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Kim H, Kim S, Kong S, Kim NH. Social provision partially mediates the complex associations among posttraumatic stress, obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms in traumatized patients. J Adv Nurs 2019; 76:566-576. [PMID: 31713885 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify the associations among posttraumatic stress, depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) in outpatients with psychological trauma and to examine the mediating effect of social provision. BACKGROUND Psychologically traumatized patients simultaneously experience depressive and OCS. Social provision may mediate multiple symptoms differently compared with social support. DESIGN Cross-sectional and correlational study. METHODS Data were collected between August 2016-May 2017. Psychiatric outpatients (N = 151) completed a structured questionnaire consisting of the Korean versions of the Social Provision Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory and Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the recursive association among the three symptoms and the mediation of social provision. RESULTS There was a recursive association between posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depressive symptoms, which were simultaneously associated with OCS with a one-way direction. OCS and social provision partially mediated these identified associations among three symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insight into the complex associations of multiple symptoms experienced by traumatized outpatients and the partial mediation of social provision. Psychiatric and mental health professionals may enhance social functioning and interpersonal interactions based on social provision components used for helping traumatized patients with obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms. IMPACT There was a recursive association between PTSS and depressive symptoms that were simultaneously associated with OCS with a one-way direction. Social provision functions as a partial mediator when working with OCS. Mental health nurses can develop social provision interventions for depressive symptoms for traumatized outpatients with OCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Kim
- College of Nursing and Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunah Kim
- College of Nursing and Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsook Kong
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hee Kim
- Maumtodac Psychiatric Clinic, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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102
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Roos LG, O'Connor V, Canevello A, Bennett JM. Post-traumatic stress and psychological health following infidelity in unmarried young adults. Stress Health 2019; 35:468-479. [PMID: 31199042 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Infidelity is often conceptualized as a traumatic event; however, little research has explored this topic empirically, particularly in unmarried adults. We determined the prevalence of infidelity-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among unmarried adults who experienced a partner's infidelity and whether probable infidelity-related PTSD was associated with additional psychological health outcomes (i.e., depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and anxiety symptoms). We also investigated whether negative post-traumatic cognitions mediated the associations between infidelity-related PTSD symptoms and psychological health. This study included 73 adults (M age = 19.42, SE = 0.19 years) who experienced infidelity within a committed nonmarital relationship within the last 5 years. Controlling for gender, race, and exposure to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders Criterion A traumas, 45.2% of our sample reported symptoms suggesting probable infidelity-related PTSD. Whether used as continuous or categorical predictor, infidelity-related PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with depressive symptoms, although results for perceived stress and anxiety symptoms were mixed. Post-traumatic cognitions acted as a partial mediator for depressive symptoms and full mediator for perceived stress and anxiety symptoms. This empirical evidence suggests that infidelity may produce PTSD symptoms at a relatively high rate, even in unmarried young adults, and may put individuals at risk for poorer psychological health, partially through post-traumatic cognitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia G Roos
- Health Psychology PhD Program, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Victoria O'Connor
- Health Psychology PhD Program, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Amy Canevello
- Health Psychology PhD Program, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina.,Department of Psychological Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina.,Organizational Science Program, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Jeanette M Bennett
- Health Psychology PhD Program, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina.,Department of Psychological Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
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103
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Bhattarai JJ, Oehlert ME, Multon KD, Sumerall SW. Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Among U.S. Veterans With a History of MDD or PTSD: A Retrospective Cohort Study Based on Sex and Race. J Aging Health 2019; 31:1398-1422. [PMID: 29900802 DOI: 10.1177/0898264318781131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosed at age < 55 as predictors, and sex and race as potential moderators, of dementia and other forms of cognitive impairment. Method: Veterans (N = 4,800) aged ⩾ 56 years were grouped by psychiatric history, sex, and race. Hierarchical and stepwise regression were employed to determine significant predictors. Results: MDD and PTSD were associated with almost double the risk for developing dementia or cognitive impairment at age ⩾ 56. Sex, as a moderator, had small effects whereas race increased the risk almost twofold for Black veterans, given the presence of MDD history. Discussion: MDD and PTSD act as significant risk factors for dementia and other forms of cognitive impairment, and Black veterans, given a history of MDD, may be at an increased risk. An important endeavor for future research is to examine how this risk may vary across dementia subtypes and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary E Oehlert
- 2 VA Eastern Kansas Health Care System, Leavenworth, KS, USA
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104
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Siwakoti A, Potukuchi PK, Thomas F, Gaipov A, Talwar M, Balaraman V, Cseprekal O, Yazawa M, Streja E, Eason JD, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kovesdy CP, Molnar MZ. History of posttraumatic stress disorder and outcomes after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:2294-2305. [PMID: 30672107 PMCID: PMC6650381 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A history of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), if uncontrolled, represents a contraindication for kidney transplantation. However, no previous large study has assessed the association between pretransplant history of PTSD and posttransplantation outcomes. We examined 4479 US veterans who had undergone transplantation. The diagnosis of history of PTSD was based on a validated algorithm. Measured covariates were used to create a matched cohort (n = 560). Associations between pretransplant PTSD and death with functioning graft, all-cause death, and graft loss were examined in survival models. Posttransplant medication nonadherence was assessed using proportion of days covered (PDC). From among 4479 veterans, 282 (6.3%) had a history of PTSD. The mean age ± standard deviation (SD) of the cohort at baseline was 61 ± 11 years, 91% were male, and 66% and 28% of patients were white and African American, respectively. Compared to patients without a history of PTSD, patients with a history of PTSD had a similar risk of death with a functioning graft (subhazard ratio [SHR] 0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61-1.54), all-cause death (1.05, 0.69-1.58), and graft loss (1.09, 0.53-2.26). Moreover, there was no difference in immunosuppressive drug PDC in patients with and without a history of PTSD (PDC: 98 ± 4% vs 99 ± 3%, P = .733 for tacrolimus; PDC: 99 ± 4% vs 98 ± 7%, P = .369 for mycophenolic acid). A history of PTSD in US veterans with end-stage renal disease should not on its own preclude a veteran from being considered for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmita Siwakoti
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Praveen K. Potukuchi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee,IHOP, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Fridtjof Thomas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Abduzhappar Gaipov
- Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Manish Talwar
- Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute, Memphis, Tennessee,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Vasanthi Balaraman
- Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute, Memphis, Tennessee,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Orsolya Cseprekal
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee,Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Masahiko Yazawa
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Elani Streja
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - James D. Eason
- Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute, Memphis, Tennessee,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Csaba P. Kovesdy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee,Nephrology Section, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Miklos Z. Molnar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee,Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute, Memphis, Tennessee,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee,Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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105
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Richardson JD, Thompson A, King L, Ketcheson F, Shnaider P, Armour C, St. Cyr K, Sareen J, Elhai JD, Zamorski MA. Comorbidity Patterns of Psychiatric Conditions in Canadian Armed Forces Personnel. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2019; 64:501-510. [PMID: 30599762 PMCID: PMC6610565 DOI: 10.1177/0706743718816057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often accompanied by other mental health conditions, including major depressive disorder (MDD), substance misuse disorders, and anxiety disorders. The objective of the current study is to delineate classes of comorbidity and investigate predictors of comorbidity classes amongst a sample of Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) Regular Force personnel. METHODS Latent class analyses (LCAs) were applied to cross-sectional data obtained between April and August 2013 from a nationally representative random sample of 6700 CAF Regular Force personnel who deployed to the mission in Afghanistan. RESULTS MDD was the most common diagnosis (8.0%), followed by PTSD (5.3%) and generalized anxiety disorder (4.7%). Of those with a mental health condition, LCA revealed 3 classes of comorbidity: a highly comorbid class (8.3%), a depressed-only class (4.6%), and an alcohol use-only class (3.1%). Multinomial logit regression showed that women (adjusted relative risk ratio [ARRR] = 2.77; 95% CI, 2.13 to 3.60; P < 0.01) and personnel reporting higher trauma exposure (ARRR = 4.18; 95% CI, 3.13 to 5.57; P < 0.01) were at increased risk of membership in the comorbid class compared to those without a mental health condition. When compared to those with no mental health condition, experiencing childhood abuse increased the risk of being in any comorbidity class. CONCLUSIONS Results provide further evidence to support screening for and treatment of comorbid mental health conditions. The role of sex, childhood abuse, and combat deployment in determining class membership may also prove valuable for clinicians treating military-related mental health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Don Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University,
Hamilton, Ontario
- Parkwood Institute Operational Stress Injury Clinic, London, Ontario
- MacDonald/Franklin OSI Research Centre, London, Ontario
| | | | - Lisa King
- Parkwood Institute Operational Stress Injury Clinic, London, Ontario
| | - Felicia Ketcheson
- Parkwood Institute Operational Stress Injury Clinic, London, Ontario
| | - Philippe Shnaider
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University,
Hamilton, Ontario
- Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton,
Hamilton, Ontario
| | | | - Kate St. Cyr
- Parkwood Institute Operational Stress Injury Clinic, London, Ontario
| | - Jitender Sareen
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Community Health Sciences,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
- Deer Lodge Centre Operational Stress Injury Clinic, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Jon D. Elhai
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH,
USA
| | - Mark A. Zamorski
- MacDonald/Franklin OSI Research Centre, London, Ontario
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
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106
