvulsant therapies are principally aimed at suppressing neuronal hyperexcitability to prevent or control the incidence of seizures. However, the role of oxidative stress processes in seizures led to the proposition that antioxidant compounds may be considered as promising candidates for limiting the progression of epilepsy. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to determine if coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc) have a neuroprotective effect in rats against the observed oxidative stress and inflammation during seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in rats, and to study their interactions with the conventional antiseizure drug phenytoin (PHT), either alone or in combination. Overall, the data revealed that α-Toc and CoQ10 supplementation can ameliorate PTZ-induced seizures and recommended that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and silencing information regulator 1 (Sirt1) signaling pathways may exemplify strategic molecular targets for seizure therapies. The results of the present study provide novel mechanistic insights regarding the protective effects of antioxidants and suggest an efficient therapeutic strategy to attenuate seizures. Additionally, concurrent supplementation of CoQ10 and α-Toc may be more effective than either antioxidant alone in decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress in both cortical and hippocampal tissues. Also, CoQ10 and α-Toc effectively reverse the PHT-mediated alterations in the brain antioxidant status when compared to PHT only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Nagib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mariane G Tadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hadwa Ali Abd Al-Khalek
- Department of Histology and Cell biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Rahmo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa Ali Sabri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amani E Khalifa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University seconded to 57357 Children Cancer Hospital as the Scientific Consultant for Pharmacy Affairs, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Somaia I Masoud
- Former Head of Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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129
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Paudel YN, Shaikh MF, Shah S, Kumari Y, Othman I. Role of inflammation in epilepsy and neurobehavioral comorbidities: Implication for therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 837:145-155. [PMID: 30125565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a devastating condition affecting around 70 million people worldwide. Moreover, the quality of life of people with epilepsy (PWE) is worsened by a series of comorbidities. The neurobehavioral comorbidities discussed herein share a reciprocal and complex relationship with epilepsy, which ultimately complicates the treatment process in PWE. Understanding the mechanistic pathway by which these comorbidities are associated with epilepsy might be instrumental in developing therapeutic interventions. Inflammatory cytokine signaling in the brain regulates important brain functions including neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, synaptic plasticity, dopaminergic transmission, the kynurenine pathway, and affects neurogenesis as well as the neural circuitry of moods. In this review, we hypothesize that the complex relationship between epilepsy and its related comorbidities (cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, autism, and schizophrenia) can be unraveled through the inflammatory mechanism that plays a prominent role in all these individual conditions. An ample amount of evidence is available reporting the role of inflammation in epilepsy and all individual comorbid condition but their complex relationship with epilepsy has not yet been explored through the prospective of inflammatory pathway. Our review suggests that epilepsy and its neurobehavioral comorbidities are associated with elevated levels of several key inflammatory markers. This review also sheds light on the mechanistic association between epilepsy and its neurobehavioral comorbidities. Moreover, we analyzed several anti-inflammatory therapies available for epilepsy and its neurobehavioral comorbidities. We suggest, these anti-inflammatory therapies might be a possible intervention and could be a promising strategy for preventing epileptogenesis and its related neurobehavioral comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sadia Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yatinesh Kumari
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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130
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Notch Signaling Regulates Microglial Activation and Inflammatory Reactions in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1269-1282. [PMID: 29737480 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory response mediated by microglia in the central nervous system is closely related to epilepsy. Notch signaling plays an important role in the microglial activation during hypoxia. This study aimed to investigate whether Notch signaling is involved in microglial activation and subsequent inflammation-related neuronal injury during the process of epileptogenesis in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. By using western blotting, real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence labeling, we found that the expression of Notch signaling increased after status epilepticus and that a γ-secretase inhibitor could significantly inhibit the upregulation of Notch signaling, the activation of microglia, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Likewise, the neuronal apoptosis and loss in the hippocampus after SE were attenuated by the γ-secretase inhibitor. These results suggest that Notch signaling plays a key role in neuroinflammation and inflammation-related neuronal damage in epilepsy, and γ-secretase inhibitors may become a novel prospective therapeutic agent for epilepsy.
