101
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Harnett NG, Wheelock MD, Wood KH, Goodman AM, Mrug S, Elliott MN, Schuster MA, Tortolero S, Knight DC. Negative life experiences contribute to racial differences in the neural response to threat. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116086. [PMID: 31401241 PMCID: PMC6819267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Threat-related emotional function is supported by a neural circuit that includes the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and amygdala. The function of this neural circuit is altered by negative life experiences, which can potentially affect threat-related emotional processes. Notably, Black-American individuals disproportionately endure negative life experiences compared to White-American individuals. However, the relationships among negative life experiences, race, and the neural substrates that support threat-related emotional function remains unclear. Therefore, the current study investigated whether the brain function that supports threat-related emotional processes varies with racial differences in negative life experiences. In the present study, adolescent violence exposure, family income, and neighborhood disadvantage were measured prospectively (i.e., at 11-19 years of age) for Black-American and White-American volunteers. Participants then, as young adults (i.e., 18-23 years of age), completed a Pavlovian fear conditioning task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Cued and non-cued threats were presented during the conditioning task and behavioral (threat expectancy) and psychophysiological responses (skin conductance response; SCR) were recorded simultaneously with fMRI. Racial differences were observed in neural (fMRI activity), behavioral (threat expectancy), and psychophysiological (SCR) responses to threat. These threat-elicited responses also varied with negative life experiences (violence exposure, family income, and neighborhood disadvantage). Notably, racial differences in brain activity to threat were smaller after accounting for negative life experiences. The present findings suggest that racial differences in the neural and behavioral response to threat are due, in part, to exposure to negative life experiences and may provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying racial disparities in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel G Harnett
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Muriah D Wheelock
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kimberly H Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Adam M Goodman
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Mark A Schuster
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Susan Tortolero
- Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David C Knight
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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102
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LeWinn KZ, Shih EW. Social Experience and the Developing Brain: Opportunities for Social Epidemiologists in the Era of Population-Based Neuroimaging. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-019-00222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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103
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Retrospectively reported childhood physical abuse, systemic inflammation, and resting corticolimbic connectivity in midlife adults. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:203-213. [PMID: 31445966 PMCID: PMC6956859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood abuse confers risk for psychopathology and pathophysiology in midlife through intermediate pathways that remain unclear. Systemic inflammation was tested in the present study as one pathway that may link physical abuse in childhood to the adult functioning of corticolimbic brain circuits broadly implicated in risk for poor mental and physical health. Midlife adults (N = 303; 30-51 years of age; 149 women) without psychiatric, immune, or cardiovascular diagnoses provided retrospective reports of childhood physical abuse. Functional connectivity between corticolimbic brain areas (amygdala, hippocampus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC], anterior cingulate cortex [ACC]) was measured at rest using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Circulating levels of interleukin(IL)-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine previously linked to childhood abuse and corticolimbic functionality, were measured via blood draw. Consistent with prior studies, retrospectively reported childhood physical abuse was associated positively with circulating IL-6, and negatively with connectivity between the amygdala and vmPFC. IL-6 was also associated negatively with several corticolimbic functional connections, including amygdala-vmPFC connectivity. Moreover, path analyses revealed an indirect effect of IL-6 that partially explained the association between childhood physical abuse and adult amygdala-vmPFC connectivity. Consistent with recent neurobiological models of early life influences on disease risk across the lifespan, associations between childhood physical abuse and adulthood corticolimbic circuit functionality may be partially explained by inflammatory processes.
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104
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Wang Y, Qin Y, Li H, Yao D, Sun B, Li Z, Li X, Dai Y, Wen C, Zhang L, Zhang C, Zhu T, Luo C. Abnormal Functional Connectivity in Cognitive Control Network, Default Mode Network, and Visual Attention Network in Internet Addiction: A Resting-State fMRI Study. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1006. [PMID: 31620077 PMCID: PMC6759465 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Internet addiction (IA) has become a global mental and social problem, which may lead to a series of psychiatric symptoms including uncontrolled use of internet, and lack of concentration. However, the exact pathophysiology of IA remains unclear. Most of functional connectivity studies were based on pre-selected regions of interest (ROI), which could not provide a comprehensive picture of the communication abnormalities in IA, and might lead to limited or bias observations. Using local functional connectivity density (lFCD), this study aimed to explore the whole-brain abnormalities of functional connectivity in IA. We evaluated the whole-brain lFCD resulting from resting-state fMRI data in 28 IA individuals and 30 demographically matched healthy control subjects (HCs). The correlations between clinical characteristics and aberrant lFCD were also assessed. Compared with HCs, subjects with IA exhibited heightened lFCD values in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), left parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), and cerebellum, and the bilateral middle cingulate cortex (MCC) and superior temporal pole (STP), as well as decreased lFCD values in the right inferior parietal lobe (IPL), and bilateral calcarine and lingual gyrus. Voxel-based correlation analysis revealed the significant correlations between the Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) score and altered lFCD values in the left PHG and bilateral STP. These findings revealed the hyper-connectivity in cognitive control network and default mode network as well as the hypo-connectivity in visual attention network, verifying the common mechanism in IA and substance addiction, and the underlying association between IA, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in terms of neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Shuangliu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Qin
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Dai
- School of Rehabilitation and Health Preservation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zigong Fifth People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Lingrui Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation and Health Preservation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation and Health Preservation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianmin Zhu
- School of Rehabilitation and Health Preservation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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105
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Monninger M, Kraaijenvanger EJ, Pollok TM, Boecker-Schlier R, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Baumeister S, Esser G, Schmidt M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Laucht M, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Holz NE. The Long-Term Impact of Early Life Stress on Orbitofrontal Cortical Thickness. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:1307-1317. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Early adversity has been related to brain structure alterations and to an increased risk of psychiatric disorders. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a key region for emotional processing, with structural alterations being described in several mental disorders. However, little is known about how its cortical thickness (CT) is affected by the long-term impact of life stress (LS) at different developmental stages. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of LS during infancy, childhood, and adolescence on CT alterations in the OFC and on psychopathology in 190 adults of an ongoing prospective cohort study. Chronic stressful life events were assessed in regular intervals. Participants rated depressive symptoms at the ages of 22 and 23 years. Morphometric data were collected at the participants’ age of 25 years. Chronic LS during infancy was associated with reduced CT in the right OFC and increased depressive symptoms. Moreover, the impact of chronic LS during infancy on OFC thickness was partially mediated by depressive symptoms in adulthood, suggesting an interplay of early LS, psychopathology, and CT alterations. Our findings highlight the long-term impact of early LS on an affective core brain structure and psychopathology later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Monninger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Eline J Kraaijenvanger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Tania M Pollok
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Regina Boecker-Schlier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Christine Jennen-Steinmetz
- Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Günter Esser
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, OT Golm, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Martin Schmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, OT Golm, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Neumünsterallee 9, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Nathalie E Holz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany
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106
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Lim L, Hart H, Howells H, Mehta MA, Simmons A, Mirza K, Rubia K. Altered white matter connectivity in young people exposed to childhood abuse: a tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and tractography study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2019; 44:E11-E20. [PMID: 30964614 PMCID: PMC6606424 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood abuse is associated with structural brain abnormalities. Few studies have investigated white matter tract abnormalities in medication-naive, drug-free individuals who experienced childhood abuse. We examined the association between childhood abuse and abnormalities in white matter tracts in that population, controlling for psychiatric comorbidities. METHODS We collected diffusion tensor imaging data for age- and sex-matched youth with childhood abuse, psychiatric controls (matched for psychiatric diagnoses) and healthy controls. Tract-specific analysis was conducted using tractography. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was used to assess group differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) at the whole-brain level. RESULTS We included 20 youth who experienced childhood abuse, 18 psychiatric controls and 25 healthy controls in our analysis. Tractography analysis showed abuse-specific reduced tract volume in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) and inferior frontal-occipital fasciculus (IFoF) in the abuse group relative to both healthy and psychiatric controls. Furthermore, abnormalities in the left IFoF were associated with greater abuse severity. The TBSS analysis showed significantly reduced FA in a left-hemispheric cluster comprising the ILF, IFoF and corpus callosum splenium in the abuse group relative to healthy and psychiatric controls. LIMITATIONS It is unclear to what extent pubertal development, malnutrition and prenatal drug exposure may have influenced the findings. CONCLUSION Childhood abuse is associated with altered structure of neural pathways connecting the frontal, temporal and occipital cortices that are known to mediate affect and cognitive control. The abuse-specific deficits in the ILF and IFoF suggest that fibre tracts presumably involved in conveying and processing the adverse abusive experience are specifically compromised in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Lim
- From the Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Lim, Hart, Mirza, Rubia); the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College – Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore (Lim); the NatBrainLab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Howells); and the Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Mehta, Simmons)
| | - Heledd Hart
- From the Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Lim, Hart, Mirza, Rubia); the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College – Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore (Lim); the NatBrainLab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Howells); and the Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Mehta, Simmons)
| | - Henrietta Howells