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Nugent N, Gaston SA, Perry J, Rung AL, Trapido EJ, Peters ES. PTSD symptom profiles among Louisiana women affected by the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A latent profile analysis. J Affect Disord 2019; 250:289-297. [PMID: 30875671 PMCID: PMC6461508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few prior studies have investigated the latent class structure of PTSD using DSM-5 symptoms. METHODS To describe latent PTSD profiles among women who resided in Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (DHOS)-affected coastal Louisiana communities, we used data from women enrolled in The Women and Their Children's Health (WaTCH) Study. Latent profile analysis was performed on the 20-item PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and model fit statistics for 2-class through 6-class solutions were compared. The pseudo-class draws method was employed on the best class solution to compare key covariates (including demographics, mental health indicators, DHOS exposure indicators, and trauma exposures) across classes. RESULTS Among 1997 women (mean age 46.63 ± 12.14 years, 56.8% white, mean trauma categories 6.09 ± 2.98, 9.55% previously diagnosed with PTSD), model fit statistics supported a five-class solution: low symptoms (mean PCL-5 = 4.10), moderate without mood alterations (mean = 19.73), moderate with mood alterations (mean = 34.24), severe without risk-taking (mean = 55.75), and severe with risk-taking (mean = 53.80). Women in the low-symptom class were significantly more likely to be white, have finished high school, have an income of at least $40,001 per year, be married or living with a partner, and endorse fewer trauma categories than women in the four symptomatic classes. Women with moderate to severe symptoms often had co-morbid depressive symptoms and no prior PTSD diagnosis. LIMITATIONS This study was limited by use of self-reported data and one-time assessment of PTSD symptoms. DISCUSSION Five distinct latent profiles of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms consisted of notably different individuals. Most affected women did not report prior PTSD diagnosis. Future research and practice identifying and addressing barriers to care for trauma-affected women in these communities is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Nugent
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Symielle A Gaston
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Jacqueline Perry
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ariane L Rung
- Epidemiology Program, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Edward J Trapido
- Epidemiology Program, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Edward S Peters
- Epidemiology Program, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, United States.
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107
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Larsen SE, Bellmore A, Gobin RL, Holens P, Lawrence KA, Pacella-LaBarbara ML. An initial review of residual symptoms after empirically supported trauma-focused cognitive behavioral psychological treatment. J Anxiety Disord 2019; 63:26-35. [PMID: 30825720 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although residual symptoms remain following clinical treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), little is known about the characteristics of these residual symptoms. We aimed to determine the type, severity, and frequency of symptoms that remain after trauma-focused psychotherapy. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of 51 randomized controlled trials of empirically supported psychosocial interventions for PTSD (68 total treatment arms). Outcomes included: 1) PTSD symptoms and 2) conditions commonly comorbid with PTSD: depression, anxiety, and quality of life impairment. RESULTS In general, the results revealed that participants who completed PTSD treatment continued to report residual PTSD symptoms: 31% reported clinical symptom levels, and 59% reported subthreshold levels at posttreatment, particularly within the hyperarousal cluster. Residual symptoms also emerged for depression (19% clinical), anxiety (55% clinical), and quality of life (36% clinical). Few differences emerged across treatment types, but differential patterns were revealed for sample/trauma types. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest a need for focused research attention to and clinical assessment of individual residual symptoms following empirically supported treatment for PTSD to determine whether further treatment sessions are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie E Larsen
- Clement J. Zablocki, Milwaukee VAMC, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 1155 North Mayfair Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Aimee Bellmore
- Pfeiffer University, Department of Social Sciences, 48380 US-52, Misenheimer, NC, 28109, USA
| | - Robyn L Gobin
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, 1206 South Fourth Street MC-588, Champaign, IL, 61874, USA
| | - Pamela Holens
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, c/o OSI Clinic, Deer Lodge Centre, 2109 Portwidage Ave, Winnipeg, MB, RCJ 0L3, Canada
| | - Karen A Lawrence
- University of Kentucky College of Social Work, 669 Patterson Office Tower, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Maria L Pacella-LaBarbara
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Iroquois Building, Suite 400A, 3600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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108
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Reina SA, Freund B, Ironson G. The Use of Prolonged Exposure Therapy Augmented With CBT to Treat Postpartum Trauma. Clin Case Stud 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1534650119834646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 1% to 2% of women suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following childbirth, with obstetric emergencies being a key risk factor for birth-related PTSD. The current study augmented prolonged exposure (PE) with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to treat symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, depression, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in a 28-year-old married Hispanic female following a life-threatening case of postpartum preeclampsia. To target distressing symptoms and reach treatment goals, the patient engaged in two preparatory sessions, 12 active PE sessions, and five supplementary CBT sessions. Posttreatment assessment indicated a significant reduction of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Panic attacks reduced in frequency and severity, and by the end of treatment, the patient no longer met criteria for PTSD, major depressive disorder (MDD), or agoraphobia. In the case of postpartum PTSD, CBT can augment PE treatment to reduce symptomatology.
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109
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Choi JY. Predictors of the co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive disorder in psychiatric outpatients. Compr Psychiatry 2019; 89:40-45. [PMID: 30593972 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We explored the predictors of co-occurring depressive disorder (DD) in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an outpatient psychiatric setting. METHODS Participants (N = 170; mean age = 40.78, SD = 16.15 years; 58.8% women) included 71 adult patients who met the criteria for a PTSD diagnosis and 99 adult patients who met the criteria for a comorbid PTSD/DD diagnosis. Potential predictors included trauma types (focusing on trauma characteristics), history of previous traumatic experiences (i.e., the number of lifetime traumatic events before current trauma and childhood maltreatment), and post-trauma variables (i.e., elapsed time since the current traumatic event and the severity of PTSD symptoms). RESULTS A logistic regression analysis-including demographic variables, trauma types, history of previous traumatic experiences, and post-trauma variables that showed significant differences between the two groups-was conducted. The effects of repeated trauma (OR = 13.18, 95% CI [3.44, 50.48], p < .001), the number of lifetime traumatic events (OR = 1.04, 95% CI [1.01, 1.51], p = .044), and childhood maltreatment (OR = 1.23, 95% CI [1.01, 1.51], p = .004) were associated with a greater likelihood of concurrent PTSD/DD. CONCLUSION Cumulative characteristics such as maltreatment and the number of lifetime traumatic events before the current trauma as well as repetitive properties of the most recent trauma present a key risk factor for co-occurring PTSD/DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Choi
- Department of Child Studies, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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110
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Tribble JE, Fanselow MS. Pair-housing rats does not protect from behavioral consequences of an acute traumatic experience. Behav Neurosci 2019; 133:232-239. [PMID: 30628802 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an extremely debilitating disease with a broad array of associated symptoms, making the disorder difficult to diagnose and treat. In humans, patients seem to benefit from group therapy or other means of promoting social behavior. To test these effects on our rodent model of PTSD, adult, male rats were housed in either single or pair conditions prior to and during an acute stressor to induce PTSD-like behaviors in these rats. Subsequently, rats were assessed for PTSD-like symptoms to determine the effect of social housing on stress-induced phenotypes. Posttrauma phenotypes, including enhanced fear conditioning and anxiety-related behavior, persisted regardless of the animal's housing condition. It is possible that any housing driven improvements to stress-induced phenotypes would require longer periods of pair housing than were used in these experiments. Although PTSD patients show improved health outcomes following social interaction or group therapy, the fear and anxiety phenotypes seen following an acute stressor in an animal model of the disease endured despite an animal's housing condition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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111
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Knobloch LK, Knobloch-Fedders LM, Yorgason JB. Mental health symptoms and the reintegration difficulty of military couples following deployment: A longitudinal application of the relational turbulence model. J Clin Psychol 2018; 75:742-765. [PMID: 30569467 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding the factors that predict the reintegration difficulty of military couples during the postdeployment transition has important implications for theory, research, and practice. Building on the logic of the relational turbulence model, this paper evaluates the relationship processes of reunion uncertainty and reintegration interference from a partner as mediators of the connection between people's mental health symptoms and their difficulty with reintegration after deployment. METHOD Dyadic longitudinal data were collected from 555 US military couples once per month for 8 consecutive months. RESULTS Findings mapped the trajectory of reintegration difficulty and suggested reunion uncertainty and reintegration interference from a partner as mediators of the link between people's depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms and the magnitude of their reintegration difficulty. CONCLUSION These results highlight relationship processes as a key domain of intervention to preserve the well-being of military couples during the postdeployment transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K Knobloch
- Department of Communication, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Lynne M Knobloch-Fedders
- Department of Counselor Education and Counseling Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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112
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McElroy E, Fearon P, Belsky J, Fonagy P, Patalay P. Networks of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Across Development. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 57:964-973. [PMID: 30522742 PMCID: PMC6290121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Frequent co-occurrence and bidirectional longitudinal associations have led some researchers to question the boundaries between depression and anxiety. A longitudinal investigation of the interconnected symptom structure of these constructs may help determine the extent to which they are distinct, and whether this changes over development. Therefore, the present study used network analysis to examine these symptom-symptom associations developmentally from early childhood to mid-adolescence. METHOD We analyzed data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1,147). Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed on 7 occasions between ages 5 and 14 years using maternal reports. Regularized partial correlation networks were constructed at each time point, and diagnostic boundaries were explored using empirical tests of network modularity (ie, clustering of symptom nodes). Nonparametric permutation tests were used to determine whether symptoms became more associated over development, and network centrality was examined to identify developmental changes in the overall importance of specific symptoms. RESULTS Symptoms formed highly interconnected networks, as evidenced by strong associations between depression and anxiety symptoms and a lack of distinct clustering. There was some evidence of an increase in overall connectivity as children aged. Feeling "anxious/fearful" and "unhappy/sad" were consistently the most central symptoms over development. CONCLUSION Minimal clustering of nodes indicated no separation of depression and anxiety symptoms from early childhood through mid-adolescence. An increase in connectivity over development suggests that symptoms may reinforce each other, potentially contributing to the high levels of lifetime continuity of these disorders.