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131
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Dysregulated long non-coding RNAs in the temporal lobe epilepsy mouse model. Seizure 2018; 58:110-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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A mechanistic approach to explore the neuroprotective potential of zonisamide in seizures. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 26:1125-1131. [PMID: 29644555 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy, a disease of the brain, is one of the most common serious neurological conditions. It is associated with a group of processes which alter energy metabolism, interrupt cellular ionic homeostasis, cause receptor dysfunction, activate inflammatory cascade, alter neurotransmitter uptake and result in neuronal damage. The increasing knowledge and understanding about the basis of neuronal changes in epilepsy lead to investigate the mechanistic pathway of neuroprotective agents in epilepsy. With this background, the present study is designed to reveal the molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective potential of zonisamide in epilepsy. METHODS Seizure-induced neuronal damage was produced by maximal electroshock seizures in animals. The oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory and apoptotic markers were assessed in the brain tissue of animals. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The present findings revealed that zonisamide treatment prevented the development of seizures in animals. Seizures-induced free radicals production and neuroinflammation were markedly ameliorated by zonisamide administration. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the mechanisms behind the strong neuroprotective potential of zonisamide against seizures by attenuating the oxidative stress, inflammatory cascade and neuronal death associated with progression of seizures. It can be further developed as a neuroprotective agent for epilepsy and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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133
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Pozzi D, Menna E, Canzi A, Desiato G, Mantovani C, Matteoli M. The Communication Between the Immune and Nervous Systems: The Role of IL-1β in Synaptopathies. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:111. [PMID: 29674955 PMCID: PMC5895746 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 15 years, groundbreaking genetic progress has underlined a convergence onto coherent synaptic pathways for most psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, which are now collectively called “synaptopathies.” However, the modest size of inheritance detected so far indicates a multifactorial etiology for these disorders, underlining the key contribution of environmental effects to them. Inflammation is known to influence the risk and/or severity of a variety of synaptopathies. In particular, pro-inflammatory cytokines, produced and released in the brain by activated astrocytes and microglia, may play a pivotal role in these pathologies. Although the link between immune system activation and defects in cognitive processes is nowadays clearly established, the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which inflammatory mediators specifically hit synaptic components implicated in synaptopathies is still in its infancy. This review summarizes recent evidence showing that the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) specifically targets synaptopathy molecular substrate, leading to memory defects and pathological processes. In particular, we describe three specific pathways through which IL-1β affects (1) synaptic maintenance/dendritic complexity, (2) spine morphology, and (3) the excitatory/inhibitory balance. We coin the term immune synaptopathies to identify this class of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Menna
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Canzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Genni Desiato
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michela Matteoli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
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134
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Salem NA, El-Shamarka M, Khadrawy Y, El-Shebiney S. New prospects of mesenchymal stem cells for ameliorating temporal lobe epilepsy. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 26:963-972. [PMID: 29470694 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is present in 30% of epileptic patients and does not respond to conventional treatments. Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) induce endogenous neural stem cells, inhibit neurodegeneration, and promote brain self-repair mechanisms. The present study addresses the feasibility of BMSCs transplantation against pilocarpine-induced TLE experimentally. BMSCs were injected either intravenously (IV) or in hippocampus bilaterally (IC). Increased cell count of BMSCs was achieved via IC route. BMSCs treatment ameliorated the pilocarpine-induced neurochemical and histological changes, retained amino acid neurotransmitters to the normal level, downregulated the immunoreactivity to insulin growth factor-1 receptor, synaptophysin, and caspase-3 and reduced oxidative insult and inflammatory markers detected in epileptic model. It is worth noting that BMSCs IC-administered showed more pronounced effects than those administered via IV route. BMSCs transplantation presents a promise for TLE treatment that has to be elucidated clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen A Salem
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al Faisalia, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,Medical Research Division, Narcotics, Ergogenic Aids and Poisons Department, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Marwa El-Shamarka
- Medical Research Division, Narcotics, Ergogenic Aids and Poisons Department, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Yasser Khadrawy
- Medical Research Division, Physiology Department, NRC, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa El-Shebiney
- Medical Research Division, Narcotics, Ergogenic Aids and Poisons Department, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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135
