101
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Smith KE, Mason TB, Crosby RD, Engel SG, Wonderlich SA. A multimodal, naturalistic investigation of relationships between behavioral impulsivity, affect, and binge eating. Appetite 2019; 136:50-57. [PMID: 30664909 PMCID: PMC6430666 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While binge eating is associated with both emotion regulation deficits and cognitive control impairments related to impulsivity, thus far research has not examined how dimensions of behavioral impulsivity may influence momentary relationships between affect and binge-eating episodes. The present study utilized multimodal methods to examine the extent to which individual differences in impulsive choice (i.e., delay and probabilistic discounting) and impulsive action (i.e., response inhibition) moderated momentary relationships between negative and positive affect (NA and PA) and binge eating measured in the natural environment. Participants were 30 adult women with binge-eating symptoms who completed measures of behavioral impulsivity (i.e., Monetary Choice Questionnaire, Cued Go/No-Go task, Game of Dice Task), followed by a 14-day ecological momentary assessment protocol during which they reported affect levels and binge-eating episodes. Results of generalized estimating equations indicated that greater delay discounting (i.e., preference for immediate, yet smaller rewards) strengthened momentary relationships between both PA and NA and binge eating. However, and unexpectedly, the relationship between momentary PA and binge eating was negative among individuals with greater Cued Go/No-go commission errors, suggesting that higher PA actually attenuated risk of binge episode occurring in these individuals. Together these findings highlight important distinctions between facets of behavioral impulsivity as well as their relationships with affect valence and intensity in predicting binge episodes. Specifically, temporal rather than probabilistic discounting may be most relevant to momentary processes that contribute to binge eating, and promotion of momentary positive affect may be helpful for individuals with poorer response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Smith
- Sanford Center for Bio-behavioral Research, Fargo, ND, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Tyler B Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ross D Crosby
- Sanford Center for Bio-behavioral Research, Fargo, ND, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Scott G Engel
- Sanford Center for Bio-behavioral Research, Fargo, ND, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Stephen A Wonderlich
- Sanford Center for Bio-behavioral Research, Fargo, ND, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
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102
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Verbruggen F, Aron AR, Band GP, Beste C, Bissett PG, Brockett AT, Brown JW, Chamberlain SR, Chambers CD, Colonius H, Colzato LS, Corneil BD, Coxon JP, Dupuis A, Eagle DM, Garavan H, Greenhouse I, Heathcote A, Huster RJ, Jahfari S, Kenemans JL, Leunissen I, Li CSR, Logan GD, Matzke D, Morein-Zamir S, Murthy A, Paré M, Poldrack RA, Ridderinkhof KR, Robbins TW, Roesch M, Rubia K, Schachar RJ, Schall JD, Stock AK, Swann NC, Thakkar KN, van der Molen MW, Vermeylen L, Vink M, Wessel JR, Whelan R, Zandbelt BB, Boehler CN. A consensus guide to capturing the ability to inhibit actions and impulsive behaviors in the stop-signal task. eLife 2019; 8:46323. [PMID: 31033438 PMCID: PMC6533084 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition is essential for navigating everyday life. Its derailment is considered integral to numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, and more generally, to a wide range of behavioral and health problems. Response-inhibition efficiency furthermore correlates with treatment outcome in some of these conditions. The stop-signal task is an essential tool to determine how quickly response inhibition is implemented. Despite its apparent simplicity, there are many features (ranging from task design to data analysis) that vary across studies in ways that can easily compromise the validity of the obtained results. Our goal is to facilitate a more accurate use of the stop-signal task. To this end, we provide 12 easy-to-implement consensus recommendations and point out the problems that can arise when they are not followed. Furthermore, we provide user-friendly open-source resources intended to inform statistical-power considerations, facilitate the correct implementation of the task, and assist in proper data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam R Aron
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dawn M Eagle
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Garavan
- University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | | | | | | | - Sara Jahfari
- Spinoza Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Dora Matzke
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katya Rubia
- King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luc Vermeylen
- Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - C Nico Boehler
- Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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103
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Coricelli C, Foroni F, Osimo SA, Rumiati RI. Implicit and explicit evaluations of foods: The natural and transformed dimension. Food Qual Prefer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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104
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LeMon JV, Sisk CL, Klump KL, Johnson AW. Reduced sensitivity to devaluation for instrumental but not consummatory behaviors in binge eating prone rats. Physiol Behav 2019; 206:13-21. [PMID: 30858100 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating is characterized by the consumption of a large amount of palatable food in a short period of time and is a core feature of many eating disorders. Patients with eating disorders are also known to display impairments in inhibitory control, cognition and decision-making, which may promote and maintain binge eating symptomology. In the current study, we examined whether rats that were subsequently characterized as displaying a higher propensity to binge eat would show pre-existing deficits in reinforcer devaluation-a paradigm used to examine decision-making following reductions in the value of a food reinforcer. Female rats were first trained to respond on two levers for the delivery of two food reinforcers (sucrose and maltodextrin solutions). At the test stage, rats were provided 1 h access to one of the two reinforcers to allow for devaluation via sensory specific satiety, immediately followed by an extinction test with both levers. Normal rats typically show reductions in responding on the lever associated with the devalued reinforcer (i.e., intact goal-directed responding). Subsequently, we used intermittent access to palatable food to identify high (BE prone [BEP]; n = 14), intermediate (BE neutral [BEN]; n = 48), and low (BE resistant [BER]; n = 13) phenotypes of binge eating. Prior reinforcer devaluation performance showed BEN and BER rats suppressed responding on the lever associated with the devalued reinforcer while BEP rats did not. This insensitivity to instrumental reinforcer devaluation in BEP rats did not reflect impaired sensory-specific satiety as during a food choice test, BEP rats showed a more robust alteration in food preferences following devaluation. Additionally, across all rats sensory specific satiety was correlated with subsequent intake of palatable food. Collectively, these findings suggest dissociable effects of devaluation procedures on instrumental actions and consummatory behaviors in BEP rats, and may indicate that pre-existing differences in goal-directed behavior and sensory-specific satiety contribute to the propensity to overeat palatable food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle V LeMon
