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Effect of Heartfulness cleaning and meditation on heart rate variability. Indian Heart J 2018; 70 Suppl 3:S50-S55. [PMID: 30595318 PMCID: PMC6309138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meditation has been a key component of eastern spiritual practices. Heartfulness meditation is a unique heart based system with key practices like cleaning and meditation aided by yogic transmission. Objective To study the effects of Heartfulness cleaning and meditation (guided by Heartfulness trainer) on heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Methods A total of 30 participants (21 males, 9 females; age range 19–70 years, M = 45.1 years and SD = 12.7 years) participated in the study. HRV, BP and HR were studied before, during and after the three stages of rest, cleaning and meditation. Results There was significant effect of cleaning and meditation on normalized unit of power in low-frequency band (LFnu) for the three conditions [F (2, 87) = 9.98, p < 0.01] with mean values for baseline being 70.82 ± 14.55, cleaning being 55.62 ± 15.06 and meditation being 55.17 ± 16.63. There was also a significant effect of cleaning and meditation on normalized unit of power in high-frequency band (HFnu) [F (2, 87) = 7.31, p < 0.01] with mean values for baseline being 30.86 ± 16.51, cleaning being 44.37 ± 15.06 and meditation being 44.83 ± 16.63. Significant effect of cleaning and meditation was also seen for LF/HF [F (2, 87) = 4.98, p < 0.01] with mean values for baseline being 3.45 ± 3.40, cleaning being 1.63 ± 1.30 and meditation being 1.82 ± 2.19. Conclusion Heartfulness cleaning and meditation had a positive effect on sympathovagal balance.
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Goldstein L, Nidich SI, Goodman R, Goodman D. The effect of transcendental meditation on self-efficacy, perceived stress, and quality of life in mothers in Uganda. Health Care Women Int 2018; 39:734-754. [DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2018.1445254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leslee Goldstein
- Center for Social Emotional Health and Consciousness, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa, USA
| | - Sanford I. Nidich
- Center for Social Emotional Health and Consciousness, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa, USA
| | - Rachel Goodman
- Department of Management, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa, USA
| | - David Goodman
- Department of Management, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa, USA
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103
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Gryczynski J, Schwartz RP, Fishman MJ, Nordeck CD, Grant J, Nidich S, Rothenberg S, O'Grady KE. Integration of Transcendental Meditation® (TM) into alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2018; 87:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Mahone MC, Travis F, Gevirtz R, Hubbard D. fMRI during Transcendental Meditation practice. Brain Cogn 2018; 123:30-33. [PMID: 29505943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study used a within group design to investigate blood flow patterns (fMRI) in 16 long-term practitioners of Transcendental Meditation (mean practice: 34.3 years with each having over 36,000 h of meditation practice). During Transcendental Meditation practice, blood flow patterns were significantly higher in executive and attention areas (anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices) and significantly lower in arousal areas (pons and cerebellum). This pattern supports the understanding that Transcendental Meditation practice requires minimal effort. During Transcendental Meditation, the attentional system was active (heightened blood flow in anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices) in an automatic manner-decreased blood flow in the pons and cerebellum. This pattern of heightened blood flow in attentional areas and decreased blood flow in arousal areas has not been reported during other meditation practices. Future research should investigate blood flow patterns in different meditation practices in the same study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Mahone
- California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 91932, USA
| | - Fred Travis
- Center for Brain, Consciousness and Cognition, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, IA, USA.
| | - Richard Gevirtz
- California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 91932, USA
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105
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Wang YK, Jung TP, Lin CT. Theta and Alpha Oscillations in Attentional Interaction during Distracted Driving. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:3. [PMID: 29479310 PMCID: PMC5811509 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing multiple tasks simultaneously usually affects the behavioral performance as compared with executing the single task. Moreover, processing multiple tasks simultaneously often involve more cognitive demands. Two visual tasks, lane-keeping task and mental calculation, were utilized to assess the brain dynamics through 32-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded from 14 participants. A 400-ms stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) factor was used to induce distinct levels of attentional requirements. In the dual-task conditions, the deteriorated behavior reflected the divided attention and the overlapping brain resources used. The frontal, parietal and occipital components were decomposed by independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm. The event- and response-related theta and alpha oscillations in selected brain regions were investigated first. The increased theta oscillation in frontal component and decreased alpha oscillations in parietal and occipital components reflect the cognitive demands and attentional requirements as executing the designed tasks. Furthermore, time-varying interactive over-additive (O-Add), additive (Add) and under-additive (U-Add) activations were explored and summarized through the comparison between the summation of the elicited spectral perturbations in two single-task conditions and the spectral perturbations in the dual task. Add and U-Add activations were observed while executing the dual tasks. U-Add theta and alpha activations dominated the posterior region in dual-task situations. Our results show that both deteriorated behaviors and interactive brain activations should be comprehensively considered for evaluating workload or attentional interaction precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Wang
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tzyy-Ping Jung
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Chin-Teng Lin
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Gundel F, von Spee J, Schneider S, Haeussinger FB, Hautzinger M, Erb M, Fallgatter AJ, Ehlis AC. Meditation and the brain - Neuronal correlates of mindfulness as assessed with near-infrared spectroscopy. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 271:24-33. [PMID: 28689600 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness meditation as a therapeutic intervention has been shown to have positive effects on psychological problems such as depression, pain or anxiety disorders. In this study, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to detect differences in hemodynamic responses of meditation experts (14 participants) and a control group (16 participants) in a resting and a mindfulness condition. In both conditions, the sound of a meditation bowl was used to find group differences in the auditory system and adjacent cortical areas. Different lateralization patterns of the brain were found in expert meditators while being in a resting state (amplified left hemisphere) or being in mindfulness state (amplified right hemisphere). Compared to the control group, meditation experts had a more widespread pattern of activation in the auditory cortex, while resting. In the mindfulness condition, the control group showed a decrease of activation in higher auditory areas (BA 1, 6 and 40), whereas the meditation experts had a significant increase in those areas. In addition, meditation expert had highly activated brain areas (BA 39, 40, 44 and 45) beyond the meditative task itself, indicating possible long-term changes in the brain and their positive effects on empathy, meta cognitive skills and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Gundel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Johanna von Spee
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian B Haeussinger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hautzinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen, Schleichstr. 4, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Erb
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Gartenstraße 29, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Gartenstraße 29, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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Wahbeh H, Sagher A, Back W, Pundhir P, Travis F. A Systematic Review of Transcendent States Across Meditation and Contemplative Traditions. Explore (NY) 2018; 14:19-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Pascoe MC, Thompson DR, Jenkins ZM, Ski CF. Mindfulness mediates the physiological markers of stress: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 95:156-178. [PMID: 28863392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Meditation is a popular form of stress management, argued to mediate stress reactivity. However, many studies in this field commonly fail to include an active control group. Given the frequency with which people are selecting meditation as a form of self-management, it is important to validate if the practice is effective in mediating stress-reactivity using well-controlled studies. Thus, we aimed to conduct a meta-analysis investigating the neurobiological effects of meditation, including focused attention, open monitoring and automatic self-transcending subtypes, compared to an active control, on markers of stress. In the current meta-analysis and systematic review, we included randomised controlled trials comparing meditation interventions compared to an active control on physiological markers of stress. Studied outcomes include cortisol, blood pressure, heart-rate, lipids and peripheral cytokine expression. Forty-five studies were included. All meditation subtypes reduced systolic blood pressure. Focused attention meditations also reduced cortisol and open monitoring meditations also reduced heart rate. When all meditation forms were analysed together, meditation reduced cortisol, C - reactive protein, blood pressure, heart rate, triglycerides and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Overall, meditation practice leads to decreased physiological markers of stress in a range of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C Pascoe
- Department of Cancer Experiences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - David R Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Zoe M Jenkins
- Mental Health Service, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia.