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113
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Lim PH, Shi G, Wang T, Jenz ST, Mulligan MK, Redei EE, Chen H. Genetic Model to Study the Co-Morbid Phenotypes of Increased Alcohol Intake and Prior Stress-Induced Enhanced Fear Memory. Front Genet 2018; 9:566. [PMID: 30538720 PMCID: PMC6277590 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a complex illness, frequently co-morbid with depression, caused by both genetics, and the environment. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), which also co-occurs with depression, is often co-morbid with PTSD. To date, very few genes have been identified for PTSD and even less for PTSD comorbidity with AUD, likely because of the phenotypic heterogeneity seen in humans, combined with each gene playing a relatively small role in disease predisposition. In the current study, we investigated whether a genetic model of depression-like behavior, further developed from the depression model Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat, is a suitable vehicle to uncover the genetics of co-morbidity between PTSD and AUD. The by-now inbred WKY More Immobile (WMI) and the WKY Less Immobile (WLI) rats were generated from the WKY via bidirectional selective breeding using the forced swim test, a measure of despair-like behavior, as the functional selector. The colonies of the WMIs that show despair-like behavior and the control strain showing less or no despair-like behavior, the WLI, are maintained with strict inbreeding over 40 generations to date. WMIs of both sexes intrinsically self-administer more alcohol than WLIs. Alcohol self-administration is increased in the WMIs without sucrose fading, water deprivation or any prior stress, mimicking the increased voluntary alcohol-consumption of subjects with AUD. Prior Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning (SEFL) is a model of PTSD. WMI males, but not females, show increased SEFL after acute restraint stress in the context-dependent fear conditioning paradigm, a sexually dimorphic pattern similar to human data. Plasma corticosterone differences between stressed and not-stressed WLI and WMI male and female animals immediately prior to fear conditioning predict SEFL results. These data demonstrate that the WMI male and its genetically close, but behaviorally divergent control the WLI male, would be suitable for investigating the underlying genetic basis of comorbidity between SEFL and alcohol self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Henry Lim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Guang Shi
- Liaoning Provincial People's Hospital, Liaoning Sheng, China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Sophia T Jenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Eva E Redei
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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114
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Hoppen TH, Chalder T. Childhood adversity as a transdiagnostic risk factor for affective disorders in adulthood: A systematic review focusing on biopsychosocial moderating and mediating variables. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 65:81-151. [PMID: 30189342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Trudie Chalder
- Academic Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, UK
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115
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Knowles KA, Sripada RK, Defever M, Rauch SAM. Comorbid mood and anxiety disorders and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in treatment-seeking veterans. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA-THEORY RESEARCH PRACTICE AND POLICY 2018; 11:451-458. [PMID: 29963890 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Comorbidity is the rule and not the exception among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Examining comorbidities in a veteran population allows us to better understand veterans' symptoms and recognize when mental health treatment may need to be tailored to other co-occurring issues. This article evaluates comorbid mood and anxiety disorders and PTSD symptom severity in a large sample of veterans from multiple eras of service, including the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. METHOD The current study used data from veterans who sought treatment for PTSD at a VA PTSD Clinical Team from 2005 to 2013. Veterans were assessed for PTSD, mood, and anxiety disorders using a structured clinical interview and completed self-report symptom measures as part of the PTSD clinic intake procedure. A total of 2,460 veterans were evaluated, and 867 met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. RESULTS Veterans with PTSD were significantly more likely than those without PTSD to be diagnosed with social anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, but significantly less likely to be diagnosed with depression. In addition, veterans who had at least one comorbid diagnosis in addition to PTSD reported significantly higher PTSD symptom severity than veterans with PTSD alone. PTSD symptom severity also varied by era of service. CONCLUSION These results suggest that among veterans seeking treatment for PTSD, comorbid mood and anxiety disorders may be associated with greater severity of PTSD symptoms. Future work is needed to determine the impact of specific comorbidities on trauma-focused treatment outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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116
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van den Berg LJM, Tollenaar MS, Pittner K, Compier-de Block LHCG, Buisman RSM, van IJzendoorn MH, Elzinga BM. Pass it on? The neural responses to rejection in the context of a family study on maltreatment. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:616-627. [PMID: 29897537 PMCID: PMC6022637 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rejection by parents is an important aspect of child maltreatment. Altered neural responses to social rejection have been observed in maltreated individuals. The current study is the first to examine the impact of experienced and perpetrated abuse and neglect on neural responses to social exclusion by strangers versus family using a multigenerational family design, including 144 participants. The role of neural reactivity to social exclusion in the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment was also examined. Exclusion by strangers was especially associated with increased activation in the left insula, while exclusion by a family member was mainly associated with increased activation in the ACC. Neural reactivity to social exclusion by strangers in the insula, ACC and dmPFC, was associated with experienced maltreatment but not with perpetrated maltreatment. In abusive parents, altered neural reactivity during exclusion was found in other brain areas, indicating different neural correlates of experienced and perpetrated maltreatment. Hence, no mechanisms could be identified that are involved in the transmission of maltreatment. Hypersensitivity to social rejection by strangers in neglected individuals underscores the importance to distinguish between effects of abuse and neglect and suggests that the impact of experiencing rejection and maltreatment by your own parents extends beyond the family context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J M van den Berg
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University Medical Center
| | - Marieke S Tollenaar
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University Medical Center
| | - Katharina Pittner
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University Medical Center
- Department of Child and Family Studies, Leiden University
| | | | | | | | - Bernet M Elzinga
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University Medical Center
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117
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Dammeyer J, Chapman M. A national survey on violence and discrimination among people with disabilities. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:355. [PMID: 29544470 PMCID: PMC5855931 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to quantify levels of violence and discrimination among people with disabilities and analyze the effects of gender and the type and degree of disability. Methods The study analyzed data on self-reported violence and discrimination from a Danish national survey of 18,019 citizens, of whom 4519 reported a physical disability and 1398 reported a mental disability. Results Individuals with disabilities reported significantly higher levels of violence than those without. Specifically, individuals reporting a mental disability reported higher levels of violence and discrimination. Significant gender differences were found with regard to type of violence: while men with disabilities were more likely to report physical violence, women with disabilities were more likely to report major sexual violence, humiliation and discrimination. Neither severity nor visibility of disability was found to be a significant factor for risk of violence. Conclusions This large-scale study lends support to existing research showing that people with disabilities are at greater risk of violence than people without disabilities. Further, the study found that people with mental disabilities were significantly more likely to report all types of violence and discrimination than those with physical disabilities. The findings also show that gender is significant in explaining the type of violence experienced and the experience of discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Dammeyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2a, 1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Madeleine Chapman
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, England