- From the Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Lim, Hart, Mirza, Rubia); the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College – Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore (Lim); the NatBrainLab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Howells); and the Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Mehta, Simmons)
| | - Mitul A. Mehta
- From the Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Lim, Hart, Mirza, Rubia); the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College – Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore (Lim); the NatBrainLab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Howells); and the Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Mehta, Simmons)
| | - Andrew Simmons
- From the Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Lim, Hart, Mirza, Rubia); the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College – Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore (Lim); the NatBrainLab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Howells); and the Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Mehta, Simmons)
| | - Kah Mirza
- From the Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Lim, Hart, Mirza, Rubia); the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College – Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore (Lim); the NatBrainLab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Howells); and the Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Mehta, Simmons)
| | - Katya Rubia
- From the Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Lim, Hart, Mirza, Rubia); the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College – Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore (Lim); the NatBrainLab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Howells); and the Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK (Mehta, Simmons)
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107
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Debnath R, Tang A, Zeanah CH, Nelson CA, Fox NA. The long-term effects of institutional rearing, foster care intervention and disruptions in care on brain electrical activity in adolescence. Dev Sci 2019; 23:e12872. [PMID: 31148302 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to early psychosocial deprivation as a result of institutional care disrupts typical brain development. The Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) is the first longitudinal study to investigate the neurodevelopment of institutionalized infants randomized to a foster care (FCG) intervention versus care as usual (CAUG). Here, we present findings from a follow-up assessment of brain electrical activity as indexed by resting EEG at age 16 years. In addition, we examined the effects of disruption of foster care placement (e.g. the number of moves among foster care placements) on brain electrical activity. Resting-state EEG was collected from 48 CAUG, 46 FCG and 48 never institutionalized (NIG) control participants. Absolute (µV2 ) and relative (proportion) power were computed from eyes closed, resting EEG data for theta, alpha and beta frequency bands. The CAUG displayed higher relative theta and lower relative alpha power compared to the FCG at 16 years of age. The FCG showed brain activity comparable to the NIG. The results further showed that disruptions following the original foster care placement had an adverse effect on brain electrical activity. Within the foster care group, there were no effects of age of placement on EEG power. Placement of children who have experienced early institutional rearing into stable foster care settings ensure long-term improvement in brain functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Debnath
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Alva Tang
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Charles H Zeanah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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108
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Slopen N, Tang A, Nelson CA, Zeanah CH, McDade TW, McLaughlin KA, Fox N. The Consequences of Foster Care Versus Institutional Care in Early Childhood on Adolescent Cardiometabolic and Immune Markers: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychosom Med 2019; 81:449-457. [PMID: 31008902 PMCID: PMC6544473 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children exposed to institutional rearing often exhibit problems across a broad array of developmental domains. We compared the consequences of long-term, high-quality foster care versus standard institution-based care, which began in early childhood on cardiometabolic and immune markers assessed at the time of adolescence. METHODS The Bucharest Early Intervention Project is a longitudinal investigation of children institutionalized during early childhood (ages 6 to 30 months at baseline) who were subsequently randomized to either high-quality foster care or continued institutional care. At the age of 16 years, 127 respondents participated in a biomarker collection protocol, including 44 institutionalized children randomly assigned to receive care as usual, 41 institutionalized children randomized to be removed from institutional care and placed in high-quality foster care in infancy, and a control group of 42 demographically matched children raised in biological families. Outcomes included body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, and Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers. RESULTS Early institutional rearing was not associated with differences in cardiometabolic or immune markers. Randomization to foster care and age of placement into foster care were also unrelated to these markers, with the exception of BMI z-score, where children assigned to care as usual had lower BMI z-scores relative to children assigned to foster care (-0.23 versus 0.08, p = .06), and older age at placement was associated with lower BMI (β = -0.07, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS The impact of institutional rearing on measures of cardiometabolic health and immune system functioning is either absent or not evident until later in development. These findings provide new insights into the biological embedding of adversity and how it varies developmentally and across regulatory systems and adversity type. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00747396.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Slopen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alva Tang
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Charles A. Nelson
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Thomas W. McDade
- Department of Anthropology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Nathan Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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109
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Machlin L, McLaughlin KA, Sheridan MA. Brain structure mediates the association between socioeconomic status and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Dev Sci 2019; 23:e12844. [PMID: 31056844 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with greater risk for symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). One mechanism through which SES may confer risk for ADHD is by influencing brain structure. Alterations to cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volume have been associated with low SES and with the presence of ADHD across multiple studies. The current study examined whether cortical thickness, surface area or subcortical volume mediate the associations between SES and ADHD in youth 3-21 years old (N = 874) from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study. Freesurfer was used to estimate cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volume from structural magnetic resonance imaging. Parents reported on demographics, family SES, ADHD diagnoses and the presence of child attention problems. Statistical mediation was assessed using a bootstrap resampling procedure. Controlling for parental ADHD, child age, gender, birth weight and scanner, children in low SES families were more likely to be in the ADHD group. Consistent with previous reports in this sample, low SES was associated with reduced surface area across the frontal lobe and reduced subcortical volume in the amygdala, cerebellum, hippocampus and basal ganglia. Of these regions, a significant indirect effect of SES on ADHD status through subcortical volume was observed for the left cerebellum (95% confidence interval: 0.004, 0.022), the right cerebellum (95% confidence interval: 0.006, 0.025), and the right caudate (95% confidence interval: 0.002, 0.022). Environmentally mediated changes in the cerebellum and the caudate may be neurodevelopmental mechanisms explaining elevated risk of ADHD in children in low SES families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Machlin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Margaret A Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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110
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Uy JP, Goldenberg D, Tashjian SM, Do KT, Galván A. Physical home environment is associated with prefrontal cortical thickness in adolescents. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12834. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P. Uy
- Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | - Diane Goldenberg
- Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | - Sarah M. Tashjian
- Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | - Kathy T. Do
- Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | - Adriana Galván
- Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
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111
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Fu Y, Xiao Y, Du M, Mao C, Fu G, Yang L, Liu X, Sweeney JA, Lui S, Yan Z. Brain Structural Alterations in Left-Behind Children: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:33. [PMID: 31133820 PMCID: PMC6517480 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parental migration has caused millions of children left behind, especially in China and India. Left-behind children (LBC) have a high risk of mental disorders and may present negative life outcomes in the future. However, little is known whether there are cerebral structural alterations in LBC in relative to those with parents. This study is to explore the effect of parental migration on brain maturation by comparing gray matter volume (GMV) and fractional anisotropy (FA) of LBC with well-matched non-LBC. Thirty-eight LBC (21 boys, age = 9.60 ± 1.8 years) and 30 non-LBC (19 boys, age = 10.00 ± 1.95 years) were recruited and underwent brain scans in 3.0 T MR. Intelligence quotient and other factors including family income, guardians’ educational level and separation time were also acquired. GMV and FA were measured for each participant and compared between groups using 2-sample t-tests with atlas-based analysis. Compared to non-LBC, LBC exhibited greater GMV in emotional and cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits, and altered FA in bilateral superior occipitofrontal fasciculi and right medial lemniscus (p < 0.05, Cohen’s d > 0.89, corrected for false-discovery rate). Other factors including family income, guardians’ educational level and separation time were not associated with these brain changes. Our study provides empirical evidence of altered brain structure in LBC compared to non-LBC, responsible for emotion regulation and processing, which may account for mental disorders and negative life outcome of LBC. Our study suggests that absence of direct biological parental care may impact children’s brain development. Therefore, public health efforts may be needed to provide additional academic and social/emotional supports to LBC when their parents migrate to seeking better economic circumstances, which has become increasingly common in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Fu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meimei Du
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chuanwan Mao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gui Fu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaozheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Radiology, Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihan Yan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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112
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Parsing neurodevelopmental features of irritability and anxiety: Replication and validation of a latent variable approach. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:917-929. [PMID: 31064595 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941900035x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Irritability and anxiety are two common clinical phenotypes that involve high-arousal negative affect states (anger and fear), and that frequently co-occur. Elucidating how these two forms of emotion dysregulation relate to perturbed neurodevelopment may benefit from alternate phenotyping strategies. One such strategy applies a bifactor latent variable approach that can parse shared versus unique mechanisms of these two phenotypes. Here, we aim to replicate and extend this approach and examine associations with neural structure in a large transdiagnostic sample of youth (N = 331; M = 13.57, SD = 2.69 years old; 45.92% male). FreeSurfer was used to extract cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and subcortical volume. The current findings replicated the bifactor model and demonstrate measurement invariance as a function of youth age and sex. There were no associations of youth's factor scores with cortical thickness, surface area, or subcortical volume. However, we found strong convergent and divergent validity between parent-reported irritability and anxiety factors with clinician-rated symptoms and impairment. A general negative affectivity factor was robustly associated with overall functional impairment across symptom domains. Together, these results support the utility of the bifactor model as an alternative phenotyping strategy for irritability and anxiety, which may aid in the development of targeted treatments.
