101
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Elhai JD, Yang H, Levine JC. Applying fairness in labeling various types of internet use disorders. •. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:924-927. [PMID: 33027061 PMCID: PMC8969732 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We comment on arguments about internet and smartphone use disorders by Montag, Wegmann, Sariyska, Demetrovics, and Brand (2020). Although not currently official diagnoses, we emphasize that for some individuals, excessive internet/smartphone use can have dangerous consequences. We discuss the challenges with ICD-11 codifying only internet gaming as an internet use-related disorder, neglecting other types of excessive internet users. Montag et al.'s approach to classifying a broader range of internet use disorders seems more fair than the current system in aiding individuals needing treatment resources for excessive internet use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D. Elhai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Haibo Yang
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, No. 57-1 Wujiayao Street, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300074, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Jason C. Levine
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
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102
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Szeto GPY, Tsang SMH, Dai J, Madeleine P. A field study on spinal postures and postural variations during smartphone use among university students. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 88:103183. [PMID: 32678788 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This field study compared the real-time spinal movements and postural variations during smartphone-use versus non-use in university students. Ten males and eight females (mean age of 21.5 ± 2.6 years) participated, with similar daily phone use time between the two sexes. Five inertial motion sensors were attached to the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal regions, and kinematics was recorded for 3 h while participants went about their usual academic activities within the university campus. Significantly greater degrees of cervical and upper thoracic flexion were adopted during phone use versus non-use time (p < 0.01). There were also significantly greater frequency of postural variations (zero crossing per min) in all spinal regions in the sagittal plane (all p < 0.05), and in some of the movements in transverse and frontal planes comparing phone use vs non-use. The postural variables also showed some significant correlations with self-reported pre-existing neck and upper back pain scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace P Y Szeto
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Sharon M H Tsang
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong
| | - Jie Dai
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong
| | - Pascal Madeleine
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
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103
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Elhai JD, Yang H, McKay D, Asmundson GJG. COVID-19 anxiety symptoms associated with problematic smartphone use severity in Chinese adults. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:576-582. [PMID: 32663990 PMCID: PMC7251360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is fast-spreading and potentially fatal, introducing home quarantine, social distancing, and increased internet usage globally. We investigated COVID-19 anxiety, general anxiety and depression symptoms, and their impact on problematic smartphone use (PSU) severity METHODS: Participants were 908 residents of a large Eastern Chinese city, surveyed from late-February to mid-March, 2020. We administered online measures including the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, and items querying COVID-19-related news exposure and threat of death. Additionally, participants rated anxiety using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 with reference to COVID-19. RESULTS COVID-19 anxiety correlated with severity of PSU, depression and anxiety. Using established cut-off scores, 12% of participants were identified with at least moderate depression, and 24% with moderate anxiety. Using structural equation modeling, COVID-19 anxiety related to PSU severity, mediating relations between general anxiety and PSU severity. However, controlling PSU for general anxiety and depression severity, COVID-19 anxiety no longer predicted PSU severity. LIMITATIONS Limitations include the cross-sectional research design and reliance on data from only one country. CONCLUSIONS Results are discussed in context of the I-PACE model of excessive internet use. While COVID-19 anxiety is likely a global anxiety-provoking event, other everyday worries and anxiety are additionally clinically important in driving excessive internet use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Elhai
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, No. 57-1 Wujiayao Street, Hexi District, Tianjin 300074, China; Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Haibo Yang
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, No. 57-1 Wujiayao Street, Hexi District, Tianjin 300074, China.
| | - Dean McKay
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| | - Gordon J G Asmundson
- Anxiety and Illness Behaviors Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada
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104
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Cheng SS, Zhang CQ, Wu JQ. Mindfulness and Smartphone Addiction before Going to Sleep among College Students: The Mediating Roles of Self-Control and Rumination. Clocks Sleep 2020; 2:354-363. [PMID: 33089209 PMCID: PMC7573808 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep2030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine the effects among college students of mindfulness on smartphone addiction before going to bed at night. We examined the mediating roles of self-control and rumination on the mindfulness-smartphone addiction path. Participants (n = 270, 59.3% females, 18-24 years old) completed self-reporting questionnaires measuring mindfulness, self-control, smartphone addiction, and rumination. In addition to the correlation analysis, we adopted a stepwise regression analysis with bootstrapping to test the mediating effects. It was found that mindfulness was inversely related to smartphone addiction before going to sleep. Most importantly, self-control and rumination significantly mediated the effects of mindfulness on smartphone addiction among college students. The findings of this study indicated that mindfulness training is beneficial to improve the ability of self-control and reduce rumination levels, thereby inhibiting the negative impact of smartphone addiction on college students before they go to sleep, and further promoting their sleep health and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Shi Cheng
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (S.-S.C.); (C.-Q.Z.)
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (S.-S.C.); (C.-Q.Z.)
