101
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Dionne DA, Skovsø S, Templeman NM, Clee SM, Johnson JD. Caloric Restriction Paradoxically Increases Adiposity in Mice With Genetically Reduced Insulin. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2724-34. [PMID: 27145011 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antiadiposity effects of caloric restriction (CR) are associated with reduced insulin/IGF-1 signaling, but it is unclear whether the effects of CR would be additive to genetically reducing circulating insulin. To address this question, we examined female Ins1(+/-):Ins2(-/-) mice and Ins1(+/+):Ins2(-/-) littermate controls on either an ad libitum or 60% CR diet. Although Igf1 levels declined as expected, CR was unable to reduce plasma insulin levels in either genotype below their ad libitum-fed littermate controls. In fact, 53-week-old Ins1(+/-):Ins2(-/-) mice exhibited a paradoxical increase in circulating insulin in the CR group compared with the ad libitum-fed Ins1(+/-):Ins2(-/-) mice. Regardless of insulin gene dosage, CR mice had lower fasting glucose and improved glucose tolerance. Although body mass and lean mass predictably fell after CR initiation, we observed a significant and unexpected increase in fat mass in the CR Ins1(+/-):Ins2(-/-) mice. Specifically, inguinal fat was significantly increased by CR at 66 weeks and 106 weeks. By 106 weeks, brown adipose tissue mass was also significantly increased by CR in both Ins1(+/-):Ins2(-/-) and Ins1(+/+):Ins2(-/-) mice. Interestingly, we observed a clear whitening of brown adipose tissue in the CR groups. Mice in the CR group had altered daily energy expenditure and respiratory exchange ratio circadian rhythms in both genotypes. Multiplexed analysis of circulating hormones revealed that CR was associated with increased fasting and fed levels of the obesogenic hormone, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Collectively these data demonstrate CR has paradoxical effects on adipose tissue growth in the context of genetically reduced insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Dionne
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia l, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Søs Skovsø
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia l, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Nicole M Templeman
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia l, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Susanne M Clee
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia l, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - James D Johnson
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia l, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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102
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Abstract
Heterochromatin is the transcriptionally repressed portion of eukaryotic chromatin that maintains a condensed appearance throughout the cell cycle. At sites of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) heterochromatin, epigenetic states contribute to gene silencing and genome stability, which are required for proper chromosome segregation and a normal life span. Here, we focus on recent advances in the epigenetic regulation of rDNA silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in mammals, including regulation by several histone modifications and several protein components associated with the inner nuclear membrane within the nucleolus. Finally, we discuss the perturbations of rDNA epigenetic pathways in regulating cellular aging and in causing various types of diseases.
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103
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Resveratrol Attenuates Aβ25-35 Caused Neurotoxicity by Inducing Autophagy Through the TyrRS-PARP1-SIRT1 Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2367-79. [PMID: 27180189 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and loss of neurons. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenol that has been found to be beneficial for AD through attenuation of Aβ-induced toxicity in neurons both in vivo and in vitro. However, the specific underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Recently, autophagy was found to protect neurons from toxicity injuries via degradation of impaired proteins and organelles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of autophagy in the anti-neurotoxicity effect of RSV in PC12 cells. We found that RSV pretreatment suppressed β-amyloid protein fragment 25-35 (Aβ25-35)-induced decrease in cell viability. Expression of light chain 3-II, degradation of sequestosome 1, and formation of autophagosomes were also upregulated by RSV. Suppression of autophagy by 3-methyladenine abolished the favorable effects of RSV on Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, RSV promoted the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), auto-poly-ADP-ribosylation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), as well as tyrosyl transfer-RNA (tRNA) synthetase (TyrRS). Nevertheless, RSV-mediated autophagy was markedly abolished with the addition of inhibitors of SIRT1 (EX527), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (STF-118804), PARP1 (AG-14361), as well as SIRT1 and TyrRS small interfering RNA transfection, indicating that the action of RSV on autophagy induction was dependent on TyrRS, PARP1 and SIRT1. In conclusion, RSV attenuated neurotoxicity caused by Aβ25-35 through inducing autophagy in PC12 cells, and the autophagy was partially mediated via activation of the TyrRS-PARP1-SIRT1 signaling pathway.
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104
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Cui Y, Hao Y, Li J, Bao W, Li G, Gao Y, Gu X. Chronic Heat Stress Induces Immune Response, Oxidative Stress Response, and Apoptosis of Finishing Pig Liver: A Proteomic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E393. [PMID: 27187351 PMCID: PMC4881434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) negatively affects human health, animal welfare, and livestock production. We analyzed the hepatic proteomes of finishing pigs subjected to chronic heat stress (HS), thermal neutral (TN), and restricted feed intake conditions, identifying differences between direct and indirect (via reduced feed intake) HS. Twenty-four castrated male pigs were randomly allocated to three treatments for three weeks: (1) thermal neutral (TN) (22 °C) with ad libitum feeding; (2) chronic HS (30 °C) with ad libitum feeding; and (3) TN, pair-fed to HS intake (PF). Hepatic proteome analysis was conducted using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Both HS and PF significantly reduced liver weight (p < 0.05). Forty-five hepatic proteins were differentially abundant when comparing HS with TN (37), PF with TN (29), and HS with PF (16). These proteins are involved in heat shock response and immune defense, oxidative stress response, cellular apoptosis, metabolism, signal transduction, and cytoskeleton. We also observed increased abundance of proteins and enzymes associated with heat shock response and immune defense, reduced the redox state, enhanced multiple antioxidant abilities, and increased apoptosis in HS liver. Heat-load, independent of reduced feed intake, induced an innate immune response, while food restriction caused stress and cellular apoptosis. Our results provide novel insights into the effects of chronic HS on liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yue Hao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jielei Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Weiguang Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China.
| | - Gan Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yanli Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xianhong Gu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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105
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López-Lluch G, Navas P. Calorie restriction as an intervention in ageing. J Physiol 2016; 594:2043-60. [PMID: 26607973 PMCID: PMC4834802 DOI: 10.1113/jp270543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing causes loss of function in tissues and organs, is accompanied by a chronic inflammatory process and affects life- and healthspan. Calorie restriction (CR) is a non-genetic intervention that prevents age-associated diseases and extends longevity in most of the animal models studied so far. CR produces a pleiotropic effect and improves multiple metabolic pathways, generating benefits to the whole organism. Among the effects of CR, modulation of mitochondrial activity and a decrease in oxidative damage are two of the hallmarks. Oxidative damage is reduced by the induction of endogenous antioxidant systems and modulation of the peroxidability index in cell membranes. Mitochondrial activity changes are regulated by inhibition of IGF-1 and Target of Rapamycin (TOR)-dependent activities and activation of AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) and the sirtuin family of proteins. The activity of PGC-1α and FoxO is regulated by these systems and is involved in mitochondria biogenesis, oxidative metabolism activity and mitochondrial turnover. The use of mimetics and the regulation of common factors have demonstrated that these molecular pathways are essential to explain the effect of CR in the organism. Finally, the anti-inflammatory effect of CR is an interesting emerging factor to be taken into consideration. In the present revision we focus on the general effect of CR and other mimetics in longevity, focusing especially on the cardiovascular system and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo López-Lluch
- Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CABD-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Plácido Navas
- Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CABD-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
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106
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Handee W, Li X, Hall KW, Deng X, Li P, Benning C, Williams BL, Kuo MH. An Energy-Independent Pro-longevity Function of Triacylglycerol in Yeast. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005878. [PMID: 26907989 PMCID: PMC4764362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) is a ubiquitous energy storage lipid also involved in lipid homeostasis and signaling. Comparatively, little is known about TAG’s role in other cellular functions. Here we show a pro-longevity function of TAG in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In yeast strains derived from natural and laboratory environments a correlation between high levels of TAG and longer chronological lifespan was observed. Increased TAG abundance through the deletion of TAG lipases prolonged chronological lifespan of laboratory strains, while diminishing TAG biosynthesis shortened lifespan without apparently affecting vegetative growth. TAG-mediated lifespan extension was independent of several other known stress response factors involved in chronological aging. Because both lifespan regulation and TAG metabolism are conserved, this cellular pro-longevity function of TAG may extend to other organisms. Triacylglycerol (TAG) is a ubiquitous lipid species well-known for its roles in storing surplus energy, providing insulation, and maintaining cellular lipid homeostasis. Here we present evidence for a novel pro-longevity function of TAG in the budding yeast, a model organism for aging research. Yeast cells that are genetically engineered to store more TAG live significantly longer without suffering obvious growth defects, whereas those lean cells that are depleted of TAG die early. Yeast strains isolated from the wild in general contain more fat and also display longer lifespan. One of the approaches taken here to force the increase of intracellular TAG is to delete lipases responsible for lipid hydrolysis. Energy extraction from TAG thus is unlikely an underlying cause of the observed lifespan extension. Our results are reminiscent of certain animal studies linking higher body fat to longer lifespan. Potential mechanisms for the connection of TAG and yeast lifespan regulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witawas Handee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xiaobo Li