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Müller M, Ajdacic-Gross V, Rodgers S, Kleim B, Seifritz E, Vetter S, Egger ST, Rössler W, Castelao E, Preisig M, Vandeleur C. Predictors of remission from PTSD symptoms after sexual and non-sexual trauma in the community: A mediated survival-analytic approach. Psychiatry Res 2018; 260:262-271. [PMID: 29220684 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data on the chronicity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in relation to trauma type and underlying pathways are rare. The current study explored how PTSD symptoms change over time across different trauma types and examined mediators of their persistence. A trauma-exposed community sample, whereof approximately one quarter met diagnostic criteria for PTSD, provided retrospective data on the duration of PTSD symptoms. Those who remitted and those who had not at the time of assessment were compared regarding worst trauma, symptom severity, comorbidity, demographic and treatment-seeking variables. Time to remission was estimated using Cox proportional hazard models including candidate predictors of remission. A mediated survival analysis was used to explore indirect pathways that explain trauma-specific differences in remission times. Both the full sample and PTSD subgroup were analyzed separately. Overall, lower socio-economic status, lifetime and childhood sexual trauma, symptom severity, comorbid depression and past treatment were associated with non- and longer remissions. PTSD avoidance symptoms and comorbid depression were found to mediate longer remission times after lifetime or childhood sexual trauma. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms and complicating factors of remission from PTSD symptoms after trauma, which might have important implications for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Disaster and Military Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Programme for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Vladeta Ajdacic-Gross
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Programme for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Rodgers
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Programme for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Kleim
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Vetter
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Disaster and Military Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan T Egger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wulf Rössler
- Zurich Programme for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM 27), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Germany
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119
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Parlar M, Densmore M, Hall GB, Lanius R, McKinnon MC. Neural and behavioural correlates of autobiographical memory retrieval in patients with major depressive disorder and a history of trauma exposure. Neuropsychologia 2018; 110:148-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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120
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Leraas BC, Smith KE, Utzinger LM, Cao L, Engel SG, Crosby RD, Mitchell JE, Wonderlich SA. Affect-based profiles of bulimia nervosa: The utility and validity of indicators assessed in the natural environment. Psychiatry Res 2018; 259:210-215. [PMID: 29073557 PMCID: PMC5918135 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical conceptualizations of bulimia nervosa (BN) emphasize the role of emotion dysregulation in the development and maintenance of symptoms, which has been supported by ecological momentary assessment studies. Given the importance of affective disturbances in BN, this study aimed to classify a sample of adult women with BN (N = 130) based on primarily momentary affective indicators, including negative and positive affect, negative and positive affective lability, and depression. Participants completed baseline assessments followed by a two-week ecological momentary assessment protocol. Latent profile analysis revealed four groups: (1) a "stable normal" group characterized by low affective lability and intensity; (2) a "stable depressed" group characterized by low affective lability and higher affect intensity; (3) an "unstable normal" group characterized by higher affective lability but lower affect intensity; and (4) an "unstable depressed" group characterized by higher affective lability and intensity. The stable depressed group evidenced the highest levels of eating psychopathology, borderline personality traits, and childhood trauma history, while the stable normal group generally evidenced the lowest levels of psychopathology. The findings demonstrate significant heterogeneity in the topography of affect experienced by individuals with BN, and suggest that chronic, intense negative affect may be particularly important to address in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn E Smith
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Linsey M Utzinger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Li Cao
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Scott G Engel
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Ross D Crosby
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - James E Mitchell
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Stephen A Wonderlich
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
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121
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Li Y, Seng JS. Child Maltreatment Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Cortisol Levels in Women: A Literature Review. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2018; 24:35-44. [PMID: 28569082 DOI: 10.1177/1078390317710313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of the relationship between cortisol and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have had inconsistent results. Gender, trauma type, and age at trauma exposure may explain the inconsistencies. OBJECTIVE The objective of the review was to examine cortisol levels in relation to PTSD in women with a history of child maltreatment trauma. DESIGN A review of literature found 13 articles eligible for inclusion. RESULTS Despite limiting focus to the relatively homogeneous population, the patterns of associations between PTSD and cortisol levels were still inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS The reasons for the inconsistencies likely include highly varied methods across studies, small convenience samples, and unmeasured neuroendocrine hormones that may be stronger predictors of PTSD. The review does not point to a clear bio-behavioral target for psychiatric nursing intervention. It is important to continue to address the developmental and clinical stress response aspects of child maltreatment trauma-related PTSD without assuming that these stress responses are hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- 1 Yang Li, BS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Julia S Seng
- 2 Julia S. Seng, PhD, CNM, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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122
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Perkins JD, Ajeeb M, Fadel L, Saleh G. Mental health in Syrian children with a focus on post-traumatic stress: a cross-sectional study from Syrian schools. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2018; 53:1231-1239. [PMID: 30083987 PMCID: PMC6208941 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-018-1573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies show that conflict can negatively affect psychological health. The Syrian crisis is 8 years old and yet little is known about the impact of the conflict on the well-being of Syrians who remain. This gap was addressed by conducting an empirical study on the mental health burden of Syrian children in two areas of the country. METHODS 492 children between 8 and 15 years were randomly selected from schools in Damascus and Latakia. The incidence of psychological disorder symptoms was measured using self-report screening instruments, the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-8) and the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS-25). Simultaneously, sociodemographic and traumatic event information was collected. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors that influence the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. RESULTS In our sample, 50.2% of students were internally displaced and 32.1% reported a negative experience. 60.5% of those tested had at least one probable psychological disorder with PTSD the most common (35.1%), followed by depression (32.0%), and anxiety (29.5%). Binary logistic regression indicated that PTSD symptoms were predicted by: living in Damascus [odds ratio (OR) 2.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.51-3.69], being female (1.54, 1.02-2.34), having depression and anxiety (2.55, 1.48-4.40), and the negative experiences; displacement and daily warzone exposure (1.84, 1.02-3.30 and 2.67, 1.08-6.60). CONCLUSIONS Syrian children are experiencing traumatic events and war-associated daily stresses that are hugely impacting psychological well-being. Our data offer guidance for mental health providers regarding risk factors and highlights the use of the school system to reach suffering children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Davis Perkins
- PMARC, University of Edinburgh, St Leonard's Land, Holyrood Road, Edinburgh, EH8 8AQ, UK.
| | - Maiss Ajeeb
- 0000 0001 2353 3326grid.8192.2Department of Counselling, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Lina Fadel
- 0000000106567444grid.9531.eSchool of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ghassan Saleh
- 0000 0001 2353 3326grid.8192.2Department of Counselling, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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123
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A translational approach to the genetics of anxiety disorders. Behav Brain Res 2017; 341:91-97. [PMID: 29288745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There have been important advances in our understanding of the genetic architecture of anxiety disorders. At the same time, relatively few genes have reached genome wide significance in anxiety disorders, and there is relatively little work on how exposure to an adverse environment impacts on gene expression in either animal models or human clinical populations. Here we assessed differential expression of genes of the dorsal striatum involved in synaptic transmission in an animal models of early adversity (maternal separation followed by restraint stress), and investigated whether variants in these genes were associated with risk for anxiety disorders, particularly in the presence of environmental stressors. Fifty-two male Sprague Dawley rats underwent maternal separation, and gene expression was studied using array technology. The human homologues of the differentially expressed genes were screened and analysed in a DSM-IV anxiety disorders cohort, and healthy controls (patients, n = 92; controls, n = 194), using blood. Two candidate genes (Mmp9 and Bdnf) were aberrantly expressed in the experimental rodent group relative to controls. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human homologues of these genes were significantly associated with susceptibility for anxiety disorders (MMP9: rs3918242 and BDNF: rs6265, rs10835210 and rs11030107). Three of these (BDNF: rs6265, rs10835210, rs11030107) were found to interact significantly with childhood trauma severity resulting in increased likelihood of an anxiety disorder diagnosis. This study provides insights into the utility of rat models for identifying molecular candidates for anxiety disorders in humans.
