101
|
Chen HH, Wang TC, Lee YC, Shen PT, Chang JY, Yeh TK, Huang CH, Chang HH, Cheng SY, Lin CY, Shih C, Chen CT, Liu WM, Chen CH, Kuo CC. Novel Nrf2/ARE Activator, trans-Coniferylaldehyde, Induces a HO-1-Mediated Defense Mechanism through a Dual p38α/MAPKAPK-2 and PK-N3 Signaling Pathway. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1681-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Hui Chen
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chi Wang
- Department
of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Lee
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ting Shen
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- National
Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Kuang Yeh
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Huang
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Huei Chang
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Cheng
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yu Lin
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Shih
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Liu
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hui Chen
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Kuo
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Graduate
Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Heterocyclic chalcone activators of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) with improved in vivo efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5352-9. [PMID: 26278028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 activators represent a good drug target for designing agents to treat diseases associated with oxidative stress. Building upon previous work, we designed and prepared a series of heterocyclic chalcone-based Nrf2 activators with reduced lipophilicity and, in some cases, greater in vitro potency compared to the respective carbocyclic scaffold. These changes resulted in enhanced oral bioavailability and a superior pharmacodynamic effect in vivo.
Collapse
|
103
|
Peng S, Zhang B, Meng X, Yao J, Fang J. Synthesis of piperlongumine analogues and discovery of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activators as potential neuroprotective agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5242-55. [PMID: 26079183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The cellular antioxidant system plays key roles in blocking or retarding the pathogenesis of adult neurodegenerative disorders as elevated oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of such diseases. Molecules with the ability in enhancing the antioxidant defense thus are promising candidates as neuroprotective agents. We reported herein the synthesis of piperlongumine analogues and evaluation of their cytoprotection against hydrogen peroxide- and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal cell oxidative damage in the neuron-like PC12 cells. The structure-activity relationship was delineated after the cytotoxicity and protection screening. Two compounds (4 and 5) displayed low cytotoxicity and confer potent protection of PC12 cells from the oxidative injury via upregulation of a panel of cellular antioxidant molecules. Genetically silencing the transcription factor Nrf2, a master regulator of the cellular stress responses, suppresses the cytoprotection, indicating the critical involvement of Nrf2 for the cellular action of compounds 4 and 5 in PC12 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoujiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xianke Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Abed DA, Goldstein M, Albanyan H, Jin H, Hu L. Discovery of direct inhibitors of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction as potential therapeutic and preventive agents. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:285-99. [PMID: 26579458 PMCID: PMC4629420 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Keap1–Nrf2–ARE pathway is an important antioxidant defense mechanism that protects cells from oxidative stress and the Keap1–Nrf2 protein–protein interaction (PPI) has become an important drug target to upregulate the expression of ARE-controlled cytoprotective oxidative stress response enzymes in the development of therapeutic and preventive agents for a number of diseases and conditions. However, most known Nrf2 activators/ARE inducers are indirect inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2 PPI and they are electrophilic species that act by modifying the sulfhydryl groups of Keap1׳s cysteine residues. The electrophilicity of these indirect inhibitors may cause "off-target" side effects by reacting with cysteine residues of other important cellular proteins. Efforts have recently been focused on the development of direct inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2 PPI. This article reviews these recent research efforts including the development of high throughput screening assays, the discovery of peptide and small molecule direct inhibitors, and the biophysical characterization of the binding of these inhibitors to the target Keap1 Kelch domain protein. These non-covalent direct inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2 PPI could potentially be developed into effective therapeutic or preventive agents for a variety of diseases and conditions.
Collapse
Key Words
- 1O2, singlet oxygen
- AD, Alzheimer׳s disease
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- BTB, broad complex, tramtrack and bric-a-brac
- Bach1, BTB and CNC homology 1
- CBP, cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein
- CDDO-Me, bardoxolone methyl
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CTR, C-terminal region
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- DGR, double glycine repeats
- Direct inhibitors of protein–protein interaction
- FITC, flurescein isothiocyanate
- FP, fluorescence polarization
- GCL, glutamate-cysteine ligase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HO-1, heme-oxygenase-1
- HTS, high-throughput screening
- High throughput screening assays
- IBS, inflammatory bowel disease
- IVR, intervening region
- Keap1
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- MD, molecular dynamics
- NMR, .
- NO, nitric oxide
- NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase I
- NTR, N-terminal region
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
- Oxidative stress
- PD, Parkinson׳s disease
- PPI, protein–protein interaction
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Structure–activity relationships
- THIQ, tetrahydroisoquinoline
- TRX, thioredoxin
- X-ray crystallography
- [Formula: see text], peroxynitrate
- [Formula: see text], superoxide, OH·, hydroxyl radical
- vitamin C, ascorbate
- vitamin E, tocopherols
Collapse
|
105
|
Lin HY, Haegele JA, Disare MT, Lin Q, Aye Y. A generalizable platform for interrogating target- and signal-specific consequences of electrophilic modifications in redox-dependent cell signaling. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6232-44. [PMID: 25909755 PMCID: PMC4528680 DOI: 10.1021/ja5132648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the known propensity of small-molecule electrophiles to react with numerous cysteine-active proteins, biological actions of individual signal inducers have emerged to be chemotype-specific. To pinpoint and quantify the impacts of modifying one target out of the whole proteome, we develop a target-protein-personalized "electrophile toolbox" with which specific intracellular targets can be selectively modified at a precise time by specific reactive signals. This general methodology, T-REX (targetable reactive electrophiles and oxidants), is established by (1) constructing a platform that can deliver a range of electronic and sterically different bioactive lipid-derived signaling electrophiles to specific proteins in cells; (2) probing the kinetics of targeted delivery concept, which revealed that targeting efficiency in cells is largely driven by initial on-rate of alkylation; and (3) evaluating the consequences of protein-target- and small-molecule-signal-specific modifications on the strength of downstream signaling. These data show that T-REX allows quantitative interrogations into the extent to which the Nrf2 transcription factor-dependent antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling is activated by selective electrophilic modifications on Keap1 protein, one of several redox-sensitive regulators of the Nrf2-ARE axis. The results document Keap1 as a promiscuous electrophile-responsive sensor able to respond with similar efficiencies to discrete electrophilic signals, promoting comparable strength of Nrf2-ARE induction. T-REX is also able to elicit cell activation in cases in which whole-cell electrophile flooding fails to stimulate ARE induction prior to causing cytotoxicity. The platform presents a previously unavailable opportunity to elucidate the functional consequences of small-molecule-signal- and protein-target-specific electrophilic modifications in an otherwise unaffected cellular background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Joseph A. Haegele
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Michael T. Disare
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Qishan Lin
- Proteomics/Mass Spectrometry Facility, Center for Functional Genomics, University of Albany, Rensselaer, New York, 12144, USA
| | - Yimon Aye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Luo Z, Aslam S, Welch WJ, Wilcox CS. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 coordinates dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase/PPAR-γ/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathways that enhance nitric oxide generation in human glomerular endothelial cells. Hypertension 2015; 65:896-902. [PMID: 25691623 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) degrades asymmetric dimethylarginine, which inhibits nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS). Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcriptional factor that binds to antioxidant response elements and transcribes many antioxidant genes. Because the promoters of the human DDAH-1 and DDAH-2, endothelial NOS (eNOS) and PPAR-γ genes contain 2 to 3 putative antioxidant response elements, we hypothesized that they were regulated by Nrf2/antioxidant response element. Incubation of human renal glomerular endothelial cells with the Nrf2 activator tert-butylhydroquinone (20 μmol·L(-1)) significantly (P<0.05) increased NO and activities of NOS and DDAH and decreased asymmetric dimethylarginine. It upregulated genes for hemoxygenase-1, eNOS, DDAH-1, DDAH-2, and PPAR-γ and partitioned Nrf2 into the nucleus. Knockdown of Nrf2 abolished these effects. Nrf2 bound to one antioxidant response element on DDAH-1 and DDAH-2 and PPAR-γ promoters but not to the eNOS promoter. An increased eNOS and phosphorylated eNOS (P-eNOSser-1177) expression with tert-butylhydroquinone was prevented by knockdown of PPAR-γ. Expression of Nrf2 was reduced by knockdown of PPAR-γ, whereas PPAR-γ was reduced by knockdown of Nrf2, thereby demonstrating 2-way positive interactions. Thus, Nrf2 transcribes HO-1 and other genes to reduce reactive oxygen species, and DDAH-1 and DDAH-2 to reduce asymmetric dimethylarginine and PPAR-γ to increase eNOS and its phosphorylation and activity thereby coordinating 3 pathways that enhance endothelial NO generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaiming Luo