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin W. Hall
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xiexiong Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Barry L. Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Min-Hao Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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107
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Cerqueira FM, Chausse B, Baranovski BM, Liesa M, Lewis EC, Shirihai OS, Kowaltowski AJ. Diluted serum from calorie-restricted animals promotes mitochondrial β-cell adaptations and protect against glucolipotoxicity. FEBS J 2016; 283:822-33. [PMID: 26732506 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
β-cells quickly adjust insulin secretion to oscillations in nutrients carried by the blood, acting as fuel sensors. However, most studies of β-cell responses to nutrients do not discriminate between fuel levels and signaling components present in the circulation. Here we studied the effect of serum from calorie-restricted rats versus serum from rats fed ad libitum, diluted tenfold in the medium, which did not contribute significantly to the pool of nutrients, on β-cell mitochondrial function and dynamics under regular and high-nutrient culture conditions. Insulin secreting beta-cell derived line (INS1) cells incubated with serum from calorie-restricted rats (CR serum) showed higher levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) and active nitric oxide synthase. The expression of mitofusin-2 (Mfn-2) and optic atrophy 1 (OPA-1), proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion, was increased, while the levels of the mitochondrial fission mediator dynamin related protein 1 (DRP-1) were reduced. Consistent with changes in mitochondrial dynamics protein levels, CR serum treatment increased mitochondrial fusion rates, as well as their length and connectivity. These changes in mitochondrial morphology were associated with prolonged glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and mitochondrial respiration. When combining CR serum and high levels of glucose and palmitate (20 and 0.4 mm, respectively), an in vitro model of type II diabetes, we observed that signaling promoted by CR serum was enough to overcome glucolipotoxicity, as indicated by CR-mediated prevention of mitochondrial fusion arrest and reduced respiratory function in INS1 cells under glucolipotoxicity. Overall, our results provide evidence that non-nutrient factors in serum have a major impact on β-cell mitochondrial adaptations to changes in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M Cerqueira
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Chausse
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Boris M Baranovski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA.,UCLA Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA, USA
| | - Eli C Lewis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.,UCLA Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA, USA
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108
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Abstract
Transferring Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to water is known to extend their lifespan. However, it is unclear whether this lifespan extension is due to slowing the aging process or merely keeping old yeast alive. Here we show that in water-transferred yeast, the toxicity of polyQ proteins is decreased and the aging biomarker 47Q aggregates at a reduced rate and to a lesser extent. These beneficial effects of water-transfer could not be reproduced by diluting the growth medium and depended on de novo protein synthesis and proteasomes levels. Interestingly, we found that upon water-transfer 27 proteins are downregulated, 4 proteins are upregulated and 81 proteins change their intracellular localization, hinting at an active genetic program enabling the lifespan extension. Furthermore, the aging-related deterioration of the heat shock response (HSR), the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD), was largely prevented in water-transferred yeast, as the activities of these proteostatic network pathways remained nearly as robust as in young yeast. The characteristics of young yeast that are actively maintained upon water-transfer indicate that the extended lifespan is the outcome of slowing the rate of the aging process.
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109
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Novelle MG, Davis A, Price NL, Ali A, Fürer-Galvan S, Zhang Y, Becker K, Bernier M, de Cabo R. Caloric restriction induces heat shock response and inhibits B16F10 cell tumorigenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:233-40. [PMID: 25948793 PMCID: PMC4429088 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) without malnutrition is one of the most consistent strategies for increasing mean and maximal lifespan and delaying the onset of age-associated diseases. Stress resistance is a common trait of many long-lived mutants and life-extending interventions, including CR. Indeed, better protection against heat shock and other genotoxic insults have helped explain the pro-survival properties of CR. In this study, both in vitro and in vivo responses to heat shock were investigated using two different models of CR. Murine B16F10 melanoma cells treated with serum from CR-fed rats showed lower proliferation, increased tolerance to heat shock and enhanced HSP-70 expression, compared to serum from ad libitum-fed animals. Similar effects were observed in B16F10 cells implanted subcutaneously in male C57BL/6 mice subjected to CR. Microarray analysis identified a number of genes and pathways whose expression profile were similar in both models. These results suggest that the use of an in vitro model could be a good alternative to study the mechanisms by which CR exerts its anti-tumorigenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta G Novelle
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ashley Davis
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Nathan L Price
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Stefanie Fürer-Galvan
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kevin Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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110
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Bromham L. Testing hypotheses in macroevolution. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2016; 55:47-59. [PMID: 26774069 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Experimental manipulation of microevolution (changes in frequency of heritable traits in populations) has shed much light on evolutionary processes. But many evolutionary processes occur on scales that are not amenable to experimental manipulation. Indeed, one of the reasons that macroevolution (changes in biodiversity over time, space and lineages) has sometimes been a controversial topic is that processes underlying the generation of biological diversity generally operate at scales that are not open to direct observation or manipulation. Macroevolutionary hypotheses can be tested by using them to generate predictions then asking whether observations from the biological world match those predictions. Each study that identifies significant correlations between evolutionary events, processes or outcomes can generate new predictions that can be further tested with different datasets, allowing a cumulative process that may narrow down on plausible explanations, or lead to rejection of other explanations as inconsistent or unsupported. A similar approach can be taken even for unique events, for example by comparing patterns in different regions, lineages, or time periods. I will illustrate the promise and pitfalls of these approaches using a range of examples, and discuss the problems of inferring causality from significant evolutionary associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindell Bromham
- Centre for Macroevolution and Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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111
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Mooney KM, Morgan AE, Mc Auley MT. Aging and computational systems biology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 8:123-39. [PMID: 26825379 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging research is undergoing a paradigm shift, which has led to new and innovative methods of exploring this complex phenomenon. The systems biology approach endeavors to understand biological systems in a holistic manner, by taking account of intrinsic interactions, while also attempting to account for the impact of external inputs, such as diet. A key technique employed in systems biology is computational modeling, which involves mathematically describing and simulating the dynamics of biological systems. Although a large number of computational models have been developed in recent years, these models have focused on various discrete components of the aging process, and to date no model has succeeded in completely representing the full scope of aging. Combining existing models or developing new models may help to address this need and in so doing could help achieve an improved understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms which underpin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Mooney
- Faculty of Health and Social care, Edge Hill University, Lancashire, UK
| | - Amy E Morgan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Mark T Mc Auley
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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112
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Khan S, Shukla S, Sinha S, Meeran SM. Epigenetic targets in cancer and aging: dietary and therapeutic interventions. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:689-703. [PMID: 26667209 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1132702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epigenetic regulation plays a critical role in normal growth and embryonic development by controlling the transcriptional activities of several genes. A growing number of epigenetic changes have been reported in the regulation of key genes involved in cancer and aging. Drugs with epigenetic modulatory activities, mainly histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, have received wider attention in aging and cancer research. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize the major epigenetic alterations in cancer and aging, with special emphasis on possible therapeutic targets and interventions by dietary as well as bioactive phytochemicals. EXPERT OPINION Some epigenetic-targeting drugs have received FDA approval and many others are undergoing different phases of clinical trials for cancer therapy. In addition to the synthetic compounds, several bioactive phytochemicals and dietary interventions, such as caloric restriction, have been shown to possess epigenetic modulatory activities in multiple cancers. These epigenetic modulators have been shown to delay aging and minimize the risk of cancer both in preclinical as well as clinical models. Therefore, knowledge of bioactive phytochemicals along with dietary interventions can be utilized for cancer prevention and therapy both alone and with existing drugs to achieve optimum efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Khan
- a Division of Endocrinology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Samriddhi Shukla
- a Division of Endocrinology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Sonam Sinha
- a Division of Endocrinology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Syed Musthapa Meeran
- a Division of Endocrinology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
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113