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiang-Qiu Wu
- Department of Business Administration, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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105
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Hong W, Liu RD, Ding Y, Sheng X, Zhen R. Mobile phone addiction and cognitive failures in daily life: The mediating roles of sleep duration and quality and the moderating role of trait self-regulation. Addict Behav 2020; 107:106383. [PMID: 32200196 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported well-documented findings that mobile phone addiction (MPA) is associated with negative emotion-related consequences; however, sporadic research has investigated the associations between MPA and cognitive outcomes related to daily cognitive functioning. Sleep duration, sleep quality, and trait self-regulation are thought to be linked to this association. The present study aimed to examine the mediating roles of sleep duration and quality and the moderating role of trait self-regulation between MPA and daily cognitive failures. A total of 1721 secondary school students were recruited to complete four self-reported questionnaires. The model results indicated that sleep quality (but not sleep duration) partially mediated the association between MPA and daily cognitive failures, and high levels of trait self-regulation could attenuate the potential impact of MPA on daily cognitive failures through sleep quality. Overall, these findings address the issue of how and when MPA is linked with cognitive performance in daily life, which can advance a better understanding of the negative consequences induced by MPA. Limitations and implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ru-De Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yi Ding
- Graduate School of Education, Fordham University, New York, NY 10023, USA
| | - Xiaotian Sheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Rui Zhen
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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106
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Hong W, Liu RD, Ding Y, Zhen R, Jiang R, Fu X. Autonomy Need Dissatisfaction in Daily Life and Problematic Mobile Phone Use: The Mediating Roles of Boredom Proneness and Mobile Phone Gaming. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155305. [PMID: 32717969 PMCID: PMC7432443 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychological needs dissatisfaction has been identified as hindering adaptive development, in which autonomy need dissatisfaction, as one core component, may be associated with adolescents' maladaptive online behaviors. Sporadic research has examined the association between autonomy need dissatisfaction and problematic mobile phone use (PMPU). Boredom proneness and mobile phone gaming were suggested to be linked to this association. This study aimed to examine the mediating effects of boredom proneness and mobile phone gaming in the association between autonomy need dissatisfaction and PMPU. A total of 358 secondary school students completed questionnaires at three waves; autonomy need dissatisfaction was measured in time 1 (T1); boredom proneness and mobile phone gaming were measured one year later (time 2, T2); PMPU was measured two years later (time 3, T3). The structural equation model results showed that T1 autonomy need dissatisfaction not only directly predicted T3 PMPU, but also exerted effects via the mediating role of T2 boredom proneness and the chain mediating role of T2 boredom proneness and T2 mobile phone gaming. These findings reveal the unique role of specific psychological need in engaging PMPU, which provides support to targeted interventions, such that promoting autonomy need satisfaction may be an instrumental procedure to prevent adolescents from addiction-like online behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (W.H.); (R.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Ru-De Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (W.H.); (R.J.); (X.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-58806324
| | - Yi Ding
- Graduate School of Education, Fordham University, New York, NY 10023, USA;
| | - Rui Zhen
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China;
| | - Ronghuan Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (W.H.); (R.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Xinchen Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (W.H.); (R.J.); (X.F.)
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107
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Chen B, Sun J, Feng Y. How Have COVID-19 Isolation Policies Affected Young People's Mental Health? - Evidence From Chinese College Students. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1529. [PMID: 32670172 PMCID: PMC7327104 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakout of COVID-19 has brought about huge influence on people’s physic and mental health. This paper aims to investigate the mental health status of young people living in isolation due to the policy response to Coronavirus disease. Nine hundred ninety-two Chinese college students (Mage = 19.45, SD = 1.41) were recruited to finish an online survey in the period of self-isolation. Seven dimensions of psychological well-being were measured, including mental status, knowledge of stress management, behavioral patterns, risk perception, academic stress, family relationships, and peer relationships. Results of cluster analysis indicated that young individuals’ mental status can be divided into three groups: high-risk (n = 61, Mage = 19.26, SD = 1.32), medium-risk (n = 627, Mage = 19.43, SD = 1.38), and low-risk (n = 304, Mage = 19.54, SD = 1.49). Moreover, results of multiple regression showed that the isolation policy has had a complex influence on the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder [F(12, 979) = 44.894, p < 0.001], fear [F(12, 979) = 30.776, p < 0.001], hypochondria [F(12, 979) = 22.530, p < 0.001], depression [F(12, 979) = 39.022, p < 0.001], and neurasthenia [F(12, 979) = 45.735, p < 0.001] via various factors. This paper also proposes a six-step intervention strategy to alleviate young people’s psychological problems while in isolation. It provides practical insights into the psychological interventions in face of the global threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Institute for Finance and Economics, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlu Sun
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Mental Health Center, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China.,School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
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108
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109
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Fu X, Liu J, Liu RD, Ding Y, Hong W, Jiang S. The impact of parental active mediation on adolescent mobile phone dependency: A moderated mediation model. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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110