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Altintaş A, Özkara Ç, Sohtaoğlu Sevindik M, Uzan M, Kekik Çinar Ç, Uysal Ö, Savran Oğuz F. Cytokine Polymorphism and HLA Genotyping in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Related to Hippocampal Sclerosis. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2018; 54:350-353. [PMID: 29321710 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2016.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the most common pathological substrate associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), where inflammatory processes are known to play an increasingly important role in the pathogenesis. To further investigate the role of the immune system, both cytokine gene polymorphisms and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotyping in patients with MTLE-HS were investigated. Methods The DNA samples of 100 patients with MTLE-HS and 201 healthy individuals were genotyped for cytokines (IL-6,IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β1 and IFN-γ) and HLA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-SSP and SSO methods. The results were statistically analyzed in patient and healthy control groups and then according to the presence of febrile seizures (FS) in the patient group. Results Analysis of cytokine genotyping did not reveal any significant difference between patients with MTLE-HS and controls and patients with or without FS. However, the HLA DRB1*13 allele was found to be more frequent in the patient population after Bonferroni correction. Conclusion This study suggests the possible role of HLA in the pathogenesis of MTLE-HS, although it failed to show any relationship with the cytokine system. However, data regarding the role of HLA are still lacking, and further studies are necessary to verify our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Altintaş
- Department of Neurology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Özkara
- Department of Neurology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa Uzan
- Department of Neurosurgery, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Kekik Çinar
- Department of Medical Biology, İstanbul University İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Uysal
- Department of Biostatistics and Medicine Informatics, Bezmialem Vakıf University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Savran Oğuz
- Department of Medical Biology, İstanbul University İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Engelhardt M, Hamad MIK, Jack A, Ahmed K, König J, Rennau LM, Jamann N, Räk A, Schönfelder S, Riedel C, Wirth MJ, Patz S, Wahle P. Interneuron synaptopathy in developing rat cortex induced by the pro-inflammatory cytokine LIF. Exp Neurol 2018; 302:169-180. [PMID: 29305051 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maren Engelhardt
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, CBTM, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Mohammad I K Hamad
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Jack
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Küpra Ahmed
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Jennifer König
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Lisa Marie Rennau
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Nora Jamann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, CBTM, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Andrea Räk
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabine Schönfelder
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Riedel
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Joseph Wirth
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Institute of Biology-II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Silke Patz
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Wahle
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.
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Navidhamidi M, Ghasemi M, Mehranfard N. Epilepsy-associated alterations in hippocampal excitability. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:307-334. [PMID: 28099137 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus exhibits a wide range of epilepsy-related abnormalities and is situated in the mesial temporal lobe, where limbic seizures begin. These abnormalities could affect membrane excitability and lead to overstimulation of neurons. Multiple overlapping processes refer to neural homeostatic responses develop in neurons that work together to restore neuronal firing rates to control levels. Nevertheless, homeostatic mechanisms are unable to restore normal neuronal excitability, and the epileptic hippocampus becomes hyperexcitable or hypoexcitable. Studies show that there is hyperexcitability even before starting recurrent spontaneous seizures, suggesting although hippocampal hyperexcitability may contribute to epileptogenesis, it alone is insufficient to produce epileptic seizures. This supports the concept that the hippocampus is not the only substrate for limbic seizure onset, and a broader hyperexcitable limbic structure may contribute to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) seizures. Nevertheless, seizures also occur in conditions where the hippocampus shows a hypoexcitable phenotype. Since TLE seizures most often originate in the hippocampus, it could therefore be assumed that both hippocampal hypoexcitability and hyperexcitability are undesirable states that make the epileptic hippocampal network less stable and may, under certain conditions, trigger seizures.
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138
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Volumetric response of the adult brain to seizures depends on the developmental stage when systemic inflammation was induced. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 78:280-287. [PMID: 29128467 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation has detrimental influences on the developing brain including triggering the epileptogenesis. On the other hand, seizure episodes may induce inflammatory processes and further increase of brain excitability. The present study focuses on the problem whether transitory systemic inflammation during developmental period may have critical importance to functional and/or structural features of the adult brain. An inflammatory status was induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 6- or 30-day-old rats. Two-month-old rats which experienced the inflammation and untreated controls received injections of pilocarpine, and the intensity of their seizure behavior was rated during a 6-hour period. Three days thereafter, the animals were perfused; their brains were postfixed and subjected to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Then, volumes of the brain and of its main regions were assessed. LPS injections alone performed at different developmental stages led to different changes in the volume of adult brain and also to different susceptibility to seizures induced in adulthood. Moreover, the LPS pretreatments modified different volumetric responses of the brain and of its regions to seizures. The responses showed strong inverse correlations with the intensity of seizures but exclusively in rats treated with LPS on postnatal day 30. It could be concluded that generalized inflammation elicited at developmental stages may have strong age-dependent effects on the adult brain regarding not only its susceptibility to action of a seizuregenic agent but also its volumetric reactivity to seizures.