| | - Chantal F Ski
- Mental Health Service, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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109
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Ganesh S, Timm D, Moon KS, Lee SQ, Youm W. Active brainwave pattern generation for brain-to-machine communication. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:990-993. [PMID: 29060040 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8036992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Over the years of research, Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal study has grown to give promising outcomes. A lot of research has been done on implementing brain-computer-interfaces, and the brain-computer interface (BCI) algorithm as well as the study of the effects of different stimuli on brain signals. This paper intends to make progress toward that goal by developing a responsive real-time EEG-based brain-to-machine communication system by generating distinct EEG signals at will and identification of the explicit pattern that they reflect for the presented self-induced internal visual and auditory stimuli. The brain-to-machine communication system delivers the real-time capture, analysis, and visualization of the brain signal patterns that can be used for smart medical applications such as rehabilitation robotic control, smart wheelchair, etc.
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110
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Cramer H, Sibbritt D, Park CL, Adams J, Lauche R. Is the practice of yoga or meditation associated with a healthy lifestyle? Results of a national cross-sectional survey of 28,695 Australian women. J Psychosom Res 2017; 101:104-109. [PMID: 28867414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between yoga/meditation practice and health behavior in Australian women. METHODS Women aged 19-25years, 31-36years, and 62-67years from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH) were surveyed regarding smoking, alcohol or drug use, physical activity and dietary behavior; and whether they practiced yoga/meditation on a regular basis. Associations of health behaviors with yoga/meditation practice were analyzed using multiple logistic regression modelling. RESULTS 11,344, 8200, and 9151 women aged 19-25years, 31-36years, and 62-67years, respectively, were included of which 29.0%, 21.7%, and 20.7%, respectively, practiced yoga/meditation. Women practicing yoga/meditation were significantly more likely to report at least moderate physical activity levels (OR=1.50-2.79), to follow a vegetarian (OR=1.67-3.22) or vegan (OR=2.26-3.68) diet, and to report the use of marijuana (OR=1.28-1.89) and illicit drugs in the last 12 months (OR=1.23-1.98). CONCLUSIONS Yoga/meditation practice was associated with higher physical activity levels, a higher likelihood of vegetarian or vegan diet use, and a higher likelihood of drug use. While health professionals should keep the potential vulnerability of yoga/meditation practitioners to drug use in mind, the positive associations of yoga/meditation with a variety of positive health behaviors warrant its consideration in preventive medicine and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Cramer
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - David Sibbritt
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Crystal L Park
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jon Adams
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Romy Lauche
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Purpose
This paper presents a philosophical and practical discussion of the role of development of consciousness for realization of a learning organization. Consciousness is the capacity to know, the capacity to learn. As the knower is, so is the knowledge. Development of consciousness can lead to more profound and holistic learning and enable organizations to flourish.
Design/methodology/approach
Models of the potential range of consciousness development from Western and Eastern psychology are discussed. Research regarding the Transcendental Meditation technique and its effects on mental development, brain functioning and managerial performance is reviewed.
Findings
The Transcendental Meditation technique leads to improved performance on multiple measures of intelligence, brain integration and exceptional levels of psychological maturity. Results of this technique in business settings have included growth of leadership behaviors, big-picture awareness, enhanced team problem-solving and high levels of trust.
Practical implications
This paper discusses a research-based approach for enhancing learning capabilities – seeing systems, collaborating across boundaries and creating desired futures – through the development of consciousness.
Originality/value
Learning in organizational studies has generally been explored in terms of concepts from Western behavioral sciences. This paper brings out a philosophical perspective as well as practical technologies, which links Western and Eastern concepts regarding consciousness and learning.
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112
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Burke A, Lam CN, Stussman B, Yang H. Prevalence and patterns of use of mantra, mindfulness and spiritual meditation among adults in the United States. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:316. [PMID: 28619092 PMCID: PMC5472955 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a growing body of scientific literature exploring the nature of meditation there is limited information on the characteristics of individuals who use it. This is particularly true of comparative studies examining prevalence and predictors of use of various forms of meditation. METHODS A secondary analysis was conducted using data from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey (n = 34,525). Three popular forms of meditation were compared-mantra, mindfulness, and spiritual-to determine lifetime and 12-month use related to key sociodemographic, health behavior, health status, and healthcare access variables. RESULTS The 12-month prevalence for meditation practice was 3.1% for spiritual meditation, 1.9% for mindfulness meditation, and 1.6% for mantra meditation. This represents approximately 7.0, 4.3, and 3.6 million adults respectively. A comparison across the three meditation practices found many similarities in user characteristics, suggesting interest in meditation may be more related to the type of person meditating than to the type of practice selected. Across meditation styles use was more prevalent among respondents who were female, non-Hispanic White, college educated, physically active; who used other complementary health practices; and who reported depression. Higher utilization of conventional healthcare services was one of the strongest predictors of use of all three styles. In addition to similarities, important distinctions were observed. For example, spiritual meditation practice was more prevalent among former drinkers. This may reflect use of spiritual meditation practices in support of alcohol treatment and sobriety. Reasons for use of meditation were examined using the sample of respondents who practiced mindfulness meditation. Wellness and prevention (74%) was a more common reason than use to treat a specific health condition (30%). Common reasons for use included stress management (92%) and emotional well-being (91%), and to support other health behaviors. Meditation was viewed positively because it was self-care oriented (81%) and focused on the whole person (79%). CONCLUSION Meditation appears to provide an accessible, self-care resource that has potential value for mental health, behavioral self-regulation, and integrative medical care. Considering consumer preference for distinct types of meditation practices, understanding the underlying mechanisms, benefits, and applications of practice variations is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Burke
- Institute for Holistic Health Studies, Department of Health Education/HSS327, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94132 USA
| | - Chun Nok Lam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Health Behavior Research Program, University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Barbara Stussman
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health, 6707 Democracy Boulevard/Suite 401, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Computer Science, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94132 USA
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113