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Elhai JD, Gallinari EF, Rozgonjuk D, Yang H. Depression, anxiety and fear of missing out as correlates of social, non-social and problematic smartphone use. Addict Behav 2020; 105:106335. [PMID: 32062337 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined mental health variables in relation to social vs. non-social smartphone use, and how such types of use relate to problematic smartphone use (PSU). We conducted a web survey of 316 American undergraduate students about severity of depression, anxiety, fear of missing out (FOMO), social and non-social smartphone use, and PSU. Using structural equation modeling, we found that compared to social smartphone use, non-social use was more strongly linked with severity of PSU (β = 0.18, p < .05) and FOMO (β = 0.24, p < .05). FOMO mediated relations between depression severity and non-social smartphone use (β = 0.09, p = .04). Furthermore, FOMO mediated relations between both depression (β = 0.23, p < .001) and anxiety (β = 0.16, p = .04) with PSU severity. We discuss non-social smartphone use as a possible avoidance strategy among anxious individuals, and the role of FOMO in individuals desiring social connectedness but also feeling socially anxious. Results are discussed in the context of a comprehensive theoretical model on pathways toward excessive internet use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Elhai
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, No. 57-1 Wujiayao Street, Hexi District, Tianjin 300074, China; Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| | - Elizabeth F Gallinari
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Dmitri Rozgonjuk
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Näituse 2, Tartu 50409, Estonia; Center of IT Impact Studies, Johann Skytte Institute for Political Studies, University of Tartu, Lossi 36, Tartu 51003, Estonia; Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Haibo Yang
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, No. 57-1 Wujiayao Street, Hexi District, Tianjin 300074, China
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111
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Using machine learning to model problematic smartphone use severity: The significant role of fear of missing out. Addict Behav 2020; 103:106261. [PMID: 31901886 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined a model of psychopathology variables, age and sex as correlates of problematic smartphone use (PSU) severity using supervised machine learning in a sample of Chinese undergraduate students. A sample of 1097 participants completed measures querying demographics, and psychological measures of PSU, depression and anxiety symptoms, fear of missing out (FOMO), and rumination. We used several different machine learning algorithms to train our statistical model of age, sex and the psychological variables in modeling PSU severity, trained using many simulated replications on a random subset of participants, and externally tested on the remaining subset of participants. Shrinkage algorithms (lasso, ridge, and elastic net regression) performing slightly but statistically better than other algorithms. Results from the training subset generalized to the test subset, without substantial worsening of fit using traditional fit indices. FOMO had the largest relative contribution in modeling PSU severity when adjusting for other covariates in the model. Results emphasize the significance of FOMO to the construct of PSU.
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112
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Mac Cárthaigh S, Griffin C, Perry J. The relationship between sleep and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A systematic review. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2020.100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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113
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Krisnana I, Hariani V, Kurnia ID, Arief YS. The use of gadgets and their relationship to poor sleep quality and social interaction on mid-adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2020; 34:ijamh-2019-0101. [PMID: 32083446 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2019-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Mid-adolescents dominate the number of gadget users in Indonesia. The use of gadgets to a high intensity can cause various problems such as poor sleep quality and decreased social interaction. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the intensity of the use of gadgets and the quality of sleep and social interaction in adolescents. Method The research design used was a correlational research study with a cross-sectional approach. Through the calculation of the sample, the respondents were 250 adolescents who met the inclusion criteria, namely (1) adolescents aged 15-18 years and (2) teens who owned and used gadgets. The sampling method used simple random sampling by conducting a lottery system in each class. The independent variable was the intensity of using the gadget, while the dependent variable was the quality of sleep and social interaction. Data collection focused on the intensity of gadget use using questionnaires and it was analyzed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS). The data was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation with α = 0.05. Results The results showed that the intensity of gadget use was positively related to poor sleep quality in adolescents (p = <0.001; r = 0.555). The intensity of the use of gadgets was also related to social interaction with a negative direction. The higher the intensity of the use of gadgets, the lower the social interaction in adolescents (p = 0.001; r = -293). Conclusion The use of gadgets in the mid-adolescent years is related to sleep disorders as regards the latency and duration of sleep. Adolescents are more likely to engage in social interaction and communication through gadgets than face to face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Krisnana
- Maternity and Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java 60115, Indonesia, Phone: +6231-5913754
| | - Venni Hariani
- Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Iqlima Dwi Kurnia
- Maternity and Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java 60115, Indonesia
| | - Yuni Sufyanti Arief
- Maternity and Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java 60115, Indonesia
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114
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Elhai JD, Yang H, Dempsey AE, Montag C. Rumination and negative smartphone use expectancies are associated with greater levels of problematic smartphone use: A latent class analysis. Psychiatry Res 2020; 285:112845. [PMID: 32045821 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Problematic smartphone use (PSU) is related to psychopathology symptoms, such as depression and anxiety. However, less is known about how responses to and coping with psychopathology correlate with PSU. We conducted a web survey of 286 American college students, querying depression and anxiety symptoms, rumination (a coping process to avoid negative emotion), PSU, and expectancies about smartphone use for mood alleviation. We conducted latent class analysis (LCA) of PSU symptom ratings, finding support for two latent subgroups of participants, involving mild and severe PSU, especially distinguished by severity of withdrawal symptoms. Rumination and negative smartphone use expectancies (i.e., to reduce distress) positively related to the more symptomatic PSU class. Results are discussed in context of the I-PACE theoretical model of problematic internet use (PIU). We emphasize the importance of response variables in I-PACE, such as internet-related cognitive bias and coping, over background psychopathology variables in influencing PIU and PSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Elhai
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, No. 57-1 Wujiayao Street, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300074, China; Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio, 43606, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, Ohio, 43614, USA.