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Shakil Aslam
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - William J Welch
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Parvez S, Fu Y, Li J, Long MJC, Lin HY, Lee D, Hu GS, Aye Y. Substoichiometric hydroxynonenylation of a single protein recapitulates whole-cell-stimulated antioxidant response. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10-3. [PMID: 25544059 PMCID: PMC4304447 DOI: 10.1021/ja5084249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-derived electrophiles (LDEs) that can directly modify proteins have emerged as important small-molecule cues in cellular decision-making. However, because these diffusible LDEs can modify many targets [e.g., >700 cysteines are modified by the well-known LDE 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)], establishing the functional consequences of LDE modification on individual targets remains devilishly difficult. Whether LDE modifications on a single protein are biologically sufficient to activate discrete redox signaling response downstream also remains untested. Herein, using T-REX (targetable reactive electrophiles and oxidants), an approach aimed at selectively flipping a single redox switch in cells at a precise time, we show that a modest level (∼34%) of HNEylation on a single target is sufficient to elicit the pharmaceutically important antioxidant response element (ARE) activation, and the resultant strength of ARE induction recapitulates that observed from whole-cell electrophilic perturbation. These data provide the first evidence that single-target LDE modifications are important individual events in mammalian physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Parvez
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Yuan Fu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Jiayang Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Marcus J. C. Long
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Hong-Yu Lin
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Dustin
K. Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Gene S. Hu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Yimon Aye
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
- Department
of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Hseu YC, Tsai YC, Huang PJ, Ou TT, Korivi M, Hsu LS, Chang SH, Wu CR, Yang HL. The dermato-protective effects of lucidone from Lindera erythrocarpa through the induction of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant genes in UVA-irradiated human skin keratinocytes. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
|
109
|
da Cunha FAB, Wallau GL, Pinho AI, Nunes MEM, Leite NF, Tintino SR, da Costa GM, Athayde ML, Boligon AA, Coutinho HDM, Pereira AB, Posser T, Franco JL. Eugenia uniflora leaves essential oil induces toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: involvement of oxidative stress mechanisms. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eugenia unifloraL. (Myrtaceae family), also known as “pitanga”, is a tree species widely used in popular medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia – CIPBIOTEC
- Universidade Federal do Pampa
- Campus São Gabriel
- São Gabriel
- Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Eugenio Medina Nunes
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia – CIPBIOTEC
- Universidade Federal do Pampa
- Campus São Gabriel
- São Gabriel
- Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Margareth Linde Athayde
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia – CIPBIOTEC
- Universidade Federal do Pampa
- Campus São Gabriel
- São Gabriel
- Brazil
| | - Aline Augusti Boligon
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia – CIPBIOTEC
- Universidade Federal do Pampa
- Campus São Gabriel
- São Gabriel
- Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Batista Pereira
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia – CIPBIOTEC
- Universidade Federal do Pampa
- Campus São Gabriel
- São Gabriel
- Brazil
| | - Thais Posser
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia – CIPBIOTEC
- Universidade Federal do Pampa
- Campus São Gabriel
- São Gabriel
- Brazil
| | - Jeferson Luis Franco
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia – CIPBIOTEC
- Universidade Federal do Pampa
- Campus São Gabriel
- São Gabriel
- Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Soeur J, Eilstein J, Léreaux G, Jones C, Marrot L. Skin resistance to oxidative stress induced by resveratrol: from Nrf2 activation to GSH biosynthesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 78:213-23. [PMID: 25451641 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Skin is particularly exposed to oxidative stress, either from environmental insults such as sunlight or pollution or as a consequence of specific impairments in antioxidant status resulting from pathologies or aging. Traditionally, antioxidant products are exogenously provided to neutralize pro-oxidant species. However, another approach based on stimulation of endogenous antioxidant defense pathways is more original. Resveratrol (RSV) was reported to display such a behavior in various tissues, but data about the mechanisms of action in skin are scarce. We show here that, in primary culture of normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) or in full-thickness reconstructed human skin, RSV activated the Nrf2 pathway at nontoxic doses, from 20 µM up to 100µM. Among the Nrf2 downstream genes, glutamylcysteinyl ligase and glutathione peroxidase-2 were induced at the mRNA and protein levels. In parallel, a significant increase in glutathione content, assessed by LC/MS analysis, was observed in both models. Nrf2 gene silencing experiments performed in NHKs confirmed that Nrf2 was involved in RSV-induced modulation of cellular antioxidant status, in part by increasing cellular glutathione content. Finally, improvement of endogenous defenses induced in RSV-pretreated reconstructed skin ensured protection against the toxic oxidative effects of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). In fact after RSV pretreatment, in response to CHP stress, glutathione content did not decrease as in unprotected samples. Cellular alterations at the dermal-epidermal junction were clearly prevented. Together, these complementary experiments demonstrated the beneficial effects of RSV on skin, beyond its direct antioxidant properties, by upregulation of a cutaneous endogenous antioxidant pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Soeur
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - J Eilstein
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - G Léreaux
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - C Jones
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - L Marrot
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Greenwald MBY, Anzi S, Ben Sasson S, Bianco-Peled H, Kohen R. Can nitroxides evoke the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway in skin? Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:258-69. [PMID: 25236737 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitroxides are stable cyclic radicals of diverse size, charge, and lipophilicity. They are cell-permeative, which effectively protects cells, tissues, isolated organs, and laboratory animals from radical-induced damage. The mechanisms of activity through which nitroxides operate are diverse, including superoxide dismutase-mimetic activity, oxidation of semiquinone radicals, oxidation of reduced metal ions, procatalase-mimetic activity, interruption of radical chain reactions, and indirect modulation of NO levels. Nitroxides possess both a nucleophilic (reducing properties) and an electrophilic (oxidizing properties) nature and, therefore, they may affect different cellular pathways. In the current study, a novel mechanism of action by which nitroxides provide skin protection based on their electrophilic nature is suggested. This study shows that nitroxides may act as electrophiles, directly or indirectly, capable of activating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and in human skin (human organ culture model). The high potency of oxoammonium cations versus hydroxylamines in activating the system is demonstrated. The mechanism of action by which nitroxides activate the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway is discussed. Understanding the mechanism of activity may expand the usage of nitroxides as a skin protection strategy against oxidative stress-related conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Ben Yehuda Greenwald
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; Department of Chemical Engineering and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Medical School, Ein-Karem Campus, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shira Anzi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Medical School, Ein-Karem Campus, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shmuel Ben Sasson
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Medical School, Ein-Karem Campus, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Havazelet Bianco-Peled
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ron Kohen
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Fumigant activity of the Psidium guajava var. pomifera (Myrtaceae) essential oil in Drosophila melanogaster by means of oxidative stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:696785. [PMID: 25478063 PMCID: PMC4247983 DOI: 10.1155/2014/696785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The guava fruit, Psidium guajava var. pomifera (Myrtaceae family), is a native plant from South America. Its leaves and fruits are widely used in popular medicine in tropical and subtropical countries. Drosophila melanogaster has been used as one of the main model organisms in genetic studies since the 1900s. The extensive knowledge about this species makes it one of the most suitable organisms to study many aspects of toxic compound effects. Due to the lack of studies on the effects of the bioactive compounds present in the P. guajava var. pomifera essential oil, we performed a phytochemical characterization by CG-MS and evaluated the toxicity induced by the essential oil in the D. melanogaster insect model. In order to understand the biochemical mechanisms of toxicity, changes on the Nrf2 signaling as well as hallmarks of oxidative stress response were followed in the exposed flies. Our results showed that exposure of insects to the P. guajava oil increased mortality and locomotor deficits in parallel with an oxidative stress response signaling. Therefore, it suggested a bioinsecticidal activity for P. guajava volatile compounds by means of oxidative stress. Further studies are ongoing to identify which oil compounds are responsible for such effect.