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de Oliveira MR, Nabavi SF, Manayi A, Daglia M, Hajheydari Z, Nabavi SM. Resveratrol and the mitochondria: From triggering the intrinsic apoptotic pathway to inducing mitochondrial biogenesis, a mechanistic view. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:727-45. [PMID: 26802309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria, the power plants of the cell, are known as a cross-road of different cellular signaling pathways. These cytoplasmic double-membraned organelles play a pivotal role in energy metabolism and regulate calcium flux in the cells. It is well known that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with different diseases such as neurodegeneration and cancer. A growing body of literature has shown that polyphenolic compounds exert direct effects on mitochondrial ultra-structure and function. Resveratrol is known as one of the most common bioactive constituents of red wine, which improves mitochondrial functions under in vitro and in vivo conditions. SCOPE OF REVIEW This paper aims to review the molecular pathways underlying the beneficial effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial structure and functions. In addition, we discuss the chemistry and main sources of resveratrol. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Resveratrol represents the promising effects on mitochondria in different experimental models. However, there are several reports on the detrimental effects elicited by resveratrol on mitochondria. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE An understanding of the chemistry and source of resveratrol, its bioavailability and the promising effects on mitochondria brings a new hope to therapy of mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, ICET, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, CEP 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Manayi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Zohreh Hajheydari
- Department of Dermatology, Boo Ali Sina (Avicenna) Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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114
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Lee J, Kwon G, Lim YH. Elucidating the Mechanism of Weissella-dependent Lifespan Extension in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17128. [PMID: 26601690 PMCID: PMC4658530 DOI: 10.1038/srep17128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism whereby lactic acid bacteria extend the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans has previously been elucidated. However, the role of Weissella species has yet not been studied. We show that Weissella koreensis and Weissella cibaria significantly (p < 0.05) extend the lifespan of C. elegans compared with Escherichia coli OP50 and induce the expression of several genes related to lifespan extension (daf-16, aak-2, jnk-1, sod-3 and hif-1). Oral administration of Weissella altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lowered the accumulation of lipofuscin and increased locomotor activity (which translates to a delay in ageing). Moreover, Weissella-fed C. elegans had decreased body sizes, brood sizes, ATP levels and pharyngeal pumping rates compared with E. coli OP50-fed worms. Furthermore, mutations in sod-3, hif-1 or skn-1 did not alter lifespan extension compared with wild-type C. elegans. However, C. elegans failed to display lifespan extension in loss-of-function mutants of daf-16, aak-2 and jnk-1, which highlights the potential role of these genes in Weissella-induced longevity in C. elegans. Weissella species extend C. elegans lifespan by activating DAF-16 via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, which is related to stress response, and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-pathway that is activated by dietary restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Lee
- Department of Public Health Science (Brain Korea 21 PLUS program), Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayeung Kwon
- Department of Public Health Science (Brain Korea 21 PLUS program), Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hee Lim
- Department of Public Health Science (Brain Korea 21 PLUS program), Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.,School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bisschops MM, Vos T, Martínez-Moreno R, Cortés PT, Pronk JT, Daran-Lapujade P. Oxygen availability strongly affects chronological lifespan and thermotolerance in batch cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2015; 2:429-444. [PMID: 28357268 PMCID: PMC5349206 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.11.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stationary-phase (SP) batch cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which growth has been arrested by carbon-source depletion, are widely applied to study chronological lifespan, quiescence and SP-associated robustness. Based on this type of experiments, typically performed under aerobic conditions, several roles of oxygen in aging have been proposed. However, SP in anaerobic yeast cultures has not been investigated in detail. Here, we use the unique capability of S. cerevisiae to grow in the complete absence of oxygen to directly compare SP in aerobic and anaerobic bioreactor cultures. This comparison revealed strong positive effects of oxygen availability on adenylate energy charge, longevity and thermotolerance during SP. A low thermotolerance of anaerobic batch cultures was already evident during the exponential growth phase and, in contrast to the situation in aerobic cultures, was not substantially increased during transition into SP. A combination of physiological and transcriptome analysis showed that the slow post-diauxic growth phase on ethanol, which precedes SP in aerobic, but not in anaerobic cultures, endowed cells with the time and resources needed for inducing longevity and thermotolerance. When combined with literature data on acquisition of longevity and thermotolerance in retentostat cultures, the present study indicates that the fast transition from glucose excess to SP in anaerobic cultures precludes acquisition of longevity and thermotolerance. Moreover, this study demonstrates the importance of a preceding, calorie-restricted conditioning phase in the acquisition of longevity and stress tolerance in SP yeast cultures, irrespective of oxygen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M. Bisschops
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Current address: Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering & The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tim Vos
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rubén Martínez-Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
- Current address: Quercus Europe S.L., L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pilar T. Cortés
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T. Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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Batra A, Kashyap S, Singh L, Bakhshi S. Sirtuin1 Expression and Correlation with Histopathological Features in Retinoblastoma. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2015; 2:86-90. [PMID: 27172132 DOI: 10.1159/000439594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) is a member of highly conserved proteins and has been implicated as a tumor promoter as well as a tumor suppressor. One of the mechanisms involves deacetylation of retinoblastoma protein, thereby inhibiting the tumor suppressor function. No study has been reported on the expression of Sirt1 in retinoblastoma. METHODS We assessed the expression of Sirt1 in sections of archived tissue blocks of enucleated and exenterated specimens of retinoblastoma patients by immunohistochemistry. The histopathological features were reviewed and correlated with the expression of Sirt1. The effect of Sirt1 expression on survival was also assessed. RESULTS Retrospective data of 94 patients revealed that the median age at presentation was 36 months, with a male:female ratio of 1.9:1. Fifty-one percent of the patients had International Retinoblastoma Staging System (IRSS) stage 1 disease. Of the 94 sections, 89 (95%) expressed Sirt1. Forty-eight percent of the specimens showed grade 3 staining (>75% of the cells), and the intensity was 3+ in 53%. No association between Sirt1 expression and any histopathological feature was noted. Further, Sirt1 expression did not affect the overall and progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS Sirt1 was expressed in most of the retinoblastoma samples. However, the degree of Sirt1 expression was not associated with any high-risk histopathological feature or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Batra
- Departments of Medical Oncology, New Delhi, India; Dr. B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, New Delhi, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Kashyap
- Departments of Ocular Pathology, New Delhi, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lata Singh
- Departments of Ocular Pathology, New Delhi, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Departments of Medical Oncology, New Delhi, India; Dr. B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, New Delhi, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Marthandan S, Priebe S, Groth M, Guthke R, Platzer M, Hemmerich P, Diekmann S. Hormetic effect of rotenone in primary human fibroblasts. Immun Ageing 2015; 12:11. [PMID: 26380578 PMCID: PMC4572608 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-015-0038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotenone inhibits the electron transfer from complex I to ubiquinone, in this way interfering with the electron transport chain in mitochondria. This chain of events induces increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, which in turn can contribute to acceleration of telomere shortening and induction of DNA damage, ultimately resulting in aging. In this study, we investigated the effect of rotenone treatment in human fibroblast strains. RESULTS For the first time we here describe that rotenone treatment induced a hormetic effect in human fibroblast strains. We identified a number of genes which were commonly differentially regulated due to low dose rotenone treatment in fibroblasts independent of their cell origin. However, these genes were not among the most strongly differentially regulated genes in the fibroblast strains on treatment with rotenone. Thus, if there is a common hormesis regulation, it is superimposed by cell strain specific individual responses. We found the rotenone induced differential regulation of pathways common between the two fibroblast strains, being weaker than the pathways individually regulated in the single fibroblast cell strains. Furthermore, within the common pathways different genes were responsible for this different regulation. Thus, rotenone induced hormesis was related to a weak pathway signal, superimposed by a stronger individual cellular response, a situation as found for the differentially expressed genes. CONCLUSION We found that the concept of hormesis also applies to in vitro aging of primary human fibroblasts. However, in depth analysis of the genes as well as the pathways differentially regulated due to rotenone treatment revealed cellular hormesis being related to weak signals which are superimposed by stronger individual cell-internal responses. This would explain that in general hormesis is a small effect. Our data indicate that the observed hormetic phenotype does not result from a specific strong well-defined gene or pathway regulation but from weak common cellular processes induced by low levels of reactive oxygen species. This conclusion also holds when comparing our results with those obtained for C. elegans in which the same low dose rotenone level induced a life span extending, thus hormetic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Marthandan
- />Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Priebe
- />Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- />Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Guthke
- />Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- />Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Hemmerich
- />Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Diekmann