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124
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Pacella ML, Hruska B, George RL, Delahanty DL. The Role of Negative Affect on Headache-Related Disability Following Traumatic Physical Injury. Headache 2017; 58:381-398. [PMID: 29193043 DOI: 10.1111/head.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute postinjury negative affect (NA) may contribute to headache pain following physical injury. Early psychiatric-headache comorbidity conveys increased vulnerability to chronic headache-related disability and impairment. Yet, it is unknown whether NA is involved in the transition to chronic headache related-disability after injury. This prospective observational study examined the role of acute postinjury NA on subacute and chronic headache-related disability above and beyond nonpsychiatric factors. METHODS Eighty adult survivors of single-incident traumatic physical injury were assessed for negative affect (NA): a composite of depression and anxiety symptoms, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSS) during the acute 2-week postinjury phase. NA was examined as the primary predictor of subacute (6-week) and chronic (3-month) headache-related disability; secondary analyses examined whether the individual NA components differentially impacted the outcomes. RESULTS Hierarchical linear regression confirmed NA as a unique predictor of subacute (Cohen's f 2 = 0.130; P = .005) and chronic headache related-disability (Cohen's f 2 = 0.160; P = .004) beyond demographic and injury-related factors (sex, prior headaches, and closed head injury). Upon further analysis, PTSS uniquely predicted greater subacute (Cohen's f 2 = 0.105; P = .012) and chronic headache-related disability (Cohen's f 2 = 0.103; P = .022) above and beyond demographic and injury-related factors, depression, and anxiety. Avoidance was a robust predictor of subacute headache impairment (explaining 15% of the variance) and hyperarousal was a robust predictor of chronic headache impairment (10% of the variance). CONCLUSION Although NA consistently predicted headache-related disability, PTSS alone was a unique predictor above and beyond nonpsychiatric factors, depression, and anxiety. These results are suggestive that early treatment of acute postinjury PTSS may correlate with reductions in disability and negative physical health sequelae associated with PTSS and chronic headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Pacella
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Bryce Hruska
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Richard L George
- Department of Surgery, Northeastern Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH, USA.,Division of Trauma Services, Department of Surgery, Summa Health System, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Douglas L Delahanty
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.,Department of Psychology in Psychiatry, Northeastern Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH, USA.,Summa Health System, Medical Research Staff, Akron, OH, USA
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125
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Hwang B, Rohm CL, Alexander C, Holsten SB. Screening for Patients at Risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression at Level 1 Trauma Center. Am Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481708301104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brice Hwang
- Medical College of Georgia Augusta University Augusta, Georgia
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Dai W, Kaminga AC, Tan H, Wang J, Lai Z, Wu X, Xiong Y, Deng J, Liu A. Comorbidity of post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety in flood survivors: Prevalence and shared risk factors. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7994. [PMID: 28885358 PMCID: PMC6393105 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety are both prevalent in trauma-related populations. However, comorbidity of these 2 psychiatric disorders has not been investigated in flood survivors. This study aimed to estimate the extent to which PTSD and anxiety co-occur in flood survivors, and identify shared risk factors for PTSD only and comorbidity of PTSD and anxiety.Individuals who experienced Dongting Lake flood in 1998 were enrolled in this study using stratified and systematic random sampling method. Information on social support, personality traits, PTSD, and anxiety was collected using self-report questionnaires. The intensity of exposure to the flood was measured by some questions. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with PTSD only and comorbidity of PTSD and anxiety.In all, 325 participants were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of PTSD, anxiety, and comorbidity of PTSD and anxiety among survivors of the 1998 Dongting Lake flood at 17-year follow-up was 9.54%, 9.23%, and 6.15%, respectively. Furthermore, 64.52% of those with PTSD had anxiety and 66.67% of those with anxiety had PTSD. Loss of relative, injury of body, damage of house, and emotional instability were shared risk factors for PTSD only and comorbidity of PTSD and anxiety, in comparison with neither PTSD nor anxiety.Post-traumatic stress disorder only and comorbidity of PTSD and anxiety are prevalent in flood survivors, and are both related to the intensity of exposure to the flood and personality traits, indicating that integrated intervention strategies of PTSD and anxiety for flood survivors are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Atipatsa C. Kaminga
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
- Department of Mathematics, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi
| | - Hongzhuan Tan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Jieru Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Zhiwei Lai
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
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Flatt JD, Gilsanz P, Quesenberry CP, Albers KB, Whitmer RA. Post-traumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among members of a health care delivery system. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [PMID: 28627380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with an increased risk of dementia in male veterans, but little is known in females and civilians. METHODS PTSD and comorbidities were abstracted from medical records from 1/1/1996 to 12/31/2001. Dementia incidence from 1/1/2002 to 12/31/2014 in 499,844 health care members aged 60+ years over an average of 8.2 years. Cox proportional hazard models were adjusted for age, demographics, and comorbidities. RESULTS PTSD was associated with increased risk of dementia over an average of 8 years of follow-up (females: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.30-1.95; males: HR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.51-2.55). There was a two-fold risk of dementia in those with both PTSD and depression (females: HR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.66-2.59; males: HR = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.47-2.91) versus those without. DISCUSSION PTSD was a risk factor for dementia in both sexes, with a heightened risk in those with comorbid depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Flatt
- Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paola Gilsanz
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel A Whitmer
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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128
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Jones S. Describing the Mental Health Profile of First Responders: A Systematic Review [Formula: see text]. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2017; 23:200-214. [PMID: 28445653 DOI: 10.1177/1078390317695266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First responders (FRs) are responsible for providing multiple services during various critical events. Considering the frequency, nature, and intensity of duty-related traumatic exposures, the cumulative impact on FRs' mental health is of paramount importance. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review was to describe how duty-related trauma exposure can affect the comprehensive mental health profile of FRs, including firefighters, emergency medical technicians, and paramedics. DESIGN Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a literature search was conducted using keywords related to FRs and mental health. RESULTS Twenty-seven data-based articles met eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review. Studies explored various mental health concerns, including posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, suicidality, anxiety, alcohol use, and sleep disturbances. CONCLUSIONS Findings pose significant implications for psychiatric nurses in practice and research, including the need for tailored strategies to meet the mental health needs of this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jones
- 1 Sara Jones, PhD, APRN, PMHNP-BC, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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129
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Parlar M, Densmore M, Hall GB, Frewen PA, Lanius RA, McKinnon MC. Relation between patterns of intrinsic network connectivity, cognitive functioning, and symptom presentation in trauma-exposed patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00664. [PMID: 28523217 PMCID: PMC5434180 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated resting fMRI connectivity within the default mode (DMN), salience (SN), and central executive (CEN) networks in relation to neurocognitive performance and symptom severity in trauma-exposed patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHOD Group independent component analysis was conducted among patients with MDD (n = 21), examining DMN, SN, and CEN connectivity in relation to neurocognitive performance and symptom severity. Activation in these networks was also compared between the patient group and healthy controls (n = 20). RESULTS Among the patient group, higher levels of performance on measures of verbal memory and executive functioning were related to increased connectivity within the DMN (i.e., inferior parietal lobe; precuneus). Greater depression severity was related to reduced connectivity between the SN and a node of the DMN (i.e., posterior cingulate cortex) and higher depersonalization symptoms were related to enhanced connectivity between the SN and a node of the DMN (i.e., middle temporal gyrus). Higher symptoms of depersonalization were also associated with reduced integration of the DMN with the medial frontal gyrus. Relative to controls, patients with MDD showed greater connectivity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex within the DMN. CONCLUSION Intrinsic connectivity network patterns are related to cognitive performance and symptom presentation among trauma-exposed patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Parlar
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada.,Mood Disorders Program St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Maria Densmore
- Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Geoffrey B Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Paul A Frewen
- Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Ruth A Lanius
- Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Margaret C McKinnon
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada.,Mood Disorders Program St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton ON Canada.,Homewood Research Institute Guelph ON Canada
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130
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Huh HJ, Kim KH, Lee HK, Chae JH. The relationship between childhood trauma and the severity of adulthood depression and anxiety symptoms in a clinical sample: The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. J Affect Disord 2017; 213:44-50. [PMID: 28189964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma is an important factor in adverse mental health outcomes, including depression and anxiety. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a hypothesized model describing a pathway of childhood trauma and its influence on psychiatric symptoms in patients with depressive disorder. In this model, childhood trauma was positively associated with current depression and anxiety symptoms, which were mediated by a cognitive emotional regulation strategy. METHOD Patients with depressive disorder (n=585, 266 men, 316 women) completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). We divided the cognitive emotion regulation strategies into adaptive and maladaptive strategies using a CERQ subscore. We employed structural equation modeling (SEM) and simple/multiple mediation analyses. RESULTS The indirect effect of maladaptive strategies was significant in the relationship between overall childhood trauma and depression/anxiety severity, whereas the mediation effect of adaptive strategies was limited to depressive symptoms. With respect to specific types of trauma, maladaptive strategies mediated the association between emotional abuse and current depression/anxiety, while the mediation effect of adaptive strategies was limited to emotional neglect. LIMITATIONS This study's cross-sectional design does not allow establishment of causal relationships. Childhood trauma recall bias may be possible. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesized model in which childhood trauma is associated with adulthood depression/anxiety symptoms in clinical samples, and mediated by emotion regulation strategies. These results suggest that cognitive emotion dysregulation is an important factor affecting depression/anxiety symptoms in patients with childhood trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyu Jung Huh
- Stress Clinic, Health Promotion Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine
| | - Kyung Hee Kim
- Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Lee
- Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Chae
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine.
