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Rountree W, Berrong M, Sanchez AM, Denny TN, Ferrari G. Variability of the IFN-γ ELISpot assay in the context of proficiency testing and bridging studies. J Immunol Methods 2016; 433:69-76. [PMID: 27021273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Assays that assess cellular mediated immune responses performed under Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) guidelines are required to provide specific and reproducible results. Defined validation procedures are required to establish the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), include pass and fail criteria, as well as implement positivity criteria. However, little to no guidance is provided on how to perform longitudinal assessment of the key reagents utilized in the assay. Through the External Quality Assurance Program Oversight Laboratory (EQAPOL), an Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay proficiency testing program is administered. A limit of acceptable within site variability was estimated after six rounds of proficiency testing (PT). Previously, a PT send-out specific within site variability limit was calculated based on the dispersion (variance/mean) of the nine replicate wells of data. Now an overall 'dispersion limit' for the ELISpot PT program within site variability has been calculated as a dispersion of 3.3. The utility of this metric was assessed using a control sample to calculate the within (precision) and between (accuracy) experiment variability to determine if the dispersion limit could be applied to bridging studies (studies that assess lot-to-lot variations of key reagents) for comparing the accuracy of results with new lots to results with old lots. Finally, simulations were conducted to explore how this dispersion limit could provide guidance in the number of replicate wells needed for within and between experiment variability and the appropriate donor reactivity (number of antigen-specific cells) to be used for the evaluation of new reagents. Our bridging study simulations indicate using a minimum of six replicate wells of a control donor sample with reactivity of at least 150 spot forming cells per well is optimal. To determine significant lot-to-lot variations use the 3.3 dispersion limit for between and within experiment variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Mark Berrong
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ana M Sanchez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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102
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Roff SR, Sanou MP, Rathore MH, Levy JA, Yamamoto JK. Conserved epitopes on HIV-1, FIV and SIV p24 proteins are recognized by HIV-1 infected subjects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1540-56. [PMID: 25844718 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1026500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactive peptides on HIV-1 and FIV p24 protein sequences were studied using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from untreated HIV-1-infected long-term survivors (LTS; >10 y of infection without antiretroviral therapy, ART), short-term HIV-1 infected subjects not on ART, and ART-treated HIV-1 infected subjects. IFNγ-ELISpot and CFSE-proliferation analyses were performed with PBMC using overlapping HIV-1 and FIV p24 peptides. Over half of the HIV-1 infected subjects tested (22/31 or 71%) responded to one or more FIV p24 peptide pools by either IFNγ or T-cell proliferation analysis. PBMC and T cells from infected subjects in all 3 HIV(+) groups predominantly recognized one FIV p24 peptide pool (Fp14) by IFNγ production and one additional FIV p24 peptide pool (Fp9) by T-cell proliferation analysis. Furthermore, evaluation of overlapping SIV p24 peptide sequences identified conserved epitope(s) on the Fp14/Hp15-counterpart of SIV, Sp14, but none on Fp9-counterpart of SIV, Sp9. The responses to these FIV peptide pools were highly reproducible and persisted throughout 2-4 y of monitoring. Intracellular staining analysis for cytotoxins and phenotyping for CD107a determined that peptide epitopes from Fp9 and Fp14 pools induced cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecules including perforin, granzyme B, granzyme A, and/or expression of CD107a. Selected FIV and corresponding SIV epitopes recognized by HIV-1 infected patients indicate that these protein sequences are evolutionarily conserved on both SIV and HIV-1 (e.g., Hp15:Fp14:Sp14). These studies demonstrate that comparative immunogenicity analysis of HIV-1, FIV, and SIV can identify evolutionarily-conserved T cell-associated lentiviral epitopes, which could be used as a vaccine for prophylaxis or immunotherapy.
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Key Words
- AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- ART, anti-retroviral therapy
- CFSE, Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- CMI, cell mediated immunity
- CTL epitopes
- CTL, cytotoxic T cell
- FIV p24
- FIV, feline immunodeficiency virus
- GrzA, granzyme A
- GrzB, granzyme B
- HERV, human endogenous retrovirus
- HIV p24
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- ICS, intracellular staining
- LANL, Los Alamos National Laboratory
- LTS, Long term survivors
- Nab, broadly neutralizing antibody
- PHA, phytohaemagglutinin
- SFU, spot forming units
- SIV p24
- SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus
- ST, short term survivors
- aa, amino acid
- feline immunodeficiency virus
- vaccine epitopes
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Roff
- a Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida ; Gainesville , FL , USA
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103
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Baden LR, Karita E, Mutua G, Bekker LG, Gray G, Page-Shipp L, Walsh SR, Nyombayire J, Anzala O, Roux S, Laher F, Innes C, Seaman MS, Cohen YZ, Peter L, Frahm N, McElrath MJ, Hayes P, Swann E, Grunenberg N, Grazia-Pau M, Weijtens M, Sadoff J, Dally L, Lombardo A, Gilmour J, Cox J, Dolin R, Fast P, Barouch DH, Laufer DS. Assessment of the Safety and Immunogenicity of 2 Novel Vaccine Platforms for HIV-1 Prevention: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med 2016; 164:313-22. [PMID: 26833336 PMCID: PMC5034222 DOI: 10.7326/m15-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine is a global health priority. OBJECTIVE To assess a novel vaccine platform as a prophylactic HIV-1 regimen. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Both participants and study personnel were blinded to treatment allocation. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01215149). SETTING United States, East Africa, and South Africa. PATIENTS Healthy adults without HIV infection. INTERVENTION 2 HIV-1 vaccines (adenovirus serotype 26 with an HIV-1 envelope A insert [Ad26.EnvA] and adenovirus serotype 35 with an HIV-1 envelope A insert [Ad35.Env], both administered at a dose of 5 × 1010 viral particles) in homologous and heterologous combinations. MEASUREMENTS Safety and immunogenicity and the effect of baseline vector immunity. RESULTS 217 participants received at least 1 vaccination, and 210 (>96%) completed follow-up. No vaccine-associated serious adverse events occurred. All regimens were generally well-tolerated. All regimens elicited humoral and cellular immune responses in nearly all participants. Preexisting Ad26- or Ad35-neutralizing antibody titers had no effect on vaccine safety and little effect on immunogenicity. In both homologous and heterologous regimens, the second vaccination significantly increased EnvA antibody titers (approximately 20-fold from the median enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers of 30-300 to 3000). The heterologous regimen of Ad26-Ad35 elicited significantly higher EnvA antibody titers than Ad35-Ad26. T-cell responses were modest and lower in East Africa than in South Africa and the United States. LIMITATIONS Because the 2 envelope inserts were not identical, the boosting responses were complex to interpret. Durability of the immune responses elicited beyond 1 year is unknown. CONCLUSION Both vaccines elicited significant immune responses in all populations. Baseline vector immunity did not significantly affect responses. Second vaccinations in all regimens significantly boosted EnvA antibody titers, although vaccine order in the heterologous regimen had a modest effect on the immune response. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, National Institutes of Health, Ragon Institute, Crucell Holland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R. Baden
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Etienne Karita
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaudensia Mutua
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenda Gray
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liesl Page-Shipp
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen R. Walsh
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julien Nyombayire
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Omu Anzala
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Surita Roux
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fatima Laher
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig Innes
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yehuda Z. Cohen
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Peter
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Frahm
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Hayes
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edith Swann
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Grazia-Pau
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mo Weijtens
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jerry Sadoff
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Len Dally
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela Lombardo
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jill Gilmour
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Josephine Cox
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raphael Dolin
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia Fast
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dagna S. Laufer
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
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104
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Wang L, Hückelhoven A, Hong J, Jin N, Mani J, Chen BA, Schmitt M, Schmitt A. Standardization of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells through a resting process for clinical immunomonitoring-Development of an algorithm. Cytometry A 2016; 89:246-58. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Clinic Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Angela Hückelhoven
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Clinic Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Jian Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Clinic Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Nan Jin
- Department of Hematology; Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University; Nanjing China
| | - Jiju Mani
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Clinic Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Bao-an Chen
- Department of Hematology; Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University; Nanjing China
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Clinic Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Anita Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Clinic Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg; Germany
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105
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Richert L, Lhomme E, Fagard C, Lévy Y, Chêne G, Thiébaut R. Recent developments in clinical trial designs for HIV vaccine research. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1022-9. [PMID: 25751670 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1011974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV vaccine strategies are expected to be a crucial component for controlling the HIV epidemic. Despite the large spectrum of potential candidate vaccines for both prophylactic and therapeutic use, the overall development process of an efficacious HIV vaccine strategy is lengthy. The design of clinical trials and the progression of a candidate strategy through the different clinical development stages remain methodologically challenging, mainly due to the lack of validated correlates of protection. In this review, we describe recent advances in clinical trial designs to increase the efficiency of the clinical development of candidate HIV vaccine strategies. The methodological aspects of the designs for early- (phase I and II) and later -stage (phase IIB and III) development are discussed, taking into account the specificities of both prophylactic and therapeutic HIV vaccine development.