Collapse
|
113
|
Zhang B, Wang XQ, Chen HY, Liu BH. Involvement of the Nrf2 pathway in the regulation of pterostilbene-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells via ER stress. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 126:216-29. [PMID: 25341683 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.14028fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the various cancer cell lines, HeLa cells were found to be sensitive to pterostilbene (Pte), a compound that is enriched in small fruits such as grapes and berries. However, the mechanism involved in the cytotoxicity of Pte has not been fully characterized. Using biochemical and free radical biological experiments in vitro, we identified the pro-apoptotic profiles of Pte and evaluated the level of redox stress-triggered ER stress during HeLa cell apoptosis. The data showed a strong dose-response relationship between Pte exposure and the characteristics of HeLa apoptosis in terms of changes in apoptotic morphology, DNA fragmentation, and activated caspases in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. During drug exposure, alterations in the intracellular redox homeostasis that favor oxidation were necessary to cause ER stress-related apoptosis, as demonstrated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic redox modulators. A statistically significant and dose-dependent increase (P < 0.05) was found with regard to the unique expression levels of Nrf2/ARE downstream target genes in HeLa cells undergoing late apoptosis, levels that were restored with anti-oxidant application with the Pte treatment. Our research demonstrated that Pte trigged ER stress by redox homeostasis imbalance, which was negatively regulated by a following activation of Nrf2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Pharmacology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Kim S, Lee D, Song JC, Cho SJ, Yun SM, Koh YH, Song J, Johnson GVW, Jo C. NDP52 associates with phosphorylated tau in brains of an Alzheimer disease mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:196-201. [PMID: 25450380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that NDP52 (also known as calcoco2) plays a role as an autophagic receptor for phosphorylated tau facilitating its clearance via autophagy. Here, we examined the expression and association of NDP52 with autophagy-regulated gene (ATG) proteins including LC3, as well as phosphorylated tau and amyloid-beta (Aβ) in brains of an AD mouse model. NDP52 was expressed not only in neurons, but also in microglia and astrocytes. NDP52 co-localized with ATGs and phosphorylated tau as expected since it functions as an autophagy receptor for phosphorylated tau in brain. Compared to wild-type mice, the number of autophagic vesicles (AVs) containing NDP52 in both cortex and hippocampal regions was significantly greater in AD model mice. Moreover, the protein levels of NDP52 and phosphorylated tau together with LC3-II were also significantly increased in AD model mice, reflecting autophagy impairment in the AD mouse model. By contrast, a significant change in p62/SQSTM1 level was not observed in this AD mouse model. NDP52 was also associated with intracellular Aβ, but not with the extracellular Aβ of amyloid plaques. We conclude that NDP52 is a key autophagy receptor for phosphorylated tau in brain. Further our data provide clear evidence for autophagy impairment in brains of AD mouse model, and thus strategies that result in enhancement of autophagic flux in AD are likely to be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunhyo Kim
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehoon Lee
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Chun Song
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Jung Cho
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Moon Yun
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Koh
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Song
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chulman Jo
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Jiang ZY, Xu LL, Lu MC, Pan Y, Huang HZ, Zhang XJ, Sun HP, You QD. Investigation of the intermolecular recognition mechanism between the E3 ubiquitin ligase Keap1 and substrate based on multiple substrates analysis. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2014; 28:1233-45. [PMID: 25301376 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases are attractive drug targets due to their specificity to the ubiquitin machinery. However, the development of E3 ligase inhibitors has proven challenging for the fact that they must disrupt protein-protein interactions (PPIs). The E3 ligase involved in interactome provide new hope for the discovery of the E3 ligase inhibitors. These currently known natural binding partners of the E3 ligase can benefit the discovery of other unknown substrates and also the E3 ligase inhibitors. Herein, we present a novel strategy that using multiple substrates to elucidate the molecular recognition mechanism of E3 ubiquitin ligase. Molecular dynamics simulation, molecular mechanics-generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA) binding energy calculation and energy decomposition scheme were incorporated to evaluate the quantitative contributions of sub-pocket and per-residue to binding. In this case, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1), a substrate adaptor component of the Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases complex, is applied for the investigation of how it recognize its substrates, especially Nrf2, a master regulator of the antioxidant response. By analyzing multiple substrates binding determinants, we found that both the polar sub-pockets (P1 and P2) and the nonpolar sub-pockets (P4 and P5) of Keap1 can make remarkable contributions to intermolecular interactions. This finding stresses the requirement for substrates to interact with the polar and nonpolar sub-pockets simultaneously. The results discussed in this paper not only show the binding determinants of the Keap1 substrates but also provide valuable implications for both Keap1 substrate discovery and PPI inhibitor design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Hybertson BM, Gao B. Role of the Nrf2 signaling system in health and disease. Clin Genet 2014; 86:447-52. [PMID: 25099075 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A key component of cytoprotective gene regulation is the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), also known as nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2, from the gene NFE2L2. Under normal conditions, Nrf2 in the cell is targeted for proteasomal degradation by its inhibitor Kelch-like ECH-associated inhibitor 1 (Keap1). When stimulated by oxidative stress, electrophiles, or kinase activation, conformational changes in the Nrf2-Keap1 complex inhibit proteasomal degradation of Nrf2, facilitating an increase in the amount of Nrf2 that binds to antioxidant response element sequences in the promoter regions of a variety of antioxidant, detoxification, and metabolic control genes. Nrf2 activation is mostly associated with beneficial cytoprotective gene regulation, but it can also have deleterious effects. For example, gene mutations in some types of cancers can lead to constitutive activation of Nrf2 and give the tumor cells growth advantages and increased drug resistance. Because cases exist where Nrf2/Keap1/ARE signaling is either too low or too high, there is great interest in the development of both Nrf2 activators and Nrf2 inhibitors as the basis of new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Hybertson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Flavanols and Flavonols in the Nuclei of Conifer Genotypes with Different Growth. FORESTS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/f5092122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
118
|
Cannavino J, Brocca L, Sandri M, Bottinelli R, Pellegrino MA. PGC1-α over-expression prevents metabolic alterations and soleus muscle atrophy in hindlimb unloaded mice. J Physiol 2014; 592:4575-89. [PMID: 25128574 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.275545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged skeletal muscle inactivity causes muscle fibre atrophy. Redox imbalance has been considered one of the major triggers of skeletal muscle disuse atrophy, but whether redox imbalance is actually the major cause or simply a consequence of muscle disuse remains of debate. Here we hypothesized that a metabolic stress mediated by PGC-1α down-regulation plays a major role in disuse atrophy. First we studied the adaptations of soleus to mice hindlimb unloading (HU) in the early phase of disuse (3 and 7 days of HU) with and without antioxidant treatment (trolox). HU caused a reduction in cross-sectional area, redox status alteration (NRF2, SOD1 and catalase up-regulation), and induction of the ubiquitin proteasome system (MuRF-1 and atrogin-1 mRNA up-regulation) and autophagy (Beclin1 and p62 mRNA up-regulation). Trolox completely prevented the induction of NRF2, SOD1 and catalase mRNAs, but not atrophy or induction of catabolic systems in unloaded muscles, suggesting that oxidative stress is not a major cause of disuse atrophy. HU mice showed a marked alteration of oxidative metabolism. PGC-1α and mitochondrial complexes were down-regulated and DRP1 was up-regulated. To define the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and disuse muscle atrophy we unloaded mice overexpressing PGC-1α. Transgenic PGC-1α animals did not show metabolic alteration during unloading, preserving muscle size through the reduction of autophagy and proteasome degradation. Our results indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a major role in disuse atrophy and that compounds inducing PGC-1α expression could be useful to treat/prevent muscle atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cannavino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenza Brocca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine and Dulbecco Telethon Institute, 35129, Padova, Italy Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bottinelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Scientific Institute of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Interdipartimental Centre for Biology and Sport Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Pellegrino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Interdipartimental Centre for Biology and Sport Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Ye S, Chen M, Jiang Y, Chen M, Zhou T, Wang Y, Hou Z, Ren L. Polyhydroxylated fullerene attenuates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via a fortifying Nrf2-regulated cellular antioxidant defence system. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:2073-87. [PMID: 24812508 PMCID: PMC4010637 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s56973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxylated derivatives of fullerene C60, named fullerenols (C60[OH]n), have stimulated great interest because of their potent antioxidant properties in various chemical and biological systems, which enable them to be used as a new promising pharmaceutical for the future treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases, but the details remain unknown. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a principal transcription factor that regulates expression of several antioxidant genes via binding to the antioxidant response element and plays a crucial role in cellular defence against oxidative stress. In this study we investigated whether activation of the Nrf2/antioxidant response element pathway contributes to the cytoprotective effects of C60(OH)24. Our results showed that C60(OH)24 enhanced nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and upregulated expression of phase II antioxidant enzymes, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase 1, and γ-glutamate cysteine ligase in A549 cells. Treatment with C60(OH)24 resulted in phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinases. By using inhibitors of cellular kinases, we showed that pretreatment of A549 cells with SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, abolished nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and induction of HO-1 protein induced by C60(OH)24, indicating an involvement of p38 MAPK in Nrf2/HO-1 activation by C 60(OH)24. Furthermore, pretreatment with C60(OH)24 attenuated hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic cell death in A549 cells, and knockdown of Nrf2 by small interfering ribonucleic acid diminished C60(OH)24-mediated cytoprotection. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that C60(OH)24 may attenuate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via augmentation of Nrf2-regulated cellular antioxidant capacity, thus providing insights into the mechanisms of the antioxidant properties of C60(OH)24.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shefang Ye
- Department of Biomaterials, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Biomaterials, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanqin Jiang
- Department of Biomaterials, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China ; First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Biomaterials, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yange Wang
- Department of Biomaterials, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqing Hou
- Department of Biomaterials, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Biomaterials, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Pullarkat V, Meng Z, Tahara SM, Johnson CS, Kalra VK. Proteasome Inhibition Induces Both Antioxidant and Hb F Responses in Sickle Cell DiseaseViathe Nrf2 Pathway. Hemoglobin 2014; 38:188-95. [DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2014.898651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
121
|
Jo C, Gundemir S, Pritchard S, Jin YN, Rahman I, Johnson GVW. Nrf2 reduces levels of phosphorylated tau protein by inducing autophagy adaptor protein NDP52. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3496. [PMID: 24667209 PMCID: PMC3990284 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a pivotal transcription factor in the defence against oxidative stress. Here we provide evidence that activation of the Nrf2 pathway reduces the levels of phosphorylated tau by induction of an autophagy adaptor protein NDP52 (also known as CALCOCO2) in neurons. The expression of NDP52, which we show has three antioxidant response elements (AREs) in its promoter region, is strongly induced by Nrf2, and its overexpression facilitates clearance of phosphorylated tau in the presence of an autophagy stimulator. In Nrf2-knockout mice, phosphorylated and sarkosyl-insoluble tau accumulates in the brains concurrent with decreased levels of NDP52. Moreover, NDP52 associates with phosphorylated tau from brain cortical samples of Alzheimer disease cases, and the amount of phosphorylated tau in sarkosyl-insoluble fractions is inversely proportional to that of NDP52. These results suggest that NDP52 plays a key role in autophagy-mediated degradation of phosphorylated tau in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chulman Jo
- 1] Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA [2]
| | - Soner Gundemir
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Susanne Pritchard
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Youngnam N Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Jiang ZY, Lu MC, Xu L, Yang TT, Xi MY, Xu XL, Guo XK, Zhang XJ, You QD, Sun HP. Discovery of Potent Keap1–Nrf2 Protein–Protein Interaction Inhibitor Based on Molecular Binding Determinants Analysis. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2736-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yu Jiang
- Jiang
Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Meng-Chen Lu
- Jiang
Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li−Li Xu
- Jiang
Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- Jiang
Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mei-Yang Xi
- Jiang
Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xu
- Jiang
Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Guo
- Jiang
Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Zhang
- Jiang
Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- Jiang
Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao-Peng Sun
- Jiang
Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, TongJiaXiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Forman HJ, Ursini F, Maiorino M. An overview of mechanisms of redox signaling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 73:2-9. [PMID: 24512843 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A principal characteristic of redox signaling is that it involves an oxidation-reduction reaction or covalent adduct formation between the sensor signaling protein and second messenger. Non-redox signaling may involve alteration of the second messenger as in hydrolysis of GTP by G proteins, modification of the signaling protein as in farnesylation, or simple non-covalent binding of an agonist or second messenger. The chemistry of redox signaling is reviewed here. Specifically we have described how among the so-called reactive oxygen species, only hydroperoxides clearly fit the role of a second messenger. Consideration of reaction kinetics and cellular location strongly suggests that for hydroperoxides, particular protein cysteines are the targets and that the requirements for redox signaling is that these cysteines are in microenvironments in which the cysteine is ionized to the thiolate, and a proton can be donated to form a leaving group. The chemistry described here is the same as occurs in the cysteine and selenocysteine peroxidases that are generally considered the primary defense against oxidative stress. But, these same enzymes can also act as the sensors and transducer for signaling. Conditions that would allow specific signaling by peroxynitrite and superoxide are also defined. Signaling by other electrophiles, which includes lipid peroxidation products, quinones formed from polyphenols and other metabolites also involves reaction with specific protein thiolates. Again, kinetics and location are the primary determinants that provide specificity required for physiological signaling although enzymatic catalysis is not likely involved. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Redox Signalling in the Cardiovascular System".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Jay Forman
- Life and Environmental Sciences Unit, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, CA 95344, USA; Andrus Gerontology Center of the Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern, California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Dipartmento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Matilde Maiorino
- Dipartmento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Gao B, Doan A, Hybertson BM. The clinical potential of influencing Nrf2 signaling in degenerative and immunological disorders. Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:19-34. [PMID: 24520207 PMCID: PMC3917919 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s35078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2; encoded in humans by the NFE2L2 gene) is a transcription factor that regulates the gene expression of a wide variety of cytoprotective phase II detoxification and antioxidant enzymes through a promoter sequence known as the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE). The ARE is a promoter element found in many cytoprotective genes; therefore, Nrf2 plays a pivotal role in the ARE-driven cellular defense system against environmental stresses. Agents that target the ARE/Nrf2 pathway have been tested in a wide variety of disorders, with at least one new Nrf2-activating drug now approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Examination of in vitro and in vivo experimental results, and taking into account recent human clinical trial results, has led to an opinion that Nrf2-activating strategies – which can include drugs, foods, dietary supplements, and exercise – are likely best targeted at disease prevention, disease recurrence prevention, or slowing of disease progression in early stage illnesses; they may also be useful as an interventional strategy. However, this rubric may be viewed even more conservatively in the pathophysiology of cancer. The activation of the Nrf2 pathway has been widely accepted as offering chemoprevention benefit, but it may be unhelpful or even harmful in the setting of established cancers. For example, Nrf2 activation might interfere with chemotherapies or radiotherapies or otherwise give tumor cells additional growth and survival advantages, unless they already possess mutations that fully activate their Nrf2 pathway constitutively. With all this in mind, the ARE/Nrf2 pathway remains of great interest as a possible target for the pharmacological control of degenerative and immunological diseases, both by activation and by inhibition, and its regulation remains a promising biological target for the development of new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bifeng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - An Doan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brooks M Hybertson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Abstract