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131
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Dai W, Kaminga AC, Tan H, Wang J, Lai Z, Wu X, Liu A. Long-term psychological outcomes of flood survivors of hard-hit areas of the 1998 Dongting Lake flood in China: Prevalence and risk factors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171557. [PMID: 28170427 PMCID: PMC5295691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although numerous studies have indicated that exposure to natural disasters may increase survivors’ risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety, studies focusing on the long-term psychological outcomes of flood survivors are limited. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of PTSD and anxiety among flood survivors 17 years after the 1998 Dongting Lake flood and to identify the risk factors for PTSD and anxiety. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2015, 17 years after the 1998 Dongting Lake flood. Survivors in hard-hit areas of the flood disaster were enrolled in this study using a stratified, systematic random sampling method. Well qualified investigators conducted face-to-face interviews with participants using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian version, the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, the Chinese version of the Social Support Rating Scale and the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Short Scale for Chinese to assess PTSD, anxiety, social support and personality traits, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with PTSD and anxiety. Results A total of 325 participants were recruited in this study, and the prevalence of PTSD and anxiety was 9.5% and 9.2%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that female sex, experiencing at least three flood-related stressors, having a low level of social support, and having the trait of emotional instability were risk factors for long-term adverse psychological outcomes among flood survivors after the disaster. Conclusions PTSD and anxiety were common long-term adverse psychological outcomes among flood survivors. Early and effective psychological interventions for flood survivors are needed to prevent the development of PTSD and anxiety in the long run after a flood, especially for individuals who are female, experience at least three flood-related stressors, have a low level of social support and have the trait of emotional instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Atipatsa C. Kaminga
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Mathematics, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi
| | - Hongzhuan Tan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jieru Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhiwei Lai
- Immune Planning Division, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail:
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133
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van den Berg LJM, Tollenaar MS, Spinhoven P, Penninx BWJH, Elzinga BM. A new perspective on PTSD symptoms after traumatic vs stressful life events and the role of gender. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2017; 8:1380470. [PMID: 29435199 PMCID: PMC5800737 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1380470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is an ongoing debate about the validity of the A1 criterion of PTSD. Whereas the DSM-5 has opted for a more stringent A1 criterion, the ICD-11 will leave it out as a key criterion. Objective: Here we investigated whether formal DSM-IV-TR traumatic (A1) and stressful (non-A1) events differ with regard to PTSD symptom profiles, and whether there is a gender difference in this respect. Method: This was examined in a large, mostly clinical sample from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (n = 1433). Participants described their most bothersome (index) event and were assigned to either an A1 or non-A1 event group according to this index event. Results: Remarkably, in men PTSD symptoms were even more severe after non-A1 than A1 events, whereas in women symptoms were equally severe after non-A1 and A1 events. Moreover, while women showed significantly higher PTSD symptoms after A1 events than men (29.9 versus 15.4% met PTSD criteria), there was no gender difference after non-A1 events (women: 28.2%; men: 31.3%). Furthermore, anxiety and perceived impact were higher in women than men, which was associated with PTSD symptom severity. Conclusion: In sum, while women showed similar levels of PTSD symptoms after both event types, men reported even higher levels of PTSD symptoms after non-A1 than A1 events. These findings shed a new light on the role of gender in PTSD symptomatology and the clinical usefulness of the A1 criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J M van den Berg
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke S Tollenaar
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Spinhoven
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernet M Elzinga
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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134
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Zhou X, Wu X, An Y. Understanding the Relationship between Trauma Exposure and Depression among Adolescents after Earthquake: The Roles of Fear and Resilience. Front Psychol 2016; 7:2044. [PMID: 28082947 PMCID: PMC5183574 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle school students (N = 1435) were assessed 18 months after the Wenchuan earthquake using measures of trauma exposure, fear, resilience, and depression, to examine the effects of fear and resilience on the relationship between trauma exposure and depression. Fear mediated the relationship between trauma exposure and depression, whereas resilience moderated the relationship between fear and depression. These findings suggest that trauma exposure has a direct positive impact on depression, but also indirectly affects depression through fear. Moreover, fear positively predicted depression under conditions of low resilience, whereas this effect was not significant when resilience was high. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for adolescents after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan An
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing, China
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135
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Hong C, Efferth T. Systematic Review on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Survivors of the Wenchuan Earthquake. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2016; 17:542-561. [PMID: 26028651 DOI: 10.1177/1524838015585313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) widely occurs among victims or witness of disasters. With flashbacks, hyperarousal, and avoidance being the typical symptoms, PTSD became a focus of psychological research. The earthquake in Wenchuan, China, on May 12, 2008, was without precedent in magnitude and aftermath and caused huge damage, which drew scientists' attention to mental health of the survivors. We conducted a systematic overview by collecting published articles from the PubMed database and classifying them into five points: epidemiology, neuropathology, biochemistry, genetics and epigenetics, and treatment. The large body of research during the past 6 years showed that adolescents and adults were among the most studied populations with high prevalence rates for PTSD. Genomic and transcriptomic studies focusing on gene × environment studies as well as epigenetics are still rare, although a few available data showed great potential to better understand the pathophysiology of PTSD as multifactorial disease. Phytotherapy with Chinese herbs and acupuncture are rarely reported as of yet, although the first published data indicated promising therapy effects. Future studies should focus on the following points: (1) The affected populations under observation should be better defined concerning individual risk factor, time of observation, spatial movement, and individual disease courses of patients. (2) The role of social support for prevalence rates of PTSD should be observed in more detail. (3) Efficacy and safety of Chinese medicine should be studied to find potential interventions and effective treatments of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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136
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Dai W, Wang J, Kaminga AC, Chen L, Tan H, Lai Z, Deng J, Liu A. Predictors of recovery from post-traumatic stress disorder after the dongting lake flood in China: a 13-14 year follow-up study. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:382. [PMID: 27825328 PMCID: PMC5101704 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Floods are some of the most common and destructive natural disasters in the world, potentially leading to both physical injuries and psychological disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD can damage functional capacity and interfere with social functioning. However, little is known about recovery from PTSD after floods. This study used 2013-2014 follow-up data on survivors of the 1998 Dongting Lake flood who were diagnosed with PTSD in 2000 to measure the prevalence rate of PTSD at follow-up and identify predictors of recovery from the PTSD diagnosis in 2000. METHODS Participants included survivors who had been diagnosed as having PTSD in 2000 after the 1998 Dongting Lake flood. PTSD at follow-up was reassessed using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian version. Information on demographics, trauma-related stressors, post-trauma stressors, social support, and coping style were collected through face-to-face interviews. The association between the independent variables and PTSD at follow-up was analyzed using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS A total of 201 participants with a PTSD diagnosis in 2000 were included in this study. A total of 19.4 % of the flood survivors with PTSD in 2000 continued to suffer from PTSD in 2013-2014. In the multivariable logistic regression model, individuals who had lost relatives (OR = 12.37, 95 % CI = 2.46-62.16), suffered from bodily injury (OR = 5.01, 95 % CI = 1.92-13.08), had a low level of social support (OR = 5.47, 95 % CI = 1.07-27.80), or had a negative coping style (OR = 4.92, 95 % CI = 1.89-12.81) were less likely to recover from PTSD. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence rate of PTSD at follow-up indicates that natural disasters such as floods may have a negative influence on survivors' mental health for an extended period of time. Individuals who have lost relatives, suffered from bodily injury, had a low level of social support, or had a negative coping style were less likely to recover from PTSD. Therefore, effective psychological intervention measures are necessary for facilitating the recovery process from PTSD, especially for individuals with adverse prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Jieru Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China ,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Atipatsa C. Kaminga
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China ,Department of Mathematics, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China ,Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongzhuan Tan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiwei Lai
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China.