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113
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Underwood MD, Bakalian MJ, Escobar T, Kassir S, Mann JJ, Arango V. Early-Life Adversity, but Not Suicide, Is Associated With Less Prefrontal Cortex Gray Matter in Adulthood. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:349-357. [PMID: 30911751 PMCID: PMC6499245 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide and major depression are prevalent in individuals reporting early-life adversity. Prefrontal cortex volume is reduced by stress acutely and progressively, and changes in neuron and glia density are reported in depressed suicide decedents. We previously found reduced neurotrophic factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor in suicide decedents and with early-life adversity, and we sought to determine whether cortex thickness or neuron or glia density in the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex are associated with early-life adversity or suicide. METHODS A total of 52 brains, constituting 13 quadruplets of nonpsychiatric controls and major depressive disorder suicide decedents with and without early-life adversity, were matched for age, sex, race, and postmortem interval. Brains were collected at autopsy and frozen, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex were later dissected, postfixed, and sectioned. Sections were immunostained for neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) to label neurons and counterstained with thionin to stain glial cell nuclei. Cortex thickness, neuron and glial density, and neuron volume were measured by stereology. RESULTS Cortical thickness was 6% less with early-life adversity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and 12% less in anterior cingulate cortex (P < .05), but not in depressed suicide decedents in either region. Neuron density was not different in early-life adversity or with suicide, but glial density was 17% greater with early-life adversity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and 15% greater in anterior cingulate cortex, but not in suicides. Neuron volume was not different with early-life adversity or suicide. CONCLUSIONS Reported early-life adversity, but not the stress associated with suicide, is associated with thinner prefrontal cortex and greater glia density in adulthood. Early-life adversity may alter normal neurodevelopment and contribute to suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Underwood
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York,Correspondence: Mark Underwood, PhD, Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Box 42, New York, New York, 10032 ()
| | - Mihran J Bakalian
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Teresa Escobar
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Suham Kassir
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Victoria Arango
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
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114
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Humphreys KL, Watts EL, Dennis EL, King LS, Thompson PM, Gotlib IH. Stressful Life Events, ADHD Symptoms, and Brain Structure in Early Adolescence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 47:421-432. [PMID: 29785533 PMCID: PMC6249129 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite a growing understanding that early adversity in childhood broadly affects risk for psychopathology, the contribution of stressful life events to the development of symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not clear. In the present study, we examined the association between number of stressful life events experienced and ADHD symptoms, assessed using the Attention Problems subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist, in a sample of 214 children (43% male) ages 9.11-13.98 years (M = 11.38, SD = 1.05). In addition, we examined whether the timing of the events (i.e., onset through age 5 years or after age 6 years) was associated with ADHD symptoms. Finally, we examined variation in brain structure to determine whether stressful life events were associated with volume in brain regions that were found to vary as a function of symptoms of ADHD. We found a small to moderate association between number of stressful life events and ADHD symptoms. Although the strength of the associations between number of events and ADHD symptoms did not differ as a function of the age of occurrence of stressful experiences, different brain regions were implicated in the association between stressors and ADHD symptoms in the two age periods during which stressful life events occurred. These findings support the hypothesis that early adversity is associated with ADHD symptoms, and provide insight into possible brain-based mediators of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily L Watts
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily L Dennis
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mary and Mark Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lucy S King
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mary and Mark Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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115
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Bick J, Palmwood EN, Zajac L, Simons R, Dozier M. Early Parenting Intervention and Adverse Family Environments Affect Neural Function in Middle Childhood. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:326-335. [PMID: 30447912 PMCID: PMC6373871 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing work points to the negative impact of early adverse experiences on the developing brain. An outstanding question concerns the extent to which early intervention can normalize trajectories of brain development in at-risk children. We tested this within the context of a randomized clinical trial of an early parenting program, the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC), delivered to parents and infants monitored for maltreatment by Child Protective Services. METHODS Families participated in the randomized clinical trial when children were 2.5 years of age or younger. Parenting and home adversity was measured at baseline. Children were followed longitudinally, and resting brain activity was measured electrophysiologically (n = 106) when children reached 8 years of age. Spectral power was quantified and compared across children assigned to the experimental intervention (ABC), a control intervention, and a low-risk comparison group (n = 76) recruited at the follow-up assessment. RESULTS Higher early home adversity was associated with electrophysiological profiles indicative of cortical delays/immaturity in middle childhood, based on relatively greater power in lower frequency bands (theta, 4-6 Hz, and low alpha, 6-9 Hz) and lower power in a higher frequency band (high alpha, 9-12 Hz). Children assigned to ABC showed relatively greater high-frequency power (beta, 12-20 Hz) than children assigned to the control intervention. Beta power in the ABC did not differ from that of the low-risk comparison group. CONCLUSIONS Maltreatment risk and home adversity can affect indicators of middle childhood brain maturation. Early parenting programs can support more normative patterns of neural function during middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bick
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.