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106
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Savic M, Dembinski JL, Kim Y, Tunheim G, Cox RJ, Oftung F, Peters B, Mjaaland S. Epitope specific T-cell responses against influenza A in a healthy population. Immunology 2015; 147:165-77. [PMID: 26489873 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing human CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immunity may be a useful correlate of protection against severe influenza disease. Identification and evaluation of common epitopes recognized by T cells with broad cross-reactivity is therefore important to guide universal influenza vaccine development, and to monitor immunological preparedness against pandemics. We have retrieved an optimal combination of MHC class I and class II restricted epitopes from the Immune Epitope Database (www.iedb.org), by defining a fitness score function depending on prevalence, sequence conservancy and HLA super-type coverage. Optimized libraries of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell epitopes were selected from influenza antigens commonly present in seasonal and pandemic influenza strains from 1934 to 2009. These epitope pools were used to characterize human T-cell responses in healthy donors using interferon-γ ELISPOT assays. Upon stimulation, significant CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses were induced, primarily recognizing epitopes from the conserved viral core proteins. Furthermore, the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were phenotypically characterized regarding functionality, cytotoxic potential and memory phenotype using flow cytometry. Optimized sets of T-cell peptide epitopes may be a useful tool to monitor the efficacy of clinical trials, the immune status of a population to predict immunological preparedness against pandemics, as well as being candidates for universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloje Savic
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer L Dembinski
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yohan Kim
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gro Tunheim
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fredrik Oftung
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Siri Mjaaland
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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107
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Sei JJ, Cox KS, Dubey SA, Antonello JM, Krah DL, Casimiro DR, Vora KA. Effector and Central Memory Poly-Functional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T Cells are Boosted upon ZOSTAVAX(®) Vaccination. Front Immunol 2015; 6:553. [PMID: 26579128 PMCID: PMC4629102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ZOSTAVAX(®) is a live attenuated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine that is licensed for the protection of individuals ≥50 years against shingles and its most common complication, postherpetic neuralgia. While IFNγ responses increase upon vaccination, the quality of the T cell response has not been elucidated. By using polychromatic flow cytometry, we characterized the breadth, magnitude, and quality of ex vivo CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses induced 3-4 weeks after ZOSTAVAX vaccination of healthy adults. We show, for the first time that the highest frequencies of VZV-specific CD4(+) T cells were poly-functional CD154(+)IFNγ(+)IL-2(+)TNFα(+) cells, which were boosted upon vaccination. The CD4(+) T cells were broadly reactive to several VZV proteins, with immediate early (IE) 63 ranking the highest among them in the fold rise of poly-functional cells, followed by IE62, gB, open reading frame (ORF) 9, and gE. We identified a novel poly-functional ORF9-specific CD8(+) T cell population in 62% of the subjects, and these were boosted upon vaccination. Poly-functional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells produced significantly higher levels of IFNγ, IL-2, and TNFα compared to mono-functional cells. After vaccination, a boost in the expression of IFNγ by poly-functional IE63- and ORF9-specific CD4(+) T cells and IFNγ, IL-2, and TNFα by ORF9-specific poly-functional CD8(+) T cells was observed. Responding poly-functional T cells exhibited both effector (CCR7(-)CD45RA(-)CD45RO(+)), and central (CCR7(+)CD45RA(-)CD45RO(+)) memory phenotypes, which expressed comparable levels of cytokines. Altogether, our studies demonstrate that a boost in memory poly-functional CD4(+) T cells and ORF9-specific CD8(+) T cells may contribute toward ZOSTAVAX efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J Sei
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department Vaccine Analytical Development, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ , USA
| | - Kara S Cox
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ , USA
| | - Sheri A Dubey
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ , USA
| | - Joseph M Antonello
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ , USA
| | - David L Krah
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department Vaccine Analytical Development, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ , USA
| | - Danilo R Casimiro
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ , USA
| | - Kalpit A Vora
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ , USA
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108
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Walsh SR, Moodie Z, Fiore-Gartland AJ, Morgan C, Wilck MB, Hammer SM, Buchbinder SP, Kalams SA, Goepfert PA, Mulligan MJ, Keefer MC, Baden LR, Swann EM, Grant S, Ahmed H, Li F, Hertz T, Self SG, Friedrich D, Frahm N, Liao HX, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, McElrath MJ, Hural J, Graham BS, Jin X. Vaccination With Heterologous HIV-1 Envelope Sequences and Heterologous Adenovirus Vectors Increases T-Cell Responses to Conserved Regions: HVTN 083. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:541-50. [PMID: 26475930 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing the breadth of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine-elicited immune responses or targeting conserved regions may improve coverage of circulating strains. HIV Vaccine Trials Network 083 tested whether cellular immune responses with these features are induced by prime-boost strategies, using heterologous vectors, heterologous inserts, or a combination of both. METHODS A total of 180 participants were randomly assigned to receive combinations of adenovirus vectors (Ad5 or Ad35) and HIV-1 envelope (Env) gene inserts (clade A or B) in a prime-boost regimen. RESULTS T-cell responses to heterologous and homologous insert regimens targeted a similar number of epitopes (ratio of means, 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], .6-1.6; P = .91), but heterologous insert regimens induced significantly more epitopes that were shared between EnvA and EnvB than homologous insert regimens (ratio of means, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2-5.7; P = .01). Participants in the heterologous versus homologous insert groups had T-cell responses that targeted epitopes with greater evolutionary conservation (mean entropy [±SD], 0.32 ± 0.1 bits; P = .003), and epitopes recognized by responders provided higher coverage (49%; P = .035). Heterologous vector regimens had higher numbers of total, EnvA, and EnvB epitopes than homologous vector regimens (P = .02, .044, and .045, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that vaccination with heterologous insert prime boosting increased T-cell responses to shared epitopes, while heterologous vector prime boosting increased the number of T-cell epitopes recognized. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01095224.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | | | - Cecilia Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Marissa B Wilck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Spyros A Kalams
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | - Lindsey R Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Shannon Grant
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Hasan Ahmed
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Fusheng Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Tomer Hertz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Steven G Self
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - David Friedrich
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Barney S Graham
- Dale and Betty Bumpers Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xia Jin
- University of Rochester, New York
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109
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Seshadri C, Lin L, Scriba TJ, Peterson G, Freidrich D, Frahm N, DeRosa SC, Moody DB, Prandi J, Gilleron M, Mahomed H, Jiang W, Finak G, Hanekom WA, Gottardo R, McElrath MJ, Hawn TR. T Cell Responses against Mycobacterial Lipids and Proteins Are Poorly Correlated in South African Adolescents. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4595-603. [PMID: 26466957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human T cells are activated by both peptide and nonpeptide Ags produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. T cells recognize cell wall lipids bound to CD1 molecules, but effector functions of CD1-reactive T cells have not been systematically assessed in M. tuberculosis-infected humans. It is also not known how these features correlate with T cell responses to secreted protein Ags. We developed a flow cytometric assay to profile CD1-restricted T cells ex vivo and assessed T cell responses to five cell wall lipid Ags in a cross-sectional study of 19 M. tuberculosis-infected and 22 M. tuberculosis-uninfected South African adolescents. We analyzed six T cell functions using a recently developed computational approach for flow cytometry data in high dimensions. We compared these data with T cell responses to five protein Ags in the same cohort. We show that CD1b-restricted T cells producing antimycobacterial cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α are detectable ex vivo in CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD4(-)CD8(-) T cell subsets. Glucose monomycolate was immunodominant among lipid Ags tested, and polyfunctional CD4 T cells specific for this lipid simultaneously expressed CD40L, IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α. Lipid-reactive CD4(+) T cells were detectable at frequencies of 0.001-0.01%, and this did not differ by M. tuberculosis infection status. Finally, CD4 T cell responses to lipids were poorly correlated with CD4 T cell responses to proteins (Spearman rank correlation -0.01; p = 0.95). These results highlight the functional diversity of CD1-restricted T cells circulating in peripheral blood as well as the complementary nature of T cell responses to mycobacterial lipids and proteins. Our approach enables further population-based studies of lipid-specific T cell responses during natural infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Seshadri
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109;
| | - Lin Lin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African TB Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Glenna Peterson
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - David Freidrich
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Stephen C DeRosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98109
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jacques Prandi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse 31077, France; and
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse 31077, France; and
| | - Hassan Mahomed
- Division of Community Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellanbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Wenxin Jiang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Willem A Hanekom
- South African TB Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Thomas R Hawn
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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110
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Analysis of cell-mediated immune responses in support of dengue vaccine development efforts. Vaccine 2015; 33:7083-90. [PMID: 26458801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dengue vaccine development has made significant strides, but a better understanding of how vaccine-induced immune responses correlate with vaccine efficacy can greatly accelerate development, testing, and deployment as well as ameliorate potential risks and safety concerns. Advances in basic immunology knowledge and techniques have already improved our understanding of cell-mediated immunity of natural dengue virus infection and vaccination. We conclude that the evidence base is adequate to argue for inclusion of assessments of cell-mediated immunity as part of clinical trials of dengue vaccines, although further research to identify useful correlates of protective immunity is needed.
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111
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Lin L, Frelinger J, Jiang W, Finak G, Seshadri C, Bart PA, Pantaleo G, McElrath J, DeRosa S, Gottardo R. Identification and visualization of multidimensional antigen-specific T-cell populations in polychromatic cytometry data. Cytometry A 2015; 87:675-82. [PMID: 25908275 PMCID: PMC4482785 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An important aspect of immune monitoring for vaccine development, clinical trials, and research is the detection, measurement, and comparison of antigen-specific T-cells from subject samples under different conditions. Antigen-specific T-cells compose a very small fraction of total T-cells. Developments in cytometry technology over the past five years have enabled the measurement of single-cells in a multivariate and high-throughput manner. This growth in both dimensionality and quantity of data continues to pose a challenge for effective identification and visualization of rare cell subsets, such as antigen-specific T-cells. Dimension reduction and feature extraction play pivotal role in both identifying and visualizing cell populations of interest in large, multi-dimensional cytometry datasets. However, the automated identification and visualization of rare, high-dimensional cell subsets remains challenging. Here we demonstrate how a systematic and integrated approach combining targeted feature extraction with dimension reduction can be used to identify and visualize biological differences in rare, antigen-specific cell populations. By using OpenCyto to perform semi-automated gating and features extraction of flow cytometry data, followed by dimensionality reduction with t-SNE we are able to identify polyfunctional subpopulations of antigen-specific T-cells and visualize treatment-specific differences between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jacob Frelinger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wenxin Jiang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Julie McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Steve DeRosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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112
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Zhu FC, Hou LH, Li JX, Wu SP, Liu P, Zhang GR, Hu YM, Meng FY, Xu JJ, Tang R, Zhang JL, Wang WJ, Duan L, Chu K, Liang Q, Hu JL, Luo L, Zhu T, Wang JZ, Chen W. Safety and immunogenicity of a novel recombinant adenovirus type-5 vector-based Ebola vaccine in healthy adults in China: preliminary report of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. Lancet 2015; 385:2272-9. [PMID: 25817373 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to now, all tested Ebola virus vaccines have been based on the virus strain from the Zaire outbreak in 1976. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a novel recombinant adenovirus type-5 vector-based Ebola vaccine expressing the glycoprotein of the 2014 epidemic strain. METHODS We did this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 clinical trial at one site in Taizhou County, Jiangsu Province, China. Healthy adults (aged 18-60 years) were sequentially enrolled and randomly assigned (2:1), by computer-generated block randomisation (block size of six), to receive placebo, low-dose adenovirus type-5 vector-based Ebola vaccine, or high-dose vaccine. Randomisation was pre-stratified by dose group. All participants, investigators, and laboratory staff were masked to treatment allocation. The primary safety endpoint was occurrence of solicited adverse reactions within 7 days of vaccination. The primary immunogenicity endpoints were glycoprotein-specific antibody titres and T-cell responses at day 28 after the vaccination. Analysis was by intention to treat. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02326194. FINDINGS Between Dec 28, 2014, and Jan 9, 2015, 120 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive placebo (n=40), low-dose vaccine (n=40), or high-dose vaccine. Participants were followed up for 28 days. Overall, 82 (68%) participants reported at least one solicited adverse reaction within 7 days of vaccination (n=19 in the placebo group vs n=27 in the low-dose group vs n=36 in the high-dose group; p=0·0002). The most common reaction was mild pain at the injection site, which was reported in eight (20%) participants in the placebo group, 14 (35%) participants in the low-dose group, and 29 (73%) participants in the high-dose vaccine group (p<0·0001). We recorded no statistical differences in other adverse reactions and laboratory tests across groups. Glycoprotein-specific antibody titres were significantly increased in participants in the low-dose and high-dose vaccine groups at both day 14 (geometric mean titre 421·4 [95% CI 249·7-711·3] and 820·5 [598·9-1124·0], respectively; p<0·0001) and day 28 (682·7 [424·3-1098·5] and 1305·7 [970·1-1757·2], respectively; p<0·0001). T-cell responses peaked at day 14 at a median of 465·0 spot-forming cells (IQR 180·0-1202·5) in participants in the low-dose group and 765·0 cells (400·0-1460·0) in those in the high-dose group. 21 (18%) participants had mild fever (n=9 in the placebo group, n=6 in the low-dose group, and n=6 in the high-dose group). No serious adverse events were recorded. INTERPRETATION Our findings show that the high-dose vaccine is safe and robustly immunogenic. One shot of the high-dose vaccine could mount glycoprotein-specific humoral and T-cell response against Ebola virus in 14 days. FUNDING China National Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, and Tianjin CanSino Biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Cai Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Hua Hou
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Xin Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi-Po Wu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gui-Rong Zhang
- Beijing Institute for Drug and Instrument Quality Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Mei Hu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fan-Yue Meng
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun-Jie Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Tang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Duan
- Tianjin CanSino Biotechnology Inc, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Chu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia-Lei Hu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Tianjin CanSino Biotechnology Inc, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun-Zhi Wang
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.