Living cells maintain a balance between oxidation and reduction, and perturbations of this redox balance are thought to contribute to various diseases. Recent attempts to regulate redox state have focused on electrophiles (EPs), which activate potent cellular defense systems against oxidative stress. One example of this approach is exemplified by carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CS), compounds that are found in the herb rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Importantly, CA and CS themselves are not electrophilic, but in response to oxidation, become electrophilic, and then activate the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE (antioxidant-response element) transcription pathway to synthesize endogenous antioxidant "phase 2"enzymes. As a result of our efforts to develop these compounds as therapeutics for brain health, we have formulated two innovative criteria for drug development: the first concept is the use of pro-electrophilic drugs (PEDs) that are innocuous in and of themselves; and the second concept involves the use of compounds that are pathologically activated therapeutics (PATs); i.e., these small molecules are chemically converted to their active form by the very oxidative stress that they are designed to then combat. The chemical basis for PED and PAT drugs is embodied in the ortho- and para-hydroquinone electrophilic cores of the molecules, which are oxidized by the Cu(2+)/Cu(+) cycling system (or potentially by other transition metals). Importantly, this cycling pathway is under stringent regulation by the cell redox state. We propose that redox-dependent quinone formation is the predominant mechanism for formation of PED and PAT drugs from their precursor compounds. In fact, redox-dependent generation of the active form of drug from the "pro-form" distinguishes this therapeutic approach from traditional EPs such as curcumin, and results in a decrease in clinical side effects at therapeutic concentrations, e.g., lack of reaction with other thiols such as glutathione (GSH), which can result in lowering GSH and inducing oxidative stress in normal cells. We consider this pro-drug quality of PED/PAT compounds to be a key factor for generating drugs to be used to combat neurodegenerative diseases that will be clinically tolerated. Given the contribution of oxidative stress to the pathology of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway represents a promising drug target for these PED/PAT agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Satoh
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Welfare Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan.
| | - Scott R McKercher
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is part of normal cellular aerobic metabolism, due to respiration and oxidation of nutrients in order to generate energy. Low levels of ROS are involved in cellular signaling and are well controlled by the cellular antioxidant defense system. Elevated levels of ROS generation due to pollutants, toxins and radiation exposure, as well as infections, are associated with oxidative stress causing cellular damage. Several respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and influenza, induce increased ROS formation, both intracellularly and as a result of increased inflammatory cell recruitment at the site of infection. They also reduce antioxidant enzyme (AOE) levels and/or activity, leading to unbalanced oxidative-antioxidant status and subsequent oxidative cell damage. Expression of several AOE is controlled by the activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), through binding to the antioxidant responsive element (ARE) present in the AOE gene promoters. While exposure to several pro-oxidant stimuli usually leads to Nrf2 activation and upregulation of AOE expression, respiratory viral infections are associated with inhibition of AOE expression/activity, which in the case of RSV and hMPV is associated with reduced Nrf2 nuclear localization, decreased cellular levels and reduced ARE-dependent gene transcription. Therefore, administration of antioxidant mimetics or Nrf2 inducers represents potential viable therapeutic approaches to viral-induced diseases, such as respiratory infections and other infections associated with decreased cellular antioxidant capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narayana Komaravelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Antonella Casola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA ; Department of Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Sun HP, Jiang ZY, Zhang MY, Lu MC, Yang TT, Pan Y, Huang HZ, Zhang XJ, You QD. Novel protein–protein interaction inhibitor of Nrf2–Keap1 discovered by structure-based virtual screening. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00240c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
128
|
Forman HJ, Davies KJA, Ursini F. How do nutritional antioxidants really work: nucleophilic tone and para-hormesis versus free radical scavenging in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 66:24-35. [PMID: 23747930 PMCID: PMC3852196 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We present arguments for an evolution in our understanding of how antioxidants in fruits and vegetables exert their health-protective effects. There is much epidemiological evidence for disease prevention by dietary antioxidants and chemical evidence that such compounds react in one-electron reactions with free radicals in vitro. Nonetheless, kinetic constraints indicate that in vivo scavenging of radicals is ineffective in antioxidant defense. Instead, enzymatic removal of nonradical electrophiles, such as hydroperoxides, in two-electron redox reactions is the major antioxidant mechanism. Furthermore, we propose that a major mechanism of action for nutritional antioxidants is the paradoxical oxidative activation of the Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) signaling pathway, which maintains protective oxidoreductases and their nucleophilic substrates. This maintenance of "nucleophilic tone," by a mechanism that can be called "para-hormesis," provides a means for regulating physiological nontoxic concentrations of the nonradical oxidant electrophiles that boost antioxidant enzymes, and damage removal and repair systems (for proteins, lipids, and DNA), at the optimal levels consistent with good health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Forman
- University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Andrus Gerontology Center of the Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern, California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Andrus Gerontology Center of the Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern, California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Duong HQ, Yi YW, Kang HJ, Hong YB, Tang W, Wang A, Seong YS, Bae I. Inhibition of NRF2 by PIK-75 augments sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:959-69. [PMID: 24366069 PMCID: PMC3928470 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the potential benefit of PIK-75 in combination of gemcitabine to treat pancreatic cancer in a preclinical mouse model. The effect of PIK-75 on the level and activity of NRF2 was characterized using various assays including reporter gene, quantitative PCR, DNA-binding and western blot analyses. Additionally, the combinatorial effect of PIK-75 and gemcitabine was evaluated in human pancreatic cancer cell lines and a xenograft model. PIK-75 reduced NRF2 protein levels and activity to regulate its target gene expression through proteasome-mediated degradation of NRF2 in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. PIK-75 also reduced the gemcitabine-induced NRF2 levels and the expression of its downstream target MRP5. Co-treatment of PIK-75 augmented the antitumor effect of gemcitabine both in vitro and in vivo. Our present study provides a strong mechanistic rationale to evaluate NRF2 targeting agents in combination with gemcitabine to treat pancreatic cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Quan Duong
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yong Weon Yi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hyo Jin Kang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Young Bin Hong
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wenxi Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yeon-Sun Seong
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and WCU (World Class University) Research Center of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Insoo Bae
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Satoh T, McKercher SR, Lipton SA. Nrf2/ARE-mediated antioxidant actions of pro-electrophilic drugs. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:645-657. [PMID: 23892355 PMCID: PMC3859717 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Living cells maintain a balance between oxidation and reduction, and perturbations of this redox balance are thought to contribute to various diseases. Recent attempts to regulate redox state have focused on electrophiles (EPs), which activate potent cellular defense systems against oxidative stress. One example of this approach is exemplified by carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CS), compounds that are found in the herb rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Importantly, CA and CS themselves are not electrophilic, but in response to oxidation, become electrophilic, and then activate the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE (antioxidant-response element) transcription pathway to synthesize endogenous antioxidant "phase 2" enzymes. As a result of our efforts to develop these compounds as therapeutics for brain health, we have formulated two innovative criteria for drug development: the first concept is the use of pro-electrophilic drugs (PEDs) that are innocuous in and of themselves; and the second concept involves the use of compounds that are pathologically activated therapeutics (PATs);i.e., these small molecules are chemically converted to their active form by the very oxidative stress that they are designed to then combat. The chemical basis for PED and PAT drugs is embodied in the ortho- and para-hydroquinone electrophilic cores of the molecules, which are oxidized by the Cu(2+)/Cu(+) cycling system (or potentially by other transition metals). Importantly, this cycling pathway is under stringent regulation by the cell redox state. We propose that redox-dependent quinone formation is the predominant mechanism for formation of PED and PAT drugs from their precursor compounds. In fact, redox-dependent generation of the active form of drug from the "pro-form" distinguishes this therapeutic approach from traditional EPs such as curcumin, and results in a decrease in clinical side effects at therapeutic concentrations, e.g., lack of reaction with other thiols such as glutathione (GSH), which can result in lowering GSH and inducing oxidative stress in normal cells. We consider this pro-drug quality of PED/PAT compoundsto be a key factor for generating drugs to be used to combat neurodegenerative diseases that will be clinically tolerated. Given the contribution of oxidative stress to the pathology of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway represents a promising drug target for these PED/PAT agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Satoh
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Welfare Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan.