| | - Erin N. Palmwood
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
| | - Lindsay Zajac
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
| | - Robert Simons
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
| | - Mary Dozier
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
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116
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Zuo P, Wang Y, Liu J, Hu S, Zhao G, Huang L, Lin D. Effects of early adversity on the brain: Larger-volume anterior cingulate cortex in AIDS orphans. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210489. [PMID: 30640928 PMCID: PMC6331092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have revealed that adolescent AIDS orphans have more psychosocial problems than healthy adolescents. However, little is known about whether and how the brain structures of adolescent AIDS orphans differ from those of healthy adolescents. Here, we used magnetic resonance imaging to compare adolescent AIDS orphans reared in institutions (N = 20) with a sex- and age-matched group of healthy adolescents reared in families (N = 20) in China using a voxel-based morphometry analysis. First, we found that both total gray- and white-matter volumes did not differ between groups. Second, after correcting for age, sex, and total gray-matter volume, the AIDS orphan group demonstrated smaller hippocampal volumes, larger anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) volumes, and no differences in the amygdala. Third, a whole-brain analysis identified higher gray-matter volume of the ACC in the AIDS orphan group than in the control group. The preliminary findings of this study highlight the need for future research to confirm the sensitivity of the hippocampus and ACC to early adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Zuo
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxiang Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Danhua Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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117
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Barfield ET, Gourley SL. Prefrontal cortical trkB, glucocorticoids, and their interactions in stress and developmental contexts. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:535-558. [PMID: 30477984 PMCID: PMC6392187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tropomyosin/tyrosine receptor kinase B (trkB) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulate neuron structure and function and the hormonal stress response. Meanwhile, disruption of trkB and GR activity (e.g., by chronic stress) can perturb neuronal morphology in cortico-limbic regions implicated in stressor-related illnesses like depression. Further, several of the short- and long-term neurobehavioral consequences of stress depend on the developmental timing and context of stressor exposure. We review how the levels and activities of trkB and GR in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) change during development, interact, are modulated by stress, and are implicated in depression. We review evidence that trkB- and GR-mediated signaling events impact the density and morphology of dendritic spines, the primary sites of excitatory synapses in the brain, highlighting effects in adolescents when possible. Finally, we review the role of neurotrophin and glucocorticoid systems in stress-related metaplasticity. We argue that better understanding the long-term effects of developmental stressors on PFC trkB, GR, and related factors may yield insights into risk for chronic, remitting depression and related neuropsychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Barfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Shannon L Gourley
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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118
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Gul H, Gurkan CK. Child Maltreatment and Associated Parental Factors Among Children With ADHD: A Comparative Study. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:1278-1288. [PMID: 27401238 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716658123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the role of child and parental factors in maltreatment of children with ADHD compared with a healthy control group. METHOD We examined the rates and correlations of child maltreatment by parents in a sample of children with ADHD ( n = 100) and a matched comparison sample of children without ADHD ( n = 100), all aged 6 to 11 years. Parent and child ratings evaluated demographic characteristics, severity of ADHD symptoms, and childhood trauma exposure. RESULTS According to regression analysis, maternal hyperactivity/impulsivity and male gender of the child increase the emotional abuse; whereas maternal history of emotional abuse and physical neglect and paternal attention deficit increase sexual abuse, and higher maternal hyperactivity/impulsivity increases emotional neglect of ADHD children. CONCLUSION The study's findings provide strong evidence that the maltreatment of children with ADHD is more associated with parental factors than with the symptoms of ADHD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesna Gul
- 1 Ankara University, School of Medicine, Turkey.,2 Necip Fazil State Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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119
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Abstract
Prenatal adversity shapes child neurodevelopment and risk for later mental health problems. The quality of the early care environment can buffer some of the negative effects of prenatal adversity on child development. Retrospective studies, in adult samples, highlight epigenetic modifications as sentinel markers of the quality of the early care environment; however, comparable data from pediatric cohorts are lacking. Participants were drawn from the Maternal Adversity Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) study, a longitudinal cohort with measures of infant attachment, infant development, and child mental health. Children provided buccal epithelial samples (mean age = 6.99, SD = 1.33 years, n = 226), which were used for analyses of genome-wide DNA methylation and genetic variation. We used a series of linear models to describe the association between infant attachment and (a) measures of child outcome and (b) DNA methylation across the genome. Paired genetic data was used to determine the genetic contribution to DNA methylation at attachment-associated sites. Infant attachment style was associated with infant cognitive development (Mental Development Index) and behavior (Behavior Rating Scale) assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 36 months. Infant attachment style moderated the effects of prenatal adversity on Behavior Rating Scale scores at 36 months. Infant attachment was also significantly associated with a principal component that accounted for 11.9% of the variation in genome-wide DNA methylation. These effects were most apparent when comparing children with a secure versus a disorganized attachment style and most pronounced in females. The availability of paired genetic data revealed that DNA methylation at approximately half of all infant attachment-associated sites was best explained by considering both infant attachment and child genetic variation. This study provides further evidence that infant attachment can buffer some of the negative effects of early adversity on measures of infant behavior. We also highlight the interplay between infant attachment and child genotype in shaping variation in DNA methylation. Such findings provide preliminary evidence for a molecular signature of infant attachment and may help inform attachment-focused early intervention programs.
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120
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Yektaş Ç, Tufan AE, Yazıcı M. Koruma altına alınan çocuklarda kurum çalışanlarınca bildirilen dikkat eksikliği yakınmaları çeşitli psikopatolojiler için uyarıcı bir belirti olabilir: Düzce çocuk evleri örneklemi. KONURALP TIP DERGISI 2018. [DOI: 10.18521/ktd.454244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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121
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Jenness JL, Rosen ML, Sambrook KA, Dennison MJ, Lambert HK, Sheridan MA, McLaughlin KA. Violence exposure and neural systems underlying working memory for emotional stimuli in youth. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1517-1528. [PMID: 29144224 PMCID: PMC6357952 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Violence exposure during childhood is common and associated with poor cognitive and academic functioning. However, little is known about how violence exposure influences cognitive processes that might contribute to these disparities, such as working memory, or their neural underpinnings, particularly for cognitive processes that occur in emotionally salient contexts. We address this gap in a sample of 54 participants aged 8 to 19 years (50% female), half with exposure to interpersonal violence. Participants completed a delayed match to sample task for emotional faces while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Violence-exposed youth performed worse than controls on happy and neutral, but not angry, trials. In whole-brain analysis, violence-exposed youth had reduced activation in the left middle frontal gyrus and right intraparietal sulcus during encoding and the left superior temporal sulcus and temporal-parietal junction during retrieval compared to control youth. Reduced activation in the left middle frontal gyrus during encoding and the left superior temporal sulcus during retrieval mediated the association between violence exposure and task performance. Violence exposure influences the frontoparietal network that supports working memory as well as regions involved in facial processing during working memory for emotional stimuli. Reduced neural recruitment in these regions may explain atypical patterns of cognitive processing seen among violence-exposed youth, particularly within emotional contexts.
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122
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Herzberg MP, Hodel AS, Cowell RA, Hunt RH, Gunnar MR, Thomas KM. Risk taking, decision-making, and brain volume in youth adopted internationally from institutional care. Neuropsychologia 2018; 119:262-270. [PMID: 30170080 PMCID: PMC6206505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress in the form of early institutional care has been shown to have wide-ranging impacts on the biological and behavioral development of young children. Studies of brain structure using magnetic resonance imaging have reported decreased prefrontal volumes, and a large literature has detailed decreased executive function (EF) in post-institutionalized (PI) youth. Little is known about how these findings relate to decision-making, particularly in PI youth entering adolescence-a period often characterized by social transition and increased reliance upon EF skills and the still-maturing prefrontal regions that support them. As decision-making in risky situations can be an especially important milestone in early adolescence, a clearer knowledge of the relationship between risky decision making and prefrontal structures in post-institutionalized youth is needed. The youth version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task and a two-deck variant of the Iowa Gambling Task were used to assess risky decision-making in post-institutionalized youth and a community control group (N = 74, PI = 44, Non-adopted = 30; mean age = 12.93). Participants also completed a structural MRI scan for the assessment of group differences in brain structure. We hypothesized that participants adopted from institutions would display poorer performance on risky-decision making tasks and smaller brain volumes compared to non-adopted youth. Results indicated that later-adopted participants made fewer risky decisions than those experiencing shorter periods of deprivation or no institutional rearing. Further, decreased prefrontal volumes were observed in later-adopted youth and were significantly associated with task performance. Our results suggest that changes in risky-decision making behavior and brain structure are associated with the duration of early institutional care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max P Herzberg
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Amanda S Hodel
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Raquel A Cowell
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; St. Norbert College, Department of Psychology, USA
| | - Ruskin H Hunt
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Megan R Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kathleen M Thomas
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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123
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Kubera KM, Schmitgen MM, Maier-Hein KH, Thomann PA, Hirjak D, Wolf RC. Differential contributions of cortical thickness and surface area to trait impulsivity in healthy young adults. Behav Brain Res 2018; 350:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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124
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Kim P, Dufford AJ, Tribble RC. Cortical thickness variation of the maternal brain in the first 6 months postpartum: associations with parental self-efficacy. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3267-3277. [PMID: 29855765 PMCID: PMC6358213 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The postpartum period is associated with structural and functional plasticity in brain regions involved in parenting. While one study identified an increase in gray matter volume during the first 4 months among new mothers, little is known regarding the relationship between cortical thickness across postpartum months and perceived adjustment to parenthood. In this study of 39 socioeconomically diverse first-time new mothers, we examined the relations among postpartum months, cortical thickness, and parental self-efficacy. We identified a positive association between postpartum months and cortical thickness in the prefrontal cortex including the superior frontal gyrus extending into the medial frontal and orbitofrontal gyri, in the lateral occipital gyrus extending into the inferior parietal and fusiform gyri, as well as in the caudal middle frontal and precentral gyri. The relationship between cortical thickness and parental self-efficacy was specific to the prefrontal regions. These findings contribute to our understanding of the maternal brain in the first 6 months postpartum and provide evidence of a relationship between brain structure and perceived adjustment to parenthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilyoung Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race Street, Denver, CO, 80208-3500, USA.
| | - Alexander J Dufford
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race Street, Denver, CO, 80208-3500, USA
| | - Rebekah C Tribble
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race Street, Denver, CO, 80208-3500, USA
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125
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Evinç ŞG, Özdemir DF, Karadağ F, Akdemir D, Gençöz T, Sürücü Ö, Ünal F. A qualitative study on corporal punishment and emotionally abusive disciplinary practices among mothers of children with ADHD. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1505284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ş. Gülin Evinç
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ferda Karadağ
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Devrim Akdemir
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tülin Gençöz
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlem Sürücü
- Freelance Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ünal
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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126
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Platt JM, McLaughlin KA, Luedtke AR, Ahern J, Kaufman AS, Keyes KM. Targeted Estimation of the Relationship Between Childhood Adversity and Fluid Intelligence in a US Population Sample of Adolescents. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1456-1466. [PMID: 29982374 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown inverse associations between childhood adversity and intelligence, although most are based on small clinical samples and fail to account for the effects of multiple co-occurring adversities. Using data from the 2001-2004 National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement, a cross-sectional US population study of adolescents aged 13-18 years (n = 10,073), we examined the associations between 11 childhood adversities and intelligence, using targeted maximum likelihood estimation. Targeted maximum likelihood estimation incorporates machine learning to identify the relationships between exposures and outcomes without overfitting, including interactions and nonlinearity. The nonverbal score from the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test was used as a standardized measure of fluid reasoning. Childhood adversities were grouped into deprivation and threat types based on recent conceptual models. Adjusted marginal mean differences compared the mean intelligence score if all adolescents experienced each adversity to the mean in the absence of the adversity. The largest associations were observed for deprivation-type experiences, including poverty and low parental education, which were related to reduced intelligence. Although lower in magnitude, threat events related to intelligence included physical abuse and witnessing domestic violence. Violence prevention and poverty-reduction measures would likely improve childhood cognitive outcomes.