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cheryl L Sisk
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 293 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kelly L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Alexander W Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 293 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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105
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Abstract
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are characterized by severely restricted intake, binge eating, and compensatory behaviors like self-induced vomiting. The neurobiological underpinnings of these maladaptive behaviors are poorly understood, but the application of cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging to eating disorders has begun to elucidate their pathophysiology. Specifically, this review focuses on 3 areas that suggest paths forward: reward, cognitive and behavioral control, and decision making. Understanding the brain-based mechanisms that promote and maintain these often chronic symptoms could guide the development of new and more effective treatments.
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106
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Vainik U, García-García I, Dagher A. Uncontrolled eating: a unifying heritable trait linked with obesity, overeating, personality and the brain. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2430-2445. [PMID: 30667547 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many eating-related psychological constructs have been proposed to explain obesity and overeating. However, these constructs, including food addiction, disinhibition, hedonic hunger, emotional eating, binge eating and the like all have similar definitions, emphasizing loss of control over intake. As questionnaires measuring the constructs correlate strongly (r > 0.5) with each other, we propose that these constructs should be reconsidered to be part of a single broad phenotype: uncontrolled eating. Such an approach enables reviewing and meta-analysing evidence obtained with each individual questionnaire. Here, we describe robust associations between uncontrolled eating, body mass index (BMI), food intake, personality traits and brain systems. Reviewing cross-sectional and longitudinal data, we show that uncontrolled eating is phenotypically and genetically intertwined with BMI and food intake. We also review evidence on how three psychological constructs are linked with uncontrolled eating: lower cognitive control, higher negative affect and a curvilinear association with reward sensitivity. Uncontrolled eating mediates all three constructs' associations with BMI and food intake. Finally, we review and meta-analyse brain systems possibly subserving uncontrolled eating: namely, (i) the dopamine mesolimbic circuit associated with reward sensitivity, (ii) frontal cognitive networks sustaining dietary self-control and (iii) the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, amygdala and hippocampus supporting stress reactivity. While there are limits to the explanatory and predictive power of the uncontrolled eating phenotype, we conclude that treating different eating-related constructs as a single concept, uncontrolled eating, enables drawing robust conclusions on the relationship between food intake and BMI, psychological variables and brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uku Vainik
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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107
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Kohl SH, Veit R, Spetter MS, Günther A, Rina A, Lührs M, Birbaumer N, Preissl H, Hallschmid M. Real-time fMRI neurofeedback training to improve eating behavior by self-regulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A randomized controlled trial in overweight and obese subjects. Neuroimage 2019; 191:596-609. [PMID: 30798010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with altered responses to food stimuli in prefrontal brain networks that mediate inhibitory control of ingestive behavior. In particular, activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is reduced in obese compared to normal-weight subjects and has been linked to the success of weight-loss dietary interventions. In a randomized controlled trial in overweight/obese subjects, we investigated the effect on eating behavior of volitional up-regulation of dlPFC activity via real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback training. Thirty-eight overweight or obese subjects (BMI 25-40 kg/m2) took part in fMRI neurofeedback training with the aim of increasing activity of the left dlPFC (dlPFC group; n = 17) or of the visual cortex (VC/control group; n = 21). Participants were blinded to group assignment. The training session took place on a single day and included three training runs of six trials of up-regulation and passive viewing. Food appraisal and snack intake were assessed at screening, after training, and in a follow-up session four weeks later. Participants of both groups succeeded in up-regulating activity of the targeted brain area. However, participants of the control group also showed increased left dlPFC activity during up-regulation. Functional connectivity between dlPFC and ventromedial PFC, an area that processes food value, was generally increased during up-regulation compared to passive viewing. At follow-up compared to baseline, both groups rated pictures of high-, but not low-calorie foods as less palatable and chose them less frequently. Actual snack intake remained unchanged but palatability and choice ratings for chocolate cookies decreased after training. We demonstrate that one session of fMRI neurofeedback training enables individuals with increased body weight to up-regulate activity of the left dlPFC. Behavioral effects were observed in both groups, which might have been due to dlPFC co-activation in the control group and, in addition, unspecific training effects. Improved dlPFC-vmPFC functional connectivity furthermore suggested enhanced food intake-related control mechanisms. Neurofeedback training might support therapeutic strategies aiming at improved self-control in obesity, although the respective contributions of area-specific mechanisms and general regulation effects are in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H Kohl
