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Ekpe OD, Choo G, Barceló D, Oh JE. Introduction of emerging halogenated flame retardants in the environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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102
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Jiang Y, Yuan L, Lin Q, Ma S, Yu Y. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and human external and internal exposure in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133902. [PMID: 31470322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as brominated flame retardants. Because of their toxicity and persistence, some PBDEs were restricted under the Stockholm Convention in 2009. Since then, many studies have been carried out on PBDEs in China and in many other countries. In the present review, the occurrences and contamination of PBDEs in air, water, sediment, soil, biota and daily food, human blood, hair, and other human tissues in China are comprehensively reviewed and described. The human exposure pathways and associated health risks of PBDEs are summarized. The data showed no obvious differences between North and South China, but concentrations from West China were generally lower than in East China, which can be mainly attributed to the production and widespread use of PBDEs in eastern regions. High levels of PBDEs were generally observed in the PBDE production facilities (e.g., Jiangsu Province and Shandong Province, East China) and e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, East China, and Guiyu City and Qingyuan City, both located in Guangdong Province, South China) and large cities, whereas low levels were detected in rural and less-developed areas, especially in remote regions such as the Tibetan Plateau. Deca-BDE is generally the major congener. Existing problems for PBDE investigations in China are revealed, and further studies are also discussed and anticipated. In particular, non-invasive matrices such as hair should be more thoroughly studied; more accurate estimations of human exposure and health risks should be performed, such as adding bioaccessibility or bioavailability to human exposure assessments; and the degradation products and metabolites of PBDEs in human bodies should receive more attention. More investigations should be carried out to evaluate the quantitative relationships between internal and external exposure so as to provide a scientific basis for ensuring human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Longmiao Yuan
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shentao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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103
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Guo T, Lin T, Li Y, Wu Z, Jiang Y, Guo Z. Occurrence, gas-particle partitioning, and sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere over the Yangtze River Estuary, East China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133538. [PMID: 31362222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the occurrence, gas-particle partitioning, and potential sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the atmosphere over the Yangtze River Estuary, gas and particle samples were collected at the remote Huaniao Island, East China Sea, during a whole year from 2013 to 2014. Nine PBDEs, with total atmospheric concentration of Σ9BDEs of 20.3 ± 26.5 pg/m3, were found in both the gas and particle phases in most samples. BDE-209 dominated both the gas and particle phases, which is consistent with the PBDE usage record in China. Seasonal variation of particle-phase Σ9BDEs was observed, with the highest concentration in winter and the lowest in summer; however, a reversed seasonal trend was observed in the gas phase. Correlation analysis between log Kp and log KOA suggested that the gas-particle (G/P) partitioning was in a non-equilibrium state, particularly for BDE-209 throughout the year. The KOA-based adsorption model prediction performed relatively well for the particle-phase fraction of Br<10-BDEs, but largely overestimated BDE-209. A steady-state model could be superior to predict G/P partitioning of BDE-209 based on annual values, though with the exception of summer samples. A relatively higher gas-phase distribution for BDE-209 than high-brominated BDEs was observed, especially in summer, when it reached 73%, implying a sustained input of gas-phase BDE-209. The potential source contribution function showed that the possible source regions for BDE-209 included Shandong and Jiangsu Provinces (the main BDE-209 production regions in China), the Yangtze River Delta region, and the southeastern coastal areas (which hosts intensive electronic waste recycling activities).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zilan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuqing Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai 200062, China.
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104
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Li TY, Ge JL, Pei J, Bao LJ, Wu CC, Zeng EY. Emissions and Occupational Exposure Risk of Halogenated Flame Retardants from Primitive Recycling of E-Waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12495-12505. [PMID: 31603658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The production and usage of non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) have substantially increased after the ban of several PBDEs. This has resulted in widespread environmental occurrence of non-PBDE HFRs, further amplified by emissions from primitive recycling of obsolete electronics (e-waste). The present study conducted chamber experiments to characterize 15 HFRs (∑15HFR) from thermal treatment and open burning of typical e-waste. Emission factors of ∑15HFR from thermal treatment were 2.6 × 104-3.9 × 105 ng g-1, slightly higher than those from open burning (8.8 × 103-1.0 × 105 ng g-1). Greater output over input mass ratios of ∑15HFR were obtained in thermal treatment than in open burning. Particulate and gaseous HFRs dominated the emissions in thermal treatment and open burning, respectively, largely because of the different temperatures used in the two processes. Particulate HFRs were primarily affiliated with fine particles (Dp < 1.8 μm) peaking at 0.56-1.0 or 0.32-0.56 μm in both thermal treatment and open burning. Occupational exposure to most FRs was relatively low, but several PBDEs may pose potential health risk to workers in e-waste home-workshops. Potentially accruing emissions and health risks of non-PBDE HFRs from primitive recycling of e-waste remain a great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Jia-Li Ge
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Jie Pei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
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105
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Chen T, Huang M, Li J, Li J, Shi Z. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated flame retardants in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China: Occurrence, temporal trends, nursing infants' exposure and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:278-286. [PMID: 31276995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The levels of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, and six novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were determined in human milk collected from Beijing, China in 2014. The tested 111 samples were collected from 37 mothers, and each donor provided one milk sample per month for 3 months after childbirth. Levels of ∑PBDEs (total tri- to deca-BDEs) were in the range of 0.288 to 22.2 ng g-1 lw (lipid weight). BDE-209, with a median level of 2.2 ng g-1 lw, was the predominant congener. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), as an NBFR and a substitute for deca-BDE, was found to be the most abundant BFR in all tested human milk (median:5.96 ng g-1 lw). This result might suggest that the predominantly consumed BFRs in China have changed from PBDEs to PBDE substitutes. Additionally, a comparison to our previous studies conducted in 2005 and 2011 revealed that levels of tri- to hepta-BDEs showed significant reduction from 2005 to 2014, whereas levels of BDE-209 showed no significant variation from 2011 to 2014. Temporal trends of BFR levels over the three months of lactation were also investigated, and no significant changes were found in concentration with time over the three months lactation. For nursing infants up to 6 months old, the median lower bound of daily BFR intakes via human milk ingestion ranged from zero for 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) to 18.7 ng kg-1 bodyweight day-1 for DBDPE. Although the daily dietary BFR intake for nursing infants was found to be much higher than that for adults, the risk assessment evaluated by the margin of exposure (MOE) approach revealed that dietary BFR intake for nursing infants was unlikely to pose significant health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Morong Huang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Dongcheng District Administration Center of Community Health Service, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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106
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Cao Z, Chen Q, Ren M, Zhang L, Shen F, Wang X, Shi S, Zhao Y, Yan G, Peng J. Higher health risk resulted from dermal exposure to PCBs than HFRs and the influence of haze. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:223-231. [PMID: 31271988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of haze on human dermal exposure to a series of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), paired forehead wipes were collected from 46 volunteers (23 males, 23 females) using gauze pads soaked in isopropyl alcohol under heavy and light haze pollution levels. The median levels of ∑27HFRs and ∑27PCBs in all 92 samples were 672 and 1300ng/m2, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) (171ng/m2) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) (134ng/m2) were the dominant components of HFRs, indicating that dermal exposure may also be the significant pathway for non-volatile compounds. PCB-37 contributed the most to ∑27PCBs, with a median concentration of 194ng/m2, followed by PCB-60 (141ng/m2). Generally, PBDE, PCB and DD (dehalogenated derivatives of DPs) levels on the foreheads of female participants (291, 1340, 0.92ng/m2) were higher (p=0.037, 0.001, and 0.031, respectively) than those of male participants (226, 989, and 0.45ng/m2). A significant difference (p=0.001) in PCBs was found between light (1690ng/m2) and heavy (996ng/m2) haze pollution conditions. Nevertheless, HFR levels under heavy (median=595ng/m2, ranging from 295 to 1490ng/m2) and light haze pollution conditions (ranging from 205 to 1220ng/m2 with a median of 689ng/m2) did not show significant differences (p=0.269). The non-carcinogenic health risk resulting from dermal exposure to ∑8HFRs and ∑27PCBs was 8.72×10-5 and 1.63×10-2, respectively, raising more concern about populations' exposure to PCBs than HFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qiaoying Chen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Meihui Ren
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Fangfang Shen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shiyu Shi
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Youhua Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guangxuan Yan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jianbiao Peng
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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107
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Pan Y, Chen J, Zhou H, Cheung SG, Tam NFY. Degradation of BDE-47 in mangrove sediments under alternating anaerobic-aerobic conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 378:120709. [PMID: 31203118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) resistant to degradation have significant environmental impacts. Anaerobic reductive debromination and aerobic oxidation of PBDEs by microorganisms are main removal mechanisms during natural attenuation, but previous studies often focused on the process under either aerobic or anaerobic condition leading to unsatisfactory removal. The present study aims to remove PBDEs by employing alternating anaerobic-aerobic condition, which is common in inter-tidal mangrove sediments, and elucidate the degradation pathways. During 40-week experiment, BDE-47 reduced with an accumulation of tri-BDEs and di-BDEs as debromination products in all sediments. However, the removal percentages of BDE-47 and the concentrations of debromination congeners varied among flushing regimes. Sediments under less frequent flushing regime (longer duration of aerobic period) had significantly lower concentration and proportion of debromination products, especially BDE-17, than that under more frequent regime (longer anaerobic period). BDE-17 then went through aerobic degradation pathway, as evidenced by the accumulation of its hydroxylation form. Microbial analyses further revealed that less frequent regime favored accumulation of biphenyl dioxygenase gene for aerobic degradation, while more frequent tidal regime promoted growth of dehalogenating bacteria for reductive debromination. This study first time demonstrated that PBDEs in contaminated sediments could be removed under alternating anaerobic-aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China; College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Department on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Haichao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - S G Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Nora F Y Tam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