| | - Haibo Yang
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, No. 57-1 Wujiayao Street, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300074, China
| | - Abigail E Dempsey
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio, 43606, USA
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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115
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Yang J, Fu X, Liao X, Li Y. Association of problematic smartphone use with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2020; 284:112686. [PMID: 31757638 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To quantitatively assess the association of problematic smartphone use (PSU) with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety, we reviewed current evidence from observational studies and performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. The EBSCO PsycARTICLES, EMBASE, PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched, and 14 studies were included for the systematic review and meta-analysis. We calculated odds risk and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), using random-effect or fixed-effect models. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 and chi2 statistics. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on country, adjusted variables, the methods of statistical analysis, outcome measures and publication year. We found significantly increased risks of poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in people with PSU. Our findings highlight the necessity of managing the PSU. However, further studies are required to confirm the results due to the high heterogeneity and methodological limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Yang
- XiangYa Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Fu
- XiangYa Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- XiangYa Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yamin Li
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, Hunan, China.
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116
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Elhai JD, Yang H, Fang J, Bai X, Hall BJ. Depression and anxiety symptoms are related to problematic smartphone use severity in Chinese young adults: Fear of missing out as a mediator. Addict Behav 2020; 101:105962. [PMID: 31030950 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently studies examined mediating psychological constructs accounting for relations between both depression and anxiety with problematic smartphone use (PSU) severity. The aim of the current study was to analyze the fear of missing out (FOMO) as a possible mediator in these relationships. METHOD We recruited 1034 Chinese undergraduate students via a web-based survey that measured smartphone use frequency, PSU, depression, anxiety and FOMO. RESULTS Structural equation modeling demonstrated that FOMO was significantly related to smartphone use frequency and PSU severity. FOMO significantly mediated relations between anxiety and both smartphone use frequency and PSU severity. FOMO did not account for relations between depression and smartphone use/PSU. CONCLUSION This is one of the first studies testing FOMO in relation to PSU severity among Asian participants. FOMO may be an important variable accounting for why some types of psychopathology (e.g., anxiety) are associated with PSU.
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117
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Xiang MQ, Lin L, Wang ZR, Li J, Xu Z, Hu M. Sedentary Behavior and Problematic Smartphone Use in Chinese Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Self-Control. Front Psychol 2020; 10:3032. [PMID: 32038398 PMCID: PMC6985778 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated smartphone use characteristics including the purpose of smartphone use (i.e., leisure, learning, or work) and situational smartphone use (i.e., sitting, standing, or moving about) in Chinese adolescents. Moreover, it tested the moderating role of self-control in the link between sedentary behavior and problematic smartphone use. A total of 947 adolescents completed measures of the purpose of their smartphone use, situational smartphone use, sedentary behavior, self-control, time on smartphone, and smartphone addiction. Results showed that the majority of smartphone use was for leisure and learning, and 90.9% of adolescents reported typically sitting as they used the smartphone. Problematic smartphone use was positively correlated with sedentary behavior and negatively correlated with self-control. Moreover, the relationship between sedentary behavior and problematic smartphone use was moderated by self-control, in that the negative correlation was stronger for adolescents with low self-control and weaker for those with high self-control. These results contribute to the understanding of when sedentary behavior is associated with problematic smartphone use. Several limitations and implications are discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Qiang Xiang
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Lin
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Rong Wang
- Department of Graduation, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Graduation, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zebo Xu
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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118
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Clancy F, Prestwich A, Caperon L, Tsipa A, O’Connor DB. The association between worry and rumination with sleep in non-clinical populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2020; 14:427-448. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2019.1700819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Clancy
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A. Prestwich
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - L. Caperon
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A. Tsipa
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- Camden and Islington Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D. B. O’Connor
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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119
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Zhang Y, Lv S, Li C, Xiong Y, Zhou C, Li X, Ye M. Smartphone use disorder and future time perspective of college students: the mediating role of depression and moderating role of mindfulness. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2020; 14:3. [PMID: 31988657 PMCID: PMC6969420 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-020-0309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smartphone use disorder (SUD) of college students has drawn increasing attention. Although future time perspective (FTP) may be an important protective factor for individual SUD, the moderating and mediating mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unknown. We tested the individual roles of depression and mindfulness as moderators of this relationship. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in two colleges in Shandong and Chongqing in China using a sample of 1304 college students recruited by stratified cluster sampling. Data were collected through a validated self-report instrument. A moderation-mediation model was constructed, and an SPSS PROCESS macro was used to analyse the data. RESULTS The correlation analyses showed that FTP was negatively associated with SUD of college students. The mediation model revealed that depression partially mediated the link between FTP and SUD of college students. The moderation-mediation model suggested that mindfulness moderates two direct paths: FTP to depression and depression to SUD. In the first path (FTP to depression), a high level of mindfulness among college students had weakened the relationship between FTP and depression. Here, the relationship is strengthened by a low level of mindfulness. In the second path (depression to SUD), low levels of mindfulness strengthen the link between depression and FTP. In contrast, significant association was not found with high levels of mindfulness. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that interventions, such as improving the individual level of FTP and mindfulness, should be conducted. These interventions, in turn, help control the level of depression in college students and ultimately decrease their level of SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchang Zhang