- />Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Castillo-Quan JI, Kinghorn KJ, Bjedov I. Genetics and pharmacology of longevity: the road to therapeutics for healthy aging. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2015; 90:1-101. [PMID: 26296933 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging can be defined as the progressive decline in tissue and organismal function and the ability to respond to stress that occurs in association with homeostatic failure and the accumulation of molecular damage. Aging is the biggest risk factor for human disease and results in a wide range of aging pathologies. Although we do not completely understand the underlying molecular basis that drives the aging process, we have gained exceptional insights into the plasticity of life span and healthspan from the use of model organisms such as the worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Single-gene mutations in key cellular pathways that regulate environmental sensing, and the response to stress, have been identified that prolong life span across evolution from yeast to mammals. These genetic manipulations also correlate with a delay in the onset of tissue and organismal dysfunction. While the molecular genetics of aging will remain a prosperous and attractive area of research in biogerontology, we are moving towards an era defined by the search for therapeutic drugs that promote healthy aging. Translational biogerontology will require incorporation of both therapeutic and pharmacological concepts. The use of model organisms will remain central to the quest for drug discovery, but as we uncover molecular processes regulated by repurposed drugs and polypharmacy, studies of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, drug toxicity, and therapeutic index will slowly become more prevalent in aging research. As we move from genetics to pharmacology and therapeutics, studies will not only require demonstration of life span extension and an underlying molecular mechanism, but also the translational relevance for human health and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Iván Castillo-Quan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kerri J Kinghorn
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ivana Bjedov
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Hou C, Amunugama K. On the complex relationship between energy expenditure and longevity: Reconciling the contradictory empirical results with a simple theoretical model. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 149:50-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Solon-Biet SM, Mitchell SJ, de Cabo R, Raubenheimer D, Le Couteur DG, Simpson SJ. Macronutrients and caloric intake in health and longevity. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:R17-28. [PMID: 26021555 PMCID: PMC4490104 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Both lifespan and healthspan are influenced by nutrition, with nutritional interventions proving to be robust across a wide range of species. However, the relationship between nutrition, health and aging is still not fully understood. Caloric restriction is the most studied dietary intervention known to extend life in many organisms, but recently the balance of macronutrients has been shown to play a critical role. In this review, we discuss the current understanding regarding the impact of calories and macronutrient balance in mammalian health and longevity, and highlight the key nutrient-sensing pathways that mediate the effects of nutrition on health and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Solon-Biet
- Charles Perkins CentreBuilding D17, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, AustraliaANZAC Research Institute and the Ageing and Alzheimers InstituteCentre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USAFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Charles Perkins CentreBuilding D17, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, AustraliaANZAC Research Institute and the Ageing and Alzheimers InstituteCentre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USAFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Charles Perkins CentreBuilding D17, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, AustraliaANZAC Research Institute and the Ageing and Alzheimers InstituteCentre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USAFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Mitchell
- Charles Perkins CentreBuilding D17, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, AustraliaANZAC Research Institute and the Ageing and Alzheimers InstituteCentre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USAFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Charles Perkins CentreBuilding D17, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, AustraliaANZAC Research Institute and the Ageing and Alzheimers InstituteCentre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USAFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins CentreBuilding D17, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, AustraliaANZAC Research Institute and the Ageing and Alzheimers InstituteCentre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USAFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Charles Perkins CentreBuilding D17, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, AustraliaANZAC Research Institute and the Ageing and Alzheimers InstituteCentre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USAFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Charles Perkins CentreBuilding D17, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, AustraliaANZAC Research Institute and the Ageing and Alzheimers InstituteCentre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USAFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins CentreBuilding D17, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, AustraliaANZAC Research Institute and the Ageing and Alzheimers InstituteCentre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USAFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Charles Perkins CentreBuilding D17, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, AustraliaANZAC Research Institute and the Ageing and Alzheimers InstituteCentre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USAFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins CentreBuilding D17, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, AustraliaANZAC Research Institute and the Ageing and Alzheimers InstituteCentre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USAFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Charles Perkins CentreBuilding D17, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, AustraliaANZAC Research Institute and the Ageing and Alzheimers InstituteCentre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaTranslational Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USAFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Ikuta T, Saito S, Tani H, Tatefuji T, Hashimoto K. Resveratrol derivative-rich melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seed extract improves obesity and survival of C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:2044-9. [PMID: 26103448 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1056510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seed extracts (MSEs) are rich in resveratrol dimers (gnemonoside A, C, D, gnetin C), trans-resveratrol, and other resveratrol derivatives. trans-Resveratrol is a widely studied caloric restriction mimetic. In mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), trans-resveratrol protects against obesity, type 2 diabetes, and premature death. Here, treatment of HFD-fed mice with 2.0% MSE significantly reduced body weight gain (p < 0.001), blood insulin (p < 0.01), and HOMA-IR (p < 0.05) after 8 weeks compared with untreated HFD-fed mice. Additionally, 0.2% MSE treatment of HFD-fed mice significantly improved physiological activity (p < 0.05) at 18 months of age and reduced risk of death due to HFD by 25% (hazard ratio = 0.75, p = 0.036). These data show that MSE can improve several aspects of metabolic syndrome and survival in mice and may have health benefits as a dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Ikuta
- a Institute for Bee Products and Health Science , Yamada Bee Company, Inc. , 194 Ichiba, Kagamino-cho, Tomata-gun 708-0393 , Japan
| | - Shinichiro Saito
- a Institute for Bee Products and Health Science , Yamada Bee Company, Inc. , 194 Ichiba, Kagamino-cho, Tomata-gun 708-0393 , Japan
| | - Hiroko Tani
- a Institute for Bee Products and Health Science , Yamada Bee Company, Inc. , 194 Ichiba, Kagamino-cho, Tomata-gun 708-0393 , Japan
| | - Tomoki Tatefuji
- a Institute for Bee Products and Health Science , Yamada Bee Company, Inc. , 194 Ichiba, Kagamino-cho, Tomata-gun 708-0393 , Japan
| | - Ken Hashimoto
- a Institute for Bee Products and Health Science , Yamada Bee Company, Inc. , 194 Ichiba, Kagamino-cho, Tomata-gun 708-0393 , Japan
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Polyphenol Stilbenes: Molecular Mechanisms of Defence against Oxidative Stress and Aging-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:340520. [PMID: 26180583 PMCID: PMC4477219 DOI: 10.1155/2015/340520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have highlighted the key roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in aging-related diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In aging cells, the natural antioxidant capacity decreases and the overall efficiency of reparative systems against cell damage becomes impaired. There is convincing data that stilbene compounds, a diverse group of natural defence phenolics, abundant in grapes, berries, and conifer bark waste, may confer a protective effect against aging-related diseases. This review highlights recent data helping to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in the stilbene-mediated protection against oxidative stress. The impact of stilbenes on the nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) mediated cellular defence against oxidative stress as well as the potential roles of SQSTM1/p62 protein in Nrf2/Keap1 signaling and autophagy will be summarized. The therapeutic potential of stilbene compounds against the most common aging-related diseases is discussed.
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Abstract
This review compares the biological and physiological function of Sigma receptors [σRs] and their potential therapeutic roles. Sigma receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and across multiple peripheral tissues. σRs consist of sigma receptor one (σ1R) and sigma receptor two (σ2R) and are expressed in numerous regions of the brain. The sigma receptor was originally proposed as a subtype of opioid receptors and was suggested to contribute to the delusions and psychoses induced by benzomorphans such as SKF-10047 and pentazocine. Later studies confirmed that σRs are non-opioid receptors (not an µ opioid receptor) and play a more diverse role in intracellular signaling, apoptosis and metabolic regulation. σ1Rs are intracellular receptors acting as chaperone proteins that modulate Ca2+ signaling through the IP3 receptor. They dynamically translocate inside cells, hence are transmembrane proteins. The σ1R receptor, at the mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane, is responsible for mitochondrial metabolic regulation and promotes mitochondrial energy depletion and apoptosis. Studies have demonstrated that they play a role as a modulator of ion channels (K+ channels; N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors [NMDAR]; inositol 1,3,5 triphosphate receptors) and regulate lipid transport and metabolism, neuritogenesis, cellular differentiation and myelination in the brain. σ1R modulation of Ca2+ release, modulation of cardiac myocyte contractility and may have links to G-proteins. It has been proposed that σ1Rs are intracellular signal transduction amplifiers. This review of the literature examines the mechanism of action of the σRs, their interaction with neurotransmitters, pharmacology, location and adverse effects mediated through them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Rousseaux
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada and