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127
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Lamm C, Troller-Renfree SV, Zeanah CH, Nelson CA, Fox NA. Impact of early institutionalization on attention mechanisms underlying the inhibition of a planned action. Neuropsychologia 2018; 117:339-346. [PMID: 29908954 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Institutional rearing is associated with deficits in executive functions, such as inhibitory control, and may contribute to later externalizing behavior problems. In the current study, we explored the impact of institutional rearing on attention in the context of inhibiting a planned action. As part of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP), children were randomized to either remain in the institutions in which they lived (Care as Usual Group) or be placed into foster family homes (Foster Care Group). We also recruited age and gender matched never-institutionalized (NIG) children from the Bucharest community. We examined differences in behavioral and Event Related Potentials (ERPs) during a go-no-go task when children were 12 years old. Results revealed that the ever-institutionalized group (CAUG and FCG combined) showed slower reaction times, worse performance accuracy, larger P2 activation, and smaller (less negative) N2 activation than the NIG group. Results of a moderation analysis revealed that children who spent more time in institutions and had small N2s showed more externalizing symptoms. These results have implications for the design of treatment approaches for previously institutionalized children with externalizing behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Lamm
- Department of Psychological Science, J. William Fulbright College of Arts & Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.
| | - Sonya V Troller-Renfree
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Charles H Zeanah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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128
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Hodel AS. Rapid Infant Prefrontal Cortex Development and Sensitivity to Early Environmental Experience. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2018; 48:113-144. [PMID: 30270962 PMCID: PMC6157748 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years, the emerging field of developmental cognitive neuroscience has described the relatively late development of prefrontal cortex in children and the relation between gradual structural changes and children's protracted development of prefrontal-dependent skills. Widespread recognition by the broader scientific community of the extended development of prefrontal cortex has led to the overwhelming perception of prefrontal cortex as a "late developing" region of the brain. However, despite its supposedly protracted development, multiple lines of research have converged to suggest that prefrontal cortex development may be particularly susceptible to individual differences in children's early environments. Recent studies demonstrate that the impacts of early adverse environments on prefrontal cortex are present very early in development: within the first year of life. This review provides a comprehensive overview of new neuroimaging evidence demonstrating that prefrontal cortex should be characterized as a "rapidly developing" region of the brain, discusses the converging impacts of early adversity on prefrontal circuits, and presents potential mechanisms via which adverse environments shape both concurrent and long-term measures of prefrontal cortex development. Given that environmentally-induced disparities are present in prefrontal cortex development within the first year of life, translational work in intervention and/or prevention science should focus on intervening early in development to take advantages of this early period of rapid prefrontal development and heightened plasticity.
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129
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Lebedeva A, Sundström A, Lindgren L, Stomby A, Aarsland D, Westman E, Winblad B, Olsson T, Nyberg L. Longitudinal relationships among depressive symptoms, cortisol, and brain atrophy in the neocortex and the hippocampus. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 137:491-502. [PMID: 29457245 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression is associated with accelerated aging and age-related diseases. However, mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. The aim of this study was to longitudinally assess the link between depressive symptoms, brain atrophy, and cortisol levels. METHOD Participants from the Betula prospective cohort study (mean age = 59 years, SD = 13.4 years) underwent clinical, neuropsychological and brain 3T MRI assessments at baseline and a 4-year follow-up. Cortisol levels were measured at baseline in four saliva samples. Cortical and hippocampal atrophy rates were estimated and compared between participants with and without depressive symptoms (n = 81) and correlated with cortisol levels (n = 49). RESULTS Atrophy in the left superior frontal gyrus and right lingual gyrus developed in parallel with depressive symptoms, and in the left temporal pole, superior temporal cortex, and supramarginal cortex after the onset of depressive symptom. Depression-related atrophy was significantly associated with elevated cortisol levels. Elevated cortisol levels were also associated with widespread prefrontal, parietal, lateral, and medial temporal atrophy. CONCLUSION Depressive symptoms and elevated cortisol levels are associated with atrophy of the prefrontal and limbic areas of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lebedeva
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - A Sundström
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Center for Demographic and Ageing Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - L Lindgren
- Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Stomby
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Jönköping County Hospital, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - D Aarsland
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.,Center for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - E Westman
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - B Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.,Geriatric Clinics, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - T Olsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - L Nyberg
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Radiation Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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130
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Turner JD. Childhood adversity from conception onwards: are our tools unnecessarily hindering us? J Behav Med 2018; 41:568-570. [PMID: 29802534 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-018-9939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Turner
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 rue Henri Koch, 4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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131
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Lim L, Hart H, Mehta M, Worker A, Simmons A, Mirza K, Rubia K. Grey matter volume and thickness abnormalities in young people with a history of childhood abuse. Psychol Med 2018; 48:1034-1046. [PMID: 29122037 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717002392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood abuse is associated with abnormalities in brain structure and function. Few studies have investigated abuse-related brain abnormalities in medication-naïve, drug-free youth that also controlled for psychiatric comorbidities by inclusion of a psychiatric control group, which is crucial to disentangle the effects of abuse from those associated with the psychiatric conditions. METHODS Cortical volume (CV), cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) were measured in 22 age- and gender-matched medication-naïve youth (aged 13-20) exposed to childhood abuse, 19 psychiatric controls matched for psychiatric diagnoses and 27 healthy controls. Both region-of-interest (ROI) and whole-brain analyses were conducted. RESULTS For the ROI analysis, the childhood abuse group compared with healthy controls only, had significantly reduced CV in bilateral cerebellum and reduced CT in left insula and right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). At the whole-brain level, relative to healthy controls, the childhood abuse group showed significantly reduced CV in left lingual, pericalcarine, precuneus and superior parietal gyri, and reduced CT in left pre-/postcentral and paracentral regions, which furthermore correlated with greater abuse severity. They also had increased CV in left inferior and middle temporal gyri relative to healthy controls. Abnormalities in the precuneus, temporal and precentral regions were abuse-specific relative to psychiatric controls, albeit at a more lenient level. Groups did not differ in SA. CONCLUSIONS Childhood abuse is associated with widespread structural abnormalities in OFC-insular, cerebellar, occipital, parietal and temporal regions, which likely underlie the abnormal affective, motivational and cognitive functions typically observed in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lim
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,King's College London,London,UK
| | - H Hart
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,King's College London,London,UK
| | - M Mehta
- Department of Neuroimaging,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,King's College London,London,UK
| | - A Worker
- Department of Neuroimaging,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,King's College London,London,UK
| | - A Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,King's College London,London,UK
| | - K Mirza
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,King's College London,London,UK
| | - K Rubia
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,King's College London,London,UK
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132
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Ho TC, Dennis EL, Thompson PM, Gotlib IH. Network-based approaches to examining stress in the adolescent brain. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 8:147-157. [PMID: 29888310 PMCID: PMC5991327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stress, particularly in periods of rapid brain maturation such as adolescence, can profoundly influence developmental processes that undergird the organization of structural and functional brain networks and that may mediate the association between stressful experiences and maladaptive outcomes. While studies in translational developmental neuroscience often focus on how specific brain regions or targeted connections are altered by stress and psychiatric disease, the emerging field of network science may be especially valuable for elucidating the impact of stress on the intricate connectomics of the adolescent brain. Here we review recent studies that use graph theory and other network science approaches to understand normative adolescent brain development, effects of childhood maltreatment on the brain, and disorders characterized by pathological responses to stress in adolescents. Overall, these studies demonstrate that graph theory can be useful in identifying and quantifying developmental processes related to segregation, integration, and localized hub influence that are affected by stress exposure and that may lead to psychopathology. Finally, we discuss limitations in the current application of graph theory in this area and suggest what we believe are important directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily L. Dennis
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mary and Mark Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mary and Mark Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
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133