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108
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Wang D, Chen T, Fu Z, Yang L, Li R, Sui S, Wang Y, Shi Z. Occupational exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers or decabromodiphenyl ethane during chemical manufacturing: Occurrence and health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:385-392. [PMID: 31141741 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Field investigations were conducted on a decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) manufacturing plant and a decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) manufacturing plant, and worker exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) or DBDPE was assessed. Workshop air was collected and tested to measure levels of external exposure to corresponding chemicals via air inhalation. Paired human serum and urine samples taken from 202 workers were tested to assess levels of internal BFR exposure. Levels of BDE-209 in air for the BDE-209 plant ranged from 10.6 to 295 μg m-3, accounting for at least 99% of the total PBDEs in the workshop air, and those of DBDPE in air samples from the DBDPE plant ranged from 12.7 to 435 μg m-3. Maximum estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of BDE-209 and DBDPE accumulated via air inhalation exceeded the corresponding RfD level recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, indicating that for some workers, occupational exposure is likely to create significant health problems. The levels of BDE-209 measured in serum taken from BDE-209 workers ranged from 0.202 to 57.1 μg g-1 lw, and those of DBDPE in serum taken from DBDPE workers ranged from 0.087 to 54.4 μg g-1 lw. These values are several orders of magnitude higher than those detected in general areas and e-waste recycling sites. BDE-209 and DBDPE were detected in all of the urine samples with median levels of 1.12 and 8.6 ng mL-1, respectively, and levels of BDE-209 and DBDPE in the urine were significantly and positively correlated with those observed in the serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhongjian Fu
- Shouguang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shouguang, 262700, Shandong, China
| | - Luping Yang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Renbo Li
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Shaofeng Sui
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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109
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Wu Z, Han W, Yang X, Li Y, Wang Y. The occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination in soil, water/sediment, and air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:23219-23241. [PMID: 31270770 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a kind of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used in different types of electronic equipment, furniture, plastics, and textiles. PBDEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that may impact human health and ecosystems. Here we highlight recent findings on the occurrence, contamination status, and transport of PBDEs in soil, water/sediment, and air. Four aspects are discussed in detail: (1) sources of PBDEs to the environment; (2) occurrence and transport of PBDEs in soil; (3) PBDEs in aquatic ecosystems (water/sediment) and their water-sediment partitioning; and (4) the occurrence of PBDEs in the atmosphere and their gas-particle partitioning. Future prospects for the investigation on PBDEs occurrence are also discussed based on current scientific and practical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wei Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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110
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Wang X, Ling S, Guan K, Luo X, Chen L, Han J, Zhang W, Mai B, Zhou B. Bioconcentration, Biotransformation, and Thyroid Endocrine Disruption of Decabromodiphenyl Ethane (Dbdpe), A Novel Brominated Flame Retardant, in Zebrafish Larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8437-8446. [PMID: 31188578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The brominated flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), an alternative to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE209), has become a widespread environmental contaminant, but its possible toxic effects to wildlife remain unknown. Using zebrafish as a model, we investigated the bioconcentration and impact of DBDPE on thyroid endocrine function after water-borne exposure, compared to BDE209. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to DBDPE or BDE209 (0, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 nM) for 6 or 14 days. Chemical analysis revealed that DBDPE and BDE209 were bioconcentrated in zebrafish larvae, with similar magnitudes of accumulated concentrations. Based on screened by chromatograms, at least seven unknown compounds were observed in DBDPE-treated larvae, indicating biotransformation of the chemical. Significant increases in whole body content of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were detected in DBDPE-treated larvae, but decreased in BDE209-treated groups. Alterations in gene transcription along the related hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were observed. Furthermore, the binding and transport protein transthyretin (TTR) was significantly increased in DBDPE exposure groups. Histological examination and stereological analysis showed no obvious pathological changes in the thyroid gland. The present study demonstrates for the first time the bioavailability, biotransformation and thyroid endocrine disruption associated with DBDPE exposure in fish. Further studies are warranted to identify the metabolites of DBDPE and to define its environmental risks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Kelan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072 , China
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111
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Zhao Y, Tang X, Quigg A, Lv M, Zhao Y. The toxic mechanisms of BDE-47 to the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana-a study based on multiple physiological processes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 212:20-27. [PMID: 31039523 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a series of highly persistent organic pollutants (POPs), are ubiquitous in marine ecosystems. As key primary producers, microalgae are of great importance on evaluating the environmental outcome of PBDEs pollution. In this study, the toxic mechanisms of BDE-47 on the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana were evaluated by measuring multiple physiological processes. Three concentrations of BDE-47 (25, 15 and 5 μg L-1) were used along with two controls (blank: no BDE-47 or DMSO; negative control: only DMSO). Experiments lasted 144 h (6 days), in which the actual BDE-47 concentrations, cell densities, nutrient (nitrate and phosphate) uptake, pigment compositions, photosynthetic physiology, cell morphology and cellular contents (organic carbon and nitrogen) were measured at 12-48 h intervals. The toxic mechanisms of BDE-47 on T. pseudonana cells were evaluated by measuring multiple physiological processes including photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, cellular material synthesis and cell cycle progressions. The cell divisions of T. pseudonana were severely inhibited by the stress of BDE-47, but the photosynthetic parameters were much less declined and recovered earlier than the cell divisions in the same BDE-47 treatments. The unsuppressed uptake rates of nutrients, increased cell volume and cellular contents indicated the cellular material synthesis proceeded normally. Finally, we found that the cell cycle was arrested in G2/M phase under the stress of BDE-47, we thus concluded that the inhibition of cell divisions by BDE-47 was not due to the lack of energy or cellular materials, where the cell cycle arrest happened; this might be the most important toxicological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Antonietta Quigg
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas, 77553, USA; Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Mengchen Lv
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Department of Marine Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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112
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Tao L, Zhang Y, Wu JP, Wu SK, Liu Y, Zeng YH, Luo XJ, Mai BX. Biomagnification of PBDEs and alternative brominated flame retardants in a predatory fish: Using fatty acid signature as a primer. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:226-232. [PMID: 30928846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Information on biomagnification of alternative brominated flame retardants (ABFRs) is limited and results are inconclusive, due in part to uncertainty in the understanding of predator/prey relationships. In the present study, a predatory fish, Channa argus, and several forage fish species were obtained from an ABFR contaminated site. The predator/prey relationships were identified based on fatty acid (FA) signatures in the predator and prey. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) for several ABFRs including decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2‑bis(2,4,6‑tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) were estimated based on the identified predator/prey relationships. The results showed that crucian carp was the main prey of C. argus, contributing to 71%-100% to its total diet. The mean BMFs for DBDPE, BTBPE, and HBB were 0.06, 0.40, and 0.91, respectively, indicating trophic dilution of these ABFRs. However, biomagnification of PBT and PBEB, with BMFs of 2.09 and 2.13, respectively, was observed. The BMFs for PBT, PBEB and HBB were comparable to or even higher than those for some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners estimated in the same individual predator, indicating that these emerging pollutants may pose significant environmental risks. The BMFs for ABFRs and PBDEs were significantly and negatively correlated to the log KOWs of these chemicals, suggesting that the biomagnification of these chemicals was depressed due to their superhydrophobic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resources Protection, Monitoring Center of Pearl River Valley Aquatic Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Jiang-Ping Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Si-Kang Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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113
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Wang D, Wang P, Zhu Y, Yang R, Zhang W, Matsiko J, Meng W, Zuo P, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Seasonal variation and human exposure assessment of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in PM 2.5 in different microenvironments in Beijing, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 173:526-534. [PMID: 30822607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Indoor exposure to legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) may cause potential risks to human health. Studies on seasonal variations of indoor PM2.5-bound BFRs are scant. This study comprehensively investigated the seasonal variations of PM2.5-bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and NBFRs in various indoor environments (i.e. activity room, dormitory, home and office) and outdoor PM2.5 in Beijing, China over one year. The levels of PBDE (226 ± 108 pg m-3) were higher than that of NBFRs (27.0 ± 16.0 pg m-3) in all indoor environments. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were the most abundant BFRs. Office showed the highest mean concentrations of Σ15PBDEs (251 ± 125 pg m-3) and Σ9NBFRs (33.0 ± 18.0 pg m-3), which may be related to the higher number density of indoor materials. The concentrations of Σ9NBFRs and Σ15PBDE in indoor PM2.5 were found to be significantly higher than those in the corresponding outdoor PM2.5 (p < 0.05). Two to twenty-fold seasonal variations were observed for levels of PM2.5-bound BFRs during one year, and indoor concentrations increased slightly during the central-heating period (November 2016-March 2017). Seasonal variations of BFRs could be affected by temperature, relative humidity and concentrations of particle matters. The PM2.5-bound BFRs concentrations in PM2.5 were negatively correlated with temperature and relative humidity, while positively correlated with PM2.5 concentrations (p < 0.05). Atmospheric haze pollution could possibly contribute to higher levels of indoor PM2.5-bound BFRs. Human daily intake of BFRs via PM2.5 inhalation showed seasonal differences, and the highest exposure risk occurred in winter. Toddlers were assessed to be more vulnerable to indoor PM2.5-bound BFRs in all seasons. This study provided the first-hand measurements of seasonal concentrations and human exposure to PM2.5-bound BFRs in different indoor scenarios in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Julius Matsiko