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Lee JO, Kim N, Lee HJ, Lee YW, Kim JK, Kim HI, Lee SK, Kim SJ, Park SH, Kim HS. Visfatin, a novel adipokine, stimulates glucose uptake through the Ca2 +-dependent AMPK-p38 MAPK pathway in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 54:251-62. [PMID: 26019302 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Visfatin is a novel adipocytokine produced by visceral fat. In the present study, visfatin increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. It also increased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, whose knockdown blocked visfatin-induced AMPK phosphorylation and glucose uptake. Visfatin stimulated glucose uptake in differentiated skeletal muscle cells. However, inhibition of AMPKα2 with an inhibitor or with knockdown of AMPKα2 using siRNA blocked visfatin-induced glucose uptake, which indicates that visfatin stimulates glucose uptake through the AMPKα2 pathway. Visfatin increased the intracellular Ca(2) (+) concentration. STO-609, a calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase inhibitor, blocked visfatin-induced AMPK phosphorylation and glucose uptake. Visfatin-mediated activation of p38 MAPK was AMPKα2-dependent. Furthermore, both inhibition and knockdown of p38 MAPK blocked visfatin-induced glucose uptake. Visfatin increased glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) mRNA and protein levels. In addition, visfatin stimulated the translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, and this effect was suppressed by AMPKα2 inhibition. The present results indicate that visfatin plays an important role in glucose metabolism via the Ca(2) (+)-mediated AMPK-p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ok Lee
- Department of Anatomy Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nami Kim
- Department of Anatomy Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Woo Lee
- Department of Anatomy Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong Kwan Kim
- Department of Anatomy Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Ip Kim
- Department of Anatomy Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Lee
- Department of Anatomy Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Anatomy Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Park
- Department of Anatomy Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
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García‐Matas S, Paul RK, Molina‐Martínez P, Palacios H, Gutierrez VM, Corpas R, Pallas M, Cristòfol R, Cabo R, Sanfeliu C. In vitro caloric restriction induces protective genes and functional rejuvenation in senescent SAMP8 astrocytes. Aging Cell 2015; 14:334-44. [PMID: 25711920 PMCID: PMC4406662 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are key cells in brain aging, helping neurons to undertake healthy aging or otherwise letting them enter into a spiral of neurodegeneration. We aimed to characterize astrocytes cultured from senescence-accelerated prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, a mouse model of brain pathological aging, along with the effects of caloric restriction, the most effective rejuvenating treatment known so far. Analysis of the transcriptomic profiles of SAMP8 astrocytes cultured in control conditions and treated with caloric restriction serum was performed using mRNA microarrays. A decrease in mitochondrial and ribosome mRNA, which was restored by caloric restriction, confirmed the age-related profile of SAMP8 astrocytes and the benefits of caloric restriction. An amelioration of antioxidant and neurodegeneration-related pathways confirmed the brain benefits of caloric restriction. Studies of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function demonstrated a reduction of oxidative damage and partial improvement of mitochondria after caloric restriction. In summary, caloric restriction showed a significant tendency to normalize pathologically aged astrocytes through the activation of pathways that are protective against the age-related deterioration of brain physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia García‐Matas
- Aging and Neurodegeneration Unit Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona (IIBB) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and IDIBAPS 08036 Barcelona Spain
| | - Rajib K. Paul
- Experimental Gerontology Section TGB NIA NIH251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224
| | - Patricia Molina‐Martínez
- Aging and Neurodegeneration Unit Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona (IIBB) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and IDIBAPS 08036 Barcelona Spain
| | - Hector Palacios
- Experimental Gerontology Section TGB NIA NIH251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224
| | | | - Rubén Corpas
- Aging and Neurodegeneration Unit Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona (IIBB) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and IDIBAPS 08036 Barcelona Spain
| | - Mercè Pallas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy IBUB, University of Barcelona and CIBERNED 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Cristòfol
- Aging and Neurodegeneration Unit Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona (IIBB) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and IDIBAPS 08036 Barcelona Spain
| | - Rafael Cabo
- Experimental Gerontology Section TGB NIA NIH251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore MD 21224
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Aging and Neurodegeneration Unit Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona (IIBB) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and IDIBAPS 08036 Barcelona Spain
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126
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Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase type 5 increases longevity and healthful aging through oxidative stress protection. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:250310. [PMID: 25945149 PMCID: PMC4405291 DOI: 10.1155/2015/250310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mice with disruption of adenylyl cyclase type 5 (AC5 knockout, KO) live a third longer than littermates. The mechanism, in part, involves the MEK/ERK pathway, which in turn is related to protection against oxidative stress. The AC5 KO model also protects against diabetes, obesity, and the cardiomyopathy induced by aging, diabetes, and cardiac stress and also demonstrates improved exercise capacity. All of these salutary features are also mediated, in part, by oxidative stress protection. For example, chronic beta adrenergic receptor stimulation induced cardiomyopathy was rescued by AC5 KO. Conversely, in AC5 transgenic (Tg) mice, where AC5 is overexpressed in the heart, the cardiomyopathy was exacerbated and was rescued by enhancing oxidative stress resistance. Thus, the AC5 KO model, which resists oxidative stress, is uniquely designed for clinical translation, since it not only increases longevity and exercise, but also protects against diabetes, obesity, and cardiomyopathy. Importantly, inhibition of AC5's action to prolong longevity and enhance healthful aging, as well as its mechanism through resistance to oxidative stress, is unique among all of the nine AC isoforms.
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127
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Makino N, Oyama JI, Maeda T, Koyanagi M, Higuchi Y, Tsuchida K. Calorie restriction increases telomerase activity, enhances autophagy, and improves diastolic dysfunction in diabetic rat hearts. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 403:1-11. [PMID: 25662949 PMCID: PMC4383823 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the impact of caloric restriction (CR) on cardiac telomere biology in an animal model of diabetes and to examine the signal transduction involved in cell senescence as well as cardiac function. Male 8-week-old Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) diabetic rats were divided into two groups: a group fed ad libitum (OLETF-AL) and a group fed with CR (OLETF-CR: 30 % energy reduction). Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) non-diabetic rats were used as controls. LETO rats were also divided into two groups: a CR (LETO-CR) group and a group fed AL (LETO-AL). At 40 weeks of age, the body weight was decreased by 9.7 % and the insulin resistance was less in OLETF-CR rats. Telomerase activity in OLETF-CR rats was significantly increased, and telomerase reverse transcriptase was more highly expressed in those rats. However, the telomere length (TL) was not different between AL- and CR-treated rats of each strain. The protein expressions for FoxO1 and FoxO3 were increased in OLETF-AL rats, but the levels of phosphorylated (p)-Akt were decreased compared to those in OLETF-CR rats. Autophagic LC3II signals revealed significant increases in OLETF-CR rats. Echocardiography showed that OLETF-CR improved the left ventricular diastolic dysfunction without changes in the left ventricular dimension. This study revealed that CR increases cardiac telomerase activity without TL attrition, and significantly ameliorates diastolic dysfunction. These findings suggest that cardiac telomerase activity may play an important role in the maintenance of normal cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Makino
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Gerontology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan,
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128
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Okita N, Tsuchiya T, Fukushima M, Itakura K, Yuguchi K, Narita T, Hashizume Y, Sudo Y, Chiba T, Shimokawa I, Higami Y. Chronological analysis of caloric restriction-induced alteration of fatty acid biosynthesis in white adipose tissue of rats. Exp Gerontol 2015; 63:59-66. [PMID: 25616173 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial actions of caloric restriction (CR) could be mediated in part by metabolic remodeling of white adipose tissue (WAT). Recently, we suggested that CR for 6 months increased the expressions of proteins involved in de novo fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis in WAT of 9-month-old rats. Herein, we compared the CR-induced chronological alterations of the expression of mRNAs and/or proteins involved in FA biosynthesis in the WAT and liver of rats subjected to CR starting from 3 months of age and their age-matched controls fed ad libitum. The findings suggested that CR was more effective on FA biosynthesis in WAT than in liver. In WAT, CR markedly increased the expressions of mRNAs and/or proteins involved in FA biosynthesis, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), a master transcriptional regulator of FA biosynthesis, throughout the experimental period. Interestingly, the CR-enhanced upregulation was temporally attenuated at 5 months of age. CR markedly increased the nuclear phosphorylated form of Akt only at 3.5 months of age. In contrast, CR significantly reduced the expression of leptin at 9 months of age. The CR-induced upregulation was not observed in obese fa/fa Zucker rats homozygous for nonfunctional leptin receptor. Collectively, these data indicate that the V-shaped chronological alterations in WAT are regulated via SREBP1c, which is probably activated by CR duration-dependent modulation of both insulin and leptin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Okita
- Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine Research, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuro Tsuchiya
- Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Mayumi Fukushima
- Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Kaho Itakura
- Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Keiko Yuguchi
- Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Takumi Narita
- Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yukari Hashizume
- Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yuka Sudo
- Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Takuya Chiba
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Health Sciences and Social Welfare, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Isao Shimokawa
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Higami
- Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.