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137
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McKinnon MC, Boyd JE, Frewen PA, Lanius UF, Jetly R, Richardson JD, Lanius RA. A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions. Neuropsychologia 2016; 90:210-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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138
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Agorastos A, Linthorst ACE. Potential pleiotropic beneficial effects of adjuvant melatonergic treatment in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Pineal Res 2016; 61:3-26. [PMID: 27061919 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Loss of circadian rhythmicity fundamentally affects the neuroendocrine, immune, and autonomic system, similar to chronic stress and may play a central role in the development of stress-related disorders. Recent articles have focused on the role of sleep and circadian disruption in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suggesting that chronodisruption plays a causal role in PTSD development. Direct and indirect human and animal PTSD research suggests circadian system-linked neuroendocrine, immune, metabolic and autonomic dysregulation, linking circadian misalignment to PTSD pathophysiology. Recent experimental findings also support a specific role of the fundamental synchronizing pineal hormone melatonin in mechanisms of sleep, cognition and memory, metabolism, pain, neuroimmunomodulation, stress endocrinology and physiology, circadian gene expression, oxidative stress and epigenetics, all processes affected in PTSD. In the current paper, we review available literature underpinning a potentially beneficiary role of an add-on melatonergic treatment in PTSD pathophysiology and PTSD-related symptoms. The literature is presented as a narrative review, providing an overview on the most important and clinically relevant publications. We conclude that adjuvant melatonergic treatment could provide a potentially promising treatment strategy in the management of PTSD and especially PTSD-related syndromes and comorbidities. Rigorous preclinical and clinical studies are needed to validate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agorastos Agorastos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Astrid C E Linthorst
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Neurobiology of Stress and Behaviour Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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139
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Oh W, Muzik M, McGinnis EW, Hamilton L, Menke RA, Rosenblum KL. Comorbid trajectories of postpartum depression and PTSD among mothers with childhood trauma history: Course, predictors, processes and child adjustment. J Affect Disord 2016; 200:133-41. [PMID: 27131504 PMCID: PMC4887316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both postpartum depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been identified as unique risk factors for poor maternal psychopathology. Little is known, however, regarding the longitudinal processes of co-occurring depression and PTSD among mothers with childhood adversity. The present study addressed this research gap by examining co-occurring postpartum depression and PTSD trajectories among mothers with childhood trauma history. METHODS 177 mothers with childhood trauma history reported depression and PTSD symptoms at 4, 6, 12, 15 and 18 months postpartum, as well as individual (shame, posttraumatic cognitions, dissociation) and contextual (social support, childhood and postpartum trauma experiences) factors. RESULTS Growth mixture modeling (GMM) identified three comorbid change patterns: The Resilient group (64%) showed the lowest levels of depression and PTSD that remained stable over time; the Vulnerable group (23%) displayed moderately high levels of comorbid depression and PTSD; and the Chronic High-Risk group (14%) showed the highest level of comorbid depression and PTSD. Further, a path model revealed that postpartum dissociation, negative posttraumatic cognitions, shame, as well as social support, and childhood and postpartum trauma experiences differentiated membership in the Chronic High-Risk and Vulnerable. Finally, we found that children of mothers in the Vulnerable group were reported as having more externalizing and total problem behaviors. LIMITATIONS Generalizability is limited, given this is a sample of mothers with childhood trauma history and demographic risk. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the strong comorbidity of postpartum depression and PTSD among mothers with childhood trauma history, and also emphasize its aversive impact on the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjung Oh
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Texas Tech University
| | - Maria Muzik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
| | | | | | - Rena A. Menke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Katherine Lisa Rosenblum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Parlar M, Lee A, Haqqee Z, Rhooms L, Lanius RA, McKinnon MC. Parental bonding and neuropsychological performance are associated with episodic simulation of future events in trauma-exposed patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00474. [PMID: 27458541 PMCID: PMC4951616 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major depressive disorder (MDD) and trauma-related disorders are associated with deficits in remembering the past and imagining the future (i.e., episodic simulation). We examined parental bonding and neuropsychological performance in relation to episodic simulation in trauma-exposed patients with recurrent MDD. METHODS Trauma-exposed patients with MDD (n = 21) and matched controls (n = 20) completed a future-oriented Autobiographical Interview, the Parental Bonding Instrument, and a standardized neuropsychological battery. RESULTS Patients with major depressive disorder generated fewer episodic details for future neutral events compared to controls. Although higher reported levels of maternal care were associated with increased specificity of negative future events among the patient group, higher maternal overprotection was related to decreased specificity of negative and positive future events. Higher levels of performance on measures of intelligence, verbal memory, executive functioning, and sustained attention were associated with increased specificity of future events. CONCLUSIONS Maternal relations during childhood and neuropsychological performance are related to the specificity of episodic simulation in adult patients with MDD. Childhood experience continues to influence memory performance into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Parlar
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada; Mood Disorders Program St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Alex Lee
- Mood Disorders Program St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Zeeshan Haqqee
- Mood Disorders Program St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Latisha Rhooms
- Mood Disorders Program St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Ruth A Lanius
- Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Margaret C McKinnon
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada; Mood Disorders Program St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton Ontario Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada; Homewood Research Institute Guelph Ontario Canada
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141
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The Underlying Role of Negative Affect in the Association between PTSD, Major Depressive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-016-9555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Flory JD, Yehuda R. Comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: alternative explanations and treatment considerations. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 26246789 PMCID: PMC4518698 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2015.17.2/jflory] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Approximately half of people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also suffer from Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The current paper examines evidence for two explanations of this comorbidity. First, that the comorbidity reflects overlapping symptoms in the two disorders. Second, that the co-occurrence of PTSD and MDD is not an artifact, but represents a trauma-related phenotype, possibly a subtype of PTSD. Support for the latter explanation is inferred from literature that examines risk and biological correlates of PTSD and MDD, including molecular processes. Treatment implications of the comorbidity are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine D Flory
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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143
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Sunderland M, Carragher N, Chapman C, Mills K, Teesson M, Lockwood E, Forbes D, Slade T. The shared and specific relationships between exposure to potentially traumatic events and transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 38:102-9. [PMID: 26874292 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The experience of traumatic events has been linked to the development of psychopathology. Changing perspectives on psychopathology have resulted in the hypothesis that broad dimensional constructs account for the majority of variance across putatively distinct disorders. As such, traumatic events may be associated with several disorders due to their relationship with these broad dimensions rather than any direct disorder-specific relationship. The current study used data from 8871 Australians to test this hypothesis. Two broad dimensions accounted for the majority of relationships between traumatic events and mental and substance use disorders. Direct relationships remained between post-traumatic stress disorder and six categories of traumatic events in the total population and between drug dependence and accidents/disasters for males only. These results have strong implications for how psychopathology is conceptualized and offer some evidence that traumatic events are associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing psychopathology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Sunderland
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Natacha Carragher
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cath Chapman
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katherine Mills
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maree Teesson
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emma Lockwood
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Forbes
- Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tim Slade
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
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144
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Dretsch MN, Williams K, Emmerich T, Crynen G, Ait-Ghezala G, Chaytow H, Mathura V, Crawford FC, Iverson GL. Brain-derived neurotropic factor polymorphisms, traumatic stress, mild traumatic brain injury, and combat exposure contribute to postdeployment traumatic stress. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00392. [PMID: 27110438 PMCID: PMC4834940 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to experiencing traumatic events while deployed in a combat environment, there are other factors that contribute to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military service members. This study explored the contribution of genetics, childhood environment, prior trauma, psychological, cognitive, and deployment factors to the development of traumatic stress following deployment. METHODS Both pre- and postdeployment data on 231 of 458 soldiers were analyzed. Postdeployment assessments occurred within 30 days from returning stateside and included a battery of psychological health, medical history, and demographic questionnaires; neurocognitive tests; and blood serum for the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2), apolipoprotein E (APOE), and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) genes. RESULTS Soldiers who screened positive for traumatic stress at postdeployment had significantly higher scores in depression (d = 1.91), anxiety (d = 1.61), poor sleep quality (d = 0.92), postconcussion symptoms (d = 2.21), alcohol use (d = 0.63), traumatic life events (d = 0.42), and combat exposure (d = 0.91). BDNF Val66 Met genotype was significantly associated with risk for sustaining a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and screening positive for traumatic stress. Predeployment traumatic stress, greater combat exposure and sustaining an mTBI while deployed, and the BDNF Met/Met genotype accounted for 22% of the variance of postdeployment PTSD scores (R (2) = 0.22, P < 0.001). However, predeployment traumatic stress, alone, accounted for 17% of the postdeployment PTSD scores. CONCLUSION These findings suggest predeployment traumatic stress, genetic, and environmental factors have unique contributions to the development of combat-related traumatic stress in military service members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Dretsch