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113
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Fuchs JD, Frank I, Elizaga ML, Allen M, Frahm N, Kochar N, Li S, Edupuganti S, Kalams SA, Tomaras GD, Sheets R, Pensiero M, Tremblay MA, Higgins TJ, Latham T, Egan MA, Clarke DK, Eldridge JH, Mulligan M, Rouphael N, Estep S, Rybczyk K, Dunbar D, Buchbinder S, Wagner T, Isbell R, Chinnell V, Bae J, Escamilla G, Tseng J, Fair R, Ramirez S, Broder G, Briesemeister L, Ferrara A. First-in-Human Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 gag Vaccine (HVTN 090). Open Forum Infect Dis 2015. [PMID: 26199949 PMCID: PMC4504730 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. We report the first-in-human safety and immunogenicity evaluation of a highly attenuated, replication-competent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 vaccine. Methods. Sixty healthy, HIV-1-uninfected adults were enrolled in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled dose-escalation study. Groups of 12 participants received rVSV HIV-1 gag vaccine at 5 dose levels (4.6 × 10(3) to 3.4 × 10(7) particle forming units) (N = 10/group) or placebo (N = 2/group), delivered intramuscularly as bilateral injections at 0 and 2 months. Safety monitoring included VSV cultures from blood, urine, saliva, and swabs of oral lesions. Vesicular stomatitis virus-neutralizing antibodies, T-cell immunogenicity, and HIV-1 specific binding antibodies were assessed. Results. Local and systemic reactogenicity symptoms were mild to moderate and increased with dose. No severe reactogenicity or product-related serious adverse events were reported, and all rVSV cultures were negative. All vaccine recipients became seropositive for VSV after 2 vaccinations. gag-specific T-cell responses were detected in 63% of participants by interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot at the highest dose post boost. Conclusions. An attenuated replication-competent rVSV gag vaccine has an acceptable safety profile in healthy adults. This rVSV vector is a promising new vaccine platform for the development of vaccines to combat HIV-1 and other serious human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Fuchs
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, California ; University of California , San Francisco
| | - Ian Frank
- University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia
| | - Marnie L Elizaga
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Mary Allen
- Division of AIDS, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Nidhi Kochar
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington
| | - Sue Li
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca Sheets
- Division of AIDS, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael Pensiero
- Division of AIDS, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Bethesda, Maryland
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114
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Lin L, Finak G, Ushey K, Seshadri C, Hawn TR, Frahm N, Scriba TJ, Mahomed H, Hanekom W, Bart PA, Pantaleo G, Tomaras GD, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Michael NL, Kim JH, Robb ML, O'Connell RJ, Karasavvas N, Gilbert P, C De Rosa S, McElrath MJ, Gottardo R. COMPASS identifies T-cell subsets correlated with clinical outcomes. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:610-6. [PMID: 26006008 PMCID: PMC4569006 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Advances in flow cytometry and other single-cell technologies have enabled high-dimensional, high-throughput measurements of individual cells as well as the interrogation of cell population heterogeneity. However, in many instances, computational tools to analyze the wealth of data generated by these technologies are lacking. Here, we present a computational framework for unbiased combinatorial polyfunctionality analysis of antigen-specific T-cell subsets (COMPASS). COMPASS uses a Bayesian hierarchical framework to model all observed cell subsets and select those most likely to have antigen-specific responses. Cell-subset responses are quantified by posterior probabilities, and human subject-level responses are quantified by two summary statistics that describe the quality of an individual's polyfunctional response and can be correlated directly with clinical outcome. Using three clinical data sets of cytokine production, we demonstrate how COMPASS improves characterization of antigen-specific T cells and reveals cellular 'correlates of protection/immunity' in the RV144 HIV vaccine efficacy trial that are missed by other methods. COMPASS is available as open-source software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin Ushey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas R Hawn
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hassan Mahomed
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willem Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Data Management Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Thai Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Punnee Pitisuttithum
- Vaccine Trials Center, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Army Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert J O'Connell
- US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- 1] Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- 1] Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [3] Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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115
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Fuchs JD, Bart PA, Frahm N, Morgan C, Gilbert PB, Kochar N, DeRosa SC, Tomaras GD, Wagner TM, Baden LR, Koblin BA, Rouphael NG, Kalams SA, Keefer MC, Goepfert PA, Sobieszczyk ME, Mayer KH, Swann E, Liao HX, Haynes BF, Graham BS, McElrath MJ. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Adenovirus Serotype 35-Vectored HIV-1 Vaccine in Adenovirus Serotype 5 Seronegative and Seropositive Individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 26587311 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5)-vectored HIV-1 vaccines have not prevented HIV-1 infection or disease and pre-existing Ad5 neutralizing antibodies may limit the clinical utility of Ad5 vectors globally. Using a rare Ad serotype vector, such as Ad35, may circumvent these issues, but there are few data on the safety and immunogenicity of rAd35 directly compared to rAd5 following human vaccination. METHODS HVTN 077 randomized 192 healthy, HIV-uninfected participants into one of four HIV-1 vaccine/placebo groups: rAd35/rAd5, DNA/rAd5, and DNA/rAd35 in Ad5-seronegative persons; and DNA/rAd35 in Ad5-seropositive persons. All vaccines encoded the HIV-1 EnvA antigen. Antibody and T-cell responses were measured 4 weeks post boost immunization. RESULTS All vaccines were generally well tolerated and similarly immunogenic. As compared to rAd5, rAd35 was equally potent in boosting HIV-1-specific humoral and cellular immunity and responses were not significantly attenuated in those with baseline Ad5 seropositivity. Like DNA, rAd35 efficiently primed rAd5 boosting. All vaccine regimens tested elicited cross-clade antibody responses, including Env V1/V2-specific IgG responses. CONCLUSIONS Vaccine antigen delivery by rAd35 is well-tolerated and immunogenic as a prime to rAd5 immunization and as a boost to prior DNA immunization with the homologous insert. Further development of rAd35-vectored prime-boost vaccine regimens is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Fuchs
- Population Health Division, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nidhi Kochar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen C DeRosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Theresa M Wagner
- Population Health Division, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beryl A Koblin
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadine G Rouphael
- The Hope Clinic, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Infectious Diseases Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael C Keefer
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Magdalena E Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Fenway Health and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Edith Swann
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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116
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Gouttefangeas C, Chan C, Attig S, Køllgaard TT, Rammensee HG, Stevanović S, Wernet D, thor Straten P, Welters MJP, Ottensmeier C, van der Burg SH, Britten CM. Data analysis as a source of variability of the HLA-peptide multimer assay: from manual gating to automated recognition of cell clusters. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:585-98. [PMID: 25854580 PMCID: PMC4528367 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiparameter flow cytometry is an indispensable method for assessing antigen-specific T cells in basic research and cancer immunotherapy. Proficiency panels have shown that cell sample processing, test protocols and data analysis may all contribute to the variability of the results obtained by laboratories performing ex vivo T cell immune monitoring. In particular, analysis currently relies on a manual, step-by-step strategy employing serial gating decisions based on visual inspection of one- or two-dimensional plots. It is therefore operator dependent and subjective. In the context of continuing efforts to support inter-laboratory T cell assay harmonization, the CIMT Immunoguiding Program organized its third proficiency panel dedicated to the detection of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells by HLA-peptide multimer staining. We first assessed the contribution of manual data analysis to the variability of reported T cell frequencies within a group of laboratories staining and analyzing the same cell samples with their own reagents and protocols. The results show that data analysis is a source of variation in the multimer assay outcome. To evaluate whether an automated analysis approach can reduce variability of proficiency panel data, we used a hierarchical statistical mixture model to identify cell clusters. Challenges for automated analysis were the need to process non-standardized data sets from multiple centers, and the fact that the antigen-specific cell frequencies were very low in most samples. We show that this automated method can circumvent difficulties inherent to manual gating strategies and is broadly applicable for experiments performed with heterogeneous protocols and reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany,
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117
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Implementation of highly sophisticated flow cytometry assays in multicenter clinical studies: considerations and guidance. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:1299-311. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry is increasingly becoming an important technology for biomarkers used in drug discovery and development. Within clinical development flow cytometry is used for the determination of PD biomarkers, disease or efficacy biomarkers or patient stratification biomarkers. Significant differences exist between flow cytometry methodology and other widely used technologies measuring soluble biomarkers including ligand binding and mass spectrometry. These differences include the very heavy reliance on aspects of sample processing techniques as well as sample stabilization to ensure viable samples. These differences also require exploration of new approaches and wider discussion regarding method validation requirements. This paper provides a review of the current challenges, solutions, regulatory environment and recommendations for the application of flow cytometry to measure biomarkers in clinical development.
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118
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A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial of the novel tuberculosis vaccine AERAS-402, an adenovirus-vectored fusion protein, in healthy, BCG-vaccinated infants. Vaccine 2015; 33:2944-54. [PMID: 25936724 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several novel tuberculosis vaccines are currently in clinical trials, including AERAS-402, an adenovector encoding a fusion protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens 85A, 85B, and TB10.4. A multicentred trial of AERAS-402 safety and immunogenicity in healthy infants was conducted in three countries in sub-Saharan Africa, using an adaptive design. METHODS In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial, we enrolled BCG-vaccinated, HIV-uninfected infants aged 16-26 weeks. Infants in the safety/dose-finding phase received two doses of AERAS-402 across three dose levels, or placebo, intramuscularly on days 0 and 28. Infants in the expanded safety phase received three doses of the highest dose level, with the 3rd dose at day 280. Follow up for safety and immunogenicity was for up to two years. RESULTS We enrolled 206 infants (52 placebo and 154 AERAS-402 recipients) into the dose-finding phase and 281 (141 placebo and 140 AERAS-402 recipients) into the expanded safety phase. Safety data were acceptable across all dose levels. No vaccine-related deaths were recorded. A single serious adverse event of tachypnoea was deemed related to study vaccine. Antibodies directed largely against Ag85A and Ag85B were detected. Low magnitude CD4+ and CD8+ polyfunctional T cell responses were observed at all dose levels. The addition of a third dose of AERAS-402 at the highest dose level did not increase frequency or magnitude of antibody or CD8+ T cell responses. CONCLUSIONS AERAS-402 has an acceptable safety profile in infants and was well tolerated at all dose levels. Response rate was lower than previously seen in BCG vaccinated adults, and frequency and magnitude of antigen-specific T cells were not increased by a third dose of vaccine.