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129
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Rohrbach S, Aslam M, Niemann B, Schulz R. Impact of caloric restriction on myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury and new therapeutic options to mimic its effects. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:2964-92. [PMID: 24611611 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is the most reliable intervention to extend lifespan and prevent age-related disorders in various species from yeast to rodents. Short- and long-term CR confers cardio protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in young and even in aged rodents. A few human trials suggest that CR has the potential to mediate improvement of cardiac or vascular function and induce retardation of cardiac senescence also in humans. The underlying mechanisms are diverse and have not yet been clearly defined. Among the known mediators for the benefits of CR are NO, the AMP-activated PK, sirtuins and adiponectin. Mitochondria, which play a central role in such complex processes within the cell as apoptosis, ATP-production or oxidative stress, are centrally involved in many aspects of CR-induced protection against ischaemic injury. Here, we discuss the relevant literature regarding the protection against myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury conferred by CR. Furthermore, we will discuss drug targets to mimic CR and the possible role of calorie restriction in preserving cardiovascular function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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130
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Hine C, Harputlugil E, Zhang Y, Ruckenstuhl C, Lee BC, Brace L, Longchamp A, Treviño-Villarreal JH, Mejia P, Ozaki CK, Wang R, Gladyshev VN, Madeo F, Mair WB, Mitchell JR. Endogenous hydrogen sulfide production is essential for dietary restriction benefits. Cell 2015; 160:132-44. [PMID: 25542313 PMCID: PMC4297538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) without malnutrition encompasses numerous regimens with overlapping benefits including longevity and stress resistance, but unifying nutritional and molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In a mouse model of DR-mediated stress resistance, we found that sulfur amino acid (SAA) restriction increased expression of the transsulfuration pathway (TSP) enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase (CGL), resulting in increased hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production and protection from hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury. SAA supplementation, mTORC1 activation, or chemical/genetic CGL inhibition reduced H2S production and blocked DR-mediated stress resistance. In vitro, the mitochondrial protein SQR was required for H2S-mediated protection during nutrient/oxygen deprivation. Finally, TSP-dependent H2S production was observed in yeast, worm, fruit fly, and rodent models of DR-mediated longevity. Together, these data are consistent with evolutionary conservation of TSP-mediated H2S as a mediator of DR benefits with broad implications for clinical translation. PAPERFLICK:
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hine
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eylul Harputlugil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christoph Ruckenstuhl
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Byung Cheon Lee
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lear Brace
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alban Longchamp
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery and the Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jose H Treviño-Villarreal
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pedro Mejia
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - C Keith Ozaki
- Department of Surgery and the Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - William B Mair
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James R Mitchell
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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131
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Preventive Cardiology: The Effects of Exercise. Coron Artery Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-2828-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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132
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Lamming DW. Diminished mTOR signaling: a common mode of action for endocrine longevity factors. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:735. [PMID: 25674466 PMCID: PMC4320218 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the initial observation that a calorie-restricted (CR) diet can extend rodent lifespan, many genetic and pharmaceutical interventions that also extend lifespan in mammals have been discovered. The mechanism by which CR and these other interventions extend lifespan is the subject of significant debate and research. One proposed mechanism is that CR promotes longevity by increasing insulin sensitivity, but recent findings that dissociate longevity and insulin sensitivity cast doubt on this hypothesis. These findings can be reconciled if longevity is promoted not via increased insulin sensitivity, but instead via decreased PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway signaling. This review presents a unifying hypothesis that explains the lifespan-extending effects of a variety of genetic mutations and pharmaceutical interventions and points towards new molecular pathways which may also be leveraged to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudley W Lamming
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin USA ; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin USA
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133
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Sun SS, Sima AP, Himes JH. Retarded tempo of physiological development in childhood delays the onset of the metabolic syndrome in adulthood. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2014; 65:175-83. [PMID: 25413656 PMCID: PMC4309272 DOI: 10.1159/000365872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using serial data from the Fels Longitudinal Study, we investigated the effects of early and late attainment of the peak height velocity (PHV) in childhood on the timing of the appearance of the metabolic syndrome later in life. We aimed to show if early attainment of PHV engenders greater risks for chronic diseases in boys than in girls. Therefore, we defined those boys and girls in sex-specific quartiles of the study population that were slowest to attain PHV as having a slow tempo of development, and those in the growth that most rapidly attained PHV as having a rapid tempo of development. Boys who experienced an early onset of PHV tended to have a higher risk for the metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia and impaired fasting glucose than those who had late onset of PHV. Girls who had an early onset of PHV tended to develop more abdominal obesity than females who had a late onset of PHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei S Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va., USA
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134
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Zhu Y, Yan Y, Principe DR, Zou X, Vassilopoulos A, Gius D. SIRT3 and SIRT4 are mitochondrial tumor suppressor proteins that connect mitochondrial metabolism and carcinogenesis. Cancer Metab 2014; 2:15. [PMID: 25332769 PMCID: PMC4203689 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a well-established scientific observation that mammalian cells contain fidelity proteins that appear to protect against and adapt to various forms of endogenous and exogenous cellular conditions. Loss of function or genetic mutation of these fidelity proteins has also been shown to create a cellular environment that is permissive for the development of tumors, suggesting that these proteins also function as tumor suppressors (TSs). While the first identified TSs were confined to either the nucleus and/or the cytoplasm, it seemed logical to hypothesize that the mitochondria may also contain fidelity proteins that serve as TSs. In this regard, it now appears clear that at least two mitochondrial sirtuins function as sensing, watchdog, or TS proteins in vitro, in vivo, and in human tumor samples. In addition, these new results demonstrate that the mitochondrial anti-aging or fidelity/sensing proteins, SIRT3 and SIRT4, respond to changes in cellular nutrient status to alter the enzymatic activity of specific downstream targets to maintain energy production that matches energy availability and ATP consumption. As such, it is proposed that loss of function or genetic deletion of these mitochondrial genes results in a mismatch of mitochondrial energy metabolism, culminating in a cell phenotype permissive for transformation and tumorigenesis. In addition, these findings clearly suggest that loss of proper mitochondrial metabolism, via loss of SIRT3 and SIRT4, is sufficient to promote carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yufan Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel R Principe
- Department of Surgery, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xianghui Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Athanassios Vassilopoulos
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - David Gius
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rm 3-119, Lurie Research Bldg., 303 East Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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135
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Effect of Resveratrol as Caloric Restriction Mimetic and Environmental Enrichment on Neurobehavioural Responses in Young Healthy Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/545170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction and environmental enrichment have been separately reported to possess health benefits such as improvement in motor and cognitive functions. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, has been reported to be caloric restriction mimetic. This study therefore aims to investigate the potential benefit of the combination of resveratrol as CR and EE on learning and memory, motor coordination, and motor endurance in young healthy mice. Fifty mice of both sexes were randomly divided into five groups of 10 animals each: group I animals received carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) orally per kg/day (control), group II animals were maintained on every other day feeding, group III animals received resveratrol 50 mg/kg, suspended in 10 g/L of (CMC) orally per kg/day, group IV animals received CMC and were kept in an enriched environment, and group V animals received resveratrol 50 mg/kg and were kept in EE. The treatment lasted for four weeks. On days 26, 27, and 28 of the study period, the animals were subjected to neurobehavioural evaluation. The results obtained showed that there was no significant change (P>0.05) in neurobehavioural responses in all the groups when compared to the control which indicates that 50 mg/kg of resveratrol administration and EE have no significant effects on neurobehavioural responses in young healthy mice over a period of four weeks.
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136
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Shibata K, Fukuwatari T. Tissue vitamin concentrations are maintained constant by changing the urinary excretion rate of vitamins in rats' restricted food intake. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:2102-9. [PMID: 25117986 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.946393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that mild food restriction induces a reduction in tryptophan-nicotinamide conversion, which helps to explain why death secondary to pellagra is pandemic during the hungry season. In this study, we investigated the levels of B-group vitamins in the liver, kidney, blood, and urine in rats that underwent gradual restriction of food intake (80, 60, 40, and 20% restriction vs. ad libitum food intake). No significant differences in the B-group vitamin concentrations (mol/g tissue) in the liver and kidney were observed at any level of food restriction. However, the urine excretion rates exhibited some characteristic phenomena that differed by vitamin. These results show that the tissue concentrations of B-group vitamins were kept constant by changing the urinary elimination rates of vitamins under various levels of food restriction. Only vitamin B12 was the only (exception).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Shibata
- a School of Human Cultures, Department of Nutrition , The University of Shiga Prefecture , Hikone , Japan
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137
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Hou C. Increasing Energetic Cost of Biosynthesis during Growth Makes Refeeding Deleterious. Am Nat 2014; 184:233-47. [DOI: 10.1086/676856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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138
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Ureshino RP, Rocha KK, Lopes GS, Bincoletto C, Smaili SS. Calcium signaling alterations, oxidative stress, and autophagy in aging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:123-37. [PMID: 24512092 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Aging is a multi-factorial process that may be associated with several functional and structural deficits which can evolve into degenerative diseases. In this review, we present data that may depict an expanded view of molecular aging theories, beginning with the idea that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the major effectors in this process. In addition, we have correlated the importance of autophagy as a neuroprotective mechanism and discussed a link between age-related molecules, Ca(2+) signaling, and oxidative stress. RECENT ADVANCES There is evidence suggesting that alterations in Ca(2+) homeostasis, including mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload and alterations in electron transport chain (ETC) complexes, which increase cell vulnerability, are linked to oxidative stress in aging. As much as Ca(2+) signaling is altered in aged cells, excess ROS can be produced due to an ineffective coupling of mitochondrial respiration. Damaged mitochondria might not be removed by the macroautophagic system, which is hampered in aging by lipofuscin accumulation, boosting ROS generation, damaging DNA, and, ultimately, leading to apoptosis. CRITICAL ISSUES This process can lead to altered protein expression (such as p53, Sirt1, and IGF-1) and progress to cell death. This cycle can lead to increased cell vulnerability in aging and contribute to an increased susceptibility to degenerative processes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A better understanding of Ca(2+) signaling and molecular aging alterations is important for preventing apoptosis in age-related diseases. In addition, caloric restriction, resveratrol and autophagy modulation appear to be predominantly cytoprotective, and further studies of this process are promising in age-related disease therapeutics.