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Cikajlo I, Cizman Staba U, Vrhovac S, Larkin F, Roddy M. A Cloud-Based Virtual Reality App for a Novel Telemindfulness Service: Rationale, Design and Feasibility Evaluation. JMIR Res Protoc 2017; 6:e108. [PMID: 28583904 PMCID: PMC5476869 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.6849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, there has been a marked increase in stress and anxiety, also among patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Access to psychology services is limited, with some estimates suggesting that over 50% of sufferers are not accessing the existing services available to them for reasons such as inconvenience, embarrassment, or stigmatization concerns around mental health. Health service providers have increasingly been turning to drug-free therapies, such as mindfulness programs, as complementary treatments. Objective Virtual reality (VR) as a new delivery method for meditation-based stress and anxiety reduction therapy offers configurable environments and privacy protection. Our objective was to design a serious learning-meditation environment and to test the feasibility of the developed telemindfulness approach based on cloud technologies. Methods We developed a cloud-based system, which consisted of a Web interface for the mindfulness instructor and remote clients, who had 3D VR headsets. The mindfulness instructor could communicate over the Web interface with the participants using the headset. Additionally, the Web app enabled group sessions in virtual rooms, 360-degree videos, and real interactions or standalone meditation. The mindfulness program was designed as an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction course specifically for the developed virtual environments. The program was tested with four employees and four patients with TBI. The effects were measured with psychometric tests, the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Patients also carried out the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). An additional objective evaluation has also been carried out by tracking head motion. Additionally, the power spectrum analyses of similar tasks between sessions were tested. Results The patients achieved a higher level of life satisfaction during the study (SWLS: mean 23.0, SD 1.8 vs mean 18.3, SD 3.9) and a slight increase of the MAAS score (mean 3.4, SD 0.6 vs mean 3.3, SD 0.4). Particular insight into the MAAS items revealed that one patient had a lower MAAS score (mean 2.3). Employees showed high MAAS scores (mean 4.3, SD 0.7) and although their SWLS dropped to mean 26, their SWLS was still high (mean 27.3, SD 2.8). The power spectrum showed that the employees had a considerable reduction in high-frequency movements less than 0.34 Hz, particularly with the 360-degree video. As expected, the patients demonstrated a gradual decrease of high-frequency movements while sitting during the mindfulness practices in the virtual environment. Conclusions With such a small sample size, it is too early to make any specific conclusions, but the presented results may accelerate the use of innovative technologies and challenge new ideas in research and development in the field of mindfulness/telemindfulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Cikajlo
- University Rehabilitation Institute, Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ursa Cizman Staba
- University Rehabilitation Institute, Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Suzana Vrhovac
- University Rehabilitation Institute, Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Frances Larkin
- Mind Myths Ltd, Office 9: Sligo Enterprise & Technology Centre, Strandhill, Co Sligo, Ireland
| | - Mark Roddy
- Mind Myths Ltd, Office 9: Sligo Enterprise & Technology Centre, Strandhill, Co Sligo, Ireland
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Colzato LS, Kibele A. How Different Types of Meditation Can Enhance Athletic Performance Depending on the Specific Sport Skills. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-017-0018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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115
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Jadhav N, Manthalkar R, Joshi Y. Effect of meditation on emotional response: An EEG-based study. Biomed Signal Process Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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116
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Lee YH, Hsieh YJ, Shiah YJ, Lin YH, Chen CY, Tyan YC, GengQiu J, Hsu CY, Chen SCJ. A cross-sectional evaluation of meditation experience on electroencephalography data by artificial neural network and support vector machine classifiers. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6612. [PMID: 28422856 PMCID: PMC5406072 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To quantitate the meditation experience is a subjective and complex issue because it is confounded by many factors such as emotional state, method of meditation, and personal physical condition. In this study, we propose a strategy with a cross-sectional analysis to evaluate the meditation experience with 2 artificial intelligence techniques: artificial neural network and support vector machine. Within this analysis system, 3 features of the electroencephalography alpha spectrum and variant normalizing scaling are manipulated as the evaluating variables for the detection of accuracy. Thereafter, by modulating the sliding window (the period of the analyzed data) and shifting interval of the window (the time interval to shift the analyzed data), the effect of immediate analysis for the 2 methods is compared. This analysis system is performed on 3 meditation groups, categorizing their meditation experiences in 10-year intervals from novice to junior and to senior. After an exhausted calculation and cross-validation across all variables, the high accuracy rate >98% is achievable under the criterion of 0.5-minute sliding window and 2 seconds shifting interval for both methods. In a word, the minimum analyzable data length is 0.5 minute and the minimum recognizable temporal resolution is 2 seconds in the decision of meditative classification. Our proposed classifier of the meditation experience promotes a rapid evaluation system to distinguish meditation experience and a beneficial utilization of artificial techniques for the big-data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Ya-Ju Hsieh
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Yung-Jong Shiah
- Graduate Institute of Counseling Psychology and Rehabilitation Counseling, National Kaohsiung Normal University
| | - Yu-Huei Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Chiao-Yun Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chung-Yao Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sharon Chia-Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Travis F, Parim N, Shrivastava A. Higher theta and alpha1 coherence when listening to Vedic recitation compared to coherence during Transcendental Meditation practice. Conscious Cogn 2017; 49:157-162. [PMID: 28214765 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study compared subjective experiences and EEG patterns in 37 subjects when listening to live Vedic recitation and when practicing Transcendental Meditation (TM). Content analysis of experiences when listening to Vedic recitation yielded three higher-order code. Experiences during Vedic recitation were: (1) deeper than during TM practice; (2) experienced as an inner process; and (3) characterized by lively silence. EEG patterns support these higher-order codes. Theta2 and alpha1 frontal, parietal, and frontal-parietal coherence were significantly higher when listening to Vedic recitation, than during TM practice. Theta2 coherence is seen when attending to internal mental processes. Higher theta2 coherence supports subjects' descriptions that the Vedic recitations were "not external sounds but internal vibrations." Alpha1 coherence is reported during pure consciousness experiences during TM practice. Higher alpha1 coherence supports subjects' descriptions that they "experienced a depth of experience, rarely experienced even during deep TM practice." These data support the utility of listening to Vedic recitation to culture deep inner experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Travis
- Center for Brain, Consciousness and Cognition, Maharishi University of Management, 1000 North 4th Street, Fairfield, IA 52557, United States.
| | - Niyazi Parim
- Center for Brain, Consciousness and Cognition, Maharishi University of Management, 1000 North 4th Street, Fairfield, IA 52557, United States
| | - Amrita Shrivastava
- Center for Brain, Consciousness and Cognition, Maharishi University of Management, 1000 North 4th Street, Fairfield, IA 52557, United States
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118
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The embodied mind: A review on functional genomic and neurological correlates of mind-body therapies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 73:165-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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119
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Travis F, Parim N. Default mode network activation and Transcendental Meditation practice: Focused Attention or Automatic Self-transcending? Brain Cogn 2017; 111:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nidich S, Seng A, Compton B, O'connor T, Salerno JW, Nidich R. Transcendental Meditation and Reduced Trauma Symptoms in Female Inmates: A Randomized Controlled Study. Perm J 2017; 21:16-008. [PMID: 28333611 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/16-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Compared with the general population, trauma experiences are higher among incarcerated women. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of Transcendental Meditation (TM) on trauma symptoms in female offenders. DESIGN Twenty-two inmates at the Coffee Creek Correctional Facility in Wilsonville, OR, with at least 4 months left of incarceration were enrolled in this randomized controlled pilot study. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the TM group (n = 11) or a wait-list control group (n = 11). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Subjects were measured at baseline and 4-month posttest using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian version (PCL-C; primary outcome) with intrusive thoughts, avoidance, and hyperarousal subscales (secondary outcomes). Twenty of the subjects (10 in each group) took part in their treatment assignment and completed posttesting. RESULTS Significant reductions were found on total trauma (p < 0.036), intrusive thoughts (p < 0.026), and hyperarousal (p < 0.043) on the PCL-C. Effect sizes ranged from 0.65 to 0.99 for all variables. Eighty-one percent of the TM subjects were compliant with their program. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate feasibility of the TM program in a female prison population and suggest that TM may be an effective tool for decreasing trauma symptoms. Future large-scale research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanford Nidich
- Professor and Director of the Center for Social and Emotional Health at Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, IA.