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenying Meng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Peijie Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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114
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Wang J, Zhao X, Wang Y, Shi Z. Tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane isomers and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in foodstuffs from Beijing, China: Contamination levels, dietary exposure and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:812-820. [PMID: 30818205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) are three legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs); however, they are still produced and used in China. In this study, these three BFRs were measured in commonly consumed animal-based and plant-based foodstuffs from Beijing, China, and the dietary intakes of these BFRs by adults in Beijing were estimated to assess the related health concerns. The median levels of TBBPA in animal-based foodstuffs ranged from <LOD to 8.03 ng/g lipid weight (lw), whereas those in all the plant-based food groups were lower than the LOD. The median levels of total HBCD in animal-based foodstuffs were from 1.14 to 5.65 ng/g lw, and α-HBCD was the predominant isomer. The median HBCD level in vegetables was 0.266 ng/g wet weight (ww), whereas γ-HBCD was the most abundant isomer. The median levels of total PBDEs in animal-based foodstuffs were from 3.22 to 13.7 ng/g lw, and BDE-209 was the most abundant congener, comprising a proportion of at least 85% of total PBDEs. The daily dietary intakes of TBBPA, HBCD and PBDEs for adults in Beijing were 2.52, 2.74 and 9.77 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively. Meat consumption was found to be the primary source of BFR dietary intake. A comparison between the calculated estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and the corresponding threshold reference values (TRVs) indicated that daily intake of BFRs via food consumption is unable to cause significant health risks. Likewise, the margin of exposures (MOEs) calculated following the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approach were far higher than the threshold, which also proved that the EDIs of BFRs are unlikely to raise significant health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandi Wang
- Shunyi Maternal and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 110113, China; School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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115
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Jing L, Sun Y, Wang Y, Liang B, Chen T, Zheng D, Zhao X, Zhou X, Sun Z, Shi Z. Cardiovascular toxicity of decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:675-685. [PMID: 30802833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports indicated that decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) exist extensively in the environment. The toxicity of BDE-209 has been reported in quite a few studies, whereas the data of DBDPE are relatively rare. However, databases regarding cardiovascular toxicities of both BDE-209 and DBDPE are lacking. In this study, we investigated the vascular/cardiac trauma induced by DBDPE after oral exposure and compared the results with those of BDE-209 using rat model. Male rats were orally administered with corn oil containing DBDPE or BDE-209 (5, 50, 500 mg/kg/day) for 28 days, then oxidative stress, morphological and ultrastructural changes of the heart and abdominal aorta, levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), inflammatory cytokines, endothelin-1 (ET-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the serum were monitored. Results showed that BDE-209 and DBDPE caused heart and abdominal aorta morphological and ultrastructural damage, serum CK and LDH elevation, and antioxidant enzyme activity changes. BDE-209 and DBDPE-induced inflammation was characterized by the upregulation of key inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Additionally, BDE-209 and DBDPE led to endothelial dysfunction, as evidenced by the ET-1 and ICAM-1 elevation. Our findings demonstrated that BDE-209 and DBDPE could induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and eventually lead to endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular injury. Compared to DBDPE, these toxic responses were stronger in the hearts and abdominal aorta of Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to BDE-209. Our findings indicated a potential deleterious effect of BDE-209 and DBDPE on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jing
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yanmin Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Baolu Liang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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116
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Cao Y, Li L, Shen K, Liu J. Disease burden attributable to endocrine-disrupting chemicals exposure in China: A case study of phthalates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:615-621. [PMID: 30699382 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While it has been acknowledged that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is associated with human diseases, the overall disease burden attributable to the exposure to a specific EDC has rarely been evaluated. Based on existing models for assessing probabilities of causation and a comprehensive review of available data, we analyzed the burden of three diseases, i.e., male infertility, adult obesity, and diabetes, among the general Chinese population resulting from exposure to phthalates. Our estimation indicates that exposure to phthalates is associated with ~2.50 million cases of the three diseases across China in 2010, causing ~57.2 billion Chinese Yuan (equivalent to ~9 billion US dollars) of health care costs in a year. Male infertility has the largest number of cases, followed by adult obesity and diabetes. Based on these phthalate-specific estimates, we further estimated that the total disease cost due to exposure to the overall EDCs amounted to ~429.43 billion Chinese Yuan in China in 2010, accounting for 1.07% of nationwide gross domestic product (GDP). When comparing our results with an earlier estimate for the European Union (EU) member countries, we find that exposure to phthalates leads to quite a similar disease burden per unit of GDP in both regions. Our study illustrates the considerable socio-economic impact of EDC exposure on human society, implying the imperative need for global risk reduction actions on EDCs, especially in view of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kaihui Shen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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117
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Li X, Dong S, Wang R, Wang P, Ruan Z, Sun X, Rao Q, Liu Z, Su X. Novel brominated flame retardant (NBFR) concentrations and spatial distributions in global fishmeal. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:306-313. [PMID: 30530183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), which are lipophilic compounds that have been widely applied after the phasing-out of legacy BFRs, can bioaccumulate through the food chain. However, information on NBFRs in animal feeds, the beginning of farm-to-fork pathway, is very limited. Fishmeal is one of the most widely applied feedstuff worldwide. The present study identified eleven NBFRs from ninety-two globally collected fishmeal samples with levels in the range of 0.13-822 (mean: 15.1 ± 85.5) ng/g lipid weight (lw). Hexabromobenzene (HBB) and pentabromotoluene (PBT) were the most prevalent contributors (detection frequencies: 95.7% and 73.9%, respectively), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) was the weightiest contributor (accounted for 67.1% of the ΣNBFRs, mean: 12.1 ± 84.8 ng/g lw). From a geographical view, the highest NBFR level was found in Chinese fishmeal. The NBFRs fell within an order of magnitude in South America, Southeast Asia, Europe and United States. DBDPE was predominant in the fishmeal collected from China, South America and United States, but it was not detected in European fishmeal. The NBFR levels are significantly lower compared to the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (p < 0.01), indicating that the distribution of NBFRs was not as wide as PBDEs in fishmeal. DBDPE was significantly correlated with BDE209 (r = 0.557, p < 0.01), which implies that the two chemicals might have similar sources. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR)results imply that the NBFRs might have similar persistence and biomagnification potential as legacy lipophilic POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zheng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qinxiong Rao
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zehui Liu
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
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118
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Li Y, Chang Q, Duan H, Liu Y, Zhang J, Li J. Occurrence, levels and profiles of brominated flame retardants in daily-use consumer products on the Chinese market. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:446-455. [PMID: 30676604 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00483h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With the global phasing-out of POP-BFRs (brominated flame retardants restricted under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants), the main challenge for their environmentally sound management has shifted from manufacturing and consumption to their recycling and disposal. For the end-of-life products containing POP-BFRs, material recycling and reuse in new articles is the favorite approach widely adopted by recyclers. This would result in POP-BFRs being transferred into daily-use consumer products. To identify the possible reservoirs of POP-BFRs in consumer products on the Chinese market, 120 samples were screened for Br by using a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer, and the three traditional BFRs, i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), were analyzed in 15 Br-positive samples. The results showed that 36.7% of products contained at least one test point positive for Br, and higher detection frequencies were found in electric appliances and toys. The concentrations of ∑BFRs ranged from 0.48 to 73.82 mg kg-1 with a general contribution in the order of ∑PBDEs > TBBPA > HBCD. BDE-209 was the dominant congener among PBDEs in most investigated samples, accounting for 48.18-99.36%. Relatively high proportions of the more bioaccumulative and toxic substances of lower brominated PBDE congeners and α-HBCD in products may increase the adverse impacts on the environment and human health. The obtained results will be helpful to understand the downstream flow of POP-BFRs with great significance to the control on their unintended contamination in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
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119
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Ye L, Zhang C, Han D, Ji Z. Characterization and Source Identification of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Air in Xi'an: Based on a Five-Year Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030520. [PMID: 30759827 PMCID: PMC6388259 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) atmospheric pollution levels in Xi’an, air samples were collected using a large flow air sampler from July 2008 to April 2013. In total, 134 samples were collected and 12 PBDE congeners were detected. Total PBDE concentrations (both gaseous and particulate phase) were 36.38–1054 pg/m3, with an average of 253.2 ± 198.4 pg/m3. BDE-209 was identified as the main PBDE component, with a corresponding concentration of 0.00–1041 pg/m3, accounting for 89.4% of total PBDEs. Principal component analysis results showed that PBDEs in Xi’an’s atmosphere mainly originated from commercial products containing penta-BDE, octa-BDE, and deca-BDE. The relative natural logarithm for partial pressure (RP) of PBDEs (gaseous phase) was calculated using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The gas flow trajectories at high, middle, and low RP values were analyzed by applying the backward trajectory model. These data indicated that the difference between trajectory distribution and concentration load on trajectories was huge under different RP values. PBDE concentrations (gaseous phase) weighted trajectory showed that the central and southwestern parts of Henan Province and the northwestern area of Hubei Province exhibited the darkest colors, and the daily average concentration contribution of PBDEs to the receiving point was >9 pg/m3, which indicates that these areas might be the main potential source areas of PBDEs in Xi’an’s atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ye
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chengzhong Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Deming Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zheng Ji
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.
- International Joint Research Centre of Shaanxi Province for Pollutant Exposure and Eco-Environmental Health, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.