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119
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Gupta S, Maecker H. Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) on Human Lymphocytes or Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Bio Protoc 2015; 5:e1442. [PMID: 34604458 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of cytokines plays an important role in the immune response. Cytokines are involved in many different pathways including the induction of many anti-viral proteins by IFN gamma, the induction of T cell proliferation by IL-2 and the inhibition of viral gene expression and replication by TNF alpha. Cytokines are not preformed factors but are rapidly produced and secreted in response to cellular activation. Intracellular cytokine detection by flow cytometry has emerged as the premier technique for studying cytokine production at the single-cell level. It detects the production and accumulation of cytokines within the endoplasmic reticulum after cell stimulation, allowing direct TH1 versus TH2 determination. It can also be used in combination with other flow cytometry protocols for immunophenotyping using cell surface markers or with MHC multimers to detect an antigen specific response, making it an extremely flexible and versatile method. This capability, combined with the high throughput nature of the instrumentation, gives intracellular cytokine staining an enormous advantage over existing single-cell techniques such as ELISPOT, limiting dilution, and T cell cloning. The principle steps of intracellular cytokine staining is as follows: Cells are activated for a few hours using either a specific peptide or a non-specific activation cocktail; An inhibitor of protein transport (e.g. Brefeldin A) is added to retain the cytokines within the cell; Next, EDTA is added to remove adherent cells from the activation vessel;After washing, antibodies to cell surface markers can be added to the cells;The cells are then fixed in paraformaldehyde and permeabilized;The anti-cytokine antibody is added and the cells can be analyzed by flow cytometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Gupta
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Stanford University, Stanford, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Holden Maecker
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Stanford University, Stanford, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
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Multiple factors affect immunogenicity of DNA plasmid HIV vaccines in human clinical trials. Vaccine 2015; 33:2347-53. [PMID: 25820067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA vaccines have been licensed for use in domesticated animals because of their excellent immunogenicity, but none have yet been licensed for use in humans. Here we report a retrospective analysis of 1218 healthy human volunteers enrolled in 10 phase I clinical trials in which DNA plasmids encoding HIV antigens were administered. Elicited T-cell immune responses were quantified by validated intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) stimulated with HIV peptide pools. HIV-specific binding and neutralizing antibody activities were also analyzed using validated assays. Results showed that, in the absence of adjuvants and boosting with alternative vaccines, DNA vaccines elicited CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses in an average of 13.3% (95% CI: 9.8-17.8%) and 37.7% (95% CI: 31.9-43.8%) of vaccine recipients, respectively. Three vaccinations (vs. 2) improved the proportion of subjects with antigen-specific CD8+ responses (p=0.02), as did increased DNA dosage (p=0.007). Furthermore, female gender and participants having a lower body mass index were independently associated with higher CD4+ T-cell response rate (p=0.001 and p=0.008, respectively). These vaccines elicited minimal neutralizing and binding antibody responses. These findings of the immunogenicity of HIV DNA vaccines in humans can provide guidance for future clinical trials.
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121
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Hancock G, Yang H, Yorke E, Wainwright E, Bourne V, Frisbee A, Payne TL, Berrong M, Ferrari G, Chopera D, Hanke T, Mothe B, Brander C, McElrath MJ, McMichael A, Goonetilleke N, Tomaras GD, Frahm N, Dorrell L. Identification of effective subdominant anti-HIV-1 CD8+ T cells within entire post-infection and post-vaccination immune responses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004658. [PMID: 25723536 PMCID: PMC4344337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining the components of an HIV immunogen that could induce effective CD8+ T cell responses is critical to vaccine development. We addressed this question by investigating the viral targets of CD8+ T cells that potently inhibit HIV replication in vitro, as this is highly predictive of virus control in vivo. We observed broad and potent ex vivo CD8+ T cell-mediated viral inhibitory activity against a panel of HIV isolates among viremic controllers (VC, viral loads <5000 copies/ml), in contrast to unselected HIV-infected HIV Vaccine trials Network (HVTN) participants. Viral inhibition of clade-matched HIV isolates was strongly correlated with the frequency of CD8+ T cells targeting vulnerable regions within Gag, Pol, Nef and Vif that had been identified in an independent study of nearly 1000 chronically infected individuals. These vulnerable and so-called “beneficial” regions were of low entropy overall, yet several were not predicted by stringent conservation algorithms. Consistent with this, stronger inhibition of clade-matched than mismatched viruses was observed in the majority of subjects, indicating better targeting of clade-specific than conserved epitopes. The magnitude of CD8+ T cell responses to beneficial regions, together with viral entropy and HLA class I genotype, explained up to 59% of the variation in viral inhibitory activity, with magnitude of the T cell response making the strongest unique contribution. However, beneficial regions were infrequently targeted by CD8+ T cells elicited by vaccines encoding full-length HIV proteins, when the latter were administered to healthy volunteers and HIV-positive ART-treated subjects, suggesting that immunodominance hierarchies undermine effective anti-HIV CD8+ T cell responses. Taken together, our data support HIV immunogen design that is based on systematic selection of empirically defined vulnerable regions within the viral proteome, with exclusion of immunodominant decoy epitopes that are irrelevant for HIV control. Attempts to develop an HIV vaccine that elicits potent cell-mediated immunity have so far been unsuccessful. This is due in part to the use of immunogens that appear to recapitulate responses induced naturally by HIV that are, at best, partially effective. We previously showed that the capacity of CD8+ T cells from patients to block HIV replication in culture is strongly correlated with HIV control in vivo, therefore, we investigated the virological determinants of potent CD8+ T cell inhibitory activity. We observed that CD8+ T cells from patients with naturally low plasma viral loads (viremic controllers) were better able to inhibit the replication of diverse HIV strains in vitro than CD8+ T cells from HIV-noncontroller patients. Importantly, we also found that the potency of the antiviral activity in the latter group was strongly correlated with recognition of selected regions across the viral proteome that are critical to viral fitness. Vaccines that encode full-length viral proteins rarely elicited responses to these vulnerable regions. Taken together, our results provide insight into the characteristics of effective cell-mediated immune responses against HIV and how these may inform the design of better immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Hancock
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hongbing Yang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Wainwright
- Department of Sexual Health, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Bourne
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alyse Frisbee
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tamika L. Payne
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark Berrong
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Denis Chopera
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine & Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tomas Hanke
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute—HIVACAT, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute—HIVACAT, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Surgery, Immunology, and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Posavad CM, Zhao L, Mueller DE, Stevens CE, Huang ML, Wald A, Corey L. Persistence of mucosal T-cell responses to herpes simplex virus type 2 in the female genital tract. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:115-26. [PMID: 24917455 PMCID: PMC4263695 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the human T-cell response to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in the female genital tract, a major site of heterosexual HSV-2 acquisition, transmission, and reactivation. In order to understand the role of local mucosal immunity in HSV-2 infection, T-cell lines were expanded from serial cervical cytobrush samples from 30 HSV-2-infected women and examined for reactivity to HSV-2. Approximately 3% of the CD3+ T cells isolated from the cervix were HSV-2 specific and of these, a median of 91.3% were CD4+, whereas a median of 3.9% were CD8+. HSV-2-specific CD4+ T cells expanded from the cervix were not only more frequent than CD8+ T cells but also exhibited greater breadth in terms of antigenic reactivity. T cells directed at the same HSV-2 protein were often detected in serial cervical cytobrush samples and in blood. Thus, broad and persistent mucosal T-cell responses to HSV-2 were detected in the female genital tract of HSV-2+ women suggesting that these cells are resident at the site of HSV-2 infection. Understanding the role of these T cells at this biologically relevant site will be central to the elucidation of adaptive immune mechanisms involved in controlling HSV-2 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Lin Zhao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Dawn E. Mueller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Meei Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Anna Wald
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Moncunill G, Dobaño C, McElrath MJ, De Rosa SC. OMIP-025: evaluation of human T- and NK-cell responses including memory and follicular helper phenotype by intracellular cytokine staining. Cytometry A 2014; 87:289-92. [PMID: 25407958 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Moncunill
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109; Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Huang Y, Duerr A, Frahm N, Zhang L, Moodie Z, De Rosa S, McElrath MJ, Gilbert PB. Immune-correlates analysis of an HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial reveals an association of nonspecific interferon-γ secretion with increased HIV-1 infection risk: a cohort-based modeling study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108631. [PMID: 25369172 PMCID: PMC4219669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated risk of HIV-1 infection among recipients of an adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-vectored HIV-1 vaccine was previously reported in the Step HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial. We assessed pre-infection cellular immune responses measured at 4 weeks after the second vaccination to determine their roles in HIV-1 infection susceptibility among Step study male participants. METHODS We examined ex vivo interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using an ELISpot assay in 112 HIV-infected and 962 uninfected participants. In addition, we performed flow cytometric assays to examine T-cell activation, and ex vivo IFN-γ and interleukin-2 secretion from CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. We accounted for the sub-sampling design in Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of HIV-1 infection per 1-log(e) increase of the immune responses. FINDINGS We found that HIV-specific immune responses were not associated with risk of HIV-1 infection. However, each 1-log(e) increase of mock responses measured by the ELISpot assay (i.e., IFN-γ secretion in the absence of antigen-specific stimulation) was associated with a 62% increase of HIV-1 infection risk among vaccine recipients (HR = 1.62, 95% CI: (1.28, 2.04), p<0.001). This association remains after accounting for CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell activation. We observed a moderate correlation between ELISpot mock responses and CD4(+) T-cells secreting IFN-γ (ρ = 0.33, p = 0.007). In addition, the effect of the Step vaccine on infection risk appeared to vary with ELISpot mock response levels, especially among participants who had pre-existing anti-Ad5 antibodies (interaction p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The proportion of cells, likely CD4(+) T-cells, producing IFN-γ without stimulation by exogenous antigen appears to carry information beyond T-cell activation and baseline characteristics that predict risk of HIV-1 infection. These results motivate additional investigation to understand the potential link between IFN-γ secretion and underlying causes of elevated HIV-1 infection risk among vaccine recipients in the Step study.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cohort Studies
- Follow-Up Studies
- HIV Infections/pathology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV-1/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoassay
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Risk
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
- pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ann Duerr
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lily Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steve De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Manrique A, Adams E, Barouch DH, Fast P, Graham BS, Kim JH, Kublin JG, McCluskey M, Pantaleo G, Robinson HL, Russell N, Snow W, Johnston MI. The immune space: a concept and template for rationalizing vaccine development. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:1017-22. [PMID: 24857015 PMCID: PMC4208609 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Empirical testing of candidate vaccines has led to the successful development of a number of lifesaving vaccines. The advent of new tools to manipulate antigens and new methods and vectors for vaccine delivery has led to a veritable explosion of potential vaccine designs. As a result, selection of candidate vaccines suitable for large-scale efficacy testing has become more challenging. This is especially true for diseases such as dengue, HIV, and tuberculosis where there is no validated animal model or correlate of immune protection. Establishing guidelines for the selection of vaccine candidates for advanced testing has become a necessity. A number of factors could be considered in making these decisions, including, for example, safety in animal and human studies, immune profile, protection in animal studies, production processes with product quality and stability, availability of resources, and estimated cost of goods. The "immune space template" proposed here provides a standardized approach by which the quality, level, and durability of immune responses elicited in early human trials by a candidate vaccine can be described. The immune response profile will demonstrate if and how the candidate is unique relative to other candidates, especially those that have preceded it into efficacy testing and, thus, what new information concerning potential immune correlates could be learned from an efficacy trial. A thorough characterization of immune responses should also provide insight into a developer's rationale for the vaccine's proposed mechanism of action. HIV vaccine researchers plan to include this general approach in up-selecting candidates for the next large efficacy trial. This "immune space" approach may also be applicable to other vaccine development endeavors where correlates of vaccine-induced immune protection remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Adams