| | - Angela Seng
- Affiliated Research Associate at the Center for Social and Emotional Health at Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, IA.
| | - Blaze Compton
- Affiliated Research Associate at the Center for Social and Emotional Health at Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, IA.
| | - Tom O'connor
- Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at Western Oregon University in Monmouth.
| | - John W Salerno
- Assistant Director of the Center for Natural Medicine and Prevention at Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, IA.
| | - Randi Nidich
- Senior Researcher at the Center for Social and Emotional Health at Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, IA.
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Lo PC, Tian WJM, Liu FL. Macrostate and Microstate of EEG Spatio-Temporal Nonlinear Dynamics in Zen Meditation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2017.713046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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122
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Lo PC, Miao Tian WJ. NEUROCARDIAC-CARDIORESPIRATORY INTERACTION OF HEART-BRAIN MAILUNS SYNCHRONY AT DEEP ZEN MEDITATION. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: APPLICATIONS, BASIS AND COMMUNICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.4015/s1016237216500393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Innovatively new behaviors of heart rate variability caused by special heart-transition process were observed in the long-term, well-experienced Zen practitioners while practicing the heart-to-heart imprint sealing (HHIS) Zen meditation. HHIS Zen practice involves specific neurocardiac-cardiorespiratory interaction while on the way of realizing the heart-dominant, detached brain. Results of analyzing the electrocardiogram and respiratory signals of 10 experienced practitioners reveal several distinctive characteristics: (1) remarkably linear correlation between standard deviation of the normal R-to-R intervals, SDNN, and total power in very-low-frequency (VLF, 0.0033–0.04[Formula: see text]Hz) band of power spectrum of the heart-rate sequence, (2) time-varying VLF power dominating over the low-frequency and high-frequency power in heart rate variability (HRV) variations, (3) intermittent transition into slowly, deeply abdominal respiration inducing a boost of heart rates, (4) heart-rate baseline slowly fluctuating at 0.005–0.0067[Formula: see text]Hz, about 1.5–2 cycles in 5-min period, and (5) remarkable respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) synchrony between heart rate and respiration rhythm. This paper proposes a rational scientific hypothesis for the neurocardiac-cardiorespiratory mechanism. The unique scheme of HHIS Zen meditation involves the spiritual-qi concentration and refinement for pinpointing into the particular energy centers, mailuns. Ignition by a subtle, deepest abdominal respiration, electrical impulses rapidly transmit from solar plexus to branchial plexuses to activate unique heart-transition process. Simultaneously, another branch streams upward the spinal cord to cervical plexus and brainstem that effectively harmonizes neurocardiac interactions. To investigate the underlying behaviors, time-domain and frequency-domain HRV based on continuous wavelet transform were employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chen Lo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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123
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Dorjee D. Defining Contemplative Science: The Metacognitive Self-Regulatory Capacity of the Mind, Context of Meditation Practice and Modes of Existential Awareness. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1788. [PMID: 27909417 PMCID: PMC5112249 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The term 'contemplative' is now frequently used in the fast growing field of meditation research. Yet, there is no consensus regarding the definition of contemplative science. Meditation studies commonly imply that contemplative practices such as mindfulness or compassion are the subject of contemplative science. Such approach, arguably, contributes to terminological confusions in the field, is not conducive to the development of an overarching theory in contemplative science, and overshadows its unique methodological features. This paper outlines an alternative approach to defining contemplative science which aims to focus the research on the core capacities, processes and states of the mind modified by contemplative practices. It is proposed that contemplative science is an interdisciplinary study of the metacognitive self-regulatory capacity (MSRC) of the mind and associated modes of existential awareness (MEA) modulated by motivational/intentional and contextual factors of contemplative practices. The MSRC is a natural propensity of the mind which enables introspective awareness of mental processes and behavior, and is a necessary pre-requisite for effective self-regulation supporting well-being. Depending on the motivational/intentional and contextual factors of meditation practice, changes in the metacognitive self-regulatory processes enable shifts in MEA which determine our sense of self and reality. It is hypothesized that changes in conceptual processing are essential mediators between the MSRC, motivational/intentional factors, context of meditation practice, and the modulations in MEA. Meditation training fosters and fine-tunes the MSRC of the mind and supports development of motivational/intentional factors with the ultimate aim of facilitating increasingly advanced MEA. Implications of the proposed framework for definitions of mindfulness and for future systematic research across contemplative traditions and practices are discussed. It is suggested that the proposed definition of contemplative science may reduce terminological challenges in the field and make it more inclusive of varied contemplative practices. Importantly, this approach may encourage development of a more comprehensive contemplative science theory recognizing the essential importance of first- and second-person methods to its inquiry, thus uniquely contributing to our understanding of the mind.
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124
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Attentional orienting and executive control are affected by different types of meditation practice. Conscious Cogn 2016; 46:110-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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125
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Henz D, Schöllhorn WI. Differential Training Facilitates Early Consolidation in Motor Learning. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:199. [PMID: 27818627 PMCID: PMC5073148 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research demonstrates increased learning rates in differential learning (DL) compared to repetitive training. To date, little is known on the underlying neurophysiological processes in DL that contribute to superior performance over repetitive practice. In the present study, we measured electroencephalographic (EEG) brain activation patterns after DL and repetitive badminton serve training. Twenty-four semi-professional badminton players performed badminton serves in a DL and repetitive training schedule in a within-subjects design. EEG activity was recorded from 19 electrodes according to the 10–20 system before and immediately after each 20-min exercise. Increased theta activity was obtained in contralateral parieto-occipital regions after DL. Further, increased posterior alpha activity was obtained in DL compared to repetitive training. Results indicate different underlying neuronal processes in DL and repetitive training with a higher involvement of parieto-occipital areas in DL. We argue that DL facilitates early consolidation in motor learning indicated by post-training increases in theta and alpha activity. Further, brain activation patterns indicate somatosensory working memory processes where attentional resources are allocated in processing of somatosensory information in DL. Reinforcing a somatosensory memory trace might explain increased motor learning rates in DL. Finally, this memory trace is more stable against interference from internal and external disturbances that afford executively controlled processing such as attentional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Henz
- Institute of Sport Science, Training and Movement Science, University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang I Schöllhorn
- Institute of Sport Science, Training and Movement Science, University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
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126
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Nidich S, O'connor T, Rutledge T, Duncan J, Compton B, Seng A, Nidich R. Reduced Trauma Symptoms and Perceived Stress in Male Prison Inmates through the Transcendental Meditation Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Perm J 2016; 20:16-007. [PMID: 27723444 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/16-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Trauma events are four times more prevalent in inmates than in the general public and are associated with increased recidivism and other mental and physical health issues. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of Transcendental Meditation (TM) on trauma symptoms in male inmates. DESIGN One hundred eighty-one inmates with a moderate- to high-risk criminal profile were randomly assigned to either the TM program or to a usual care control group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The Trauma Symptom Checklist and the Perceived Stress Scale were administered at baseline and four-month posttest. RESULTS Significant reductions in total trauma symptoms, anxiety, depression, dissociation, and sleep disturbance subscales, and perceived stress in the TM group were found compared with controls (all p values < 0.001). The high-trauma subgroup analysis further showed a higher magnitude of effects in the TM group compared with controls on all outcomes, with Cohen effect sizes ranging from 0.67 to 0.89. CONCLUSION Results are consistent with those of prior studies of the TM program in other populations and its effects on trauma symptoms and perceived stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanford Nidich
- Professor and the Director of the Center for Social and Emotional Health at Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, IA.