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Li H, La Guardia MJ, Liu H, Hale RC, Mainor TM, Harvey E, Sheng G, Fu J, Peng P. Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants along a sediment transect encompassing the Guiyu, China e-waste recycling zone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:58-67. [PMID: 30048869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
e-Waste recycling using crude techniques releases a complex, yet incompletely characterized mixture of hazardous materials, including flame retardants (FRs), to the environment. Their migration downstream and the associated risks also remain undocumented. We examined 26 FRs (18 brominated (BFRs: 12 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, plus 6 alternatives) and 8 organophosphate esters (OPEs)) in surficial sediments of the Lian River. Sampling encompassed the river's origin, through the Guiyu e-waste recycling zone, to its mouth, as well as associated tributaries. OPE exceeded BFR concentrations in most sediments, despite their far greater water solubilities. Among OPEs, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate dominated upstream, but shifted to triphenyl phosphate in Guiyu and downstream sediments. For PBDEs, Deca-BDE dominated upstream, but Penta-BDE prevailed in Guiyu and at many downstream sites. Among emerging alternative BFRs, decabromodiphenyl ethane dominated upstream, transitioning to 1,2-bis(2,4,6,-tribromophenoxy)ethane in Guiyu sediments. Penta-BDE (BDE-47 + -99, 668-204,000 ng g-1, ∑PBDEs 2280-287,000 ng g-1), tetrabromobisphenol A (2,720-41,200 ng g-1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6,-tribromophenoxy)ethane (222-9870 ng g-1) and triphenyl phosphate (4260-1,710,000 ng g-1, OPEs 6010-2,120,000 ng g-1) concentrations in Guiyu sediments were among the highest reported in the world to date. The continuing dominance of these e-waste indicative FRs in sediments downstream of Guiyu suggested that FR migration from Guiyu occurred. Hazard quotients >1.0 indicated that the extreme sediment concentrations of individual FRs posed ecological risks in most Guiyu reach and downstream areas. Simultaneous exposure to multiple FRs likely increased risks. However, risks may be mediated if FRs were associated with strong sorbents, e.g. carbon black from burned debris, hydrophobic polymer fragments, or resided as additives within polymer fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mark J La Guardia
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Hehuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Robert C Hale
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States.
| | - T Matteson Mainor
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Ellen Harvey
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiamo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Bu Q, Wu D, Xia J, Wu M, Liu X, Cao Z, Yu G. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated flame retardants in indoor dust of different microenvironments in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 122:159-167. [PMID: 30448365 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence levels of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and four novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were determined and compared in indoor dust from different microenvironments (21 homes, 23 offices and 16 day care centers) in Beijing, China. Concentrations of ∑8PBDEs in dust were 430-17,000 ng/g, 690-8600 ng/g, and 90-2300 ng/g for homes, offices, and day care centers, respectively, and were dominated by BDE-209. Concentrations of ∑4NBFRs ranged from 310 to 17,000 ng/g, 300 to 4300 ng/g, and not detected to 500 ng/g for homes, offices, and day care centers, respectively, and were dominated by bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) across microenvironments. The results showed an increasing detection and elevated concentration of NBFRs (especially BEH-TEBP), indicating that monitoring of NBFRs in dust samples should be of concern in future studies. A notable finding was that the BFR concentrations in dust samples from day care centers were generally one order of magnitude lower than those from homes and offices in the present study. This implies that previous estimates of toddler exposure via dust ingestion on data from homes may be overestimated. Concentrations of BDE-209 and ∑8PBDEs were found to be significantly higher in elevated surface dust than floor dust from day care centers. The estimates of daily intakes of BFRs via dust ingestion for Chinese adults and toddlers using Monte Carlo analysis were 2-5 orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding reference daily intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Dongkui Wu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jing Xia
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing 100097, PR China.
| | - Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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122
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Cao Z, Chen Q, Li X, Zhang Y, Ren M, Sun L, Wang M, Liu X, Yu G. The non-negligible environmental risk of recycling halogenated flame retardants associated with plastic regeneration in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1090-1096. [PMID: 30235595 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate halogenated flame retardant (HFR) contents in recycled plastic materials, 23 recycled plastic samples manufactured in five Chinese provinces were randomly purchased online, and the ∑12HFR concentrations of these samples (including 8 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs, BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 154, 153, 183 and 209), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and 2 dechlorane plus isomers (DP, syn-DP and anti-DP)) varied from ND to 169,000 ng g-1 (mean ± SD, 46,900 ± 44,700 ng g-1). BDE 209 and DBDPE were the dominant components and their concentration ranges were from ND to 106,000 ng g-1 and ND to 81,900 ng g-1, respectively. Generally, the HFR content and plastic variety closely correlate, and the ∑HFR concentrations in the polyvinyl chloride (PVC, N = 5), polypropylene (PP, N = 9), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS, N = 5), polystyrene (PS, N = 1) and polyethylene (PE, N = 3) samples were 65,300 ± 42,400, 36,700 ± 56,000, 30,000 ± 25,200, 24,300 and 4330 ± 7500 ng g-1, respectively. The HFR abundance in plastic from Guangdong (76,000 ± 56,400 ng g-1, N = 7) and Hebei (37,500 ± 11,500 ng g-1, N = 4) was much higher than that for other provinces/cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qiaoying Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yacai Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Meihui Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Lifang Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiaotu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
| | - Gang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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123
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Zhu H, Sun H, Yao Y, Gan Z, Wang Y, Kannan K. Legacy and alternative brominated flame retardants in outdoor dust and pine needles in mainland China: Spatial trends, dust-plant partitioning and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:758-765. [PMID: 30228060 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 26 brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including 19 polybrominated diphenyl ethers congeners (PBDEs), 3 isomers of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and 4 alternative BFRs (alt-BFRs; hexabromobenzene, pentabromotoluene, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromphenoxy)ethane, and decabromodiphenylethane) were determined in outdoor settled dust and pine needles collected across mainland China. BFRs were extensively found in the two matrices, with mean total concentrations at 4090 and 314 ng/g dry weight (dw), in dust and pine needles, respectively. The total BFRs concentrations in dust significantly varied among three mixed-land-use categories, with mean concentrations of 74.3, 1284, and 25,525 ng/g dw in rural, urban, and point source areas, respectively. For PBDE congeners, dust samples contained predominantly BDE-209 (69.2% of the total BFRs), whereas lower brominated PBDEs such as BDE-28 (19.7%), -47 (11.0%), and -99 (12.2%) accounted for higher proportions in pine needles. Spatial distribution of BFRs showed distinct geographical signatures with the highest levels found in South Central China. Application of McLachlan's framework to our data suggested that the uptake of BFRs in pine needles was controlled primarily by kinetically limited gaseous deposition and by particle-bound deposition. Assessment on human exposure to BFRs through outdoor dust ingestion revealed a low risk for Chinese adults and toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
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124
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Lin W, Li X, Yang M, Lee K, Chen B, Zhang BH. Brominated Flame Retardants, Microplastics, and Biocides in the Marine Environment: Recent Updates of Occurrence, Analysis, and Impacts. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 81:167-211. [PMID: 30471656 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) may pose adverse effects on the marine ecosystem and human health. Based on the analysis of publications filed in recent years, this paper provides a comprehensive overview on three prominent groups of ECs, i.e., brominated flame retardants, microplastics, and biocides. It includes detailed discussions on: (1) the occurrence of ECs in seawater, sediment, and biota; (2) analytical detection and monitoring approaches for these target ECs; and (3) the biological impacts of the ECs on humans and other trophic levels. This review provides a summary of recent advances in the field and remaining knowledge gaps to address, to enable the assessment of risk and support the development of regulations and mitigation technologies for the control of ECs in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Lin
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Xixi Li
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Min Yang
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Ecosystem Science, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bing Chen
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Baiyu Helen Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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125
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Chen T, Niu P, Kong F, Wang Y, Bai Y, Yu D, Jia J, Yang L, Fu Z, Li R, Li J, Tian L, Sun Z, Wang D, Shi Z. Disruption of thyroid hormone levels by decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-209) in occupational workers from a deca-BDE manufacturing plant. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:505-515. [PMID: 30149342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While there is some evidence that exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-209) affects thyroid function, the results obtained to date have been inconsistent. No studies have been performed on workers in deca-BDE manufacturing who had a high level of exposure to BDE-209 and relatively little exposure to other contaminants. In the present study, the relationship between BDE-209 exposure and thyroid hormone in occupational workers from a deca-BDE manufacturing plant was investigated. The serum and urine levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and serum thyroid hormones were measured in 72 workers recruited from the deca-BDE manufacturing plant. The associations between their thyroid hormone levels and their exposure to BDE-209 were examined using multiple linear regression models. Serum concentrations of BDE-209 ranged from 67.4 to 109,000 ng/g lipid weight (lw), with a median of 3420 ng/g lw, contributing to 93.1% of the total PBDEs. The concentration of BDE-209 in urine was highly correlated with that in the serum (r2 = 0.440, p < 0.001), indicating that urine may be a good non-invasive biomonitoring medium of BDE-209 body burden in occupational workers. BDE-209 in the serum was significantly and positively correlated with total thyroxine (tT4, r = 0.270, p = 0.029) and marginally and positively correlated with total triiodothyronine (tT3, r = 0.232, p = 0.061) in all occupational workers after adjusting for gender, age, BMI, and occupational exposure duration. A 10-fold increase in the serum BDE-209 concentration was associated with an increase in tT4 (8.63 nmol/L) [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.930-16.3] and tT3 (0.106 nmol/L) [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.005-0.219], corresponding to the increase of 7.8% in tT4 level and 5.4% in tT3 level. Associations between urine BDE-209 levels and thyroid hormones were similar to the results for the serum levels. These findings offer new evidence for proving the thyroid disrupting effects of BDE-209, impacting the direction of hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Piye Niu
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fanling Kong
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yi Bai
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dong Yu
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaxin Jia
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Luping Yang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongjian Fu
- Shouguang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shouguang 262700, Shandong, China
| | - Renbo Li
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lin Tian
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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126
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Wang X, Yuan X, Yang S, Zhao Y. Concentrations, Distributions, and Risk Assessment of HBCD in Sediment in the Weihe River Basin in Northwest China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112340. [PMID: 30360547 PMCID: PMC6267610 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most widely used brominated flame retardants, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is found widely in the environmental media. In this study, the content and spatial distribution of HBCD and risk posed by HBCD in surface sediment in the Weihe River Basin in Northwest China were investigated. The HBCD concentration ranged nd–4.04 ng/g dw with the mean was 0.45 ng/g dw. The major source of HBCD in surface sediment was local point discharge. The distribution profiles of α-, β-, γ-HBCD were 24.7–87.9%, 0–42.0%, and 0–67.1%, respectively. Specially, α-HBCD was the dominating isomer in most sample sites. This differed significantly from that in HBCD technical product, which might be attributed to the different degradation rates and inter-transformation of the three HBCD isomers. Risk quotient method was used to assess the potential risk posed by HBCD in sediment. HBCD do not pose strong risks to aquatic algae organisms in the Weihe River Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Shengke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Dooge Centre for Water Resource Research, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, 999014 Dublin 4, Ireland.