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pat Fast
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - James G. Kublin
- HIV Vaccine Trials Network and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nina Russell
- The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - William Snow
- Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise, New York, New York
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Bart PA, Huang Y, Karuna ST, Chappuis S, Gaillard J, Kochar N, Shen X, Allen MA, Ding S, Hural J, Liao HX, Haynes BF, Graham BS, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Pantaleo G, Frahm N. HIV-specific humoral responses benefit from stronger prime in phase Ib clinical trial. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4843-56. [PMID: 25271627 DOI: 10.1172/jci75894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Vector prime-boost immunization strategies induce strong cellular and humoral immune responses. We examined the priming dose and administration order of heterologous vectors in HIV Vaccine Trials Network 078 (HVTN 078), a randomized, double-blind phase Ib clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost regimens, with a New York vaccinia HIV clade B (NYVAC-B) vaccine and a recombinant adenovirus 5-vectored (rAd5-vectored) vaccine. METHODS. NYVAC-B included HIV-1 clade B Gag-Pol-Nef and gp120, while rAd5 included HIV-1 clade B Gag-Pol and clades A, B, and C gp140. Eighty Ad5-seronegative subjects were randomized to receive 2 × NYVAC-B followed by 1 × 1010 PFU rAd5 (NYVAC/Ad5hi); 1 × 108 PFU rAd5 followed by 2 × NYVAC-B (Ad5lo/NYVAC); 1 × 109 PFU rAd5 followed by 2 × NYVAC-B (Ad5med/NYVAC); 1 × 1010 PFU rAd5 followed by 2 × NYVAC-B (Ad5hi/NYVAC); or placebo. Immune responses were assessed 2 weeks after the final vaccination. Intracellular cytokine staining measured T cells producing IFN-γ and/or IL-2; cross-clade and epitope-specific binding antibodies were determined; and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) were assessed with 6 tier 1 viruses. RESULTS. CD4+ T cell response rates ranged from 42.9% to 93.3%. NYVAC/Ad5hi response rates (P ≤ 0.01) and magnitudes (P ≤ 0.03) were significantly lower than those of other groups. CD8+ T cell response rates ranged from 65.5% to 85.7%. NYVAC/Ad5hi magnitudes were significantly lower than those of other groups (P ≤ 0.04). IgG response rates to the group M consensus gp140 were 89.7% for NYVAC/Ad5hi and 21.4%, 84.6%, and 100% for Ad5lo/NYVAC, Ad5med/NYVAC, and Ad5hi/NYVAC, respectively, and were similar for other vaccine proteins. Overall nAb responses were low, but aggregate responses appeared stronger for Ad5med/NYVAC and Ad5hi/NYVAC than for NYVAC/Ad5hi. CONCLUSIONS. rAd5 prime followed by NYVAC boost is superior to the reverse regimen for both vaccine-induced cellular and humoral immune responses. Higher Ad5 priming doses significantly increased binding and nAbs. These data provide a basis for optimizing the design of future clinical trials testing vector-based heterologous prime-boost strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00961883. FUNDING. NIAID, NIH UM1AI068618, AI068635, AI068614, and AI069443.
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Bourguignon P, Clément F, Renaud F, Le Bras V, Koutsoukos M, Burny W, Moris P, Lorin C, Collard A, Leroux-Roels G, Roman F, Janssens M, Vandekerckhove L. Processing of blood samples influences PBMC viability and outcome of cell-mediated immune responses in antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-1-infected patients. J Immunol Methods 2014; 414:1-10. [PMID: 25224748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assay is increasingly used in vaccine clinical trials to measure antigen-specific T-cell mediated immune (CMI) responses in cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and whole blood. However, recent observations indicate that several parameters involved in blood processing can impact PBMC viability and CMI responses, especially in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals. In this phase I study (NCT01610427), we collected blood samples from 22 ART-naïve HIV-1-infected adults. PBMCs were isolated and processed for ICS assay. The individual and combined effects of the following parameters were investigated: time between blood collection and PBMC processing (time-to-process: 2, 7 or 24 h); time between PBMC thawing and initiation of in vitro stimulation with HIV-1 antigens (resting-time: 0, 2, 6 and 18 h); and duration of antigen-stimulation in PBMC cultures (stimulation-time: 6h or overnight). The cell recovery after thawing, cell viability after ICS and magnitude of HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses were considered to determine the optimal combination of process conditions. The impact of time-to-process (2 or 4 h) on HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses was also assessed in a whole blood ICS assay. A higher quality of cells in terms of recovery and viability (up to 81% and >80% respectively) was obtained with shorter time-to-process (less than 7 h) and resting-time (less than 2 h) intervals. Longer (overnight) rather than shorter (6 h) stimulation-time intervals increased the frequency of CD8(+)-specific T-cell responses using ICS in PBMCs without change of the functionality. The CD8(+) specific T-cell responses detected using fresh whole blood showed a good correlation with the responses detected using frozen PBMCs. Our results support the need of standardized procedures for the evaluation of CMI responses, especially in HIV-1-infected, ART-naïve patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Clément
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Frédéric Renaud
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rue de l'institut 89, Rixensart 1330, Belgium.
| | - Vivien Le Bras
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rue de l'institut 89, Rixensart 1330, Belgium.
| | | | - Wivine Burny
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rue de l'institut 89, Rixensart 1330, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Moris
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rue de l'institut 89, Rixensart 1330, Belgium.
| | - Clarisse Lorin
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rue de l'institut 89, Rixensart 1330, Belgium.
| | - Alix Collard
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rue de l'institut 89, Rixensart 1330, Belgium.
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - François Roman
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rue de l'institut 89, Rixensart 1330, Belgium.
| | - Michel Janssens
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rue de l'institut 89, Rixensart 1330, Belgium.
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- ARC (AIDS Reference Center), Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Finak G, Frelinger J, Jiang W, Newell EW, Ramey J, Davis MM, Kalams SA, De Rosa SC, Gottardo R. OpenCyto: an open source infrastructure for scalable, robust, reproducible, and automated, end-to-end flow cytometry data analysis. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003806. [PMID: 25167361 PMCID: PMC4148203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry is used increasingly in clinical research for cancer, immunology and vaccines. Technological advances in cytometry instrumentation are increasing the size and dimensionality of data sets, posing a challenge for traditional data management and analysis. Automated analysis methods, despite a general consensus of their importance to the future of the field, have been slow to gain widespread adoption. Here we present OpenCyto, a new BioConductor infrastructure and data analysis framework designed to lower the barrier of entry to automated flow data analysis algorithms by addressing key areas that we believe have held back wider adoption of automated approaches. OpenCyto supports end-to-end data analysis that is robust and reproducible while generating results that are easy to interpret. We have improved the existing, widely used core BioConductor flow cytometry infrastructure by allowing analysis to scale in a memory efficient manner to the large flow data sets that arise in clinical trials, and integrating domain-specific knowledge as part of the pipeline through the hierarchical relationships among cell populations. Pipelines are defined through a text-based csv file, limiting the need to write data-specific code, and are data agnostic to simplify repetitive analysis for core facilities. We demonstrate how to analyze two large cytometry data sets: an intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) data set from a published HIV vaccine trial focused on detecting rare, antigen-specific T-cell populations, where we identify a new subset of CD8 T-cells with a vaccine-regimen specific response that could not be identified through manual analysis, and a CyTOF T-cell phenotyping data set where a large staining panel and many cell populations are a challenge for traditional analysis. The substantial improvements to the core BioConductor flow cytometry packages give OpenCyto the potential for wide adoption. It can rapidly leverage new developments in computational cytometry and facilitate reproducible analysis in a unified environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jacob Frelinger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wenxin Jiang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Evan W. Newell
- Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore
| | - John Ramey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Spyros A. Kalams
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Sambor A, Garcia A, Berrong M, Pickeral J, Brown S, Rountree W, Sanchez A, Pollara J, Frahm N, Keinonen S, Kijak GH, Roederer M, Levine G, D'Souza MP, Jaimes M, Koup R, Denny T, Cox J, Ferrari G. Establishment and maintenance of a PBMC repository for functional cellular studies in support of clinical vaccine trials. J Immunol Methods 2014; 409:107-16. [PMID: 24787274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A large repository of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) samples was created to provide laboratories testing the specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) vaccine clinical trials the material for assay development, optimization, and validation. One hundred thirty-one PBMC samples were collected using leukapheresis procedure between 2007 and 2013 by the Comprehensive T cell Vaccine Immune Monitoring Consortium core repository. The donors included 83 human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) seronegative and 32 HIV-1 seropositive subjects. The samples were extensively characterized for the ability of T cell subsets to respond to recall viral antigens including cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza virus, and HIV-1 using Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) enzyme linked immunospot (ELISpot) and IFN-γ/interleukin 2 (IL-2) intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays. A subset of samples was evaluated over time to determine the integrity of the cryopreserved samples in relation to recovery, viability, and functionality. The principal results of our study demonstrate that viable and functional cells were consistently recovered from the cryopreserved samples. Therefore, we determined that this repository of large size cryopreserved cellular samples constitutes a unique resource for laboratories that are involved in optimization and validation of assays to evaluate T, B, and NK cellular functions in the context of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sambor
- Foundation for National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ambrosia Garcia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Sara Brown
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ana Sanchez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Nicole Frahm
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Keinonen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gustavo H Kijak
- Viral Genetics Section, US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Gail Levine
- Foundation for National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Richard Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Josephine Cox
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Benefits of a comprehensive quality program for cryopreserved PBMC covering 28 clinical trials sites utilizing an integrated, analytical web-based portal. J Immunol Methods 2014; 409:9-20. [PMID: 24709391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) is a global network of 28 clinical trial sites dedicated to identifying an effective HIV vaccine. Cryopreservation of high-quality peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is critical for the assessment of vaccine-induced cellular immune functions. The HVTN PBMC Quality Management Program is designed to ensure that viable PBMC are processed, stored and shipped for clinical trial assays from all HVTN clinical trial sites. The program has evolved by developing and incorporating best practices for laboratory and specimen quality and implementing automated, web-based tools. These tools allow the site-affiliated processing laboratories and the central Laboratory Operations Unit to rapidly collect, analyze and report PBMC quality data. The HVTN PBMC Quality Management Program includes five key components: 1) Laboratory Assessment, 2) PBMC Training and Certification, 3) Internal Quality Control, 4) External Quality Control (EQC), and 5) Assay Specimen Quality Control. Fresh PBMC processing data is uploaded from each clinical site processing laboratory to a central HVTN Statistical and Data Management Center database for access and analysis on a web portal. Samples are thawed at a central laboratory for assay or specimen quality control and sample quality data is uploaded directly to the database by the central laboratory. Four year cumulative data covering 23,477 blood draws reveals an average fresh PBMC yield of 1.45×10(6)±0.48 cells per milliliter of useable whole blood. 95% of samples were within the acceptable range for fresh cell yield of 0.8-3.2×10(6) cells/ml of usable blood. Prior to full implementation of the HVTN PBMC Quality Management Program, the 2007 EQC evaluations from 10 international sites showed a mean day 2 thawed viability of 83.1% and a recovery of 67.5%. Since then, four year cumulative data covering 3338 specimens used in immunologic assays shows that 99.88% had acceptable viabilities (>66%) for use in cellular assays (mean, 91.46% ±4.5%), and 96.2% had acceptable recoveries (50%-130%) with a mean of recovery of 85.8% ±19.12% of the originally cryopreserved cells. EQC testing revealed that since August 2009, failed recoveries dropped from 4.1% to 1.6% and failed viabilities dropped from 1.0% to 0.3%. The HVTN PBMC quality program provides for laboratory assessment, training and tools for identifying problems, implementing corrective action and monitoring for improvements. These data support the benefits of implementing a comprehensive, web-based PBMC quality program for large clinical trials networks.