| | - Tom O'connor
- Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at Western Oregon University in Monmouth.
| | - Thomas Rutledge
- Staff Psychologist at Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System in La Jolla, CA.
| | - Jeff Duncan
- Research Analyst for the Oregon Department of Corrections in Salem.
| | - Blaze Compton
- Affiliated Research Associate at the Center for Social and Emotional Health at Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, IA.
| | - Angela Seng
- Affiliated Research Associate at the Center for Social and Emotional Health at Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, IA.
| | - Randi Nidich
- Senior Researcher at the Center for Social and Emotional Health at Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, IA.
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127
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Bob P, Laker M. Traumatic stress, neural self and the spiritual mind. Conscious Cogn 2016; 46:7-14. [PMID: 27677049 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to recent findings stressful experiences may influence various physiological disturbances and also neuroanatomical changes and some studies also show that psychotherapy and meditation may influence brain functions. Traumatic stress is frequently related to a dissociative response that disintegrates conscious experience. In this context, self-reflection is an essential principle in the process of posttraumatic growth related to spiritual experiences and meditation states that enable mental integration and create the novel integrated self. According to recent findings there is no widely accepted evidence about specific neural mechanisms of processes related to mental integration linked to the spiritual experiences and meditation. Nevertheless there is growing evidence that these integrative experiences are related to various alterations in the brain's physiology and morphology. These findings provide a new paradigm for understanding of mental disorders and emphasize the fundamental role of mental integration and integrated self in the therapy of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Bob
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Matthew Laker
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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128
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Doufesh H, Ibrahim F, Safari M. Effects of Muslims praying (Salat) on EEG gamma activity. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2016; 24:6-10. [PMID: 27502795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the difference of mean gamma EEG power between actual and mimic Salat practices in twenty healthy Muslim subjects. In the actual Salat practice, the participants were asked to recite and performing the physical steps in all four stages of Salat; whereas in the mimic Salat practice, they were instructed to perform only the physical steps without recitation. The gamma power during actual Salat was statistically higher than during mimic Salat in the frontal and parietal regions in all stages. In the actual Salat practice, the left hemisphere exhibited significantly higher mean gamma power in all cerebral regions and all stages, except the central-parietal region in the sitting position, and the frontal area in the bowing position. Increased gamma power during Salat, possibly related to an increase in cognitive and attentional processing, supports the concept of Salat as a focus attention meditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Doufesh
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Quds University, 20002, Jerusalem, Palestine.
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Safari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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129
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Bob P, Pec O, Mishara AL, Touskova T, Lysaker PH. Conscious brain, metacognition and schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 105:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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130
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Mehta UM, Keshavan MS, Gangadhar BN. Bridging the schism of schizophrenia through yoga-Review of putative mechanisms. Int Rev Psychiatry 2016; 28:254-64. [PMID: 27187680 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2016.1176905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients experience a 'disconnect' at multiple levels-neuronal networks, mental processes, and interpersonal relationships. The resultant poor quality-of-life and functional disability are related to the persistent cognitive deficits and negative symptoms, which are rather resistant to conventional antipsychotic medications. Yoga has emerged as an important therapeutic intervention to improve quality-of-life in schizophrenia. Recent preliminary evidence suggests that effects of yoga on cognitive and negative symptoms may drive this benefit. This study attempts to integrate evidence from neuroscience-based research, which focuses on the neuroplasticity-harnessing effects of yoga to bridge the schizophrenia connectopathy. In an overarching model to study putative neurobiological mechanisms that drive therapeutic effects of yoga, it is proposed that (a) various styles of meditation may help in strengthening the lateral and medial prefrontal brain networks, thus improving neurocognition and mentalizing abilities, and (b) learning and performing co-ordinated physical postures with a teacher facilitates imitation and the process of being imitated, which can improve social cognition and empathy through reinforcement of the premotor and parietal mirror neuron system. Oxytocin may play a role in mediating these processes, leading to better social connectedness and social outcomes. Clinical and heuristic implications of this model are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvakhsh Meherwan Mehta
- a Department of Psychiatry , National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bengaluru , India
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- b Department of Psychiatry , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Bangalore N Gangadhar
- a Department of Psychiatry , National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bengaluru , India
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131
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Abstract
A simple theory of health has recently been proposed: while poor quality regulation corresponds to poor quality health so that improving regulation should improve health, optimal regulation optimizes function and optimizes health. Examining the term 'optimal regulation' in biological systems leads to a straightforward definition in terms of 'criticality' in complexity biology, a concept that seems to apply universally throughout biology. Criticality maximizes information processing and sensitivity of response to external stimuli, and for these reasons may be held to optimize regulation. In this way a definition of health has been given in terms of regulation, a scientific concept, which ties into detailed properties of complex systems, including brain cortices, and mental health. Models of experience and meditation built on complexity also point to criticality: it represents the condition making self-awareness possible, and is strengthened by meditation practices leading to the state of pure consciousness-the content-free state of mind in deep meditation. From this it follows that healthy function of the brain cortex, its sensitivity,y and consistency of response to external challenges should improve by practicing techniques leading to content-free awareness-transcending the original focus introduced during practice. Evidence for this is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hankey
- a Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana , Department of Yoga and Physical Science , Karnataka , India
| | - Rashmi Shetkar
- a Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana , Department of Yoga and Physical Science , Karnataka , India
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132
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Loizzo JJ. The subtle body: an interoceptive map of central nervous system function and meditative mind-brain-body integration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1373:78-95. [PMID: 27164469 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Meditation research has begun to clarify the brain effects and mechanisms of contemplative practices while generating a range of typologies and explanatory models to guide further study. This comparative review explores a neglected area relevant to current research: the validity of a traditional central nervous system (CNS) model that coevolved with the practices most studied today and that provides the first comprehensive neural-based typology and mechanistic framework of contemplative practices. The subtle body model, popularly known as the chakra system from Indian yoga, was and is used as a map of CNS function in traditional Indian and Tibetan medicine, neuropsychiatry, and neuropsychology. The study presented here, based on the Nalanda tradition, shows that the subtle body model can be cross-referenced with modern CNS maps and challenges modern brain maps with its embodied network model of CNS function. It also challenges meditation research by: (1) presenting a more rigorous, neural-based typology of contemplative practices; (2) offering a more refined and complete network model of the mechanisms of contemplative practices; and (3) serving as an embodied, interoceptive neurofeedback aid that is more user friendly and complete than current teaching aids for clinical and practical applications of contemplative practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Loizzo