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127
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Wang Y, Sun Y, Chen T, Shi Z, Zhou X, Sun Z, Zhang L, Li J. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated flame retardants in human serum by gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1099:64-72. [PMID: 30243115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The accurate detection of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in humans is an area of high scientific interest and regulatory need due to their potential toxicity. The instrumental analysis of BFRs was commonly performed on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) operating in electron ionization (EI) or negative chemical ionization (NCI) modes. However, soft ionization techniques, such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), may be more suitable for the analysis of BFRs because the BFRs show high fragmentation in EI and low selectivity in NCI. Additionally, accurate quantifications of BFRs in complex matrices is challenging due to their low concentrations and therefore, a highly sensitive technique is desperately needed. In this study, a new methodology based on gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-APCI-MS/MS) analysis was developed for the determination of thirteen BFRs (eight usually monitored polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners and five additional novel BFRs) in human serum. The primary task was to evaluate the potential of the GC-APCI-MS/MS technique for the trace analysis of BFRs in human serum. The results of the spiked recovery test using fetal bovine serum showed that mean recoveries of the analytes ranged from 83.4% to 118% with reduced swing differential signaling (RSDs) of ≤21.1%. The methodological limits of detection (mLOD) of the analytes ranged from 0.04 to 30 pg/mL, and these values were at least one order of magnitude lower than those estimated by the authors in a previous study using GC-NCI-MS or GC-EI-MS/MS, indicating that GC-APCI-MS/MS is more sensitive. Specially, compared to GC-NCI-MS and GC-EI-MS/MS, when GC-APCI-MS/MS was used for the detection of highly brominated BFRs, such as BDE-209 and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a notable improvement in sensitivity and reliability was obtained using a deactivated capillary column connected to the analytical column as the transfer line and maintaining a high temperature to improve the chromatographic behaviors. The developed methodology was successfully used for the analysis of BFRs in human serum collected from residents living in a BFR production area and Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanmin Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
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128
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Liu X, Cao Z, Yu G, Wu M, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang B, Huang J. Estimation of Exposure to Organic Flame Retardants via Hand Wipe, Surface Wipe, and Dust: Comparability of Different Assessment Strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9946-9953. [PMID: 30099872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the exposure of three occupational populations (i.e., office worker, taxi drivers, and security guards) to flame retardants by comparing different sampling approaches (i.e., hand wipe, surface wipe, and dust). Hand wipe samples were collected from 68 participants from three populations in Beijing, China. Dust and/or surface wipes were also sampled from their respective occupational workplaces. Ten phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), two novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed. BDE209, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate isomers (∑TCPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were detected in at least 95% of the samples, collectively accounting for over 90% of the total concentrations in each type of samples. Concentrations and composition profiles of flame retardants differed in hand wipes of the three populations with summed level of all target compounds (∑FRs) ranked as taxi drivers > office workers > security guards. Most FRs in hand wipes were significantly correlated with those in surface wipes, whereas the correlations between hand wipes and dust are weak. Estimated exposure to FRs via dust ingestion and dermal absorption for each population varied when using different types of samples for exposure assessment, suggesting the importance of sampling strategy selection. Estimation via hand wipes indicated that taxi drivers were subjected to greater exposure to PFRs among three populations, while office workers were subjected to greater BFR exposure. Our data suggest hand wipes have the potential of being standardized into a noninvasive method for evaluating human exposure to environmental contaminants across different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510632 , China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University , Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University , Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Yacai Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University , Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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129
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Chai H, Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Lv H, Wang N. Roles of intrinsic Mn 3+ sites and lattice oxygen in mechanochemical debromination and mineralization of decabromodiphenyl ether with manganese dioxide. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:41-49. [PMID: 29772423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Commercial β-MnO2 with a chemical formula of approximate Mn0.774+Mn0.233+O1.88 was used for mechanochemical (MC) oxidative degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). The ball milling process initiated the degradation of BDE209 on β-MnO2, yielding a nearly complete degradation and debromination of BDE209 within 2 h. The use of β-MnO2 exhibited much higher MC debromination efficiency than that by using birnessite (δ-MnO2, 40.2%), Bi2O3 (45.6%), CaO (65.3%), and persulfate (81.9%). It was demonstrated that the oxidative degradation of BDE209 was promoted by the redox half reactions of both Mn4+→ Mn3+ and Mn3+→ Mn2+, but naturally existed Mn3+ centers on the surface of β-MnO2 functioned as dominant reactive species at the initial stage of the MC degradation (often before the degradation efficiency of BDE209 achieved 50%). Moreover, the surface lattice oxygen of MnO2, rather than O2, played a key role in the debromination and mineralization of BDE209. The Mn3+ sites on β-MnO2 not only easily accepted the electron of BDE209, but also promoted the mobility of lattice oxygen from the bulk to the surface for mineralizing BDE209. These results firstly highlighted the importance of Mn3+ availability and oxygen mobility on the reactivity of manganese oxide for the MC oxidative degradation of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Chai
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanqing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Wuhan, China; Shenzhen Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
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130
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Zhang J, Zhao J, Cai J, Zeng X, Li J, Gao S, Yu Z. Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of the Pearl River Delta region, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:27013-27020. [PMID: 30014366 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected from 26 air-monitoring stations located in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and two in Shaoguan, South China, to investigate the spatial distribution and temporal changes in polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) after the production and use of PBDE commercial formulations was restricted in China and the "dual transfer strategy" implemented by Guangdong Province. The spatial distribution of PBDEs was inhomogeneous in the PRD region, with concentrations ranging from 26.3 to 634 pg/m3 and a mean value of 105 pg/m3. The PBDE levels in the five western cities (Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhaoqing, Zhongshan, and Jiangmen) were markedly higher than those in the four eastern cities (Dongguan, Huizhou, Shenzhen, and Zhuhai). BDE-209 was the predominant congener, accounting for 57.3-89.8% of the total measured PBDEs in this study. The proportion of penta- and nona-BDE congeners in the four eastern cities was markedly higher than those in five western cities. Principal component analysis showed that this elevation might be related to the debromination of BDE-209 during the thermal treatment process of products when PBDEs are used as flame retardants. Although the PBDE levels found in this study were markedly lower than those reported in previous studies, further efforts are still needed to clarify if there was a decreasing trend for PBDEs in the atmosphere of the PRD, in view of the increasing trends of PBDEs found by other researchers in mangrove sediments from Hong Kong and the Pearl River estuary in 2014 and 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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131
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Domínguez-Morueco N, Carvalho M, Sierra J, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL, Ratola N, Nadal M. Multi-component determination of atmospheric semi-volatile organic compounds in soils and vegetation from Tarragona County, Catalonia, Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:1138-1152. [PMID: 29727940 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tarragona County (Spain) is home to the most important chemical/petrochemical industrial complex in Southern Europe, which raises concerns about the presence and effects of the numerous environmental contaminants. In order to assess the levels and patterns of five classes of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), synthetic musks (SMs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and one organochlorine pesticide, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 27 samples of soil and vegetation (Piptatherum L.) from different areas (petrochemical, chemical, urban/residential, and background) of Tarragona County were analysed. The results show that PAHs levels in soils ranged from 45.12 to 158.00ng/g and the urban areas presented the highest concentrations, mainly associated with the presence of a nearby highway and several roads with heavy traffic. PAHs levels in vegetation samples ranged from 42.13 to 80.08ng/g, where the greatest influence came from the urban and petrochemical areas. In the case of SMs, levels in soils and vegetation samples ranged from 5.42 to 10.04ng/g and from 4.08 to 17.94ng/g, respectively, and in both cases, background areas (at least 30km away from the main SVOCs emission sources) showed the highest levels, suggesting an influence of the personal care products derived from beach-related tourism in the coast. PCBs (from 6.62 to 14.07ng/g in soils; from 0.52 to 4.41ng/g in vegetation) prevailed in the chemical area in both matrices, probably associated with the presence of two sub-electrical stations located in the vicinities. In general terms, BFRs and HCB values recorded in soil and vegetation samples were quite similar between matrices and sampling areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Domínguez-Morueco
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mariana Carvalho
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jordi Sierra
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Luis Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nuno Ratola
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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132
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Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in a Large, Highly Polluted Freshwater Lake, China: Occurrence, Fate, and Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071529. [PMID: 30029535 PMCID: PMC6068772 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were extensively investigated in water, sediment, and biota samples collected from Chaohu Lake basin in China. The total concentrations of eight PBDEs (Σ8PBDEs) were in the ranges of 0.11–4.48 ng/L, 0.06–5.41 ng/g, and 0.02–1.50 ng/g dry weight (dw) in the water, sediment, and biota samples, respectively. The concentrations showed wide variations in the monitoring area, while the congener profiles in all the water, sediment, and biota samples were generally characterized by only a few compounds, such as BDE-47, BDE-99, and/or BDE-209. The spatial analysis depicted a decreasing trend of PBDEs from west to east Chaohu Lake, consistent with regional industrialization degree. The distributions of PBDE congeners in the biota samples were similar to the compositional profiles in the water, which were dominated by BDE-47 and/or BDE-99. Nevertheless, BDE-47 and BDE-153 in the brain tissue showed a higher accumulative potential than PBDEs in other tissues as well as the whole body, with 96% relative contribution of Σ8PBDEs. The noncarcinogenic risk values estimated for BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-153 indicated that the specific risk associated with the studied water and foodstuffs is limited. However, there is a potential mixture ecotoxicity at three trophic levels at some sampling points in the water, which should draw considerable attention.