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Pattacini L, Murnane PM, Fluharty TR, Katabira E, De Rosa SC, Baeten JM, Lund JM. Enhanced and efficient detection of virus-driven cytokine expression by human NK and T cells. J Virol Methods 2014; 199:17-24. [PMID: 24418500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cutting edge immune monitoring techniques increasingly measure multiple functional outputs for various cell types, such as intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays that measure cytokines expressed by T cells. To date, however, there is no precise method to measure virus-specific cytokine production by both T cells as well as NK cells in the same well, which is important to a greater extent given recent identification of NK cells expressing a memory phenotype. This study describes an adaptable and efficient ICS assay platform that can be used to detect antigen-driven cytokine production by human T cells and NK cells, termed "viral ICS". Importantly, this assay uses limited amount of cryopreserved PBMCs along with autologous heat-inactivated serum, thereby allowing for this assay to be performed when sample is scarce as well as geographically distant from the laboratory. Compared to a standard ICS assay that detects antigen-specific T cell cytokine expression alone, the viral ICS assay is comparable in terms of both HIV-specific CD4 and CD8T cell cytokine response rates and magnitude of response, with the added advantage of ability to detect virus-specific NK cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pattacini
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Pamela M Murnane
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tayler R Fluharty
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Elly Katabira
- Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Jared M Baeten
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Goepfert PA, Elizaga ML, Seaton K, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Sato A, Hural J, DeRosa SC, Kalams SA, McElrath MJ, Keefer MC, Baden LR, Lama JR, Sanchez J, Mulligan MJ, Buchbinder SP, Hammer SM, Koblin BA, Pensiero M, Butler C, Moss B, Robinson HL. Specificity and 6-month durability of immune responses induced by DNA and recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara vaccines expressing HIV-1 virus-like particles. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:99-110. [PMID: 24403557 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clade B DNA and recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccines producing virus-like particles displaying trimeric membrane-bound envelope glycoprotein (Env) were tested in a phase 2a trial in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected adults for safety, immunogenicity, and 6-month durability of immune responses. METHODS A total of 299 individuals received 2 doses of JS7 DNA vaccine and 2 doses of MVA/HIV62B at 0, 2, 4, and 6 months, respectively (the DDMM regimen); 3 doses of MVA/HIV62B at 0, 2, and 6 months (the MMM regimen); or placebo injections. RESULTS At peak response, 93.2% of the DDMM group and 98.4% of the MMM group had binding antibodies for Env. These binding antibodies were more frequent and of higher magnitude for the transmembrane subunit (gp41) than the receptor-binding subunit (gp120) of Env. For both regimens, response rates were higher for CD4(+) T cells (66.4% in the DDMM group and 43.1% in the MMM group) than for CD8(+) T cells (21.8% in the DDMM group and 14.9% in the MMM group). Responding CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were biased toward Gag, and >70% produced 2 or 3 of the 4 cytokines evaluated (ie, interferon γ, interleukin 2, tumor necrosis factor α, and granzyme B). Six months after vaccination, the magnitudes of antibodies and T-cell responses had decreased by <3-fold. CONCLUSIONS DDMM and MMM vaccinations with virus-like particle-expressing immunogens elicited durable antibody and T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marnie L Elizaga
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Kelly Seaton
- Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David C Montefiori
- Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Alicia Sato
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Stephen C DeRosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael C Keefer
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Javier R Lama
- Asociacion Civil IMPACTA Salud y Educacion, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge Sanchez
- Asociacion Civil IMPACTA Salud y Educacion, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Freer G. Intracellular staining and detection of cytokines by fluorescence-activated flow cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1172:221-34. [PMID: 24908309 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0928-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The detection of cytokines inside cells producing them has made a tremendous impact on the way immune reactivity is measured. Intracellular cytokine staining is the only immunological technique allowing determination of antigen-specific T cell function and phenotype at the same time; for this reason, it is one of the most popular methods to measure antigenicity in the evaluation of vaccine efficacy and in the study of infectious diseases. It is a flow cytometric technique based on staining of intracellular cytokines and cell markers (surface or cytoplasmic) with fluorescent antibodies after short term culture of stimulated immune cells in the presence of a protein secretion inhibitor, followed by fixation and permeabilization. Most experiments involve detection of five to ten different colors but many more can be detected by modern flow cytometers. Here, we discuss our experience using a standard protocol for intracellular cytokine staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Freer
- Department of Translational Medicine, Retrovirus Center, University of Pisa, Via del Brennero 2, I-56127, Pisa, Italy,
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Finak G, Jiang W, Krouse K, Wei C, Sanz I, Phippard D, Asare A, De Rosa SC, Self S, Gottardo R. High-throughput flow cytometry data normalization for clinical trials. Cytometry A 2013; 85:277-86. [PMID: 24382714 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry datasets from clinical trials generate very large datasets and are usually highly standardized, focusing on endpoints that are well defined apriori. Staining variability of individual makers is not uncommon and complicates manual gating, requiring the analyst to adapt gates for each sample, which is unwieldy for large datasets. It can lead to unreliable measurements, especially if a template-gating approach is used without further correction to the gates. In this article, a computational framework is presented for normalizing the fluorescence intensity of multiple markers in specific cell populations across samples that is suitable for high-throughput processing of large clinical trial datasets. Previous approaches to normalization have been global and applied to all cells or data with debris removed. They provided no mechanism to handle specific cell subsets. This approach integrates tightly with the gating process so that normalization is performed during gating and is local to the specific cell subsets exhibiting variability. This improves peak alignment and the performance of the algorithm. The performance of this algorithm is demonstrated on two clinical trial datasets from the HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) and the Immune Tolerance Network (ITN). In the ITN data set we show that local normalization combined with template gating can account for sample-to-sample variability as effectively as manual gating. In the HVTN dataset, it is shown that local normalization mitigates false-positive vaccine response calls in an intracellular cytokine staining assay. In both datasets, local normalization performs better than global normalization. The normalization framework allows the use of template gates even in the presence of sample-to-sample staining variability, mitigates the subjectivity and bias of manual gating, and decreases the time necessary to analyze large datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109
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135
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Hammer SM, Sobieszczyk ME, Janes H, Karuna ST, Mulligan MJ, Grove D, Koblin BA, Buchbinder SP, Keefer MC, Tomaras GD, Frahm N, Hural J, Anude C, Graham BS, Enama ME, Adams E, DeJesus E, Novak RM, Frank I, Bentley C, Ramirez S, Fu R, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Montefiori DC, Kublin J, McElrath MJ, Corey L, Gilbert PB. Efficacy trial of a DNA/rAd5 HIV-1 preventive vaccine. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:2083-92. [PMID: 24099601 PMCID: PMC4030634 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1310566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A safe and effective vaccine for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a global priority. We tested the efficacy of a DNA prime-recombinant adenovirus type 5 boost (DNA/rAd5) vaccine regimen in persons at increased risk for HIV-1 infection in the United States. METHODS At 21 sites, we randomly assigned 2504 men or transgender women who have sex with men to receive the DNA/rAd5 vaccine (1253 participants) or placebo (1251 participants). We assessed HIV-1 acquisition from week 28 through month 24 (termed week 28+ infection), viral-load set point (mean plasma HIV-1 RNA level 10 to 20 weeks after diagnosis), and safety. The 6-plasmid DNA vaccine (expressing clade B Gag, Pol, and Nef and Env proteins from clades A, B, and C) was administered at weeks 0, 4, and 8. The rAd5 vector boost (expressing clade B Gag-Pol fusion protein and Env glycoproteins from clades A, B, and C) was administered at week 24. RESULTS In April 2013, the data and safety monitoring board recommended halting vaccinations for lack of efficacy. The primary analysis showed that week 28+ infection had been diagnosed in 27 participants in the vaccine group and 21 in the placebo group (vaccine efficacy, -25.0%; 95% confidence interval, -121.2 to 29.3; P=0.44), with mean viral-load set points of 4.46 and 4.47 HIV-1 RNA log10 copies per milliliter, respectively. Analysis of all infections during the study period (41 in the vaccine group and 31 in the placebo group) also showed lack of vaccine efficacy (P=0.28). The vaccine regimen had an acceptable side-effect profile. CONCLUSIONS The DNA/rAd5 vaccine regimen did not reduce either the rate of HIV-1 acquisition or the viral-load set point in the population studied. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00865566.).