- Nalanda Institute for Contemplative Science, Weill Cornell Center for Integrative Medicine, New York, New York
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133
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Travis F. Transcending as a driver of development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1373:72-7. [PMID: 27124274 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper draws from three different bodies of research to discuss the hypothesis that age-appropriate experiences enhance brain and cognitive development throughout the life span. These age-appropriate experiences could be considered as the drivers of development at each age, including drivers to foster development beyond adult abstract thinking, as described in Piaget's formal operational stage. We explore how a nurturing caregiver is the driver in the first 2 years of life, how language learning is the driver from 3 to 10 years, and how problem solving is the driver in the teenage years. To develop beyond adult rational thinking, we suggest that the driver is transcending thought, which can result when practicing meditations in the automatic self-transcending category, such as Transcendental Meditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Travis
- Center for Brain, Consciousness, and Cognition, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa
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134
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Fox KCR, Dixon ML, Nijeboer S, Girn M, Floman JL, Lifshitz M, Ellamil M, Sedlmeier P, Christoff K. Functional neuroanatomy of meditation: A review and meta-analysis of 78 functional neuroimaging investigations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:208-28. [PMID: 27032724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Meditation is a family of mental practices that encompasses a wide array of techniques employing distinctive mental strategies. We systematically reviewed 78 functional neuroimaging (fMRI and PET) studies of meditation, and used activation likelihood estimation to meta-analyze 257 peak foci from 31 experiments involving 527 participants. We found reliably dissociable patterns of brain activation and deactivation for four common styles of meditation (focused attention, mantra recitation, open monitoring, and compassion/loving-kindness), and suggestive differences for three others (visualization, sense-withdrawal, and non-dual awareness practices). Overall, dissociable activation patterns are congruent with the psychological and behavioral aims of each practice. Some brain areas are recruited consistently across multiple techniques-including insula, pre/supplementary motor cortices, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and frontopolar cortex-but convergence is the exception rather than the rule. A preliminary effect-size meta-analysis found medium effects for both activations (d=0.59) and deactivations (d=-0.74), suggesting potential practical significance. Our meta-analysis supports the neurophysiological dissociability of meditation practices, but also raises many methodological concerns and suggests avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran C R Fox
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Matthew L Dixon
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Savannah Nijeboer
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Manesh Girn
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - James L Floman
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, University of British Columbia, 2125 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michael Lifshitz
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, 3775 University St., Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Melissa Ellamil
- Neuroanatomy and Connectivity Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Peter Sedlmeier
- Institut für Psychologie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 43 Wilhelm-Raabe Street, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Kalina Christoff
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada; Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 2B5, Canada
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135
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Dentico D, Ferrarelli F, Riedner BA, Smith R, Zennig C, Lutz A, Tononi G, Davidson RJ. Short Meditation Trainings Enhance Non-REM Sleep Low-Frequency Oscillations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148961. [PMID: 26900914 PMCID: PMC4764716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES We have recently shown higher parietal-occipital EEG gamma activity during sleep in long-term meditators compared to meditation-naive individuals. This gamma increase was specific for NREM sleep, was present throughout the entire night and correlated with meditation expertise, thus suggesting underlying long-lasting neuroplastic changes induced through prolonged training. The aim of this study was to explore the neuroplastic changes acutely induced by 2 intensive days of different meditation practices in the same group of practitioners. We also repeated baseline recordings in a meditation-naive cohort to account for time effects on sleep EEG activity. DESIGN High-density EEG recordings of human brain activity were acquired over the course of whole sleep nights following intervention. SETTING Sound-attenuated sleep research room. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS Twenty-four long-term meditators and twenty-four meditation-naïve controls. INTERVENTIONS Two 8-h sessions of either a mindfulness-based meditation or a form of meditation designed to cultivate compassion and loving kindness, hereafter referred to as compassion meditation. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS We found an increase in EEG low-frequency oscillatory activities (1-12 Hz, centered around 7-8 Hz) over prefrontal and left parietal electrodes across whole night NREM cycles. This power increase peaked early in the night and extended during the third cycle to high-frequencies up to the gamma range (25-40 Hz). There was no difference in sleep EEG activity between meditation styles in long-term meditators nor in the meditation naïve group across different time points. Furthermore, the prefrontal-parietal changes were dependent on meditation life experience. CONCLUSIONS This low-frequency prefrontal-parietal activation likely reflects acute, meditation-related plastic changes occurring during wakefulness, and may underlie a top-down regulation from frontal and anterior parietal areas to the posterior parietal and occipital regions showing chronic, long-lasting plastic changes in long-term meditators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dentico
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI, 53719, United States of America
- Waisman Center for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States of America
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States of America
| | - Fabio Ferrarelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI, 53719, United States of America
| | - Brady A. Riedner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI, 53719, United States of America
| | - Richard Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI, 53719, United States of America
| | - Corinna Zennig
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI, 53719, United States of America
| | - Antoine Lutz
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, 69500, France
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI, 53719, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Davidson
- Waisman Center for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States of America
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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EEG Derived Neuronal Dynamics during Meditation: Progress and Challenges. Adv Prev Med 2015; 2015:614723. [PMID: 26770834 PMCID: PMC4684838 DOI: 10.1155/2015/614723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Meditation advances positivity but how these behavioral and psychological changes are brought can be explained by understanding neurophysiological effects of meditation. In this paper, a broad spectrum of neural mechanics under a variety of meditation styles has been reviewed. The overall aim of this study is to review existing scientific studies and future challenges on meditation effects based on changing EEG brainwave patterns. Albeit the existing researches evidenced the hold for efficacy of meditation in relieving anxiety and depression and producing psychological well-being, more rigorous studies are required with better design, considering client variables like personality characteristics to avoid negative effects, randomized controlled trials, and large sample sizes. A bigger number of clinical trials that concentrate on the use of meditation are required. Also, the controversial subject of epileptiform EEG changes and other adverse effects during meditation has been raised.