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8The Innovation Centre for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Shuai Lv
- School of Modern Logistics, Qingdao Harbour Vocational and Technical College, Qingdao, 266404 Shandong China
| | - Cunya Li
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8The Innovation Centre for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yang Xiong
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Department of the First Clinical Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Chenxi Zhou
- grid.452206.7The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuerui Li
- grid.452206.7The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengliang Ye
- 0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8The Innovation Centre for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
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120
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Huang Q, Li Y, Huang S, Qi J, Shao T, Chen X, Liao Z, Lin S, Zhang X, Cai Y, Chen H. Smartphone Use and Sleep Quality in Chinese College Students: A Preliminary Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:352. [PMID: 32435208 PMCID: PMC7218048 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese college students are at high risk of sleep problems, and smartphone use is common among this population. However, the relationship between smartphone use characteristics and sleep problems in Chinese college students has been inadequately studied. In this preliminary study, we examined the association of poor sleep quality with smartphone use in a sample of Chinese college students from a health vocational college in Changsha, China. METHODS A total of 439 college students completed a self-report questionnaire containing the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and questions regarding demographic information, psychosocial factors, physical health, smartphone use characteristics, and mobile phone addiction (MPA). RESULTS The results showed that the prevalence of poor sleep quality (PSQI > 7) in Chinese college students was 9.8%. In multiple logistic regression analysis, poor sleep quality was significantly associated with male gender (OR: 2.80, P: 0.022), not having good physical health (OR: 2.61, P: 0.020), headache (OR: 2.47, P: 0.014), more severe depressive symptoms (OR: 2.17, P: 0.049), > four years of smartphone use (OR: 3.38, P: 0.001), > five hours of daily smartphone use (OR: 2.19, P: 0.049), and more severe inability to control MPA craving (OR: 2.04, P: 0.040). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that excessive smartphone use and MPA are associated with poor sleep quality in a sample of Chinese college students from a health vocational college. Because of the limited sample representativeness and cross-sectional design of this study, large-scale prospective representative studies are warranted to confirm these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China.,Center of Psychology Teaching and Research, Changsha Health Vocational College, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Li
- Center of Psychology Teaching and Research, Changsha Health Vocational College, Changsha, China
| | - Shucai Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Tianli Shao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenjiang Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Shuhong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Geriatric and Somatic Diseases, Brain Hospital of Human Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Clinical College, Hunan Mental Behavior Disorder Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Hongxian Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
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121
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Liu QQ, Yang XJ, Zhu XW, Zhang DJ. Attachment anxiety, loneliness, rumination and mobile phone dependence: A cross-sectional analysis of a moderated mediation model. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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122
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Cognitive- and Emotion-Related Dysfunctional Coping Processes: Transdiagnostic Mechanisms Explaining Depression and Anxiety’s Relations with Problematic Smartphone Use. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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123
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Liu W, Lin J. The Role of Meditation in College Students' Neuroticism and Mental Health. Transl Neurosci 2019; 10:112-117. [PMID: 31098321 PMCID: PMC6487793 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2019-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of empirical studies have found evidence that neuroticism is related to personality traits, but no one has integrated the relationship between neuroticism and mental health through meta-analysis. As a personality trait, neuroticism reflects the stable tendency of how individuals experience, feel, evaluate negative emotions and make corresponding behavioural responses. By means of meta-analysis, a preliminary dimension of neuroticism is constructed through an open questionnaire and literature review. On this basis, a preliminary neuroticism questionnaire for college students is compiled. The structural model of College Students' neuroticism questionnaire fits well, and has a high correlation with the neuroticism subscale of the simple version of Big Five Personality Questionnaire, which shows that it has a good structural validity. The positive orientation indicators of subjective well-being, life satisfaction and other mental health indicators were also selected. In addition, self-assessment indicators of physical health were selected. It was found that neuroticism was highly correlated with appeal indicators, indicating that the questionnaire of College Students' neuroticism had good validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Liu
- Student Affair Office, Wuxi Institute of Technology, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214121, China
| | - Jiayan Lin
- School of Art&Design, Wuxi Institute of Technology, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214121, China
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124
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Apaolaza V, Hartmann P, D'Souza C, Gilsanz A. Mindfulness, Compulsive Mobile Social Media Use, and Derived Stress: The Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem and Social Anxiety. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2019; 22:388-396. [PMID: 31070455 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2018.0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is growing concern over the emergence of damaging compulsive use patterns among some users of social networking sites (SNSs), in particular of mobile social media. Although previous studies argue that mindfulness has a protective effect on compulsive behaviors, to date, no study has analyzed the underlying mechanisms by which mindfulness reduces compulsive SNS usage. This study addresses this gap by examining the relationship between mindfulness, self-esteem, social anxiety, compulsive mobile SNS usage, and derived stress in the context of the use of the mobile social media application, WhatsApp™. Mediation analysis supported the roles of self-esteem and social anxiety as mediators of the beneficial (lowering) effect of mindfulness on compulsive mobile SNS usage. Moreover, the results confirmed that compulsive mobile SNS use induces stress and that mindfulness has also lowering effects on stress derived from such compulsive behavior, mediated by the former variables. This research, therefore, provides a process explanation for the beneficial effect of mindfulness on stress derived from mobile social media use. Further theoretical and practical implications, as well as future research avenues, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Apaolaza