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Figueiredo S, Charmeteau B, Surenaud M, Salmon D, Launay O, Guillet JG, Hosmalin A, Gahery H. Memory CD8(+) T cells elicited by HIV-1 lipopeptide vaccines display similar phenotypic profiles but differences in term of magnitude and multifunctionality compared with FLU- or EBV-specific memory T cells in humans. Vaccine 2013; 32:492-501. [PMID: 24291199 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation marker, multifunctionality and magnitude analyses of specific-CD8(+) memory T cells are crucial to improve development of HIV vaccines designed to generate cell-mediated immunity. Therefore, we fully characterized the HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses induced in volunteers vaccinated with HIV lipopeptide vaccines for phenotypic markers, tetramer staining, cytokine secretion, and cytotoxic activities. The frequency of ex vivo CD8(+) T cells elicited by lipopeptide vaccines is very rare and central-memory phenotype and functions of these cells were been shown to be important in AIDS immunity. So, we expanded them using specific peptides to compare the memory T cell responses induced in volunteers by HIV vaccines with responses to influenza (FLU) or Epstein Barr virus (EBV). By analyzing the differentiation state of IFN-γ-secreting CD8(+) T cells, we found a CCR7(-)CD45RA(-)CD28(+int)/CD28(-) profile (>85%) belonging to a subset of intermediate-differentiated effector T cells for HIV, FLU, and EBV. We then assessed the quality of the response by measuring various T cell functions. The percentage of single IFN-γ T cell producers in response to HIV was 62% of the total of secreting T cells compared with 35% for FLU and EBV, dual and triple (IFN-γ/IL-2/CD107a) T cell producers could also be detected but at lower levels (8% compared with 37%). Finally, HIV-specific T cells secreted IFN-γ and TNF-α, but not the dual combination like FLU- and EBV-specific T cells. Thus, we found that the functional profile and magnitude of expanded HIV-specific CD8(+) T precursors were more limited than those of to FLU- and EBV-specific CD8(+) T cells. These data show that CD8(+) T cells induced by these HIV vaccines have a similar differentiation profile to FLU and EBV CD8(+) T cells, but that the vaccine potency to induce multifunctional T cells needs to be increased in order to improve vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Figueiredo
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Benedicte Charmeteau
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Surenaud
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Salmon
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Odile Launay
- Inserm CIC BT505, CIC de Vaccinologie Cochin Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Gérard Guillet
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anne Hosmalin
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Hanne Gahery
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale, INSERM U976, Saint-Louis Hospital, Skin Research Center, 75010 Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Immunology, Dermatology & Oncology, UMR-S 976, 75010 Paris, France.
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Borchers S, Ogonek J, Varanasi PR, Tischer S, Bremm M, Eiz-Vesper B, Koehl U, Weissinger EM. Multimer monitoring of CMV-specific T cells in research and in clinical applications. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 78:201-12. [PMID: 24331953 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Multimer monitoring has become a standard technique for detection of antigen-specific T cells. The term "multimer" refers to a group of reagents based on the multimerisation of molecules in order to raise avidity and thus stabilize binding to their ligand. Multimers for detection of antigen-specific T-cell responses are based on major histocompatibility complex class I peptide complexes. Multimer staining enables fast and direct visualization of antigen-specific T cells; thus, it is widely applied to assess antiviral immunity, e.g., monitor patients in vaccination trials or confirm purity of cell products for adoptive transfer. Assessment of T-cell immunity against persistent pathogens like cytomegalovirus (CMV) is of major importance in immunosuppressed patients. Recent advancements of multimers facilitate reversible labeling and allow isolation of epitope-specific T cells for adoptive transfer. Here, we give an overview on the different multimers and their applications, with an emphasis on CMV-specific T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Borchers
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partnerside Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Justyna Ogonek
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
| | - Pavankumar R Varanasi
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partnerside Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Sabine Tischer
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, MHH, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Melanie Bremm
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover, Germany; Institute of Transfusion Medicine, MHH, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover, Germany; Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, MHH, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Eva M Weissinger
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partnerside Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.
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138
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Janes H, Friedrich DP, Krambrink A, Smith RJ, Kallas EG, Horton H, Casimiro DR, Carrington M, Geraghty DE, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Frahm N. Vaccine-induced gag-specific T cells are associated with reduced viremia after HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1231-9. [PMID: 23878319 PMCID: PMC3778967 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of host T-cell immunity and HLA class I alleles to the control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) replication in natural infection is widely recognized. We assessed whether vaccine-induced T-cell immunity, or expression of certain HLA alleles, impacted HIV-1 control after infection in the Step MRKAd5/HIV-1 gag/pol/nef study. Vaccine-induced T cells were associated with reduced plasma viremia, with subjects targeting ≥3 gag peptides presenting with half-log lower mean viral loads than subjects without Gag responses. This effect was stronger in participants infected proximal to vaccination and was independent of our observed association of HLA-B*27, -B*57 and -B*58:01 alleles with lower HIV-1 viremia. These findings support the ability of vaccine-induced T-cell responses to influence postinfection outcome and provide a rationale for the generation of T-cell responses by vaccination to reduce viremia if protection from acquisition is not achieved. Clinical trials identifier: NCT00095576.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Biostatistics
| | - David P. Friedrich
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Amy Krambrink
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Rebecca J. Smith
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helen Horton
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Washington
| | | | - Mary Carrington
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, SAIC Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Biostatistics
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Global Health
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle;
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Global Health
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Kutscher S, Dembek CJ, Deckert S, Russo C, Körber N, Bogner JR, Geisler F, Umgelter A, Neuenhahn M, Albrecht J, Cosma A, Protzer U, Bauer T. Overnight resting of PBMC changes functional signatures of antigen specific T- cell responses: impact for immune monitoring within clinical trials. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76215. [PMID: 24146841 PMCID: PMC3795753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyfunctional CD4 or CD8 T cells are proposed to represent a correlate of immune control for persistent viruses as well as for vaccine mediated protection against infection. A well-suited methodology to study complex functional phenotypes of antiviral T cells is the combined staining of intracellular cytokines and phenotypic marker expression using polychromatic flow cytometry. In this study we analyzed the effect of an overnight resting period at 37°C on the quantity and functionality of HIV-1, EBV, CMV, HBV and HCV specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in a cohort of 21 individuals. We quantified total antigen specific T cells by multimer staining and used 10-color intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) to determine IFNγ, TNFα, IL2 and MIP1β production. After an overnight resting significantly higher numbers of functionally active T cells were detectable by ICS for all tested antigen specificities, whereas the total number of antigen specific T cells determined by multimer staining remained unchanged. Overnight resting shifted the quality of T-cell responses towards polyfunctionality and increased antigen sensitivity of T cells. Our data suggest that the observed effect is mediated by T cells rather than by antigen presenting cells. We conclude that overnight resting of PBMC prior to ex vivo analysis of antiviral T-cell responses represents an efficient method to increase sensitivity of ICS-based methods and has a prominent impact on the functional phenotype of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kutscher
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Cooperation Group ‘Immune Monitoring’, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia J. Dembek
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Cooperation Group ‘Immune Monitoring’, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Deckert
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Cooperation Group ‘Immune Monitoring’, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carolina Russo
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Körber
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes R. Bogner
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Med. Klinik und Poliklinik, University Hospital of Munich/Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Geisler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar/Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Umgelter
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar/Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Neuenhahn
- Cooperation Group ‘Immune Monitoring’, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Albrecht
- Cooperation Group ‘Immune Monitoring’, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Cooperation Group ‘Immune Monitoring’, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Bauer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Cooperation Group ‘Immune Monitoring’, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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140
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Immune monitoring in cancer vaccine clinical trials: critical issues of functional flow cytometry-based assays. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:726239. [PMID: 24195078 PMCID: PMC3806162 DOI: 10.1155/2013/726239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of immune monitoring assays is essential to determine the immune responses against tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) and tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and their possible correlation with clinical outcome in cancer patients receiving immunotherapies. Despite the wide range of techniques used, to date these assays have not shown consistent results among clinical trials and failed to define surrogate markers of clinical efficacy to antitumor vaccines. Multiparameter flow cytometry- (FCM-) based assays combining different phenotypic and functional markers have been developed in the past decade for informative and longitudinal analysis of polyfunctional T-cells. These technologies were designed to address the complexity and functional heterogeneity of cancer biology and cellular immunity and to define biomarkers predicting clinical response to anticancer treatment. So far, there is still a lack of standardization of some of these immunological tests. The aim of this review is to overview the latest technologies for immune monitoring and to highlight critical steps involved in some of the FCM-based cellular immune assays. In particular, our laboratory is focused on melanoma vaccine research and thus our main goal was the validation of a functional multiparameter test (FMT) combining different functional and lineage markers to be applied in clinical trials involving patients with melanoma.
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141
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Finak G, McDavid A, Chattopadhyay P, Dominguez M, De Rosa S, Roederer M, Gottardo R. Mixture models for single-cell assays with applications to vaccine studies. Biostatistics 2013; 15:87-101. [PMID: 23887981 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxt024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood and tissue are composed of many functionally distinct cell subsets. In immunological studies, these can be measured accurately only using single-cell assays. The characterization of these small cell subsets is crucial to decipher system-level biological changes. For this reason, an increasing number of studies rely on assays that provide single-cell measurements of multiple genes and proteins from bulk cell samples. A common problem in the analysis of such data is to identify biomarkers (or combinations of biomarkers) that are differentially expressed between two biological conditions (e.g. before/after stimulation), where expression is defined as the proportion of cells expressing that biomarker (or biomarker combination) in the cell subset(s) of interest. Here, we present a Bayesian hierarchical framework based on a beta-binomial mixture model for testing for differential biomarker expression using single-cell assays. Our model allows the inference to be subject specific, as is typically required when assessing vaccine responses, while borrowing strength across subjects through common prior distributions. We propose two approaches for parameter estimation: an empirical-Bayes approach using an Expectation-Maximization algorithm and a fully Bayesian one based on a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. We compare our method against classical approaches for single-cell assays including Fisher's exact test, a likelihood ratio test, and basic log-fold changes. Using several experimental assays measuring proteins or genes at single-cell level and simulations, we show that our method has higher sensitivity and specificity than alternative methods. Additional simulations show that our framework is also robust to model misspecification. Finally, we demonstrate how our approach can be extended to testing multivariate differential expression across multiple biomarker combinations using a Dirichlet-multinomial model and illustrate this approach using single-cell gene expression data and simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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142
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Evolutionarily conserved epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and feline immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptases detected by HIV-1-infected subjects. J Virol 2013; 87:10004-15. [PMID: 23824804 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00359-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-associated epitopes, evolutionarily conserved on both HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) reverse transcriptases (RT), were identified using gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) and carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimide ester (CFSE) proliferation assays followed by CTL-associated cytotoxin analysis. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or T cells from HIV-1-seropositive (HIV(+)) subjects were stimulated with overlapping RT peptide pools. The PBMC from the HIV(+) subjects had more robust IFN-γ responses to the HIV-1 peptide pools than to the FIV peptide pools, except for peptide-pool F3. In contrast, much higher and more frequent CD8(+) T-cell proliferation responses were observed with the FIV peptide pools than with the HIV peptide pools. HIV-1-seronegative subjects had no proliferation or IFN-γ responses to the HIV and FIV peptide pools. A total of 24% (40 of 166) of the IFN-γ responses to HIV pools and 43% (23 of 53) of the CD8(+) T-cell proliferation responses also correlated to responses to their counterpart FIV pools. Thus, more evolutionarily conserved functional epitopes were identified by T-cell proliferation than by IFN-γ responses. In the HIV(+) subjects, peptide-pool F3, but not the HIV H3 counterpart, induced the most IFN-γ and proliferation responses. These reactions to peptide-pool F3 were highly reproducible and persisted over the 1 to 2 years of testing. All five individual peptides and epitopes of peptide-pool F3 induced IFN-γ and/or proliferation responses in addition to inducing CTL-associated cytotoxin responses (perforin, granzyme A, granzyme B). The epitopes inducing polyfunctional T-cell activities were highly conserved among human, simian, feline, and ungulate lentiviruses, which indicated that these epitopes are evolutionarily conserved. These results suggest that FIV peptides could be used in an HIV-1 vaccine.