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Hankey A. A complexity basis for phenomenology: How information states at criticality offer a new approach to understanding experience of self, being and time. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 119:288-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Duraimani S, Schneider RH, Randall OS, Nidich SI, Xu S, Ketete M, Rainforth MA, Gaylord-King C, Salerno JW, Fagan J. Effects of Lifestyle Modification on Telomerase Gene Expression in Hypertensive Patients: A Pilot Trial of Stress Reduction and Health Education Programs in African Americans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142689. [PMID: 26571023 PMCID: PMC4646647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans suffer from disproportionately high rates of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Psychosocial stress, lifestyle and telomere dysfunction contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. This study evaluated effects of stress reduction and lifestyle modification on blood pressure, telomerase gene expression and lifestyle factors in African Americans. METHODS Forty-eight African American men and women with stage I hypertension who participated in a larger randomized controlled trial volunteered for this substudy. These subjects participated in either stress reduction with the Transcendental Meditation technique and a basic health education course (SR) or an extensive health education program (EHE) for 16 weeks. Primary outcomes were telomerase gene expression (hTERT and hTR) and clinic blood pressure. Secondary outcomes included lifestyle-related factors. Data were analyzed for within-group and between-group changes. RESULTS Both groups showed increases in the two measures of telomerase gene expression, hTR mRNA levels (SR: p< 0.001; EHE: p< 0.001) and hTERT mRNA levels (SR: p = 0.055; EHE: p< 0.002). However, no statistically significant between-group changes were observed. Both groups showed reductions in systolic BP. Adjusted changes were SR = -5.7 mm Hg, p< 0.01; EHE = -9.0 mm Hg, p < 0.001 with no statistically significant difference between group difference. There was a significant reduction in diastolic BP in the EHE group (-5.3 mm Hg, p< 0.001) but not in SR (-1.2 mm Hg, p = 0.42); the between-group difference was significant (p = 0.04). The EHE group showed a greater number of changes in lifestyle behaviors. CONCLUSION In this pilot trial, both stress reduction (Transcendental Meditation technique plus health education) and extensive health education groups demonstrated increased telomerase gene expression and reduced BP. The association between increased telomerase gene expression and reduced BP observed in this high-risk population suggest hypotheses that telomerase gene expression may either be a biomarker for reduced BP or a mechanism by which stress reduction and lifestyle modification reduces BP. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00681200.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Duraimani
- Center for Natural Medicine and Prevention, Maharishi University of Management Research Institute, Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Health, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa, United States of America
- MUM Molecular Biology Laboratory, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield Iowa, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Schneider
- Center for Natural Medicine and Prevention, Maharishi University of Management Research Institute, Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Health, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Otelio S. Randall
- Howard University College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Sanford I. Nidich
- Center for Natural Medicine and Prevention, Maharishi University of Management Research Institute, Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Health, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Shichen Xu
- Howard University College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Muluemebet Ketete
- Howard University College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Maxwell A. Rainforth
- Center for Natural Medicine and Prevention, Maharishi University of Management Research Institute, Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Gaylord-King
- Center for Natural Medicine and Prevention, Maharishi University of Management Research Institute, Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John W. Salerno
- Center for Natural Medicine and Prevention, Maharishi University of Management Research Institute, Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John Fagan
- Department of Physiology and Health, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa, United States of America
- MUM Molecular Biology Laboratory, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield Iowa, United States of America
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Josipovic Z, Baars BJ. Editorial: What can Neuroscience Learn from Contemplative Practices? Front Psychol 2015; 6:1731. [PMID: 26617554 PMCID: PMC4639597 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Josipovic
- Psychology Department, New York University New York, NY, USA
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Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Kallio-Tamminen T. Long-term meditation training induced changes in the operational synchrony of default mode network modules during a resting state. Cogn Process 2015; 17:27-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-015-0743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Effortless Attention as a Biomarker for Experienced Mindfulness Practitioners. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138561. [PMID: 26457899 PMCID: PMC4601770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aimed at comparing frontal beta power between long-term (LTM) and first-time meditators (FTM), before, during and after a meditation session. We hypothesized that LTM would present lower beta power than FTM due to lower effort of attention and awareness. Methods Twenty one participants were recruited, eleven of whom were long-term meditators. The subjects were asked to rest for 4 minutes before and after open monitoring (OM) meditation (40 minutes). Results The two-way ANOVA revealed an interaction between the group and moment factors for the Fp1 (p<0.01), F7 (p = 0.01), F3 (p<0.01), Fz (p<0.01), F4 (p<0.01), F8 (p<0.01) electrodes. Conclusion We found low power frontal beta activity for LTM during the task and this may be associated with the fact that OM is related to bottom-up pathways that are not present in FTM. Significance We hypothesized that the frontal beta power pattern may be a biomarker for LTM. It may also be related to improving an attentive state and to the efficiency of cognitive functions, as well as to the long-term experience with meditation (i.e., life-time experience and frequency of practice).
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Dahl CJ, Lutz A, Davidson RJ. Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice. Trends Cogn Sci 2015; 19:515-23. [PMID: 26231761 PMCID: PMC4595910 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scientific research highlights the central role of specific psychological processes, in particular those related to the self, in various forms of human suffering and flourishing. This view is shared by Buddhism and other contemplative and humanistic traditions, which have developed meditation practices to regulate these processes. Building on a previous paper in this journal, we propose a novel classification system that categorizes specific styles of meditation into attentional, constructive, and deconstructive families based on their primary cognitive mechanisms. We suggest that meta-awareness, perspective taking and cognitive reappraisal, and self-inquiry may be important mechanisms in specific families of meditation and that alterations in these processes may be used to target states of experiential fusion, maladaptive self-schema, and cognitive reification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortland J Dahl
- Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705-2280, USA; Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2280, USA
| | - Antoine Lutz
- Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705-2280, USA; Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2280, USA; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon, France; Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Richard J Davidson
- Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705-2280, USA; Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2280, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705-2280, USA.