| | - Scott R McKercher
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Lyle AN, Remus EW, Fan AE, Lassègue B, Walter GA, Kiyosue A, Griendling KK, Taylor WR. Hydrogen peroxide regulates osteopontin expression through activation of transcriptional and translational pathways. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:275-85. [PMID: 24247243 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.489641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent in vivo studies establish that osteopontin (OPN) expression is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-dependent. However, the mechanisms by which H2O2 increases OPN expression remain poorly defined. OPN protein expression increased in an unusual biphasic pattern in response to H2O2. To investigate whether these increases were mediated through transcriptional and/or translational regulation of OPN, smooth muscle cells stimulated with 50 μM H2O2 were used as an in vitro cell system. Early protein increases at 6 h were not preceded by increased mRNA, whereas later increases (18 h) were, suggesting multiple mechanisms of regulation by H2O2. Polyribosomal fractionation assays established that early increases (6 h) in OPN expression were due to increased translation. This increase in translation occurred through phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 at the reactive oxygen species-sensitive Ser-65, which allowed for release and activation of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E and subsequent OPN translation. This early increase (6 h) in OPN was blunted in cells expressing a phospho-deficient 4E-BP1 mutant. H2O2 stimulation increased rat OPN promoter activity at 8 and 18 h, and promoter truncation studies established that promoter region -2284 to -795 is crucial for H2O2-dependent OPN transcription. ChIP studies determined that H2O2-dependent transcription is mediated by the reactive oxygen species-sensitive transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. In conclusion, H2O2 stimulates OPN expression in a unique biphasic pattern, where early increases are translational and late increases are transcriptional.
Collapse
|
132
|
Zhou TB, Qin YH, Lei FY, Huang WF, Drummen GPC. Prohibitin attenuates oxidative stress and extracellular matrix accumulation in renal interstitial fibrosis disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77187. [PMID: 24204768 PMCID: PMC3808389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prohibitin is an evolutionary conserved and pleiotropic protein that has been implicated in various cellular functions, including proliferation, tumour suppression, apoptosis, transcription, and mitochondrial protein folding. Both prohibitin over- and under-expression have been implicated in various diseases and cell types. We recently demonstrated that prohibitin down-regulation results in increased renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). Here we investigated the role of oxidative stress and prohibitin expression in RIF in unilateral ureteral obstructed rats. Lentivirus-based delivery vectors were used to knockdown or over-express prohibitin. Our results show that increased prohibitin expression was negatively correlated with the RIF index, reactive oxygen species, malon dialdehyde, transforming growth factor β1, collagen IV, fibronectin, and cell apoptosis index. In conclusion, we postulate that prohibitin acts as a positive regulator of mechanisms that counteract oxidative stress and extracellular matrix accumulation and therefore has an antioxidative effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Biao Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing, China ; Department of Nephrology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Turpaev KT. Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway: mechanisms of regulation and role in protection of cells against toxicity caused by xenobiotics and electrophiles. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:111-26. [PMID: 23581983 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 governs the expression of a considerable group of genes involved in cell protection against oxidants, electrophiles, and genotoxic compounds. The activity of Nrf2 is sensitive to xenobiotics and endogenous electrophiles. Nrf2 is negatively regulated by specific suppressor protein Keap1, which is also a receptor of electrophiles and adapter for Cul3 ubiquitin ligase. Electrophiles react with critical thiol groups of Keap1 leading to the loss of its ability to inhibit Nrf2. The Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway also down-regulates NF-κB transcriptional activity and attenuates cytokine-mediated induction of proinflammatory genes. Pharmacological activation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway can be used for treatment and prevention of many diseases. Widely known natural Keap1-Nrf2 activators include curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane. The most effective Keap1-Nrf2 activators are synthetic oleanane triterpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K T Turpaev
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Majzunova M, Dovinova I, Barancik M, Chan JYH. Redox signaling in pathophysiology of hypertension. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:69. [PMID: 24047403 PMCID: PMC3815233 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are products of normal cellular metabolism and derive from various sources in different cellular compartments. Oxidative stress resultant from imbalance between ROS generation and antioxidant defense mechanisms is important in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, heart failure, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cardiac hypertrophy. In this review we focus on hypertension and address sources of cellular ROS generation, mechanisms involved in regulation of radical homeostasis, superoxide dismutase isoforms in pathophysiology of hypertension; as well as radical intracellular signaling and phosphorylation processes in proteins of the affected cardiovascular tissues. Finally, we discuss the transcriptional factors involved in redox-sensitive gene transcription and antioxidant response, as well as their roles in hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Majzunova
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Fang X, Fu Y, Long MJC, Haegele JA, Ge EJ, Parvez S, Aye Y. Temporally controlled targeting of 4-hydroxynonenal to specific proteins in living cells. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14496-9. [PMID: 24015839 DOI: 10.1021/ja405400k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In-depth chemical understanding of complex biological processes hinges upon the ability to systematically perturb individual systems. However, current approaches to study impacts of biologically relevant reactive small molecules involve bathing of the entire cell or isolated organelle with excess amounts, leading to off-target effects. The resultant lack of biochemical specificity has plagued our understanding of how biological electrophiles mediate signal transduction or regulate responses that confer defense mechanisms to cellular electrophilic stress. Here we introduce a target-specific electrophile delivery platform that will ultimately pave the way to interrogate effects of reactive electrophiles on specific target proteins in cells. The new methodology is demonstrated by photoinducible targeted delivery of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) to the proteins Keap1 and PTEN. Covalent conjugation of the HNE-precursor to HaloTag fused to the target proteins enables directed HNE delivery upon photoactivation. The strategy provides proof of concept of selective delivery of reactive electrophiles to individual electrophile-responsive proteins in mammalian cells. It opens a new avenue enabling more precise determination of the pathophysiological consequences of HNE-induced chemical modifications on specific target proteins in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiang Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Wilson AJ, Kerns JK, Callahan JF, Moody CJ. Keap Calm, and Carry on Covalently. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7463-76. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400224q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Wilson
- School of
Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Jeffrey K. Kerns
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King
of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - James F. Callahan
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King
of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Christopher J. Moody
- School of
Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Meinerz DF, Comparsi B, Allebrandt J, Mariano DOC, Dos Santos DB, Zemolin APP, Farina M, Dafre LA, Rocha JBT, Posser T, Franco JL. Sub-acute administration of (S)-dimethyl 2-(3-(phenyltellanyl) propanamido) succinate induces toxicity and oxidative stress in mice: unexpected effects of N-acetylcysteine. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:182. [PMID: 23658858 PMCID: PMC3644195 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The organic tellurium compound (S)-dimethyl 2-(3-(phenyltellanyl) propanamide) succinate (TeAsp) exhibits thiol-peroxidase activity that could potentially offer protection against oxidative stress. However, data from the literature show that tellurium is a toxic agent to rodents. In order to mitigate such toxicity, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was administered in parallel with TeAsp during 10 days. Mice were separated into four groups receiving daily injections of (A) vehicle (PBS 2.5 ml/kg, i.p. and DMSO 1 ml/kg, s.c.), (B) NAC (100 mg/kg, i.p. and DMSO s.c.), (C) PBS i.p. and TeAsp (92.5 μmol/kg, s.c), or (D) NAC plus TeAsp. TeAsp treatment started on the fourth day. Vehicle or NAC-treated animals showed an increase in body weight whereas TeAsp caused a significant reduction. Contrary to expected, NAC co-administration potentiated the toxic effect of TeAsp, causing a decrease in body weight. Vehicle, NAC or TeAsp did not affect the exploratory and motor activity in the open-field test at the end of the treatment, while the combination of NAC and TeAsp produced a significant decrease in these parameters. No DNA damage or alterations in cell viability were observed in leukocytes of treated animals. Treatments produced no or minor effects on the activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, whereas the activity of the thioredoxin reductase was decreased in the brain and increased the liver of the animals in the groups receiving TeAsp or TeAsp plus NAC. In conclusion, the toxicity of TeAsp was potentiated by NAC and oxidative stress appears to play a central role in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiane F Meinerz