- 1 Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Patrick Hartmann
- 1 Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Clare D'Souza
- 2 La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ainhize Gilsanz
- 1 Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
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125
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Wang P, Lei L. How does problematic smartphone use impair adolescent self-esteem? A moderated mediation analysis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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126
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Hawk ST, van den Eijnden RJ, van Lissa CJ, ter Bogt TF. Narcissistic adolescents' attention-seeking following social rejection: Links with social media disclosure, problematic social media use, and smartphone stress. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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127
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Elhai JD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. The relationship between anxiety symptom severity and problematic smartphone use: A review of the literature and conceptual frameworks. J Anxiety Disord 2019; 62:45-52. [PMID: 30529799 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we examine the literature studying relations between problematic smartphone use (PSU) and anxiety symptom severity. We first present background on the health advantages and disadvantages of using a smartphone. Next, we provide caveats in distinguishing healthy smartphone use from unhealthy PSU, and we discuss how PSU is measured. Additionally, we discuss theoretical frameworks explaining how some people develop PSU, including Uses and Gratifications Theory, and Compensatory Internet Use Theory. We present our own theoretical model of how PSU is specifically related to anxiety. We discuss and review mental health constructs associated with PSU severity, based on prior literature. Next, we systematically review the research on PSU severity in relation to anxiety symptoms, given the recent growth of studies on this research question. Finally, we offer implications and recommendations for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Elhai
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, No. 57-1 Wujiayao Street, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300074, People's Republic of China; Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., MS # 948, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Jason C Levine
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., MS # 948, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Brian J Hall
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau (SAR), People's Republic of China; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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128
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Mei X, Hu Z, Zhou D, Zhou Q, Li X, Wang X, Jing P. Sleep patterns, mobile phone use and psychological symptoms among adolescents in coastal developed city of China: an exploratory cross-sectional study. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-019-00208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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129
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Chi X, Liu X, Guo T, Wu M, Chen X. Internet Addiction and Depression in Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:816. [PMID: 31798471 PMCID: PMC6865207 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has revealed that Internet addiction is a risk factor for adolescents' development of depressive symptoms, although the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study examines the mediating role of positive youth development and the moderating role of mindfulness to determine the association between Internet addiction and depression. A sample of 522 Chinese adolescents completed measures related to Internet addiction, positive youth development, mindfulness, depression, and their background information, for which the results reveal that positive youth development mediates the relation between Internet addiction and depression. Moreover, the associations between both Internet addiction and depression as well as positive youth development and depression are moderated by mindfulness. These two effects were stronger for adolescents with low mindfulness than for those with high mindfulness. The present study contributes to a more thorough understanding of how and when Internet addiction increases the risk of depression in adolescents, suggesting that Internet addiction may affect adolescent depression through positive youth development and that mindfulness can alleviate the negative effect of Internet addiction or a low level of psychological resources on depression. The implications for research and practice are finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Chi
- College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,The Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.,The Laboratory of the Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianyou Guo
- College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingxia Wu
- Southwest University Faculty of Psychology, Research Center of Mental Health Education in Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochen Chen
- The Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.,The Laboratory of the Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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130
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Sun J, Liu Q, Yu S. Child neglect, psychological abuse and smartphone addiction among Chinese adolescents: The roles of emotional intelligence and coping style. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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131
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You Z, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Xu Y, Chen X. How does self-esteem affect mobile phone addiction? The mediating role of social anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:526-531. [PMID: 30553099 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Low self-esteem is an important factor influencing mobile phone addiction, which has been well documented. However, little research focused on the mechanism underlying the association between self-esteem and mobile phone addiction. We hypothesized that social anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity may mediate the relationship between self-esteem and mobile phone addiction. Six hundred and fifty three (353 girls among them) college students with the mean age of 19.94 (SD = 1.34) were recruited for the study. Participants completed mobile phone addiction scale, Rosenberg self-esteem scale, the social anxiety questionnaire and interpersonal sensitivity subscale of SCL-90. The findings were as follows: 1) interpersonal sensitivity mediated the relation between self-esteem and mobile phone addiction. 2) social anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity sequentially mediated the relation between self-esteem and mobile phone addiction. The result reveals that self-esteem has indirect effect on mobile phone addiction, which is mediated by social anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi You
- Department of Social Work, Huazhong Agricultural University, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingru Zhang
- Department of Social Work, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Social Work, Huazhong Agricultural University, China.