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143
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McNeil LK, Price L, Britten CM, Jaimes M, Maecker H, Odunsi K, Matsuzaki J, Staats JS, Thorpe J, Yuan J, Janetzki S. A harmonized approach to intracellular cytokine staining gating: Results from an international multiconsortia proficiency panel conducted by the Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium (CIC/CRI). Cytometry A 2013; 83:728-38. [PMID: 23788464 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previous results from two proficiency panels of intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) from the Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium and panels from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease and the Association for Cancer Immunotherapy highlight the variability across laboratories in reported % CD8+ or % CD4+ cytokine-positive cells. One of the main causes of interassay variability in flow cytometry-based assays is due to differences in gating strategies between laboratories, which may prohibit the generation of robust results within single centers and across institutions. To study how gating strategies affect the variation in reported results, a gating panel was organized where all participants analyzed the same set of Flow Cytometry Standard (FCS) files from a four-color ICS assay using their own gating protocol (Phase I) and a gating protocol drafted by consensus from the organizers of the panel (Phase II). Focusing on analysis removed donor, assay, and instrument variation, enabling us to quantify the variability caused by gating alone. One hundred ten participating laboratories applied 110 different gating approaches. This led to high variability in the reported percentage of cytokine-positive cells and consequently in response detection in Phase I. However, variability was dramatically reduced when all laboratories used the same gating strategy (Phase II). Proximity of the cytokine gate to the negative population most impacted true-positive and false-positive response detection. Recommendations are provided for the (1) placement of the cytokine-positive gate, (2) identification of CD4+ CD8+ double-positive T cells, (3) placement of lymphocyte gate, (4) inclusion of dim cells, (5) gate uniformity, and 6) proper adjustment of the biexponential scaling.
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144
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Is the current use of 'positivity' thresholds meaningful for evaluating HIV-vaccine immunogenicity endpoints? AIDS 2013; 27:1362-5. [PMID: 23759712 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328360d52e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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145
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Freer G, Rindi L. Intracellular cytokine detection by fluorescence-activated flow cytometry: basic principles and recent advances. Methods 2013; 61:30-8. [PMID: 23583887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular cytokine staining is a flow cytometric technique consisting of culturing stimulated cytokine-producing cells in the presence of a protein secretion inhibitor, followed by fixation, permeabilization and staining of intracellular cytokines and cell markers (surface or cytoplasmic) with fluorescent antibodies. Up to 18 different colors can be detected by modern flow cytometers, making it the only immunological technique allowing simultaneous determination of antigen-specific T cell function and phenotype. In addition, cell proliferation and viability can be also measured. For this reason, it is probably the most popular method to measure antigenicity during vaccine trials and in the study of infectious diseases, along with ELISPOT. In this review, we will summarize its features, provide the protocol used by most laboratories and review its most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Freer
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
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146
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Donaldson MM, Kao SF, Eslamizar L, Gee C, Koopman G, Lifton M, Schmitz JE, Sylwester AW, Wilson A, Hawkins N, Self SG, Roederer M, Foulds KE. Optimization and qualification of an 8-color intracellular cytokine staining assay for quantifying T cell responses in rhesus macaques for pre-clinical vaccine studies. J Immunol Methods 2012; 386:10-21. [PMID: 22955212 PMCID: PMC3646372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination and SIV challenge of macaque species is the best animal model for evaluating candidate HIV vaccines in pre-clinical studies. As such, robust assays optimized for use in nonhuman primates are necessary for reliable ex vivo measurement of immune responses and identification of potential immune correlates of protection. We optimized and qualified an 8-color intracellular cytokine staining assay for the measurement of IFNγ, IL-2, and TNF from viable CD4 and CD8 T cells from cryopreserved rhesus macaque PBMC stimulated with peptides. After optimization, five laboratories tested assay performance using the same reagents and PBMC samples; similar results were obtained despite the use of flow cytometers with different configurations. The 8-color assay was then subjected to a pre-qualification study to quantify specificity and precision. These data were used to set positivity thresholds and to design the qualification protocol. Upon completion of the qualification study, the assay was shown to be highly reproducible with low inter-aliquot, inter-day, and inter-operator variability according to the qualification criteria with an overall variability of 20-40% for each outcome measurement. Thus, the 8-color ICS assay was formally qualified according to the ICH guidelines Q2 (R1) for specificity and precision indicating that it is considered a standardized/robust assay acceptable for use in pre-clinical trial immunogenicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi M. Donaldson
- Nonhuman Primate Immunogenicity Core, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Shing-Fen Kao
- Nonhuman Primate Immunogenicity Core, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Leila Eslamizar
- Divisi on of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Connie Gee
- Divisi on of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Lifton
- Divisi on of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Joern E. Schmitz
- Divisi on of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Andrew W. Sylwester
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - Aaron Wilson
- Design Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10038, United States
| | - Natalie Hawkins
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Steve G. Self
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Mario Roederer
- Nonhuman Primate Immunogenicity Core, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Foulds
- Nonhuman Primate Immunogenicity Core, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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147
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Yamanaka YJ, Szeto GL, Gierahn TM, Forcier TL, Benedict KF, Brefo MSN, Lauffenburger DA, Irvine DJ, Love JC. Cellular barcodes for efficiently profiling single-cell secretory responses by microengraving. Anal Chem 2012. [PMID: 23205933 DOI: 10.1021/ac302264q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We present a method that uses fluorescent cellular barcodes to increase the number of unique samples that can be analyzed simultaneously by microengraving, a nanowell array-based technique for quantifying the secretory responses of thousands of single cells in parallel. Using n different fluorescent dyes to generate 2(n) unique cellular barcodes, we achieved a 2(n)-fold reduction in the number of arrays and quantity of reagents required per sample. The utility of this approach was demonstrated in three applications of interest in clinical and experimental immunology. Using barcoded human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T cells, we constructed dose-response curves, profiled the secretory behavior of cells treated with mechanistically distinct stimuli, and tracked the secretory behaviors of different lineages of CD4(+) T helper cells. In addition to increasing the number of samples analyzed by generating secretory profiles of single cells from multiple populations in a time- and reagent-efficient manner, we expect that cellular barcoding in combination with microengraving will facilitate unique experimental opportunities for quantitatively analyzing interactions among heterogeneous cells isolated in small groups (~2-5 cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne J Yamanaka
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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148
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Walsh SR, Seaman MS, Grandpre LE, Charbonneau C, Yanosick KE, Metch B, Keefer MC, Dolin R, Baden LR. Impact of anti-orthopoxvirus neutralizing antibodies induced by a heterologous prime-boost HIV-1 vaccine on insert-specific immune responses. Vaccine 2012; 31:114-9. [PMID: 23142302 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of anti-vector immunity on the elicitation of insert-specific immune responses is important to understand in vaccine development. HVTN 055 was a 150 person phase I randomized, controlled HIV vaccine trial of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) and fowlpox (rFPV) with matched HIV-1 inserts which demonstrated increased CD8+ T-cell immune responses in the heterologous vaccine group. The controls used in this study were the empty vectors (MVA and FPV). METHODS Anti-MVA and anti-vaccinia neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) were measured and compared with cellular and humoral HIV-1-specific immune responses. RESULTS Elicitation of anti-vector responses increased with increasing dose of MVA and up to 2 administrations. Further inoculations of MVA (up to 5) did not increase the magnitude of the anti-MVA response but did delay the anti-vector NAb titre decay. There was no evidence that the insert impaired the anti-vector response, nor that anti-vector immunity attenuated the insert-specific responses. CONCLUSION Two doses of MVA may be ideal for the elicitation of orthopoxvirus immune responses with further doses maintaining increased titres against the vector. We found no evidence that eliciting HIV insert- or MVA vector-specific immune responses interfered with elicitation of immune responses to the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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149
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Barouch DH, Liu J, Peter L, Abbink P, Iampietro MJ, Cheung A, Alter G, Chung A, Dugast AS, Frahm N, McElrath MJ, Wenschuh H, Reimer U, Seaman MS, Pau MG, Weijtens M, Goudsmit J, Walsh SR, Dolin R, Baden LR. Characterization of humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by a recombinant adenovirus serotype 26 HIV-1 Env vaccine in healthy adults (IPCAVD 001). J Infect Dis 2012; 207:248-56. [PMID: 23125443 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) has been developed as a novel candidate vaccine vector for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other pathogens. The primary safety and immunogenicity data from the Integrated Preclinical/Clinical AIDS Vaccine Development Program (IPCAVD) 001 trial, the first-in-human evaluation of a prototype Ad26 vector-based vaccine expressing clade A HIV-1 Env (Ad26.ENVA.01), are reported concurrently with this article. Here, we characterize in greater detail the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by Ad26.ENVA.01 in humans. METHODS Samples from the IPCAVD 001 trial were used for humoral and cellular immunogenicity assays. RESULTS We observed a dose-dependent expansion of the magnitude, breadth, and epitopic diversity of Env-specific binding antibody responses elicited by this vaccine. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis, virus inhibition, and degranulation functional activity were also observed. Env-specific cellular immune responses induced by the vaccine included multiple CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-lymphocyte memory subpopulations and cytokine secretion phenotypes, although cellular immune breadth was limited. Baseline vector-specific T-lymphocyte responses were common but did not impair Env-specific immune responses in this study. CONCLUSION Ad26.ENVA.01 elicited a broad diversity of humoral and cellular immune responses in humans. These data support the further clinical development of Ad26 as a candidate vaccine vector. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00618605.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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150
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De Rosa SC, Carter DK, McElrath MJ. OMIP-014: validated multifunctional characterization of antigen-specific human T cells by intracellular cytokine staining. Cytometry A 2012; 81:1019-21. [PMID: 23081852 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C De Rosa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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