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139
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Liu HJ, Lai X, Xu Y, Miao JK, Li C, Liu JY, Hua YY, Ma Q, Chen Q. α-Asarone Attenuates Cognitive Deficit in a Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Rat Model via a Decrease in the Nuclear Factor-κB Activation and Reduction in Microglia Neuroinflammation. Front Neurol 2017; 8:661. [PMID: 29312110 PMCID: PMC5735142 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most drug-resistant types of epilepsy with about 80% of TLE patients falling into this category. Increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation, which has a critical role in the epileptogenesis of TLE, is associated with microglial activation. Therefore, agents that act toward the alleviation in microglial activation and the attenuation of neuroinflammation are promising candidates to treat TLE. α-Asarone is a major active ingredient of the Acori Graminei Rhizoma used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, which has been used to improve various disease conditions including stroke and convulsions. In addition, an increasing number of studies suggested that α-asarone can attenuate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Thus, we hypothesized that α-asarone is a promising neuroprotective agent for the treatment of the TLE. Methods The present study evaluated the therapeutic effects of α-asarone on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo, using an untreated control group, a status epilepticus (SE)-induced group, and an SE-induced α-asarone pretreated group. A pilocarpine-induced rat model of TLE was established to investigate the neuroprotective effects of α-asarone in vivo. For the in vitro study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated primary cultured microglial cells were used. Results The results indicated that the brain microglial activation in the rats of the SE rat model led to important learning and memory deficit. Preventive treatment with α-asarone restrained microglial activation and reduced learning and memory deficit. In the in vitro studies, α-asarone significantly suppressed proinflammatory cytokine production in primary cultured microglial cells and attenuated the LPS-stimulated neuroinflammatory responses. Our mechanistic study revealed that α-asarone inhibited inflammatory processes by regulation the transcription levels of kappa-B, by blocking the degradation pathway of kappa B-alpha [inhibitor kappa B-alpha (IκB-α)] and kappa B-beta (IκB-β) kinase in both the SE rats and in primary cultured microglial cells. Conclusion Taken together, these data demonstrate that α-asarone is a promising neuroprotective agent for the prevention and treatment of microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory conditions including TLE, for which further assessment studies are pertinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Juan Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Lai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing-Kun Miao
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing-Ying Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Hua
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Qixiong Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
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140
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Oktay S, Bayrak G, Alev B, Ipekci H, Ustundag UV, Turkyilmaz IB, Pisiriciler R, Emekli-Alturfan E, Tunali-Akbay T, Yanardag R, Yarat A. The effect of vitamin U on the lung tissue of pentyleneterazole-induced seizures in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 391:177-184. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1447-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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141
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Kanner AM, Scharfman H, Jette N, Anagnostou E, Bernard C, Camfield C, Camfield P, Legg K, Dinstein I, Giacobe P, Friedman A, Pohlmann-Eden B. Epilepsy as a Network Disorder (1): What can we learn from other network disorders such as autistic spectrum disorder and mood disorders? Epilepsy Behav 2017; 77:106-113. [PMID: 29107450 PMCID: PMC9835466 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurologic condition which often occurs with other neurologic and psychiatric disorders. The relation between epilepsy and these conditions is complex. Some population-based studies have identified a bidirectional relation, whereby not only patients with epilepsy are at increased risk of suffering from some of these neurologic and psychiatric disorders (migraine, stroke, dementia, autism, depression, anxiety disorders, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and psychosis), but also patients with these conditions are at increased risk of suffering from epilepsy. The existence of common pathogenic mechanisms has been postulated as a potential explanation of this phenomenon. To reassess the relationships between neurological and psychiatric conditions in general, and specifically autism, depression, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and epilepsy, a recent meeting brought together basic researchers and clinician scientists entitled "Epilepsy as a Network Disorder." This was the fourth in a series of conferences, the "Fourth International Halifax Conference and Retreat". This manuscript summarizes the proceedings on potential relations between Epilepsy on the one hand and autism and depression on the other. A companion manuscript provides a summary of the proceedings about the relation between epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, closed by the role of translational research in clarifying these relationships. The review of the topics in these two manuscripts will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms operant in some of the common neurologic and psychiatric comorbidities of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres M. Kanner
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Room #1324, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Corresponding author. (A.M. Kanner)
| | - Helen Scharfman
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA,The Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Nathalie Jette
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, 150 Kilgour Road, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada
| | - Christophe Bernard
- NS – Institute de Neurosciences des Systemes, UMR INSERM 1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Equipe Physionet, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Carol Camfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Peter Camfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Karen Legg
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Halifax Infirmary, Halifax B3H4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ilan Dinstein