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133
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Wu W, Wu P, Yang F, Sun DL, Zhang DX, Zhou YK. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risks in urban soils around an electronics manufacturing facility. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:53-61. [PMID: 29475113 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution has pervaded many parts of the world, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations and health risks of heavy metals in urban soils around an electronics manufacturing site in the Hubei Province of China. Soils samples were collected from commercial, roadside, farmland, and residential areas around the electronics manufacturing facility. A total of 136 topsoil samples were collected, and these samples were analyzed for Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Ni, and Pb. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollution index (PI), and potential ecological risk index (PER) were calculated to assess the soil pollution levels. The hazard index (HI) was used to assess the human health risks posed by the presence of heavy metals. The total concentrations of the seven congeners (∑metals) ranged from 3738.86 to 5173.25mgkg-1, and the concentrations were highest in the commercial area followed (in decreasing order) by the roadside, farmland, and residential areas. The HI for children and adults descended in the order of Cr>As>Pb>Cd>Cu>Ni>Zn. The carcinogenic risks of two metals, namely, Cr and As, for children and adults were higher than 10-4, and children faced greater health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Ping Wu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Fang Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Dan-Ling Sun
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - De-Xing Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yi-Kai Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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134
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Chen J, Ma X, Tian L, Kong A, Wang N, Huang C, Yang D. Chronic co-exposure to low levels of brominated flame retardants and heavy metals induces reproductive toxicity in zebrafish. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:631-639. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233718779478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and heavy metals (HMs) are two main types of pollutants in electronic waste recycling sites, which are also ubiquitously detectable in environmental media and human tissues. However, the adverse health effects of exposure to the mixture of these types of pollutants are unknown. In this study, we investigated the reproductive toxicity of a mixture of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), tetrabromobisphenol A, cadmium chloride, and lead acetate (PbAc) at the environmental relevant levels. Zebrafish were waterborne and exposed to chemical mixtures for one generation. The reproductive effects were evaluated for F0 adults and F1 offspring. Chemical residues were also analyzed in the exposed adults and their eggs at the end of exposure. Our findings demonstrated that exposure to the chemical mixture for 150 days had no effect on the survival rate of zebrafish, but it decreased body length and weight in females and increased body weight and condition factor in males. The mixture exposure resulted in a female-biased sex ratio in adults and decreased sperm density and motility in males and egg production in females. For the F1 offspring, decreased fertilization, delayed hatching, and increased malformation were found in all exposure groups. In conclusion, chronic co-exposure to BFRs and HMs at the environmental relevant levels not only affected growth, sex ratio, and sperm quantity/quality and egg production in adults but also reduced the reproductive success in the offspring, implying that multi-pollutants in the environmental media may pose a public health risk to other exposed organisms or human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfei Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linjie Tian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Aijun Kong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nengzhuang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Changjiang Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dongren Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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135
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Hou M, Wang Y, Zhao H, Zhang Q, Xie Q, Zhang X, Chen R, Chen J. Halogenated flame retardants in building and decoration materials in China: Implications for human exposure via inhalation and dust ingestion. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:291-299. [PMID: 29625318 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and dechlorane plus (DPs) were analyzed in seven categories of building and decoration materials. The total concentrations of analyzed FRs ranged from 1.19 ng/g (diatomite powder) to 9532 ng/g (expanded polystyrene panel). Relatively high concentrations were detected in foam samples and PVC materials, followed by sealing materials, boards, wallpaper, paints, and wall decoration powders. BDE209 was the most detected compound with the highest concentrations in almost all materials, followed by decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), which was consistent with their productions and consumptions in China. The estimated PBDE concentrations in air and dust based on material concentration and emission rate were comparable with those detected in real samples. Adult and infant exposures via inhalation and dust ingestion were assessed. The estimated exposures to BDE209 via dust ingestion were 1.36 and 0.12 ng/(kg bw d), which were 19- and 4-fold higher than those via inhalation for infants and adults, respectively. This suggested that dust ingestion was a significant pathway of human BDE209 exposure, especially for infants. For the other PBDE congeners (∑7PBDEs), the estimated exposures via inhalation were 2.60 and 1.32 ng/(kg bw d) for infants and adults, respectively. Despite the low estimated human exposures to PBDEs compared to the oral reference doses, the exposure associated with building and decoration materials still requires more attention because of the potential risks from other exposure pathways and undetected FRs in those materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiaonan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ruize Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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136
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Tang J, Li X, Yu X, Li G, Khan S, Cai C. Application of triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane (TECAM) passive sampler to study phase distribution of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20823-20832. [PMID: 29761355 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are a class of widely used brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that exhibit strong hydrophobicity. The ubiquity and persistence of HBCDs in sediment have attracted significant attention because of public health concerns. The environmental fate and ecological risks of HBCDs closely depend on their phase distribution in sediments. However, little information is available regarding the freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree) of HBCDs in sediment porewater. In this study, we developed a method to measure Cfree of HBCDs in sediment porewater using triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membranes (TECAM). The TECAM-to-water partitioning coefficient (log KTECAM) was 4.69, 4.77, and 4.63 for α-HBCD, β-HBCD, and γ-HBCD, respectively. In sediments, HBCDs sorbed to the sediment solid phase accounted for more than 99% of the total chemical mass. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC)-water partition coefficient (KDOC) values were derived from TECAM measurements, and the log KDOC values ranged from 5.77 to 6.23 for the three HBCD diastereomers, suggesting a strong tendency for HBCDs to sorb to DOC. The high sorption of HBDCs for DOC implies a potential for DOC-facilitated transport which may enhance the environmental mobility of HBCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Tang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, 316021, China.
| | - Xinhu Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xinwei Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Sardar Khan
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
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137
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Su G, McGoldrick DJ, Clark MG, Evans MS, Gledhill M, Garron C, Armelin A, Backus SM, Letcher RJ. Isomer-Specific Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) Levels in Top Predator Fish from Across Canada and 36-Year Temporal Trends in Lake Ontario. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6197-6207. [PMID: 29737158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) is a high concern environmental pollutant due to its persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic properties. The spatial distribution of HBCDD was investigated in top predator fish (lake trout, walleye, or brook trout) collected in 2013 ( n = 165) from 19 sampling sites and in 2015 ( n = 145) from 20 sites across Canada. HBCDD was measurable in at least one sample at each sampling site regardless of sampling year with the exception of walleye from the south basin of Lake Winnipeg (2013). Sampling sites in or near the Laurentian Great Lakes had greater ΣHBCDD concentrations compared to locations to the west or east. The greatest mean ΣHBCDD concentration was 72.6 ng/g lw in fish from Lake Huron-Goderich (2015). Regardless of the sampling sites, α-HBCDD was the dominant congener followed by γ-HBCDD, whereas β-HBCDD was barely detectable. In fish from the same waterbody there were comparable α/γ isomer concentration ratios. The greatest ratio was 20.8 in fish from Lake Ontario, whereas the lowest ratio was 6.3 for fish from Lac Memphrémagog (Québec) likely related to more recent emissions of a technical HBCDD mixture. Temporal trends of HBCDD in lake trout from Lake Ontario showed a significant decreasing trend for γ-HBCDD with a half-life estimate of 10 years over a 36-year period (1979-2015), and for α-HBCDD with a half-life of 11 years over the years of 2008 to 2015. The proportion of α-HBCDD to ΣHBCDD increased significantly during 1979 to 2015. The present study provided novel information on the isomer-specific HBCDDs in Canada freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Su
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Daryl J McGoldrick
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Mandi G Clark
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Marlene S Evans
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Melissa Gledhill
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Christine Garron
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Alain Armelin
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Sean M Backus
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre , Carleton University , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0H3 , Canada
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Yu YJ, Lin BG, Liang WB, Li LZ, Hong YD, Chen XC, Xu XY, Xiang MD, Huang S. Associations between PBDEs exposure from house dust and human semen quality at an e-waste areas in South China-A pilot study. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:266-273. [PMID: 29421738 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed that house dust is one of the main sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) exposure, and also indicated that PBDEs might affect human semen quality. The aim of this study was to explore the association between PBDEs concentration in house dust and the semen quality of male resident. Results showed that the semen qualities of the residents living around the e-waste dismantling workshops for a long time (3-17years) at the e-waste areas in South China significantly decreased, and the DNA damage of sperms were aggravated. The adjusted correlation analysed by multiple linear regression model showed that the sperm concentration and count both had negative correlation with BDE47 level in semen (β = -0.295, 95%CI: -0.553∼-0.036; β = -0.400, 95%CI: -0.708∼-0.092, respectively). In addition, the sperm progressive motility [(A+B)%] and sperm viability both had negative correlation with BDE100 level in dust (β = -0.360, 95%CI: -0.680∼-0.040; β = -0.114, 95% CI: -0.203∼-0.025, respectively). And there were significant linear positive correlation between PBDE congener (e.g. BDE28, 47, 153) concentrations in dust and in paired semen samples (rs = 0.367-0.547, p < 0.05). This study suggested that exposure to PBDEs from house dust might have adverse effects on human semen quality. But the results need to be confirmed in further studies with a large-scale sampling, and find out more direct and convincing evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Bi-Gui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei-Bo Liang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Liang-Zhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yu-de Hong
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xi-Chao Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Xing-Yu Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ming-Deng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, New Jersey, 08544, USA.