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Ehren JL, Maher P. Concurrent regulation of the transcription factors Nrf2 and ATF4 mediates the enhancement of glutathione levels by the flavonoid fisetin. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1816-26. [PMID: 23618921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) and GSH-associated metabolism provide the major line of defense for the protection of cells from various forms of toxic stress. GSH also plays a key role in regulating the intracellular redox environment. Thus, maintenance of GSH levels is developing into an important therapeutic objective for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Among the transcription factors that play critical roles in GSH metabolism are NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Thus, compounds that can upregulate these transcription factors may be particularly useful as treatment options through their effects on GSH metabolism. We previously showed that the flavonoid fisetin not only increases basal levels of GSH but also maintains GSH levels under oxidative stress conditions. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects have remained unknown until now. Here we show that fisetin rapidly increases the levels of both Nrf2 and ATF4 as well as Nrf2- and ATF4-dependent gene transcription via distinct mechanisms. Although fisetin greatly increases the stability of both Nrf2 and ATF4, only the effect on ATF4 is dependent on protein kinase activity. Using siRNA we found that ATF4, but not Nrf2, is important for fisetin's ability to increase GSH levels under basal conditions whereas both ATF4 and Nrf2 appear to cooperate to increase GSH levels under oxidative stress conditions. Based upon these results, we hypothesize that compounds able to increase GSH levels via multiple mechanisms, such as fisetin, will be particularly effective for maintaining GSH levels under a variety of different stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Ehren
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Reilly BD, Schlipalius DI, Cramp RL, Ebert PR, Franklin CE. Frogs and estivation: transcriptional insights into metabolism and cell survival in a natural model of extended muscle disuse. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:377-88. [PMID: 23548685 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00163.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Green-striped burrowing frogs (Cyclorana alboguttata) survive in arid environments by burrowing underground and entering into a deep, prolonged metabolic depression known as estivation. Throughout estivation, C. alboguttata is immobilized within a cast-like cocoon of shed skin and ceases feeding and moving. Remarkably, these frogs exhibit very little muscle atrophy despite extended disuse and fasting. Little is known about the transcriptional regulation of estivation or associated mechanisms that may minimize degradative pathways of atrophy. To investigate transcriptional pathways associated with metabolic depression and maintenance of muscle function in estivating burrowing frogs, we assembled a skeletal muscle transcriptome using next-generation short read sequencing and compared gene expression patterns between active and 4 mo estivating C. alboguttata. This identified a complex suite of gene expression changes that occur in muscle during estivation and provides evidence that estivation in burrowing frogs involves transcriptional regulation of genes associated with cytoskeletal remodeling, avoidance of oxidative stress, energy metabolism, the cell stress response, and apoptotic signaling. In particular, the expression levels of genes encoding cell cycle and prosurvival proteins, such as serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1, cell division protein kinase 2, survivin, and vesicular overexpressed in cancer prosurvival protein 1, were upregulated during estivation. These data suggest that estivating C. alboguttata are able to regulate the expression of genes in several major cellular pathways critical to the survival and viability of cells, thus preserving muscle function while avoiding the deleterious consequences often seen in laboratory models of muscle disuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beau D Reilly
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Vanhees K, van Schooten FJ, van Waalwijk van Doorn-Khosrovani SB, van Helden S, Munnia A, Peluso M, Briedé JJ, Haenen GRMM, Godschalk RWL. Intrauterine exposure to flavonoids modifies antioxidant status at adulthood and decreases oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 57:154-61. [PMID: 23295412 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Maternal intake of flavonoids, known for their antioxidant properties, may affect the offspring's susceptibility to developing chronic diseases at adult age, especially those related to oxidative stress, via developmental programming. Therefore, we supplemented female mice with the flavonoids genistein and quercetin during gestation, to study their effect on the antioxidant capacity of lung and liver of adult offspring. Maternal intake of quercetin increased the expression of Nrf2 and Sod2 in fetal liver at gestational day 14.5. At adult age, in utero exposure to both flavonoids resulted in the increased expression of several enzymatic antioxidant genes, which was more pronounced in the liver than in the adult lung. Moreover, prenatal genistein exposure induced the nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity in the adult lung, partly by increasing glutathione levels. Prenatal exposure to both flavonoids resulted in significantly lower levels of oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in liver only. Our observations lead to the hypothesis that a preemptive trigger of the antioxidant defense system in utero had a persistent effect on antioxidant capacity and as a result decreased oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Vanhees
- Department of Toxicology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolism, Maastricht UMC+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Depner CM, Philbrick KA, Jump DB. Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis without decreasing hepatosteatosis in a Ldlr(-/-) mouse model of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Nutr 2013; 143:315-23. [PMID: 23303872 PMCID: PMC3713021 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.171322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has increased in parallel with the incidence of obesity. While both NAFLD and NASH are characterized by hepatosteatosis, NASH is characterized by hepatic damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. We previously reported that feeding Ldlr(-/-) mice a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet containing menhaden oil attenuated several markers of NASH, including hepatosteatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Herein, we test the hypothesis that DHA [22:6 (n-3)] is more effective than EPA [20:5 (n-3)] at preventing Western diet (WD)-induced NASH in Ldlr(-/-) mice. Mice were fed the WD supplemented with either olive oil (OO), EPA, DHA, or EPA + DHA for 16 wk. WD + OO feeding induced a severe NASH phenotype, characterized by robust hepatosteatosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Whereas none of the C20-22 (n-3) fatty acid treatments prevented WD-induced hepatosteatosis, all 3 (n-3) PUFA-containing diets significantly attenuated WD-induced inflammation, fibrosis, and hepatic damage. The capacity of dietary DHA to suppress hepatic markers of inflammation (Clec4F, F4/80, Trl4, Trl9, CD14, Myd88), fibrosis (Procol1α1, Tgfβ1), and oxidative stress (NADPH oxidase subunits Nox2, p22phox, p40phox, p47phox, p67phox) was significantly greater than dietary EPA. The effects of DHA on these markers paralleled DHA-mediated suppression of hepatic Fads1 mRNA abundance and hepatic arachidonic acid content. Because DHA suppression of NASH markers does not require a reduction in hepatosteatosis, dietary DHA may be useful in combating NASH in obese humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Depner
- The Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, and,The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | | | - Donald B. Jump
- The Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, and,The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Abstract
Cysteine residues on proteins play key roles in catalysis and regulation. These functional cysteines serve as active sites for nucleophilic and redox catalysis, sites of allosteric regulation, and metal-binding ligands on proteins from diverse classes including proteases, kinases, metabolic enzymes, and transcription factors. In this review, we focus on a few select examples that serve to highlight the multiple functions performed by cysteines, with an emphasis on cysteine-mediated protein activities implicated in cancer. The enhanced reactivity of functional cysteines renders them susceptible to modification by electrophilic species. Toward this end, we discuss recent advancements and future prospects for utilizing cysteine-reactive small molecules as drugs and imaging agents for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Pace