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139
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Trosko JE. Human adult stem cells as the target cells for the initiation of carcinogenesis and for the generation of "cancer stem cells". Int J Stem Cells 2014; 1:8-26. [PMID: 24855504 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2008.1.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The inference to stem cells has been found in ancient myths and the concept of stem cells has existed in the fields of plant biology, developmental biology and embryology for decades. In the field of cancer research, the stem cell theory was one of the earliest hypotheses on the origin of a cancer from a single cell. However, an opposing hypothesis had it that an adult differentiated somatic cell could "de-differentiate" to become a cancer cell. Only within the last decade, via the "cloning" of Dolly, the sheep, did the field of stem cell biology really trigger an exciting revolution in biological research. The isolation of human embryonic stem cells has created a true revolution in the life sciences that has led to the hope that these human stem cells could lead to (a) basic science understanding of gene regulation during differentiation and development; (b) stem cell therapy; (c) gene therapy via stem cells; (d) the use of stem cells for drug discovery; (e) screening for toxic effects of chemicals; and (f) understand the aging and diseases of aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Trosko
- Department of Pediatrics/Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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140
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Cronise RJ, Sinclair DA, Bremer AA. The "metabolic winter" hypothesis: a cause of the current epidemics of obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2014; 12:355-61. [PMID: 24918620 DOI: 10.1089/met.2014.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of the "Calorie" originated in the 1800 s in an environment with limited food availability, primarily as a means to define economic equivalencies in the energy density of food substrates. Soon thereafter, the energy densities of the major macronutrients-fat, protein, and carbohydrates-were defined. However, within a few decades of its inception, the "Calorie" became a commercial tool for industries to promote specific food products, regardless of health benefit. Modern technology has altered our living conditions and has changed our relationship with food from one of survival to palatability. Advances in agriculture, food manufacturing, and processing have ensured that calorie scarcity is less prevalent than calorie excess in the modern world. Yet, many still approach dietary macronutrients in a reductionist manner and assume that isocalorie foodstuffs are isometabolic. Herein, we discuss a novel way to view the major food macronutrients and human diet in this era of excessive caloric consumption, along with a novel relationship among calorie scarcity, mild cold stress, and sleep that may explain the increasing prevalence of nutritionally related diseases.
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141
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Perez MH, Noriega FG. Sub-lethal metal stress response of larvae of Aedes aegypti. PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 39:111-119. [PMID: 24926118 PMCID: PMC4049351 DOI: 10.1111/phen.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) has adapted to urban environments; the urbanisation process provides suitable habitats for this disease vector subsequently increasing the probability of the transmission of pathogens in high-density environments. Urban environments provide metal stressed larval habitats. However, little is known about the physiological cost of metal stress or how this might affect the performance of this mosquito species. This study aims to characterise the sub-lethal physiological consequences of metal stress in Aedes aegypti. Various parameters of mosquito physiology under larval metal stress are assessed including larval metallothionein expression and the effects of larval metal stress on adult performance and their progeny. Results show that environmentally relevant larval metal stress compromises larval and adult development and performance, and results in larval metal tolerance along with an increase in lipid consumption. These performance costs are coupled to a dramatic increase in metallothionein expression in the midgut. Metal stress results in lowered adult body mass and neutral storage lipids at emergence, starvation tolerance, fecundity and starvation tolerance of offspring compared to non-metal stressed individuals. Ironically, larval metal stress results in increased adult longevity. Together, these findings indicate that even low levels of environmentally relevant larval metal stress have considerable physiological consequences for this important disease vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario H Perez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Fernando G Noriega
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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142
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Maoz N, Gabay O, Waldman Ben-Asher H, Cohen HY. The yeast forkhead HCM1 controls life span independent of calorie restriction. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:444-53. [PMID: 24835838 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of life span by members of the forkhead transcription factor family of proteins is one of the most highly investigated pathways in the field of aging. Nevertheless, despite the existence of forkhead family homologues in yeast, our knowledge of these proteins' role in yeast longevity is limited. Here, we show that yeast Hcm1p forkhead is the closest homologue of the worm PHA-4 forkhead, which regulates Caenorhabditis elegans life span. Overexpressing the yeast forkhead HCM1 or its deficiency resulted in a significant extension or reduction in yeast replicative life span, respectively. HCM1 regulates stress resistance, significantly increases the mRNA levels of several stress response genes including the catalase enzymes CTA1 and CTT1, and positively regulates life span independently of calorie restriction. Thus, HCM1 is a key regulator of life span, through a mechanism independent of calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Maoz
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Orshay Gabay
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Hiba Waldman Ben-Asher
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Haim Y Cohen
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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143
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Snell TW, Johnston RK. Glycerol extends lifespan of Brachionus manjavacas (Rotifera) and protects against stressors. Exp Gerontol 2014; 57:47-56. [PMID: 24835191 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Diet has profound effects on animal longevity and manipulation of nutrient sensing pathways is one of the primary interventions capable of lifespan extension. This often is done through caloric restriction (CR) and a variety of CR mimics have been identified that produce life extending effects without adhering to the rigorous CR dietary regimen. Glycerol is a dietary supplement capable mimicking CR by shifting metabolism away from glycolysis and towards oxidative phosphorylation. Glycerol supplementation has a number of beneficial effects, including lifespan extension, improved stress resistance, and enhanced locomotory and mitochondria activity in older age classes. Using rotifers as a model, we show that supplements of 150-300mM glycerol produced 40-50% extension of mean lifespan. This effect was produced by raising glycerol concentration only three times higher than its baseline concentration in rotifer tissues. Glycerol supplementation decreased rotifer reliance on glycolysis and reduced the pro-aging effects of glucose. Glycerol also acted as a chemical chaperone, mitigating damage by protein aggregation. Glycerol treatment improved rotifer swimming performance in older age classes and maintained more mitochondrial activity. Glycerol treatment provided increased resistance to starvation, heat, oxidation, and osmotic stress, but not UV stress. When glycerol was co-administered with the hexokinase inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose, the lifespan extending effect of glycerol was enhanced. Co-administration of glycerol with inhibitors like 2-deoxyglucose can lower their efficacious doses, thereby reducing their toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Snell
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, USA.
| | - Rachel K Johnston
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, USA
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He Q, Morris BJ, Grove JS, Petrovitch H, Ross W, Masaki KH, Rodriguez B, Chen R, Donlon TA, Willcox DC, Willcox BJ. Shorter men live longer: association of height with longevity and FOXO3 genotype in American men of Japanese ancestry. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94385. [PMID: 24804734 PMCID: PMC4013008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the relation between height, FOXO3 genotype and age of death in humans. Methods Observational study of 8,003 American men of Japanese ancestry from the Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HHP/HAAS), a genetically and culturally homogeneous cohort followed for over 40 years. A Cox regression model with age as the time scale, stratified by year of birth, was used to estimate the effect of baseline height on mortality during follow-up. An analysis of height and longevity-associated variants of the key regulatory gene in the insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway, FOXO3, was performed in a HHP-HAAS subpopulation. A study of fasting insulin level and height was conducted in another HHP-HAAS subpopulation. Results A positive association was found between baseline height and all-cause mortality (RR = 1.007; 95% CI 1.003–1.011; P = 0.002) over the follow-up period. Adjustments for possible confounding variables reduced this association only slightly (RR = 1.006; 95% CI 1.002–1.010; P = 0.007). In addition, height was positively associated with all cancer mortality and mortality from cancer unrelated to smoking. A Cox regression model with time-dependent covariates showed that relative risk for baseline height on mortality increased as the population aged. Comparison of genotypes of a longevity-associated single nucleotide polymorphism in FOXO3 showed that the longevity allele was inversely associated with height. This finding was consistent with prior findings in model organisms of aging. Height was also positively associated with fasting blood insulin level, a risk factor for mortality. Regression analysis of fasting insulin level (mIU/L) on height (cm) adjusting for the age both data were collected yielded a regression coefficient of 0.26 (95% CI 0.10–0.42; P = 0.001). Conclusion Height in mid-life is positively associated with mortality, with shorter stature predicting longer lifespan. Height was, moreover, associated with fasting insulin level and the longevity genotype of FOXO3, consistent with a mechanistic role for the IIS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimei He
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Physicians’ Office Tower, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute of the Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Morris
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Physicians’ Office Tower, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - John S. Grove
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Physicians’ Office Tower, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Public Health, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Helen Petrovitch
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Physicians’ Office Tower, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute of the Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Webster Ross
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Physicians’ Office Tower, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute of the Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Kamal H. Masaki
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Physicians’ Office Tower, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Rodriguez
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Physicians’ Office Tower, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Public Health, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Instituto Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Randi Chen
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Physicians’ Office Tower, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Timothy A. Donlon
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Physicians’ Office Tower, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - D. Craig Willcox
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Physicians’ Office Tower, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Human Welfare, Okinawa University, Ginowan, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Bradley J. Willcox
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Physicians’ Office Tower, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute of the Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
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145
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Amrit FRG, Ratnappan R, Keith SA, Ghazi A. The C. elegans lifespan assay toolkit. Methods 2014; 68:465-75. [PMID: 24727064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of single gene mutations that double its lifespan, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has provided remarkable insights into the biology of aging. The precisely measurable lifespan of worms has proven to be an efficient tool to assess the impact of various genetic, physiological and environmental factors on organismal aging. In this article, we describe methods to set up and monitor experiments to determine worm lifespan. We include procedures used for classical, small-scale lifespan assays that are generally performed on solid media, and review recent advances in high-throughput, automated longevity experiments conducted in liquid culture and microfluidic devices. In addition, tools that help analyze this data to obtain survival statistics are summarized, and C. elegans strains that offer particular advantages for lifespan studies are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Raj Gandhi Amrit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 7129 Rangos Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Ramesh Ratnappan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 7129 Rangos Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Scott Alexander Keith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 7129 Rangos Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Arjumand Ghazi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 7129 Rangos Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States.