- Departments of Psychology and Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Peter Giacobe
- Centre for Mental Health, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel,Departments of Medical Neuroscience and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Bernd Pohlmann-Eden
- Brain Repair Center, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Room 229, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
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142
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Huang LG, Zou J, Lu QC. Silencing rno-miR-155-5p in rat temporal lobe epilepsy model reduces pathophysiological features and cell apoptosis by activating Sestrin-3. Brain Res 2017; 1689:109-122. [PMID: 29191771 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a chronic neurological disease characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures. MicroRNAs are dysregulated in various pathological conditions including epilepsy. Therefore, we hypothesized that the dysregulation of these microRNAs might also be associated with the pathogenesis of TLE. In this study, we found that a microRNA, hsa-miR-155-5p, was upregulated in patients with TLE post-surgery, and hence associated with clinical and pathological manifestations and seizure outcomes. We then used a rat model of experimental epilepsy induced by pilocarpine and revealed that the rat homologue was upregulated as well. Importantly, injection of an antagomiR of rno-miR-155-5p in vivo resulted in a reduction of the pathophysiological features associated with the status epilepticus, which was accompanied by decrease of apoptosis in the hippocampus. This effect was correlated with an increase in rat Sestrin-3 expression, which was a gene known to counteract oxidative stress. This rescue was also observed after injection of a lentivirus carrying the small interfering RNA of rat Sestrin-3 gene in the hippocampus. In addition, rno-miR-155-5p as well as rat Sestrin-3 mRNA and protein expression were partly dependent on oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in PC12 cells. Taken together, our data suggest that rno-miR-155-5p is a potent post-transcriptional regulator of rat Sestrin-3 and it may be one of the molecular links between brain damage and increased risk for seizures during damage by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Gang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Chi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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143
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Chang HC, Liao CC, Chang CC, Huang SY, Yeh CC, Hu CJ, Cherng YG, Chen TL. Risk of epilepsy in surgical patients undergoing general or neuraxial anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2017; 73:323-331. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.14099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. C. Chang
- Department of Anaesthesiology; School of Medicine; College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Shuang Ho Hospital; Taipei Medical University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - C. C. Liao
- Department of Anaesthesiology; School of Medicine; College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine; College of Chinese Medicine; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - C. C. Chang
- Department of Anaesthesiology; School of Medicine; College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - S. Y. Huang
- Department of Anaesthesiology; School of Medicine; College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Shuang Ho Hospital; Taipei Medical University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - C. C. Yeh
- Department of Surgery; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Surgery; University of Illinois; Chicago United States of America
| | - C. J. Hu
- Department of Neurology; Shuang Ho Hospital; Taipei Medical University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Y. G. Cherng
- Department of Anaesthesiology; School of Medicine; College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Shuang Ho Hospital; Taipei Medical University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - T. L. Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Anaesthesiology; School of Medicine; College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
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144
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Olde Engberink A, Hernandez R, de Graan P, Gruol DL. Rapamycin-Sensitive Late-LTP is Enhanced in the Hippocampus of IL-6 Transgenic Mice. Neuroscience 2017; 367:200-210. [PMID: 29104031 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neuroimmune factor IL-6 has been shown to regulate hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), an activity-dependent enhancement of synaptic transmission that plays a central role in memory and learning. This IL-6 action was demonstrated with relatively short IL-6 exposure, and may reflect physiological actions of IL-6. IL-6 is also expressed chronically at elevated levels in the central nervous system (CNS) under pathological conditions such as neurological disorders. Little is known about the effects IL-6 on LTP under such conditions, an issue that we are addressing by electrophysiological recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurons of hippocampal slices from transgenic mice that persistently express elevated levels of IL-6 in the CNS (IL-6 tg). The current studies examined the long-lasting phase of LTP (late LTP; L-LTP) and the potential involvement mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a known regulator of L-LTP and a downstream partner of IL-6 signal transduction pathways. Results show that basal synaptic transmission and L-LTP were increased in hippocampal slices from IL-6 tg mice compared to slices from non-transgenic (non-tg) control mice. An inhibitor of mTOR, rapamycin, reduced L-LTP in slices from both genotypes, and eliminated the difference in magnitude of L-LTP between IL-6 and non-tg hippocampus. There were no genotypic effect of rapamycin on basal synaptic transmission, but synaptic responses during the LTP induction protocol were reduced in IL-6 tg slices, an effect that could contribute to the reduction of L-LTP in the IL-6 tg slices. These results indicate that persistently increased levels of IL-6 can lead to alterations in mTOR regulation of L-LTP, possibly affecting learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Olde Engberink
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, USA; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ruben Hernandez
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, USA
| | - Pierre de Graan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Donna L Gruol
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, USA.