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139
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Shi Z, Zhang L, Li J, Wu Y. Legacy and emerging brominated flame retardants in China: A review on food and human milk contamination, human dietary exposure and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:522-536. [PMID: 29428767 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a large group of widely used chemicals, which have been produced and used since 1970s. As a consequence of substantial and long-term usage, BFRs have been found to be ubiquitous in humans, wildlife, and abiotic matrices around the world. Although several reports have reviewed BFRs contamination in general, none have focused specifically on foods and human milk, and the corresponding dietary exposure. Foods (including human milk) have long been recognized as a major pathway of BFRs intake for non-occupationally exposed persons. This review summarizes most available BFRs data in foods and human milk from China in recent years, and emphasizes several specific aspects, i.e., contamination levels of legacy and emerging BFRs, dietary exposure assessment and related health concerns, comparison between various BFRs, and temporal changes in BFRs contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
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140
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Wang J, Wang Y, Shi Z, Zhou X, Sun Z. Legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in indoor dust from Beijing, China: Occurrence, human exposure assessment and evidence for PBDEs replacement. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:48-59. [PMID: 29126026 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Levels of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane isomers (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and six currently used novel BFRs were determined in house dust and office dust collected from a community in Beijing, China. This is the first study where the three kinds of legacy BFRs and novel BFRs were all measured in dust samples from China. HPLC-MS/MS was used for the detection of TBBPA and HBCDs, and the other BFRs were tested on a GC-NCI/MS. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), PBDEs, HBCD and TBBPA were found to be the main BFRs in the dust samples, with median levels of 709, 241, 199 and 26.7ng/g dust, respectively. Due to the high density of electronic equipment used in offices, levels of BFRs in office dust were found to be higher than those in house dust. DBDPE, as a replacement of PBDEs, was the predominant BFR, and the median level of DBDPE was not only several orders of magnitude higher than that of other novel BFRs but also 3 to 27 times higher than that of the three legacy BFRs, indicating that the consumption pattern of BFRs in the Chinese market has shifted from PBDEs to PBDE alternatives. Median estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of BFRs through dust ingestion for adults (>20years) and toddlers (<2years) were in the range of 2.8×10-5-0.201ng/kg body weight (bw)/day and 5.7×10-4-2.52ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The body burden of BFRs for toddlers was far higher than that for adults; however, a comparison between EDIs and threshold values suggested that daily intakes of BFRs for both adults and toddlers were unlikely to raise significant health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandi Wang
- Shunyi Women and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 110113, China; School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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141
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Jiao X, Wang Y, Chen S, Liu J, Tian Q, Hou L, Lu G, Yang Y. A Comparison of Concentrations and Congener Patterns of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Seasonally Sampled Outdoor Air from a Farmland Area in Guangzhou, South China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 100:389-394. [PMID: 29374770 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the concentration and congener patterns of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in outdoor air from farmland area, air samples were collected using passive and active sample methods from April to November 2012, in an e-waste dismantling town in the Guangzhou region of South China. The sum of gaseous and particulate PBDE concentrations averaged 74.26 pg/m3 and ranged between 3.24 and 247.30 pg/m3, while the mean gaseous and particulate PBDEs were 19.20 and 55.07 pg/m3, respectively. The PBDE level was comparable to those in urban air of non-electric waste areas, but much lower than those in both indoor and outdoor air of e-waste dismantling workshop area. Dominant congeners were BDE-47 and BDE-28 for the gaseous phase and BDE-209 and BDE-99 for the particulate phase. Relationship analysis showed that soil PBDEs were more significantly correlated with passive samples than with active samples, indicating that passive sample pattern could capture the accumulative effect of the sampling period and better represent the extent of soil contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchun Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Land and Resources for Eco-geochemistry, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongxiao Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Land and Resources for Eco-geochemistry, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Land and Resources for Eco-geochemistry, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Land and Resources for Eco-geochemistry, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, China
| | - Lisheng Hou
- Survey Center of Gas and Oil Resources, China Geological Survey, Beijing, China
| | - Guohui Lu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yongliang Yang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing, China
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142
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Su G, Letcher RJ, Farmahin R, Crump D. Photolysis of highly brominated flame retardants leads to time-dependent dioxin-responsive mRNA expression in chicken embryonic hepatocytes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:352-359. [PMID: 29220751 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetradecabromo-1,4-diphenoxybenzene (TeDB-DiPhOBz) and 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) are flame retardant chemicals that can undergo photolytic degradation. The present study compared the time-dependent photolyic degradation of TeDB-DiPhOBz and BDE-209, and dioxin-like product formation as a result of (UV) irradiation (I; irradiation time periods of 0, 1, 4, 15 and 40 days). Photo-degraded product fractions of UV-I-TeDB-DiPhOBz (nominal concentration: 1.9 μM) were administered to chicken embryonic hepatocytes (CEH), and significant induction of CYP1A4/5 mRNA expression was observed for fractions collected at the day 15 and 40 time points (fold change of 7.3/3.6 and 9.1/4.7, respectively). For the UV-I-BDE-209 fractions (nominal concentration: 10 μM), significant CYP1A4/5 up-regulation occurred at all time points, and the fraction collected on day 1 induced the greatest fold change of 510/86, followed by 410/68 (day 4) and 110/26 (day 15), respectively. For the UV-I-BDE-209 fraction collected at day 40, significant CEH cytotoxicity was observed. As a result, CYP1A4/5 expression was determined at a nominal concentration of 1 μM instead of 10 μM and CYP1A4/5 fold changes of 11/8.2 (day 40) were observed. Fractions eliciting the greatest CYP1A4/5 mRNA upregulation were further screened for transcriptomic effects using a PCR array comprising 27 dioxin-responsive genes. A total of 6 and 16 of the 27 target genes were up or down-regulated following UV-I-TeDB-DiPhOBz and UV-I-BDE-209 exposure, respectively. Overall, and regardless of the formation rate, these results raise concerns regarding the potential formation of dioxin-like compounds from flame retardants in products and materials such as plastics, and in natural sunlight irradiation situations in the environment (e.g. in landfill sites or electronic waste facilities).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Su
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Reza Farmahin
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
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143
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G. Environmental concentration and atmospheric deposition of halogenated flame retardants in soil from Nepal: Source apportionment and soil-air partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:642-654. [PMID: 29107904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
While various investigations have been driven on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other flame retardants (FRs) in different framework around the world, information about contamination and fate of PBDEs and other FRs in developing countries especially in the Indian subcontinent is uncommon. Nepal being located in the Indian subcontinent, very little is known about contamination level of semi-volatile organic pollutants discharged into the environment. This motivated us to investigate the environmental fate of halogenated flame retardant (HFRs) in Nepalese condition. In this study, we investigated the concentration, fate, and sources of 9 PBDEs, 2 dechlorane plus isomers (DPs), and 6 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). Moreover, air-soil exchange and soil-air partitioning were also evaluated to characterize the pattern of air-soil exchange and environmental fate. In general, the concentrations of NBFRs in soil were more prevalent than PBDEs and DPs, and accounted 95% of ∑HFRs. By and large, the concentrations of NBFRs and DPs were measured high in Kathmandu, while PBDEs level exceeded in Pokhara. Principal component analysis (PCA) study suggested contributions from commercial penta-, octa-, and deca-BDEs products and de-bromination of highly brominated PBDEs as the significant source of PBDEs. Likewise, low fanti ratio suggested DPs in soil might have originated from long-range atmospheric transport from remote areas, while high levels of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in soil were linked with the use of wide varieties of consumer products. The estimated fugacity fraction (ff) for individual HFR was quite lower (<0.05) than equilibrium value, suggesting that deposition and net transport from air to the soil is overwhelming. Soil-air partitioning study revealed neither octanol-air partition coefficient (KOA) nor black carbon partition coefficient (KBC-A) is an appropriate surrogate for soil organic matter (SOM), subsequently, absorption by SOM has no or little role in the partitioning of HFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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144
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Ma WL, Li WL, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Song WW, Huo CY, Yuan YX, Li YF. Occurrence and source apportionment of atmospheric halogenated flame retardants in Lhasa City in the Tibetan Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:1109-1116. [PMID: 28724249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Active air samples were collected in Lhasa, one of the highest cities in the world (3650m above sea level) located in the Tibetan Plateau, and were analyzed for 38 halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DPs). The median concentrations of PBDEs, NBFRs and DPs were 40, 23 and 0.21pg/m3, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated the common source and/or similar environmental behavior for several HFRs. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation was applied to diagnose the sources of lower molecular weight HFRs (LMW-HFRs), which suggested that the gaseous LMW-HFRs at Lhasa were more controlled by regional or long-range atmospheric transport rather than the temperature-driven evaporation from local contaminated surfaces. Finally, the potential source contribution function model was applied to assess the influences of air parcels on the atmospheric concentrations of HFRs in Lhasa, which suggested that the sources of higher molecular weight HFRs (HMW-HFRs) were mostly originated from local emissions, while the others were originated from long-range atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chun-Yan Huo
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Xing Yuan
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto M2N 6X9, Canada.