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Bard KA, Hopkins WD. Early Socioemotional Intervention Mediates Long-Term Effects of Atypical Rearing on Structural Covariation in Gray Matter in Adult Chimpanzees. Psychol Sci 2018; 29:594-603. [PMID: 29381427 PMCID: PMC5902648 DOI: 10.1177/0956797617740685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical rearing has deleterious effects on chimpanzee behavior during development, some of which can be ameliorated with a responsive care intervention (RCI). Here, we obtained in vivo magnetic resonance images of adult brains of 27 chimpanzees given institutional care, with and without RCI, and compared them with those of 16 chimpanzees mother-reared from birth. We found significant long-term rearing effects on structural covariation and gray matter volume, specifically in the basal forebrain (i.e., caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, rectus gyrus, and orbital prefrontal cortex), indicating that RCI prevented brain changes due to atypical rearing. A significant correlation between covariation in these brain areas and caregiver nurturing, experienced in the first month of life, suggests a possible developmental mechanism for the effect of early experience on brain networks. We identified an early intervention that prevents changes in the basal forebrain that otherwise emerge as a consequence of institutionalized rearing without species-typical socioemotional experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Bard
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth
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134
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Doretto V, Scivoletto S. Effects of Early Neglect Experience on Recognition and Processing of Facial Expressions: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8010010. [PMID: 29316648 PMCID: PMC5789341 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Child neglect is highly prevalent and associated with a series of biological and social consequences. Early neglect may alter the recognition of emotional faces, but its precise impact remains unclear. We aim to review and analyze data from recent literature about recognition and processing of facial expressions in individuals with history of childhood neglect. Methods: We conducted a systematic review using PubMed, PsycINFO, ScIELO and EMBASE databases in the search of studies for the past 10 years. Results: In total, 14 studies were selected and critically reviewed. A heterogeneity was detected across methods and sample frames. Results were mixed across studies. Different forms of alterations to perception of facial expressions were found across 12 studies. There was alteration to the recognition and processing of both positive and negative emotions, but for emotional face processing there was predominance in alteration toward negative emotions. Conclusions: This is the first review to examine specifically the effects of early neglect experience as a prevalent condition of child maltreatment. The results of this review are inconclusive due to methodological diversity, implement of distinct instruments and differences in the composition of the samples. Despite these limitations, some studies support our hypothesis that individuals with history of early negligence may present alteration to the ability to perceive face expressions of emotions. The article brings relevant information that can help in the development of more effective therapeutic strategies to reduce the impact of neglect on the cognitive and emotional development of the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Doretto
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05403-010 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Scivoletto
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05403-010 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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135
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Epigenetics and Early Life Adversity: Current Evidence and Considerations for Epigenetic Studies in the Context of Child Maltreatment. THE BIOLOGY OF EARLY LIFE STRESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72589-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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136
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Sheridan MA, Peverill M, Finn AS, McLaughlin KA. Dimensions of childhood adversity have distinct associations with neural systems underlying executive functioning. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 29:1777-1794. [PMID: 29162183 PMCID: PMC5733141 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Childhood adversity is associated with increased risk for psychopathology. Neurodevelopmental pathways underlying this risk remain poorly understood. A recent conceptual model posits that childhood adversity can be deconstructed into at least two underlying dimensions, deprivation and threat, that are associated with distinct neurocognitive consequences. This model argues that deprivation (i.e., a lack of cognitive stimulation and learning opportunities) is associated with poor executive function (EF), whereas threat is not. We examine this hypothesis in two studies measuring EF at multiple levels: performance on EF tasks, neural recruitment during EF, and problems with EF in daily life. In Study 1, deprivation (low parental education and child neglect) was associated with greater parent-reported problems with EF in adolescents (N = 169; 13-17 years) after adjustment for levels of threat (community violence and abuse), which were unrelated to EF. In Study 2, low parental education was associated with poor working memory (WM) performance and inefficient neural recruitment in the parietal and prefrontal cortex during high WM load among adolescents (N = 51, 13-20 years) after adjusting for abuse, which was unrelated to WM task performance and neural recruitment during WM. These findings constitute strong preliminary evidence for a novel model of the neurodevelopmental consequences of childhood adversity.
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137
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Luby JL, Barch D, Whalen D, Tillman R, Belden A. Association Between Early Life Adversity and Risk for Poor Emotional and Physical Health in Adolescence: A Putative Mechanistic Neurodevelopmental Pathway. JAMA Pediatr 2017; 171:1168-1175. [PMID: 29084329 PMCID: PMC6583637 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes. However, the mechanism of this effect, critical to enhancing public health, remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the neurodevelopmental trajectory of the association between early ACEs and adolescent general and emotional health outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A prospective longitudinal study that began when patients were aged 3 to 6 years who underwent neuroimaging later at ages 7 to 12 years and whose mental and physical health outcomes were observed at ages 9 to 15 years. Sequential mediation models were used to investigate associations between early ACEs and brain structure, emotion development, and health outcomes longitudinally. Children were recruited from an academic medical center research unit. EXPOSURE Early life adversity. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Early ACEs in children aged 3 to 7 years; volume of a subregion of the prefrontal cortex, the inferior frontal gyrus, in children aged 6 to 12 years; and emotional awareness, depression severity, and general health outcomes in children and adolescents aged 9 to 15 years. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of 119 patients was 9.65 (1.31) years at the time of scan. The mean (SD) ACE score was 5.44 (3.46). The mean (SD) depression severity scores were 2.61 (1.78) at preschool, 1.77 (1.58) at time 2, and 2.16 (1.64) at time 3. The mean (SD) global physical health scores at time 2 and time 3 were 0.30 (0.38) and 0.33 (0.42), respectively. Sequential mediation in the association between high early ACEs and emotional and physical health outcomes were found. Smaller inferior frontal gyrus volumes and poor emotional awareness sequentially mediated the association between early ACEs and poor general health (model parameter estimate = 0.002; 95% CI, 0.0002-0.056) and higher depression severity (model parameter estimate = 0.007; 95% CI, 0.001-0.021) in adolescence. An increase from 0 to 3 early ACEs was associated with 15% and 25% increases in depression severity and physical health problems, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Study findings highlight 1 putative neurodevelopmental mechanism by which the association between early ACEs and later poor mental and physical health outcomes may operate. This identified risk trajectory may be useful to target preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L. Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Deanna Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Diana Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Andy Belden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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138
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Fareri DS, Gabard-Durnam L, Goff B, Flannery J, Gee DG, Lumian DS, Caldera C, Tottenham N. Altered ventral striatal-medial prefrontal cortex resting-state connectivity mediates adolescent social problems after early institutional care. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 29:1865-1876. [PMID: 29162189 PMCID: PMC5957481 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early caregiving adversity is associated with increased risk for social difficulties. The ventral striatum and associated corticostriatal circuitry, which have demonstrated vulnerability to early exposures to adversity, are implicated in many aspects of social behavior, including social play, aggression, and valuation of social stimuli across development. Here, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the degree to which early caregiving adversity was associated with altered coritocostriatal resting connectivity in previously institutionalized youth (n = 41) relative to youth who were raised with their biological families from birth (n = 47), and the degree to which this connectivity was associated with parent-reported social problems. Using a seed-based approach, we observed increased positive coupling between the ventral striatum and anterior regions of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in previously institutionalized youth. Stronger ventral striatum-mPFC coupling was associated with parent reports of social problems. A moderated-mediation analysis showed that ventral striatal-mPFC connectivity mediated group differences in social problems, and more so with increasing age. These findings show that early institutional care is associated with differences in resting-state connectivity between the ventral striatum and the mPFC, and this connectivity seems to play an increasingly important role in social behaviors as youth enter adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic S. Fareri
- Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530
| | | | - Bonnie Goff
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jessica Flannery
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Dylan G. Gee
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Daniel S. Lumian
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208
| | - Christina Caldera
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Nim Tottenham
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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139
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Abstract
In this paper, we argue that prefrontal cortex ontogenetic functional development is best understood through an ecological lens. We first begin by reviewing evidence supporting the existing consensus that PFC structural and functional development is protracted based on maturational constraints. We then examine recent findings from neuroimaging studies in infants, early life stress research, and connectomics that support the novel hypothesis that PFC functional development is driven by reciprocal processes of neural adaptation and niche construction. We discuss implications and predictions of this model for redefining the construct of executive functions and for informing typical and atypical child development. This ecological account of PFC functional development moves beyond descriptions of development that are characteristic of existing frameworks, and provides novel insights into the mechanisms of developmental change, including its catalysts and influences. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Werchan