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145
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Zhu X, Chen Y, Du Y, Wan Q, Xu Y, Wu J. Astragaloside IV attenuates penicillin-induced epilepsy via inhibiting activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:643-647. [PMID: 29115438 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes perform several functions in the brain and spinal cord. Penicillin is commonly used for establishment of experimental epilepsy models. Previous studies have demonstrated that astragaloside IV (3-o-β-d-xylopyranosyl-6-o-β-d-glucopyranosyl-cycloastragenol; AS‑IV) has comprehensive pharmacological functions on the attenuation of inflammation. In the present study, primary astrocyte cell cultures were divided into three groups: Control group, penicillin (2,500 µM) treatment group (epilepsy model), and penicillin+AS‑IV (20, 40, 80 and 160 µmol/l) treatment group. The expression levels of inflammatory factors, including interleukin‑1β and tumor necrosis factor‑α, were determined in the groups using western blot and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. The levels of members of the phosphorylated‑mitogen‑activated protein kinase (p‑MAPK) family, including p‑c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase 1/2, p‑extracellular signal‑regulated protein kinase 1/2 and p‑p38, were determined using western blot analysis. Cell viability of the astrocytes was detected using a 3‑(4,5‑dimethyl‑2‑thiazolyl)‑2,5‑diphenyl‑2‑H‑tetrazolium bromide assay and cell proliferation was evaluated using a Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay. The results revealed that AS‑IV significantly suppressed the expression of penicillin‑induced inflammatory factors in the astrocytes at the transcriptional and translational levels, and occurred in a dose‑dependent manner. The penicillin‑induced increase in the protein levels of the the p‑MAPK family were notably decreased by AS‑IV. In addition, the penicillin‑induced downregulation of primary astrocyte viability/cell proliferation was significantly reversed by the administration of AS‑IV. From these results, it was concluded that AS‑IV suppressed the penicillin‑induced upregulation of inflammatory factors and p‑MAPK in astrocytes, ultimately attenuating epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Zhu
- Department of Neurology, 101st Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Neurology, 101st Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Yuping Du
- Department of Neurology, 101st Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wan
- Department of Neurology, 101st Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, 101st Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Jiayu Wu
- Department of Neurology, 101st Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
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146
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Leal B, Chaves J, Carvalho C, Rangel R, Santos A, Bettencourt A, Lopes J, Ramalheira J, Silva BM, da Silva AM, Costa PP. Brain expression of inflammatory mediators in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy patients. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 313:82-88. [PMID: 29153613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation may be central in epileptogenesis. In this study we analysed inflammatory reaction markers in brain tissue of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Hippocampal Sclerosis (MTLE-HS) patients. TLR4, IL-1β and IL-10 gene expression as well as the presence of activated HLA-DR+ microglia was evaluated in 23 patients and 10 cadaveric controls. Inflammation characterized by the presence of HLA-DR+ microglia and TLR4, IL-1β overexpression was evident in hippocampus and anterior temporal cortex of MTLE-HS patients. Anti-inflammatory IL-10 was also overexpressed in MTLE-HS patients. Our results show that hippocampal neuroinflammation extends beyond lesional limits, as far as the anterior temporal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Leal
- UMIB - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar [ICBAS], Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Lab. Imunogenética, DPIM, ICBAS-UPorto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Chaves
- Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Carvalho
- UMIB - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar [ICBAS], Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Lab. Imunogenética, DPIM, ICBAS-UPorto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Rangel
- Serviço de Neurocirurgia, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Santos
- Serviço de Patologia Forense, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e ciências Forenses - Delegação do Norte (INMLCF-DN), Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Bettencourt
- UMIB - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar [ICBAS], Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Lab. Imunogenética, DPIM, ICBAS-UPorto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Lopes
- Serviço de Neurofisiologia, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Ramalheira
- Serviço de Neurofisiologia, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Berta M Silva
- UMIB - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar [ICBAS], Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Lab. Imunogenética, DPIM, ICBAS-UPorto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Martins da Silva
- UMIB - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar [ICBAS], Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Serviço de Neurofisiologia, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo P Costa
- UMIB - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar [ICBAS], Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto Rua Pedro Nunes, n.° 88; 4099-032 Porto, Portugal