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Social Work, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Xuelian Chen
- College of Humanities, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, China
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132
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Lian SL, Sun XJ, Zhou ZK, Fan CY, Niu GF, Liu QQ. Social networking site addiction and undergraduate students' irrational procrastination: The mediating role of social networking site fatigue and the moderating role of effortful control. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208162. [PMID: 30533013 PMCID: PMC6289504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the popularity of social networking sites (SNSs), the problems of SNS addiction have been increasing. Research has revealed the association between SNS addiction and irrational procrastination. However, the mechanism underlying this relation is still unclear. The present study aimed to examine the mediating role of social networking site fatigue and the moderating role of effortful control in this link among Chinese undergraduate students. The Social Networking Site Addiction Scale, Social Networking Service Fatigue Scale, Effortful Control Scale and Irrational Procrastination Scale were completed by 1,085 Chinese undergraduate students. Results indicated that SNS addiction, SNS fatigue and irrational procrastination were positively correlated with each other, and negatively correlated with effortful control. Further analyses revealed that, SNS addiction has a direct effect on irrational procrastination. SNS fatigue mediated the relationship between SNS addiction and irrational procrastination. Both direct and indirect effects of SNS addiction on irrational procrastination were moderated by effortful control. Specifically, this effect was stronger for people with lower effortful control. These findings help clarify the mechanism underlying the association between SNS addiction and irrational procrastination, which have potential implications for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-lei Lian
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zong-kui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Cui-ying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Geng-feng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Social Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qing-qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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133
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Thomée S. Mobile Phone Use and Mental Health. A Review of the Research That Takes a Psychological Perspective on Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2692. [PMID: 30501032 PMCID: PMC6314044 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to carry out a review of observational studies that consider links between mobile phone use and mental health from a psychological or behavioral perspective. Systematic literature searches in PubMed and PsycINFO for articles published until 2017 were done. Exclusion criteria included: papers that considered radiofrequency fields, attention, safety, relational consequences, sexual behavior, cyberbullying, and reviews, qualitative, and case or experimental studies. A total of 4738 papers were screened by title and abstract, 404 were retrieved in full text, and 290 were included. Only 5% had any longitudinal design. Self-reporting was the dominating method of measurement. One third of the studies included children or youth. A majority of adult populations consisted of university students and/or self-selected participants. The main research results included associations between frequent mobile phone use and mental health outcomes, such as depressive symptoms and sleep problems. Mobile phone use at bedtime was associated with, e.g., shorter sleep duration and lower sleep quality. "Problematic use" (dependency) was associated with several negative outcomes. In conclusion, associations between mobile phone use and adverse mental health outcomes are found in studies that take a psychological or behavioral perspective on the exposure. However, more studies of high quality are needed in order to draw valid conclusions about the mechanisms and causal directions of associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Thomée
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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134
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Perceived stress and mobile phone addiction in Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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135
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Chu XW, Fan CY, Liu QQ, Zhou ZK. Cyberbullying victimization and symptoms of depression and anxiety among Chinese adolescents: Examining hopelessness as a mediator and self-compassion as a moderator. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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136
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Wang HY, Sigerson L, Jiang H, Cheng C. Psychometric Properties and Factor Structures of Chinese Smartphone Addiction Inventory: Test of Two Models. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1411. [PMID: 30127762 PMCID: PMC6088307 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a growing concern of excessive smartphone use that interferes with people’s daily functioning, most notably among youngsters. The Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) was constructed to assess this type of information technology addiction. Although the SPAI was developed in a Taiwanese adolescent sample, this measure has not been validated on Chinese youngsters in other regions. Moreover, the initial evidence yielded a four-factor structure, but recent findings obtained an alternative five-factor structure. As no studies have systematically compared these two factor structures, which of the models fits the data better remained unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the empirical validity of both the four- and five-factor structures of the SPAI in a sample of university students from Mainland China (n = 463). Four psychometric properties of the SPAI were examined. First, the structural validity of both factor models was evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis. Satisfactory fit was found for both the five-factor model (RMSEA = 0.06, SRMR = 0.05, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99) and the four-factor model (RMSEA = 0.07, SRMR = 0.06, CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.98), but the five-factor model demonstrated an overall better model fit. Second, the five-factor model yielded good internal consistencies (all Cronbach α’s > 0.70). Third, concurrent validity of the SPAI was supported by its moderately strong correlations with four widely adopted criterion variables (i.e., loneliness, social anxiety, depression, and impulsivity). Lastly, the convergent validity of the SPAI was demonstrated by its strong, positive correlation with a popular, validated measure of Internet addiction. This study is the first to demonstrate the validity of the newly proposed five-factor model of the SPAI in a sample of Mainland Chinese youngsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Leif Sigerson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hongyan Jiang