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University
| | - Dima Amso
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University
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140
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McLaughlin KA, Sheridan MA, Nelson CA. Neglect as a Violation of Species-Expectant Experience: Neurodevelopmental Consequences. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:462-471. [PMID: 28392082 PMCID: PMC5572554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The human brain requires a wide variety of experiences and environmental inputs in order to develop normally. Children who are neglected by caregivers or raised in institutional environments are deprived of numerous types of species-expectant environmental experiences. In this review, we articulate a model of how the absence of cognitive stimulation and sensory, motor, linguistic, and social experiences common among children raised in deprived early environments constrains early forms of learning, producing long-term deficits in complex cognitive function and associative learning. Building on evidence from animal models, we propose that deprivation accelerates the neurodevelopmental process of synaptic pruning and limits myelination, resulting in age-specific reductions in cortical thickness and white matter integrity among children raised in deprived early environments. We review evidence linking early experiences of psychosocial deprivation to reductions in cognitive ability, associative and implicit learning, language skills, and executive functions as well as atypical patterns of cortical and white matter development-domains that should be profoundly influenced by deprivation through the learning and neural mechanisms we propose. These patterns of atypical development are difficult to explain with existing models that emphasize stress pathways and accelerated limbic system development. A learning account of how deprived early environments influence cognitive and neural development provides a complementary perspective to stress models and highlights novel pathways through which deprivation might confer risk for internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. We end by reviewing evidence for plasticity in cognitive and neural development among children raised in deprived environments following interventions that improve caregiving quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Margaret A Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Division of Developmental Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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141
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Amso D, Lynn A. Distinctive Mechanisms of Adversity and Socioeconomic Inequality in Child Development: A Review and Recommendations for Evidence-Based Policy. POLICY INSIGHTS FROM THE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES 2017; 4:139-146. [PMID: 30345346 PMCID: PMC6192058 DOI: 10.1177/2372732217721933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review proposes separate and distinct biological mechanisms for the effects of adversity, more commonly experienced in poverty, and socioeconomic status (SES) on child development. Adversity affects brain and cognitive development through the biological stress response, which confers risk for pathology. Critically, we argue that a different mechanism, enrichment, shapes differences in brain and cognitive development across the SES spectrum. Distinguishing between adversity and SES allows for precise, evidence-based policy recommendations. We offer recommendations designed to ensure equity in children's experiences to help narrow the achievement gap and promote intergenerational mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima Amso
- Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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142
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Berens AE, Jensen SKG, Nelson CA. Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications. BMC Med 2017; 15:135. [PMID: 28724431 PMCID: PMC5518144 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse psychosocial exposures in early life, namely experiences such as child maltreatment, caregiver stress or depression, and domestic or community violence, have been associated in epidemiological studies with increased lifetime risk of adverse outcomes, including diabetes, heart disease, cancers, and psychiatric illnesses. Additional work has shed light on the potential molecular mechanisms by which early adversity becomes "biologically embedded" in altered physiology across body systems. This review surveys evidence on such mechanisms and calls on researchers, clinicians, policymakers, and other practitioners to act upon evidence. OBSERVATIONS Childhood psychosocial adversity has wide-ranging effects on neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic physiology. Molecular mechanisms broadly implicate disruption of central neural networks, neuroendocrine stress dysregulation, and chronic inflammation, among other changes. Physiological disruption predisposes individuals to common diseases across the life course. CONCLUSIONS Reviewed evidence has important implications for clinical practice, biomedical research, and work across other sectors relevant to public health and child wellbeing. Warranted changes include increased clinical screening for exposures among children and adults, scale-up of effective interventions, policy advocacy, and ongoing research to develop new evidence-based response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Berens
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 1 Autumn Street, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah K G Jensen
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 1 Autumn Street, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. .,Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 1 Autumn Street, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA. .,Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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143
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Lawson GM, Camins JS, Wisse L, Wu J, Duda JT, Cook PA, Gee JC, Farah MJ. Childhood socioeconomic status and childhood maltreatment: Distinct associations with brain structure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175690. [PMID: 28414755 PMCID: PMC5393603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the relationship between childhood socioeconomic status (SES), childhood maltreatment, and the volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala between the ages of 25 and 36 years. Previous work has linked both low SES and maltreatment with reduced hippocampal volume in childhood, an effect attributed to childhood stress. In 46 adult subjects, only childhood maltreatment, and not childhood SES, predicted hippocampal volume in regression analyses, with greater maltreatment associated with lower volume. Neither factor was related to amygdala volume. When current SES and recent interpersonal stressful events were also considered, recent interpersonal stressful events predicted smaller hippocampal volumes over and above childhood maltreatment. Finally, exploratory analyses revealed a significant sex by childhood SES interaction, with women’s childhood SES showing a significantly more positive relation (less negative) with hippocampus volume than men’s. The overall effect of childhood maltreatment but not SES, and the sex-specific effect of childhood SES, indicate that different forms of stressful childhood adversity affect brain development differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn M. Lawson
- Psychology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joshua S. Camins
- Psychology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura Wisse
- Penn Image Computing & Science Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jue Wu
- Penn Image Computing & Science Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey T. Duda
- Penn Image Computing & Science Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philip A. Cook
- Penn Image Computing & Science Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James C. Gee
- Penn Image Computing & Science Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Martha J. Farah
- Psychology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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144
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Yahata N, Kasai K, Kawato M. Computational neuroscience approach to biomarkers and treatments for mental disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:215-237. [PMID: 28032396 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatry research has long experienced a stagnation stemming from a lack of understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of phenomenologically defined mental disorders. Recently, the application of computational neuroscience to psychiatry research has shown great promise in establishing a link between phenomenological and pathophysiological aspects of mental disorders, thereby recasting current nosology in more biologically meaningful dimensions. In this review, we highlight recent investigations into computational neuroscience that have undertaken either theory- or data-driven approaches to quantitatively delineate the mechanisms of mental disorders. The theory-driven approach, including reinforcement learning models, plays an integrative role in this process by enabling correspondence between behavior and disorder-specific alterations at multiple levels of brain organization, ranging from molecules to cells to circuits. Previous studies have explicated a plethora of defining symptoms of mental disorders, including anhedonia, inattention, and poor executive function. The data-driven approach, on the other hand, is an emerging field in computational neuroscience seeking to identify disorder-specific features among high-dimensional big data. Remarkably, various machine-learning techniques have been applied to neuroimaging data, and the extracted disorder-specific features have been used for automatic case-control classification. For many disorders, the reported accuracies have reached 90% or more. However, we note that rigorous tests on independent cohorts are critically required to translate this research into clinical applications. Finally, we discuss the utility of the disorder-specific features found by the data-driven approach to psychiatric therapies, including neurofeedback. Such developments will allow simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders using neuroimaging, thereby establishing 'theranostics' for the first time in clinical psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Yahata
- Department of Youth Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.,ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kawato
- ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan
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145
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Thomason ME, Marusak HA. Toward understanding the impact of trauma on the early developing human brain. Neuroscience 2017; 342:55-67. [PMID: 26892294 PMCID: PMC4985495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic experiences early in life predispose animals and humans to later cognitive-behavioral, emotional, and somatic problems. In humans, traumatic experiences are strong predictors of psychiatric illness. A growing body of research has emphasized alterations in neurological structure and function that underscore phenotypic changes following trauma. However, results are mixed and imprecise. We argue that future translation of neurological findings to clinical practice will require: (1) discovery of neurobehavioral associations within a longitudinal context, (2) dissociation of trauma types and of trauma versus chronic stress, and (3) better localization of neural sequelae considerate of the fine resolution of neural circuitry. We provide a brief overview of early brain development and highlight the role of longitudinal research in unearthing brain-behavior relations in youth. We relay an emergent framework in which dissociable trauma types are hypothesized to impact distinct, rationally informed neural systems. In line with this, we discuss the long-standing challenge of separating effects of chronic stress and trauma, as these are often intertwined. We bring to light inconsistencies in localization of neural correlates of trauma, emphasizing results in medial prefrontal regions. We assert that more precise spatial brain localization will help to advance prevailing models of trauma pathways and inform future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah E Thomason