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145
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Shi Z, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Sun Z, Zhou X, Li J, Wu Y. A national survey of tetrabromobisphenol-A, hexabromocyclododecane and decabrominated diphenyl ether in human milk from China: Occurrence and exposure assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:237-245. [PMID: 28477480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A national survey of three currently used brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) in human milk was conducted in 2011. Human milk from 16 provinces of China were collected, pooled and measured. The estimated daily intake (EDI) via human milk ingestion for nursing infant and the related health risks were evaluated. The median levels of TBBPA, HBCD and BDE-209 were 1.21, 6.83 and 0.556ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively. Levels of BDE-209 were lower than those of TBBPA, indicating that the production and application of deca-BDE in China has been below that of TBBPA after the restriction of PBDEs. Moreover, contamination levels of TBBPA and HBCD in this survey were higher than those observed in last national survey conducted in 2007, indicating an increase of TBBPA and HBCD in the environment from 2007 to 2011. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, HBCD and BDE-209 via human milk for 1-6months old infant were 39.2, 51.7 and 3.65ng/kgbw/day, respectively. For risk assessment, margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated by comparing the BMDL10 (benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a benchmark response of 10%) to the EDI of each BFR. Large MOEs indicates that the estimated dietary exposure to these three BFRs for nursing infant is unlikely to raise significant health concerns. Compared with some currently used novel BFRs which also measured in this survey, higher contamination levels were found in some non-PBDE BFRs, indicating that the consumption pattern of BFRs has shifted from PBDEs to non-PBDE BFRs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yongning Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
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146
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Zhang L, Yin S, Zhao Y, Shi Z, Li J, Wu Y. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk from China under the Stockholm Convention. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:32-38. [PMID: 28926786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Seven congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153,BDE-154 and BDE-183) and six indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-138, PCB-153 and PCB-180) were measured in 32 regional pooled human milk samples originating from 1760 volunteering primiparous mothers to evaluate the current human body burden of general population and the temporal trend in China. Individual human milk samples were collected following a WHO-designed procedure. This work is one of parts of the evaluation of effectiveness of Stockholm Convention performance. The concentration of ∑7PBDEs ranged from 0.3 ng g-1 lipid to 4.0 ng g-1 lipid with a mean of 1.5 ng g-1 lipid. The concentration of ∑6PCBs ranged from 2.3 ng g-1 lipid to 19.0 ng g-1 lipid with a mean of 6.6 ng g-1 lipid. By comparing with background determination in 2007, there was no significance for ∑7PBDEs. However, BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-100 significantly decreased with an average of 45%, 48%, and 46%, respectively, from 2007 to 2011, and an increase of BDE-183 was founded in most regions. For ∑6PCBs, there was a significant decline with an average reduction of 41% from 2007 to 2011. These results indicate the effectiveness of reduction and elimination of POPs in China. Future national human milk biomonitoring is worthy to be done to further evaluate the time trend and effectiveness of the Convention performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health (CFSA) and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shuaixing Yin
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health (CFSA) and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health (CFSA) and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health (CFSA) and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yongning Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health (CFSA) and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
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147
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Pei Y, Li H, You J. Determining equilibrium partition coefficients between lipid/protein and polydimethylsiloxane for highly hydrophobic organic contaminants using preloaded disks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:385-392. [PMID: 28448930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic contaminants is of great concern and understanding their partitioning to biological phases is crucial for estimating their bioaccumulation potential. The estimation, however, was of large uncertainty for highly hydrophobic organic contaminants (HHOCs) with log KOW>9 due to the challenge of quantifying their water concentrations. In the present study, partition coefficients between polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and storage lipid (KSL,PDMS), membrane lipid (KML,PDMS) and protein (Kpro,PDMS) were measured for 21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), covering log KOW from 5.07 to 11.6, using a preloaded PDMS depletion method. The values of KSL,PDMS, KML,PDMS and Kpro,PDMS were in the ranges of 5.36-52.5, 0.286-11.8 and 0.067-2.62g/g, respectively, being relatively constant although their KOW values extend more than six orders of magnitude. The relative sorption capacity of the biological phases showed storage lipid was the dominant sorption phase in biota, followed by membrane lipid and protein was the lowest. The KPDMS,pro values of the compounds with log KOW<9 were similar (0.382-14.9g/g) regardless of the thickness of preloaded PDMS disks (58-209μm). For HHOCs, however, KPDMS,pro values dropped when thinner PDMS disks were used, as a result of slow diffusion of HHOCs in PDMS. The KPDMS,pro values of HHOCs measured by 58-μm PDMS disks ranged from 1.78 to 6.85g/g, which was consistent with compounds with log KOW<9. This validated that partition coefficients between PDMS and biological phases were independent of chemical hydrophobicity, showing the advantage of using PDMS-based methods to directly estimate bioaccumulation potential of HHOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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148
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Munschy C, Bely N, Héas-Moisan K, Olivier N, Loizeau V. Tissue-specific distribution and maternal transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites in adult common sole (Solea solea L.) over an entire reproduction cycle. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:457-465. [PMID: 28780444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific accumulation and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their debrominated metabolites were studied in common sole (Solea solea) over an entire reproduction cycle. The fish were dietary-exposed to selected PBDEs in laboratory-controlled conditions for one year. Fish of both sexes were sampled throughout the reproduction cycle and their muscle, liver, viscera, carcass, skin and gonads (female) were analysed for total lipid content, PBDEs and their debrominated metabolites. On a wet weight basis, the concentrations of most spiked congeners showed an increase at the end of the exposure time in the whole body of fish of both sexes. Conversely, BDE-99 and BDE-209 - the two most highly metabolized congeners - did not show a similar increase, while their debrominated metabolites exhibited a linear increase over time. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) calculated in whole body were > 1 for all PBDEs except BDE-99 (0.89 ± 0.22) and BDE-209 (0.013 ± 0.006). BMFs were strongly correlated to apparent assimilation efficiencies, which ranged from 1.6% ± 0.7% (BDE-209) to 88% ± 11% (BDE-100). Fish carcass was the most predominant storage compartment for all PBDEs except BDE-209 in both male and female fish, followed by skin, muscle, female gonads, liver and visceral tissue. BDE-209 showed a different distribution and was stored more predominantly in the liver, viscera and female gonads than other congeners, probably due to its transport with lipoproteins. All PBDEs except BDE-209 showed equilibrium partitioning between the liver and other studied compartments, while BDE-209 showed a higher affinity with blood-enriched tissues, leading to higher liver / carcass, skin and muscle concentration ratios. Visceral tissue and liver exhibited the most pronounced differences in terms of concentration variations between sexes and over time. In females, both tissues showed a significant decrease in most PBDE concentrations (ww) and TLC in March during the spawning season, with low inter-individual variability, reflecting the striking utilisation of lipids by females for reproduction at this time. In males, no differences were found in concentrations in these compartments over time and a high inter-individual variability was observed. Maternal transfer of PBDEs from gonad to eggs was constant, regardless of spawn rank in the spawning season. Egg / gonad PBDE concentration ratios (in lw) were 1.3 ± 0.7 for all congeners and 2.6 ± 0.3 for BDE-209, suggesting a higher transfer of this congener from gonads to eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Munschy
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - N Bely
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - K Héas-Moisan
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - N Olivier
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - V Loizeau
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Pointe du Diable, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
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149
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McGrath TJ, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Critical review of soil contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs); concentrations, sources and congener profiles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:741-757. [PMID: 28732337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used in a broad array of polymeric materials such as plastics, foams, resins and adhesives to inhibit the spread of fires since the 1970s. The widespread environmental contamination and well documented toxic effects of PBDEs have led to bans and voluntary withdrawals in many jurisdictions. Replacement novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have, however, exhibited many of the same toxic characteristics as PBDEs and appear to share similar environmental fate. This paper presents a critical review of the scientific literature regarding PBDE and NBFR contamination of surface soils internationally, with the secondary objective of identifying probable pollution sources. An evaluation of NBFR distribution in soil was also conducted to assess the suitability of the newer compounds as replacements for PBDEs, with respect to their land contamination potential. Principle production of PBDEs and NBFRs and their consequent use in secondary polymer manufacture appear to be processes with strong potential to contaminate surrounding soils. Evidence suggests that PBDEs and NBFRs are also released from flame retarded products during disposal via landfill, dumping, incineration and recycling. While the land application of sewage sludge represents another major pathway of soil contamination it is not considered in this review as it is extensively covered elsewhere. Both PBDEs and NBFRs were commonly detected at background locations including Antarctica and northern polar regions. PBDE congener profiles in soil were broadly representative of the major constituents in Penta-, Octa- and Deca-BDE commercial mixtures and related to predicted market place demand. BDE-209 dominated soil profiles, followed by BDE-99 and BDE-47. Although further research is required to gain baseline data on NBFRs in soil, the current state of scientific literature suggests that NBFRs pose a similar risk to land contamination as PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia.
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150
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Shi Z, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Sun Z, Zhou X, Li J, Wu Y. Dietary exposure assessment of Chinese population to tetrabromobisphenol-A, hexabromocyclododecane and decabrominated diphenyl ether: Results of the 5th Chinese Total Diet Study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:539-547. [PMID: 28688304 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on the 5th Chinese Total Diet Study (TDS) carried out in 2011, the dietary exposure of Chinese population to three currently used brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209), was estimated and the related health risks were assessed. Levels of the three BFRs were determined in 80 composite samples from four animal-origin food groups. The average levels of BFRs in various food groups ranged from 0.671 to 5.76 ng/g lipid weight (lw). The levels of TBBPA were lower than those of HBCD but higher than those of BDE-209. Moreover, average contamination levels of TBBPA and HBCD in TDS 2011 were found to be 3 to 30 times higher than those observed in TDS 2007 in the four food groups, indicating an increase in TBBPA and HBCD in the environment during 2007-2011. The average estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, HBCD and BDE-209 via food consumption for a "standard Chinese man" were 1.34, 1.51 and 0.96 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Meat and meat products were found to be the major contributor to the daily dietary intake because the consumption of meat and meat products were significantly higher than that of other food groups in China. In comparison, the levels and EDIs of BFRs in this study were found to be higher than those in most studies worldwide. However, the large margin of exposure (MOE), with at least 1.1 × 105 calculated following the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approach, indicates that the estimated dietary exposure to these three BFRs is unlikely to raise significant health concerns. In addition, a comparison between the contamination levels of TBBPA, HBCD, BDE-209 and some novel BFRs in food samples from TDS 2011 indicated an obvious shift in the industrial production and usage pattern between PBDE and non-PBDE BFRs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yongning Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
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