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Cecilia Cheng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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137
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Mei X, Zhou Q, Li X, Jing P, Wang X, Hu Z. Sleep problems in excessive technology use among adolescent: a systemic review and meta-analysis. SLEEP SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s41606-018-0028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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138
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Wang P, Wang X, Wu Y, Xie X, Wang X, Zhao F, Ouyang M, Lei L. Social networking sites addiction and adolescent depression: A moderated mediation model of rumination and self-esteem. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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139
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Alhassan AA, Alqadhib EM, Taha NW, Alahmari RA, Salam M, Almutairi AF. The relationship between addiction to smartphone usage and depression among adults: a cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:148. [PMID: 29801442 PMCID: PMC5970452 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addiction to smartphone usage is a common worldwide problem among adults, which might negatively affect their wellbeing. This study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with smartphone addiction and depression among a Middle Eastern population. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 using a web-based questionnaire distributed via social media. Responses to the Smartphone Addiction Scale - Short version (10-items) were rated on a 6-point Likert scale, and their percentage mean score (PMS) was commuted. Responses to Beck's Depression Inventory (20-items) were summated (range 0-60); their mean score (MS) was commuted and categorized. Higher scores indicated higher levels of addiction and depression. Factors associated with these outcomes were identified using descriptive and regression analyses. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS Complete questionnaires were 935/1120 (83.5%), of which 619 (66.2%) were females and 316 (33.8%) were males. The mean ± standard deviation of their age was 31.7 ± 11 years. Majority of participants obtained university education 766 (81.9%), while 169 (18.1%) had school education. The PMS of addiction was 50.2 ± 20.3, and MS of depression was 13.6 ± 10.0. A significant positive linear relationship was present between smart phone addiction and depression (y = 39.2 + 0.8×; P < 0.001). Significantly higher smartphone addiction scores were associated with younger age users, (β = - 0.203, adj. P = 0.004). Factors associated with higher depression scores were school educated users (β = - 2.03, adj. P = 0.01) compared to the university educated group and users with higher smart phone addiction scores (β =0.194, adj. P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The positive correlation between smartphone addiction and depression is alarming. Reasonable usage of smart phones is advised, especially among younger adults and less educated users who could be at higher risk of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljohara A. Alhassan
- College of Rehabilitation and Health Sciences, Princess Noura Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ethar M. Alqadhib
- College of Rehabilitation and Health Sciences, Princess Noura Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada W. Taha
- College of Rehabilitation and Health Sciences, Princess Noura Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raneem A. Alahmari
- 0000 0004 0608 0662grid.412149.bKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Echography Cardiovascular Technology, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Salam
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Science and Technology Unit, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Adel F. Almutairi
- 0000 0004 0608 0662grid.412149.bKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Science and Technology Unit, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426 Saudi Arabia
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140
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Liu QQ, Zhou ZK, Yang XJ, Kong FC, Sun XJ, Fan CY. Mindfulness and sleep quality in adolescents: Analysis of rumination as a mediator and self-control as a moderator. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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141
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Hu Y, Long X, Lyu H, Zhou Y, Chen J. Alterations in White Matter Integrity in Young Adults with Smartphone Dependence. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:532. [PMID: 29163108 PMCID: PMC5673664 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smartphone dependence (SPD) is increasingly regarded as a psychological problem, however, the underlying neural substrates of SPD is still not clear. High resolution magnetic resonance imaging provides a useful tool to help understand and manage the disorder. In this study, a tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to measure white matter integrity in young adults with SPD. A total of 49 subjects were recruited and categorized into SPD and control group based on their clinical behavioral tests. To localize regions with abnormal white matter integrity in SPD, the voxel-wise analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) on the whole brain was performed by TBSS. The correlation between the quantitative variables of brain structures and the behavior measures were performed. Our result demonstrated that SPD had significantly lower white matter integrity than controls in superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), superior corona radiata (SCR), internal capsule, external capsule, sagittal stratum, fornix/stria terminalis and midbrain structures. Correlation analysis showed that the observed abnormalities in internal capsule and stria terminalis were correlated with the severity of dependence and behavioral assessments. Our finding facilitated a primary understanding of white matter characteristics in SPD and indicated that the structural deficits might link to behavioral impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Hu
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaojing Long
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanqing Lyu
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yangyang Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianxiang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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