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Koka S, Aluri HS, Xi L, Lesnefsky EJ, Kukreja RC. Chronic inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5 with tadalafil attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic hearts: potential role of NO/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1558-68. [PMID: 24727492 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00865.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production is known to activate silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), which is a histone deacetylase that regulates PGC-1α, a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and coactivator of transcription factors impacting energy homeostasis. Since phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors potentiate NO signaling, we hypothesized that chronic treatment with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor tadalafil would activate SIRT1-PGC-1α signaling and protect against metabolic stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic hearts. Diabetic db/db mice (n = 32/group; 40 wk old) were randomized to receive DMSO (10%, 0.2 ml ip) or tadalafil (1 mg/kg ip in 10% DMSO) for 8 wk. Wild-type C57BL mice served as nondiabetic controls. The hearts were excised and homogenized to study SIRT1 activity and downstream protein targets. Mitochondrial function was determined by measuring oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and reactive oxygen species generation was studied in isolated mitochondria. Tadalafil-treated diabetic mice demonstrated significantly improved left ventricular function, which is associated with increased cardiac SIRT1 activity. Tadalafil also enhanced plasma NO oxidation levels, myocardial SIRT1, PGC-1α expression, and phosphorylation of eNOS, Akt, and AMPK in the diabetic hearts. OXPHOS with the complex I substrate glutamate was decreased by 50% in diabetic hearts compared with the nondiabetic controls. Tadalafil protected OXPHOS with an improved glutamate state 3 respiration rates. The increased reactive oxygen species production from complex I was significantly decreased by tadalafil treatment. In conclusion, chronic treatment with tadalafil activates NO-induced SIRT1-PGC-1α signaling and attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisudha Koka
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hema S Aluri
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Lei Xi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Edward J Lesnefsky
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Cardiology Section, Medical Service, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rakesh C Kukreja
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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147
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Lin WS, Chen JY, Wang JC, Chen LY, Lin CH, Hsieh TR, Wang MF, Fu TF, Wang PY. The anti-aging effects of Ludwigia octovalvis on Drosophila melanogaster and SAMP8 mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:689-703. [PMID: 24338263 PMCID: PMC4039272 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the anti-aging effects of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Raven (Onagraceae), an extract of which is widely consumed as a healthful drink in a number of countries. Using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as a model organism, we demonstrated that L. octovalvis extract (LOE) significantly extended fly lifespan on a high, but not a low, calorie diet, indicating that LOE may regulate lifespan through a dietary restriction (DR)-related pathway. LOE also attenuated age-related cognitive decline in both flies and in the senescence-accelerated-prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse, without causing any discernable negative trade-offs, including water intake, food intake, fecundity, or spontaneous motor activity. LOE contained high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids, which possess strong DPPH radical scavenging activity, and was shown to attenuate paraquat-induced oxidative damage and lethality in flies. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses identified 17 known molecules, of which β-sitosterol and squalene were the two most abundant. We further demonstrated that β-sitosterol was capable of extending lifespan, likely through activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the fat body of adult flies. Taken together, our data suggest that LOE is a potent anti-aging intervention with potential for treating age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Lin
- />Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Renai Rd., Taipei, 10051 Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Chen
- />Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Chiao Wang
- />Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Renai Rd., Taipei, 10051 Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yu Chen
- />Department of Biotechnology, Mingchuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hao Lin
- />Hsiehyu Biotech Company Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Ming-Fu Wang
- />Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Feng Fu
- />Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chinan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wang
- />Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Renai Rd., Taipei, 10051 Taiwan
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Reprint of: Musculoskeletal system in the old age and the demand for healthy ageing biomarkers. Mech Ageing Dev 2014; 136-137:94-100. [PMID: 24662191 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Population ageing has emerged as a major demographic trend worldwide due to improved health and longevity. This global ageing phenomenon will have a major impact on health-care systems worldwide due to increased morbidity and greater needs for hospitalization/institutionalization. As the ageing population increases worldwide, there is an increasing awareness not only of increased longevity but also of the importance of "healthy ageing" and "quality of life". Yet, the age related chronic inflammation is believed to be pathogenic with regards to its contribution to frailty and degenerative disorders. In particular, the frailty syndrome is increasingly being considered as a key risk indicator of adverse health outcomes. In addition, elderly may be also prone to be resistant to anabolic stimuli which is likely a key factor in the loss of skeletal muscle mass with ageing. Vital to understand these key biological processes is the development of biological markers, through system biology approaches, aiding at strategies for tailored therapeutic and personalized nutritional program. Overall aim is to prevent or attenuate decline of key physiological functions required to live an active, independent life. This review focus on core indicators of health and functions in older adults, where nutrition and tailored personalized programs could exhibit preventive roles, and where the aid of metabolomics technologies are increasingly displaying potential in revealing key molecular mechanisms/targets linked to specific ageing and/or healthy ageing processes.
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149
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Efficient synthesis of eriodictyol from L-tyrosine in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:3072-80. [PMID: 24610848 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03986-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The health benefits of flavonoids for humans are increasingly attracting attention. Because the extraction of high-purity flavonoids from plants presents a major obstacle, interest has emerged in biosynthesizing them using microbial hosts. Eriodictyol is a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Its efficient synthesis has been hampered by two factors: the poor expression of cytochrome P450 and the low intracellular malonyl coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA) concentration in Escherichia coli. To address these issues, a truncated plant P450 flavonoid, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (tF3'H), was functionally expressed as a fusion protein with a truncated P450 reductase (tCPR) in E. coli. This allowed the engineered E. coli to produce eriodictyol from l-tyrosine by simultaneously coexpressing the fusion protein with tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), and chalcone isomerase (CHI). In addition, metabolic engineering was employed to enhance the availability of malonyl-CoA so as to achieve a new metabolic balance and rebalance the relative expression of genes to enhance eriodictyol accumulation. This approach made the production of eriodictyol 203% higher than that in the control strain. By using these strategies, the production of eriodictyol from l-tyrosine reached 107 mg/liter. The present work offers an approach to the efficient synthesis of other hydroxylated flavonoids from l-tyrosine or even glucose in E. coli.
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150
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Snell TW. Rotifers as models for the biology of aging. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF HYDROBIOLOGY 2014; 99:84-95. [PMID: 24791148 PMCID: PMC4004354 DOI: 10.1002/iroh.201301707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been two decades since 1993 when research on the biology of rotifer aging was last reviewed by Enesco. Much has transpired during this time as rotifer biologists have adapted to the "omics" revolution and incorporated these techniques into the experimental analysis of rotifers. Rotifers are amenable to many of these approaches and getting adequate quantities of DNA, RNA, and protein from rotifers is not difficult. Analysis of rotifer genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes is rapidly yielding candidate genes that likely regulate a variety of features of rotifer biology. Parallel developments in aging biology have recognized the limitations of standard animal models like worms and flies and that comparative aging research has essentially ignored a large fraction of animal phylogeny in the lophotrochozoans. As experimentally tractable members of this group, rotifers have attracted interest as models of aging. In this paper, I review advances over the past 20 years in the biology of aging in rotifers, with emphasis on the unique contributions of rotifer models for understanding aging. The majority of experimental work has manipulated rotifer diet and followed changes in survival and reproductive dynamics like mean lifespan, maximum lifespan, reproductive lifespan, and mortality rate doubling time. The main dietary manipulation has been some form of caloric restriction, withholding food for some period or feeding continuously at low levels. There have been comparative studies of several rotifer species, with some species responding to caloric restriction with life extension, but others not, at least under the tested food regimens. Other aspects of diet are less explored, like nutritional properties of different algae species and their capacity to extend rotifer lifespan. Several descriptive studies have reported many genes involved in rotifer aging by comparing gene expression in young and old individuals. Classes of genes up or down-regulated during aging have become prime targets for rotifer aging investigations. Alterations of gene expression by exposure to specific inhibitors or RNAi knockdown will probably yield valuable insights into the cellular mechanisms of rotifer life extension. I highlight major experimental contributions in each of these areas and indicate opportunities where I believe additional investigation is likely to be profitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Snell
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, USA
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