- U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory 6901 Farrel Road Fort Rucker Alabama 22206; National Intrepid Center of Excellence Walter Reed National Military Medical Center 4860 South Palmer Road Bethesda Maryland 20889; Human Dimension Division (HDD) Headquarters Army Training and Doctrine Command (HQ TRADOC) 950 Jefferson Ave Fort Eustis Virginia 23604
| | - Kathy Williams
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence Walter Reed National Military Medical Center 4860 South Palmer Road Bethesda Maryland 20889
| | - Tanja Emmerich
- Roskamp Institute 2040 Whitfield Ave Sarasota Florida 34243
| | - Gogce Crynen
- Roskamp Institute 2040 Whitfield Ave Sarasota Florida 34243
| | | | - Helena Chaytow
- Roskamp Institute 2040 Whitfield Ave Sarasota Florida 34243
| | - Venkat Mathura
- Roskamp Institute 2040 Whitfield Ave Sarasota Florida 34243
| | | | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Boston Massachusetts; Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program Boston Massachusetts; Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center Bethesda Maryland; Center for Health and Rehabilitation Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School 79/96 Thirteenth Street Charlestown Navy Yard Charlestown Massachusetts 02129
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145
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Parlar M, Frewen PA, Oremus C, Lanius RA, McKinnon MC. Dissociative symptoms are associated with reduced neuropsychological performance in patients with recurrent depression and a history of trauma exposure. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2016; 7:29061. [PMID: 26927902 PMCID: PMC4770862 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v7.29061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although preliminary work suggests that dissociative symptoms may impact neuropsychological performance in trauma-exposed populations, the relation between dissociation and cognitive performance has not been explored in patients with depression. OBJECTIVE The present study examined dissociative symptoms in relation to neuropsychological performance in participants with a primary diagnosis of recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) and a history of trauma exposure. METHOD Twenty-three participants with MDD and 20 healthy controls who did not differ in age, sex, education, or IQ were assessed. In addition to a standardized neuropsychological battery assessing frontotemporally mediated cognitive processes, participants completed clinical measures assessing dissociative symptoms, illness severity, and past history of trauma exposure. RESULTS Among participants with MDD, greater severity of derealization was associated with reduced performance on measures of delayed visuospatial recall and recognition on a task of verbal memory recognition. In addition, more severe depersonalization was associated with slower processing speed and a response style lending itself toward better performance in a less active environment. CONCLUSIONS These findings point toward dissociative symptoms as a transdiagnostic factor associated with neuropsychological dysfunction in patients with depression and a history of trauma. Limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Parlar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Mood Disorders Research Unit, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Paul A Frewen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Carolina Oremus
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Mood Disorders Research Unit, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ruth A Lanius
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Margaret C McKinnon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Mood Disorders Research Unit, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada.,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Canada;
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146
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Fragkaki I, Thomaes K, Sijbrandij M. Posttraumatic stress disorder under ongoing threat: a review of neurobiological and neuroendocrine findings. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2016; 7:30915. [PMID: 27511448 PMCID: PMC4980518 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v7.30915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous studies have investigated the neurobiology and neuroendocrinology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after single finished trauma, studies on PTSD under ongoing threat are scarce and it is still unclear whether these individuals present similar abnormalities. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to present the neurobiological and neuroendocrine findings on PTSD under ongoing threat. Ongoing threat considerably affects PTSD severity and treatment response and thus disentangling its neurobiological and neuroendocrine differences from PTSD after finished trauma could provide useful information for treatment. METHOD Eighteen studies that examined brain functioning and cortisol levels in relation to PTSD in individuals exposed to intimate partner violence, police officers, and fire fighters were included. RESULTS Hippocampal volume was decreased in PTSD under ongoing threat, although not consistently associated with symptom severity. The neuroimaging studies revealed that PTSD under ongoing threat was not characterized by reduced volume of amygdala or parahippocampal gyrus. The neurocircuitry model of PTSD after finished trauma with hyperactivation of amygdala and hypoactivation of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus was also confirmed in PTSD under ongoing threat. The neuroendocrine findings were inconsistent, revealing increased, decreased, or no association between cortisol levels and PTSD under ongoing threat. CONCLUSIONS Although PTSD under ongoing threat is characterized by abnormal neurocircuitry patterns similar to those previously found in PTSD after finished trauma, this is less so for other neurobiological and in particular neuroendocrine findings. Direct comparisons between samples with ongoing versus finished trauma are needed in future research to draw more solid conclusions before administering cortisol to patients with PTSD under ongoing threat who may already exhibit increased endogenous cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iro Fragkaki
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; ,
| | - Kathleen Thomaes
- VU University Medical Center, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit Sijbrandij
- Department of Clinical Psychology, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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147
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Verhoeven JE, van Oppen P, Puterman E, Elzinga B, Penninx BWJH. The Association of Early and Recent Psychosocial Life Stress With Leukocyte Telomere Length. Psychosom Med 2015; 77:882-91. [PMID: 26374947 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic exposure to psychosocial stressors is related to worse somatic health. This association applies both to stressors early in life, such as childhood adversities, and more recent life stress, such as stressful life events. This study examined whether accelerated telomere shortening, as an indicator of cellular aging, might be an explanatory mechanism. METHODS We examined whether childhood adversities and recent stressful life events were associated with shorter telomeres in 2936 participants (mean [standard deviation] age = 41.8 [13.1] years, 66% women, 57% current depression) of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Telomeres are specialized nucleic acid-protein complexes at the ends of linear DNA that shorten with age; telomere length (TL) was measured with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Childhood life events (β = .004, p = .805) and childhood trauma (β = -.023, p = .205) were not related to shorter TL. However, we found negative associations between recent stressful life events and TL. Persons had shorter telomeres if they reported more stressful life events in the past year (β = -.039, p = .028) and 1 to 5 years ago (β = -.042, p = .018, adjusted for sociodemographics). The relationship between stressful life events and TL became borderline significant when further adjusted for smoking status. No associations with TL were found when stressful life events occurred more than 6 years ago (p > .10). CONCLUSIONS Results show that recent stressful life events are associated with shorter TL. This association is not observed for psychosocial stressors that occur earlier in life. Whether these results are indicative of physiological resiliency remains to be explored by future longitudinal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josine E Verhoeven
- From the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research (Verhoeven, Oppen, Penninx), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry (Puterman), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and Institute of Psychology (Elzinga), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, Netherlands
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148
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Spinhoven P, Penninx BW, Krempeniou A, van Hemert AM, Elzinga B. Trait rumination predicts onset of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder through trauma-related cognitive appraisals: A 4-year longitudinal study. Behav Res Ther 2015; 71:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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149
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Karabatsiakis A, Hamuni G, Wilker S, Kolassa S, Renu D, Kadereit S, Schauer M, Hennessy T, Kolassa IT. Metabolite profiling in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Mol Psychiatry 2015; 3:2. [PMID: 25848535 PMCID: PMC4367823 DOI: 10.1186/s40303-015-0007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic stress does not only increase the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but is also associated with adverse secondary physical health outcomes. Despite increasing efforts, we only begin to understand the underlying biomolecular processes. The hypothesis-free assessment of a wide range of metabolites (termed metabolite profiling) might contribute to the discovery of biological pathways underlying PTSD. METHODS Here, we present the results of the first metabolite profiling study in PTSD, which investigated peripheral blood serum samples of 20 PTSD patients and 18 controls. We performed liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to Quadrupole/Time-Of-Flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry. Two complementary statistical approaches were used to identify metabolites associated with PTSD status including univariate analyses and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). RESULTS Thirteen metabolites displayed significant changes in PTSD, including four glycerophospholipids, and one metabolite involved in endocannabinoid signaling. A biomarker panel of 19 metabolites classifies PTSD with 85% accuracy, while classification accuracy from the glycerophospholipid with the highest differentiating ability already reached 82%. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates the feasibility and utility of metabolite profiling for PTSD and suggests lipid-derived and endocannabinoid signaling as potential biological pathways involved in trauma-associated pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Karabatsiakis
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gilava Hamuni
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Wilker
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Suzanne Kadereit
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Maggie Schauer
- Clinical Psychology & Neuropsychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Iris-Tatjana Kolassa
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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150
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Shansky RM. Sex differences in PTSD resilience and susceptibility: Challenges for animal models of fear learning. Neurobiol Stress 2015; 1:60-65. [PMID: 25729759 PMCID: PMC4340080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PTSD occurs in only a small fraction of trauma-exposed individuals, but risk is twice as high in women as in men. The neurobiological basis for this discrepancy is not known, but the identification of biological determinants of resilience and susceptibility in each sex could lead to more targeted preventions and treatments. Animal models are a useful tool for dissecting the circuits and mechanisms that underlie the brain's response to stress, but the vast majority of this work has been developed and conducted in males. The limited work that does incorporate female animals is often inconsistent across labs and does not broadly reflect human populations in terms of female susceptibility to PTSD-like behaviors. In this review, we suggest that interpreting male vs. female comparisons in these models be approached carefully, since common behavioral outcome measures may in fact reflect distinct neural processes. Moreover, since the factors that determine resilience and susceptibility are likely at least in part distinct in men and women, models that take a within-sex approach to response variability may be more useful in identifying critical mechanisms for manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Shansky
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, 125 NI, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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