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Morris D, Guerra C, Khurasany M, Guilford F, Saviola B, Huang Y, Venketaraman V. Glutathione supplementation improves macrophage functions in HIV. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:270-9. [PMID: 23409922 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined the effects of glutathione (GSH)-enhancing agents in restoring the levels of GSH in isolated macrophages from individuals with HIV infection thereby resulting in improved control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our results indicate that treatment with N-acetyl cysteine or a liposomal formulation of glutathione (lGSH) resulted in replenishment of reduced also known as free GSH (rGSH), and correlated with a decrease in the intracellular growth of M. tuberculosis. Finally, we observed differences in the amount of the catalytic subunit of glutamine-cysteine ligase (GCLC), glutathione synthase, and glutathione reductase present in macrophages derived from healthy and HIV-infected individuals. These changes correlated with changes in free radicals as well as rGSH levels. Our results indicate that HIV infection leads to increased production of free radicals and decreased production of GCLC resulting in depletion of rGSH and this may lead, in part, to the loss of innate immune function observed in HIV patients. These findings represent a novel mechanism for control of M. tuberculosis infection, and a possible supplement to current HIV treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devin Morris
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Lewerenz J, Hewett SJ, Huang Y, Lambros M, Gout PW, Kalivas PW, Massie A, Smolders I, Methner A, Pergande M, Smith SB, Ganapathy V, Maher P. The cystine/glutamate antiporter system x(c)(-) in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:522-55. [PMID: 22667998 PMCID: PMC3545354 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The antiporter system x(c)(-) imports the amino acid cystine, the oxidized form of cysteine, into cells with a 1:1 counter-transport of glutamate. It is composed of a light chain, xCT, and a heavy chain, 4F2 heavy chain (4F2hc), and, thus, belongs to the family of heterodimeric amino acid transporters. Cysteine is the rate-limiting substrate for the important antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and, along with cystine, it also forms a key redox couple on its own. Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). By phylogenetic analysis, we show that system x(c)(-) is a rather evolutionarily new amino acid transport system. In addition, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate system x(c)(-), including the transcriptional regulation of the xCT light chain, posttranscriptional mechanisms, and pharmacological inhibitors of system x(c)(-). Moreover, the roles of system x(c)(-) in regulating GSH levels, the redox state of the extracellular cystine/cysteine redox couple, and extracellular glutamate levels are discussed. In vitro, glutamate-mediated system x(c)(-) inhibition leads to neuronal cell death, a paradigm called oxidative glutamate toxicity, which has successfully been used to identify neuroprotective compounds. In vivo, xCT has a rather restricted expression pattern with the highest levels in the CNS and parts of the immune system. System x(c)(-) is also present in the eye. Moreover, an elevated expression of xCT has been reported in cancer. We highlight the diverse roles of system x(c)(-) in the regulation of the immune response, in various aspects of cancer and in the eye and the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lewerenz
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Zenkov NK, Menshchikova EB, Tkachev VO. Keap1/Nrf2/ARE redox-sensitive signaling system as a pharmacological target. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:19-36. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
146
|
Garofalo RP, Kolli D, Casola A. Respiratory syncytial virus infection: mechanisms of redox control and novel therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:186-217. [PMID: 22799599 PMCID: PMC3513983 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most important causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children, for which no effective treatment is currently available. Although the mechanisms of RSV-induced airway disease remain incompletely defined, the lung inflammatory response is thought to play a central pathogenetic role. In the past few years, we and others have provided increasing evidence of a role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as important regulators of RSV-induced cellular signaling leading to the expression of key proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines. In addition, RSV-induced oxidative stress, which results from an imbalance between ROS production and airway antioxidant defenses, due to a widespread inhibition of antioxidant enzyme expression, is likely to play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of RSV-associated lung inflammatory disease, as demonstrated by a significant increase in markers of oxidative injury, which correlate with the severity of clinical illness, in children with RSV infection. Modulation of ROS production and oxidative stress therefore represents a potential novel pharmacological approach to ameliorate RSV-induced lung inflammation and its long-term consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto P Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
147
|
Carnosic acid protects against ROS/RNS-induced protein damage and upregulates HO-1 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
148
|
Berrué F, McCulloch MWB, Boland P, Hart S, Harper MK, Johnston J, Kerr R. Isolation of steroidal glycosides from the Caribbean sponge Pandaros acanthifolium. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:2094-2100. [PMID: 23245401 DOI: 10.1021/np300520w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Four new steroidal glycosides, acanthifoliosides G-J (1-4), were isolated as minor constituents from the Caribbean marine sponge Pandaros acanthifolium. These metabolites are characterized by a highly oxygenated D ring and the presence of a disaccharide rhamnose-glucose residue and a rhamnose at positions C-3 and C-15, respectively. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR data and HRESIMS analyses. The absolute configurations of the glucose and rhamnose sugars were determined by preparing aldose o-tolylthiocarbamate derivatives and comparison to authentic standards by LC/HRESIMS. Acanthifolioside G (1) exhibited antioxidant and cytoprotective activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Berrué
- Department of Chemistry, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Williamson TP, Amirahmadi S, Joshi G, Kaludov NK, Martinov MN, Johnson DA, Johnson JA. Discovery of potent, novel Nrf2 inducers via quantum modeling, virtual screening, and in vitro experimental validation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:810-20. [PMID: 22925725 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is the master transcription factor of the antioxidant response element pathway, coordinating the induction of detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes. Nrf2 is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm by Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1 (Keap1). To identify novel small molecules that will disturb Nrf2-Keap1 binding and promote activation of the Nrf2- antioxidant response element pathway, we generated a quantum model based on the structures of known Nrf2- antioxidant response element activators. We used the quantum model to perform in silico screening on over 18 million commercially available chemicals to identify the structures predicted to activate the Nrf2- antioxidant response element pathway based on the quantum model. The top hits were tested in vitro, and half of the predicted hits activated the Nrf2-antioxidant response element pathway significantly in primary cell culture. In addition, we identified a new family of Nrf2-antioxidant response element-activating structures that all have comparable activity to tBHQ and protect against oxidative stress and dopaminergic toxins in vitro. The improved ability to identify potent activators of Nrf2 through the combination of in silico and in vitro screening described here improves the speed and cost associated with screening Nrf2-antioxidant response element -activating compounds for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy P Williamson
- Divison of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Steinbaugh MJ, Sun LY, Bartke A, Miller RA. Activation of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism is a shared signature of mouse models with extended lifespan. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E488-95. [PMID: 22693205 PMCID: PMC3423099 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00110.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic metabolism has been proposed to play a role in modulating the rate of aging. Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME) are expressed at higher levels in calorically restricted mice (CR) and in GH/IGF-I-deficient, long-lived mutant mice. In this study, we show that many phase I XME genes are similarly upregulated in additional long-lived mouse models, including "crowded litter" (CL) mice, whose lifespan has been increased by food restriction limited to the first 3 wk of life, and in mice treated with rapamycin. Induction in the CL mice lasts at least through 22 mo of age, but induction by rapamycin is transient for many of the mRNAs. Cytochrome P-450s, flavin monooxygenases, hydroxyacid oxidase, and metallothioneins were found to be significantly elevated in similar proportions in each of the models of delayed aging tested, whether these were based on mutation, diet, drug treatment, or transient early intervention. The same pattern of mRNA elevation could be induced by 2 wk of treatment with tert-butylhydroquinone, an oxidative toxin known to activate Nrf2-dependent target genes. These results suggest that elevation of phase I XMEs is a hallmark of long-lived mice and may facilitate screens for agents worth testing in intervention-based lifespan studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Steinbaugh
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|