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147
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Kim K, Kwak BO, Kwon A, Ha J, Kim SJ, Bae SW, Son JS, Kim SN, Lee R. Analysis of plasma multiplex cytokines and increased level of IL-10 and IL-1Ra cytokines in febrile seizures. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:200. [PMID: 29017522 PMCID: PMC5635534 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Febrile seizures are the most common form of childhood seizures. Fever generation involves many cytokines, including both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Some of these cytokines also induce febrile seizures. We compared cytokine production in children with a fever alone (healthy control group) and febrile seizure children group. Also, we evaluated the cytokine level of children with a fever alone and febrile seizure history. Methods Fifty febrile seizure patients and 39 normal control patients who visited the emergency department of Konkuk University Hospital from December 2015 to December 2016 were included in this study. Blood was taken from the peripheral vessels of children in all groups within 1 h of the seizure, and serum was obtained immediately. Serum samples from patients with only a fever and a febrile seizure history (N = 13) and afebrile seizure controls (N = 12) were also analyzed. Results The serum IL-10 and IL-1Ra levels were significantly higher in the febrile seizure patients than in the fever-only control, fever only with a febrile seizure history, and afebrile seizure groups (p < 0.05). The serum IFN-γ and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the febrile seizure patients than in the afebrile seizure group (p < 0.05). The serum IL-8 levels were higher in the febrile seizure patients than in the fever only controls (p < 0.05). Conclusions The serum levels of the IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines and the serum levels of the IL-10 and IL-1Ra anti-inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in the febrile seizure children. Furthermore, the serum level of IL-1Ra was more increased in the febrile seizure group than in the same patients with only a fever. Our data suggest that increased serum IL-10 and IL-1Ra may play potential roles as anti-inflammatory cytokines in a compensation mechanism that shortens the seizure duration or prevents a febrile seizure attack. Therefore, anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10 and IL-1Ra, have potential as therapeutic targets for the prevention of seizures and nervous system development of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Ok Kwak
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aram Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongseok Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120-1 Neungdong-ro (Hwayang-dong), Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Korea
| | - Sun Whan Bae
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120-1 Neungdong-ro (Hwayang-dong), Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Korea
| | - Jae Sung Son
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120-1 Neungdong-ro (Hwayang-dong), Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Korea
| | - Soo-Nyung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ran Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120-1 Neungdong-ro (Hwayang-dong), Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Korea. .,International Healthcare Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
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148
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Vilela LR, Lima IV, Kunsch ÉB, Pinto HPP, de Miranda AS, Vieira ÉLM, de Oliveira ACP, Moraes MFD, Teixeira AL, Moreira FA. Anticonvulsant effect of cannabidiol in the pentylenetetrazole model: Pharmacological mechanisms, electroencephalographic profile, and brain cytokine levels. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 75:29-35. [PMID: 28821005 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), the main nonpsychotomimetic compound from Cannabis sativa, inhibits experimental seizures in animal models and alleviates certain types of intractable epilepsies in patients. Its pharmacological profile, however, is still uncertain. Here we tested the hypothesis that CBD anticonvulsant mechanisms are prevented by cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) and vanilloid (TRPV1) receptor blockers. We also investigated its effects on electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and hippocampal cytokines in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) model. Pretreatment with CBD (60mg/kg) attenuated seizures induced by intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intravenous PTZ administration in mice. The effects were reversed by CB1, CB2, and TRPV1 selective antagonists (AM251, AM630, and SB366791, respectively). Additionally, CBD delayed seizure sensitization resulting from repeated PTZ administration (kindling). This cannabinoid also prevented PTZ-induced EEG activity and interleukin-6 increase in prefrontal cortex. In conclusion, the robust anticonvulsant effects of CBD may result from multiple pharmacological mechanisms, including facilitation of endocannabinoid signaling and TRPV1 mechanisms. These findings advance our understanding on CBD inhibition of seizures, EEG activity, and cytokine actions, with potential implications for the development of new treatments for certain epileptic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano R Vilela
- Graduate School in Neuroscience, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabel V Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Érica B Kunsch
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hyorrana Priscila P Pinto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline S de Miranda
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Érica Leandro M Vieira