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144
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Kauffman KP. Emotional sentience and the nature of phenomenal experience. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 119:545-62. [PMID: 26272799 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
When phenomenal experience is examined through the lens of physics, several conundrums come to light including: Specificity of mind-body interactions, feelings of free will in a deterministic universe, and the relativity of subjective perception. The new biology of "emotion" can shed direct light upon these issues, via a broadened categorical definition that includes both affective feelings and their coupled (yet often subconscious) hedonic motivations. In this new view, evaluative (good/bad) feelings that trigger approach/avoid behaviors emerged with life itself, a crude stimulus-response information loop between organism and its environment, a semiotic signaling system embodying the first crude form of "mind". Emotion serves the ancient function of sensory-motor self-regulation and affords organisms - at every level of complexity - an active, adaptive, role in evolution. A careful examination of the biophysics involved in emotional "self-regulatory" signaling, however, acknowledges constituents that are incompatible with classical physics. This requires a further investigation, proposed herein, of the fundamental nature of "the self" as the subjective observer central to the measurement process in quantum mechanics, and ultimately as an active, unified, self-awareness with a centrally creative role in "self-organizing" processes and physical forces of the classical world. In this deeper investigation, a new phenomenological dualism is proposed: The flow of complex human experience is instantiated by both a classically embodied mind and a deeper form of quantum consciousness that is inherent in the universe itself, implying much deeper - more Whiteheadian - interpretations of the "self-regulatory" and "self-relevant" nature of emotional stimulus. A broad stroke, speculative, intuitive sketch of this new territory is then set forth, loosely mapped to several theoretical models of consciousness, potentially relevant mathematical devices and pertinent philosophical themes, in an attempt to acknowledge the myriad questions - and limitations - implicit in the quest to understand "sentience" in any ontologically pansentient universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Peil Kauffman
- EFS International, 12626 NE 114th Place Kirkland, WA 98033, USA; Harvard Divinity School, 45 Francis Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Sun S, Yao Z, Wei J, Yu R. Calm and smart? A selective review of meditation effects on decision making. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1059. [PMID: 26257700 PMCID: PMC4513203 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, there has been a growing interest in the use of meditation to improve cognitive performance, emotional balance, and well-being. As a consequence, research into the psychological effects and neural mechanisms of meditation has been accumulating. Whether and how meditation affects decision making is not yet clear. Here, we review evidence from behavioral and neuroimaging studies and summarize the effects of meditation on social and non-social economic decision making. Research suggests that meditation modulates brain activities associated with cognitive control, emotion regulation and empathy, and leads to improved non-social and social decision making. Accordingly, we propose an integrative model in which cognitive control, emotional regulation, and empathic concern mediate the effects of meditation on decision making. This model provides insights into the mechanisms by which meditation affects the decision making process. More evidence is needed to test our explanatory model and to explore the function of specific brain areas and their interactive effects on decision making during meditation training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sun
- Department of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqing Yao
- Department of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | - Jaixin Wei
- Department of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China ; School of Economics and Management and Scientific Laboratory of Economic Behaviors, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
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Wong WP, Camfield DA, Woods W, Sarris J, Pipingas A. Spectral power and functional connectivity changes during mindfulness meditation with eyes open: A magnetoencephalography (MEG) study in long-term meditators. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 98:95-111. [PMID: 26166440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Whilst a number of previous studies have been conducted in order to investigate functional brain changes associated with eyes-closed meditation techniques, there is a relative scarcity in the literature with regards to changes occurring during eyes-open meditation. The current project used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate differences in spectral power and functional connectivity between 11 long-term mindfulness meditators (LTMMs) with >5 years of experience and 12 meditation-naïve control participants both during baseline eyes-open rest and eyes-open open-monitoring (OM) mindfulness meditation. During resting with eyes-open, prior to meditating, greater mean alpha power was observed for LTMMs in comparison to controls. However, during the course of OM meditation, a significantly greater increase in theta power was observed over a broad fronto-centro-parietal region for control participants in comparison to LTMMs. In contrast, whole-head mean connectivity was found to be significantly greater for long-term meditators in comparison to controls in the theta band both during rest as well as during meditation. Additionally, mean connectivity was significantly lower for long-term meditators in the low gamma band during rest and significantly lower in both low and high gamma bands during meditation; and the variance of low-gamma connectivity scores for long-term meditators was significantly decreased compared to the control group. The current study provides important new information as to the trait functional changes in brain activity associated with long-term mindfulness meditation, as well as the state changes specifically associated with eyes-open open monitoring meditation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Wong
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D A Camfield
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - W Woods
- Brain & Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Sarris
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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Buttle H. Measuring a Journey without Goal: Meditation, Spirituality, and Physiology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:891671. [PMID: 26137495 PMCID: PMC4475556 DOI: 10.1155/2015/891671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The secular practice of meditation is associated with a range of physiological and cognitive effects, including lower blood pressure, lower cortisol, cortical thickening, and activation of areas of the brain associated with attention and emotion regulation. However, in the context of spiritual practice, these benefits are secondary gains, as the primary aim is spiritual transformation. Despite obvious difficulties in trying to measure a journey without goal, spiritual aspects involved in the practice of meditation should also be addressed by experimental study. This review starts by considering meditation in the form of the relaxation response (a counterpart to the stress response), before contrasting mindfulness research that emphasizes the role of attention and alertness in meditation. This contrast demonstrates how reference to traditional spiritual texts (in this case Buddhist) can be used to guide research questions involving meditation. Further considerations are detailed, along with the proposal that research should triangulate spiritual textual sources, first person accounts (i.e., neurophenomenology), and physiological/cognitive measures in order to aid our understanding of meditation, not only in the secular context of health benefits, but also in the context of spiritual practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Buttle
- School of Psychology, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
- Mind and Life Institute, Amherst College, 271 South Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
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Graziano M, Parra LC, Sigman M. Neural Correlates of Perceived Confidence in a Partial Report Paradigm. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:1090-103. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Confidence judgments are often severely distorted: People may feel underconfident when responding correctly or, conversely, overconfident in erred responses. Our aim here was to identify the timing of brain processes that lead to variations in objective performance and subjective judgments of confidence. We capitalized on the Partial Report Paradigm [Sperling, G. The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 74, 1, 1960], which allowed us to separate experimentally the moment of encoding of information from that of its retrieval [Zylberberg, A., Dehaene, S., Mindlin, G. B., & Sigman, M. Neurophysiological bases of exponential sensory decay and top–down memory retrieval: A model. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 3, 2009]. We observed that the level of subjective confidence is indexed by two very specific evoked potentials at latencies of about 400 and 600 msec during the retrieval stage and by a stationary measure of intensity of the alpha band during the encoding period. When factoring out the effect of confidence, objective performance shows a weak effect during the encoding and retrieval periods. These results have relevant implications for theories of decision-making and confidence, suggesting that confidence is not constructed online as evidence is accumulated toward a decision. Instead, confidence attributions are more consistent with a retrospective mechanism that monitors the entire decision process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Graziano
- 1University of Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Mariano Sigman
- 1University of Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rösner S, Willutzki R, Zgierska A. Mindfulness-based interventions for substance use disorders. Hippokratia 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rösner
- Forel Klinik; Islikonerstrasse 5 Ellikon an der Thur Switzerland 8548
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Leach MJ, Francis A, Ziaian T. Transcendental Meditation for the improvement of health and wellbeing in community-dwelling dementia caregivers [TRANSCENDENT]: a randomised wait-list controlled trial. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:145. [PMID: 25952550 PMCID: PMC4429365 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Dementia is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder affecting an estimated 24.3 million people across the globe. The burden on those caring for people with dementia is substantial, with widespread implications for the caregiver, the care recipient and the community. Relaxation techniques, such as Transcendental Meditation® (TM), have been shown to reduce stress and anxiety in healthy workers; similar benefits are anticipated in dementia caregivers. The objective of this study was to ascertain whether TM can improve psychological stress, quality of life, affect and cognitive performance in dementia caregivers. Methods The study was conducted as a pilot prospective, multi-centre, community-based, randomised wait-list controlled trial. Community-dwelling caregivers of persons with diagnosed dementia were randomly assigned to a 12-week (14-hour) TM training program or wait-list control. Participants were assessed for quality of life, stress, affect, cognitive performance and adverse effects. The feasibility of the study was also evaluated. Results Seventeen caregivers were recruited and randomised. Improvements in WebNeuro response speed scores over time were significantly (p = 0.03) greater in the TM group relative to control. Changes between groups over time in all other primary and secondary outcome measures did not reach statistical significance. However, there was a trend toward greater improvement in WebNeuro stress, depression and negativity bias scores in the TM group. Adverse events were reported amongst 63 % of TM-treated subjects; however, events were generally transient, of mild-moderate intensity and only ‘possibly’ related to TM. Conclusions Dementia caregivers exposed to TM demonstrated varying degrees of improvement in several measures of cognitive function, mood, quality of life and stress following exposure to TM. However, as the pilot study was underpowered, no firm conclusions can be made about the effectiveness of TM in this caregiver population. Findings from full-scale trials are now warranted. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12613000184774 (Registered 15th February 2013).
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