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, United States; Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Hilary A Marusak
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, United States
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146
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Rincel M, Lépinay AL, Delage P, Fioramonti J, Théodorou VS, Layé S, Darnaudéry M. Maternal high-fat diet prevents developmental programming by early-life stress. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e966. [PMID: 27898075 PMCID: PMC5290357 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders and depression are well-documented in subjects exposed to adverse childhood events. Recently, maternal obesity and/or maternal consumption of high-fat diets (HFD) have been also proposed as risk factors for offspring mental health. Here using an animal model in rats, we explored the combinatorial effects of a maternal HFD (40% of energy from fat without impact on maternal weight; during gestation and lactation) and maternal separation (MS) in offspring. In the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of pups, MS led to changes in the expression of several genes such as Bdnf (brain derived neurotrophic factor), 5HT-r1a (serotonin receptor 1a) and Rest4 (neuron-restrictive silencer element, repressor element 1, silencing transcription factor (Rest), splicing variant 4). Surprisingly, perinatal HFD strongly attenuated the developmental alterations induced by MS. Furthermore, maternal HFD totally prevented the endophenotypes (anxiety, spatial memory, social behavior, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress, hippocampal neurogenesis and visceral pain) associated with MS at adulthood. Finally, we also demonstrated that HFD intake reduced anxiety and enhanced maternal care in stressed dams. Overall, our data suggest that a HFD restricted to gestation and lactation, which did not lead to overweight in dams, had limited effects in unstressed offspring, highlighting the role of maternal obesity, rather than fat exposure per se, on brain vulnerability during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rincel
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - A L Lépinay
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - P Delage
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - S Layé
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - M Darnaudéry
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France
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147
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Tibu F, Sheridan MA, McLaughlin KA, Nelson CA, Fox NA, Zeanah CH. Reduced Working Memory Mediates the Link between Early Institutional Rearing and Symptoms of ADHD at 12 Years. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1850. [PMID: 27933019 PMCID: PMC5121247 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Children who are raised in institutions show severe delays across multiple domains of development and high levels of psychopathology, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Low performance in executive functions (EFs) are also common in institutionally reared children and often do not remediate following improvements in the caregiving environment. ADHD symptomatology also remains elevated even after children are removed from institutional care and placed in families. We investigate whether poor EF is a mechanism explaining elevated rates of ADHD in children reared in institutional settings in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP). In the current study, we examine the potentially mediating role of poor EF in the association between institutionalization and symptoms of ADHD at age 12 years. A total of 107 children were assessed with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) on working memory, set-shifting and planning. We also obtained concurrent teacher reports on their levels of ADHD symptoms (inattention and impulsivity separately). Institutionalization strongly predicted elevations in symptoms of inattention and impulsivity at age 12 years (ps < 0.01). Indices of working memory and planning were also associated with ADHD after controlling for potential confounders (ps < 0.03). Mediation analyses revealed that poor working memory performance mediated the link between exposure to early institutionalization and higher scores of both inattention and impulsivity. These results replicate and extend the findings that we reported in the BEIP sample at age 8 years. Together, they suggest that compromised working memory is a key mechanism that continues to explain the strikingly high levels of ADHD in late childhood among children institutionalized in early life. Interventions targeting working memory may help to prevent ADHD among children exposed to institutional care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Tibu
- Institute of Child DevelopmentBucharest, Romania
| | - Margaret A. Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel HillNC, USA
| | | | - Charles A. Nelson
- Harvard Medical School – Boston Children’s Hospital – Harvard Center on the Developing Child – Harvard Graduate School of Education, BostonMA, USA
| | - Nathan A. Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College ParkMD, USA
| | - Charles H. Zeanah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New OrleansLA, USA
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148
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Jiang W, Li G, Liu H, Shi F, Wang T, Shen C, Shen H, Lee SW, Hu D, Wang W, Shen D. Reduced cortical thickness and increased surface area in antisocial personality disorder. Neuroscience 2016; 337:143-152. [PMID: 27600947 PMCID: PMC5152675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), one of whose characteristics is high impulsivity, is of great interest in the field of brain structure and function. However, little is known about possible impairments in the cortical anatomy in ASPD, in terms of cortical thickness (CTh) and surface area (SA), as well as their possible relationship with impulsivity. In this neuroimaging study, we first investigated the changes of CTh and SA in ASPD patients, in comparison to those of healthy controls, and then performed correlation analyses between these measures and the ability of impulse control. We found that ASPD patients showed thinner cortex while larger SA in several specific brain regions, i.e., bilateral superior frontal gyrus (SFG), orbitofrontal and triangularis, insula cortex, precuneus, middle frontal gyrus (MFG), middle temporal gyrus (MTG), and left bank of superior temporal sulcus (STS). In addition, we also found that the ability of impulse control was positively correlated with CTh in the SFG, MFG, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), pars triangularis, superior temporal gyrus (STG), and insula cortex. To our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal simultaneous changes in CTh and SA in ASPD, as well as their relationship with impulsivity. These cortical structural changes may introduce uncontrolled and callous behavioral characteristic in ASPD patients, and these potential biomarkers may be very helpful in understanding the pathomechanism of ASPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiong Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Department of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410205, China; Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; College of Mechatronics and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Huasheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Celina Shen
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- College of Mechatronics and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Seong-Whan Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dewen Hu
- College of Mechatronics and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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149
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Cortical folding patterns are associated with impulsivity in healthy young adults. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 11:1592-1603. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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150
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Kennedy M, Kreppner J, Knights N, Kumsta R, Maughan B, Golm D, Rutter M, Schlotz W, Sonuga‐Barke EJ. Early severe institutional deprivation is associated with a persistent variant of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: clinical presentation, developmental continuities and life circumstances in the English and Romanian Adoptees study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:1113-25. [PMID: 27264475 PMCID: PMC5042050 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life institutional deprivation is associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) later in childhood and adolescence. In this article, we examine, for the first time, the persistence of deprivation-related ADHD into young adulthood in a sample of individuals adopted as young children by UK families after periods in extremely depriving Romanian orphanages. METHODS We estimated rates of ADHD at age 15 years and in young adulthood (ages 22-25 years) in individuals at low (LoDep; nondeprived UK adoptees and Romanian adoptees with less than 6-month institutional exposure) and high deprivation-related risk (HiDep; Romanian adoptees with more than 6-month exposure). Estimates were based on parent report using DSM-5 childhood symptom and impairment criteria. At age 15, data were available for 108 LoDep and 86 HiDep cases, while in young adulthood, the numbers were 83 and 60, respectively. Data on education and employment status, IQ, co-occurring symptoms of young adult disinhibited social engagement (DSE), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), cognitive impairment, conduct disorder (CD), callous-unemotional (CU) traits, anxiety, depression and quality of life (QoL) were also collected. RESULTS ADHD rates in the LoDep group were similar to the general population in adolescence (5.6%) and adulthood (3.8%). HiDep individuals were, respectively, nearly four (19%) and over seven (29.3%) times more likely to meet criteria, than LoDep. Nine 'onset' young adult cases emerged, but these had a prior childhood history of elevated ADHD behaviours at ages 6, 11 and 15 years. Young adult ADHD was equally common in males and females, was predominantly inattentive in presentation and co-occurred with high levels of ASD, DSE and CU features. ADHD was associated with high unemployment and low educational attainment. CONCLUSION We provide the first evidence of a strong persistence into adulthood of a distinctively complex and impairing deprivation-related variant of ADHD. Our results confirm the powerful association of early experience with later development in a way that suggests a role for deep-seated alterations to brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kennedy
- Department of PsychologyDevelopmental Brain‐Behaviour LaboratoryUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Jana Kreppner
- Department of PsychologyDevelopmental Brain‐Behaviour LaboratoryUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | | | - Robert Kumsta
- Department of Genetic PsychologyFaculty of PsychologyRuhr‐University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Barbara Maughan
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Dennis Golm
- Department of PsychologyDevelopmental Brain‐Behaviour LaboratoryUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Michael Rutter
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Wolff Schlotz
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Empirical AestheticsFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Edmund J.S. Sonuga‐Barke
- Department of PsychologyDevelopmental Brain‐Behaviour LaboratoryUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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