- Graduate School in Neuroscience, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Flávio D Moraes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio L Teixeira
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Fabricio A Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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149
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Kaur C, Rathnasamy G, Ling EA. Biology of Microglia in the Developing Brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:736-753. [PMID: 28859332 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia exist in different morphological forms in the developing brain. They show a small cell body with scanty cytoplasm with many branching processes in the grey matter of the developing brain. However, in the white matter such as the corpus callosum where the unmyelinated axons are loosely organized, they appear in an amoeboid form having a round cell body endowed with copious cytoplasm rich in organelles. The amoeboid cells eventually transform into ramified microglia in the second postnatal week when the tissue becomes more compact with the onset of myelination. Microglia serve as immunocompetent macrophages that act as neuropathology sensors to detect and respond swiftly to subtle changes in the brain tissues in pathological conditions. Microglial functions are broadly considered as protective in the normal brain development as they phagocytose dead cells and sculpt neuronal connections by pruning excess axons and synapses. They also secrete a number of trophic factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 and transforming growth factor-β among many others that are involved in neuronal and oligodendrocyte survival. On the other hand, microglial cells when activated produce a plethora of molecules such as proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide that are implicated in the pathogenesis of many pathological conditions such as epilepsy, cerebral palsy, autism, and perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Although many studies have investigated the origin and functions of the microglia in the developing brain, in-depth in vivo studies along with analysis of their transcriptome and epigenetic changes need to be undertaken to elucidate their full potential be it protective or neurotoxic. This would lead to a better understanding of their roles in the healthy and diseased developing brain and advancement of therapeutic strategies to target microglia-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanjit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gurugirijha Rathnasamy
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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150
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Tu THT, Sharma N, Shin EJ, Tran HQ, Lee YJ, Jeong JH, Jeong JH, Nah SY, Tran HYP, Byun JK, Ko SK, Kim HC. Ginsenoside Re Protects Trimethyltin-Induced Neurotoxicity via Activation of IL-6-Mediated Phosphoinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling in Mice. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3125-3139. [PMID: 28884396 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng), an herbal medicine, has been used to prevent neurodegenerative disorders. Ginsenosides (e.g., Re, Rb1, or Rg1) were obtained from Korean mountain cultivated ginseng. The anticonvulsant activity of ginsenoside Re (20 mg/kg/day × 3) against trimethyltin (TMT) insult was the most pronounced out of ginsenosides (e.g., Re, Rb1, and Rg1). Re itself did not significantly alter tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-ϒ (IFN-ϒ), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression, however, it significantly increases the interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression. In addition, Re attenuated the TMT-induced decreases in IL-6 protein level. Therefore, IL-6 knockout (-/-) mice were employed to investigate whether Re requires IL-6-dependent neuroprotective activity against TMT toxicity. Re significantly attenuated TMT-induced lipid peroxidation, protein peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species in the hippocampus. Re-mediated antioxidant effects were more pronounced in IL-6 (-/-) mice than in WT mice. Consistently, TMT-induced increase in c-Fos-immunoreactivity (c-Fos-IR), TUNEL-positive cells, and nuclear chromatin clumping in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus were significantly attenuated by Re. Furthermore, Re attenuated TMT-induced proapoptotic changes. Protective potentials by Re were comparable to those by recombinant IL-6 protein (rIL-6) against TMT-insult in IL-6 (-/-) mice. Moreover, treatment with a phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002 (1.6 µg, i.c.v) counteracted the protective potential mediated by Re or rIL-6 against TMT insult. The results suggest that ginsenoside Re requires IL-6-dependent PI3K/Akt signaling for its protective potential against TMT-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Hien Thi Tu
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Quyen Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jeung Lee
- Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chug-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Jeong
- Headquarters of Forestry Support, Korea Forestry Promotion Institute, Seoul, 07570, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoang-Yen Phi Tran
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, 760000, Vietnam
| | - Jae Kyung Byun
- Korean Society of Forest Environment Research, Namyangju, 12014, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kwon Ko
- Department of Oriental Medical Food & Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon, 27136, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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