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ralf Veit
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany; High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maartje S Spetter
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Astrid Günther
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andriani Rina
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Lührs
- Brain Innovation B.V, Research Department, Maastricht, Netherlands; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, Geneva, 1202, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
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108
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Zhang P, Liu Y, Lv H, Li MY, Yu FX, Wang Z, Ding HY, Wang LX, Zhao KX, Zhang ZY, Zhao PF, Li J, Yang ZH, Zhang ZT, Wang ZC. Integration of Neural Reward Processing and Appetite-Related Signaling in Obese Females: Evidence From Resting-State fMRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 50:541-551. [PMID: 30653786 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of General Surgery; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases; Beijing China
| | - Han Lv
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Meng-yi Li
- Department of General Surgery; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases; Beijing China
| | - Feng-xia Yu
- Medical Imaging Center; Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - He-yu Ding
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Li-xue Wang
- Department of General Surgery; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases; Beijing China
| | - Kai-xin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases; Beijing China
| | - Zheng-yu Zhang
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Peng-fei Zhao
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Zheng-han Yang
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Zhong-tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases; Beijing China
| | - Zhen-chang Wang
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
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109
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Walø-Syversen G, Kvalem IL, Kristinsson J, Eribe IL, Rø Ø, Dahlgren CL. Executive Function, Eating Behavior, and Preoperative Weight Loss in Bariatric Surgery Candidates: An Observational Study. Obes Facts 2019; 12:489-501. [PMID: 31505516 PMCID: PMC6876589 DOI: 10.1159/000502118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual differences in executive function may influence eating behavior, weight loss (WL), and WL maintenance in obesity treatment. Executive function, which designates top-down cognitive control processes, has been related to eating behaviors which may impact weight, and has been found to be predictive of WL in both behavioral WL programs and after bariatric surgery. Currently, we lack knowledge on the role of executive function in the period before bariatric surgery. If executive function impacts eating behavior and WL in the preoperative period, it may be a target for clinical attention in this stage. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the relationship between objective performance-based measures of executive function, eating patterns, and WL in the preoperative period. METHOD Baseline data in an ongoing observational longitudinal study of bariatric surgery patients were used. Eighty patients completed neuropsychological testing and self-report questionnaires 4 weeks prior to surgery. RESULTS We found that working memory predicted WL before surgery and inhibitory control predicted adherence to dietary recommendations. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that executive function may play a role in short-term WL and dietary adherence prior to surgery, suggesting that executive function in the preoperative period deserves an extended research focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro Walø-Syversen
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,
| | | | - Jon Kristinsson
- Centre for Morbid Obesity and Bariatric Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger L Eribe
- Centre for Morbid Obesity and Bariatric Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Rø
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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110
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Ganor-Moscovitz N, Weinbach N, Canetti L, Kalanthroff E. The effect of food-related stimuli on inhibition in high vs. low restrained eaters. Appetite 2018; 131:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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111
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Herman AM, Critchley H, Duka T. Decreased olfactory discrimination is associated with impulsivity in healthy volunteers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15584. [PMID: 30349020 PMCID: PMC6197201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical populations, olfactory abilities parallel executive function, implicating shared neuroanatomical substrates within the ventral prefrontal cortex. In healthy individuals, the relationship between olfaction and personality traits or certain cognitive and behavioural characteristics remains unexplored. We therefore tested if olfactory function is associated with trait and behavioural impulsivity in nonclinical individuals. Eighty-three healthy volunteers (50 females) underwent quantitative assessment of olfactory function (odour detection threshold, discrimination, and identification). Each participant was rated for trait impulsivity index using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and performed a battery of tasks to assess behavioural impulsivity (Stop Signal Task, SST; Information Sampling Task, IST; Delay Discounting). Lower odour discrimination predicted high ratings in non-planning impulsivity (Barratt Non-Planning impulsivity subscale); both, lower odour discrimination and detection threshold predicted low inhibitory control (SST; increased motor impulsivity). These findings extend clinical observations to support the hypothesis that deficits in olfactory ability are linked to impulsive tendencies within the healthy population. In particular, the relationship between olfactory abilities and behavioural inhibitory control (in the SST) reinforces evidence for functional overlap between neural networks involved in both processes. These findings may usefully inform the stratification of people at risk of impulse-control-related problems and support planning early clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Herman
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK.
| | - Hugo Critchley
- Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS), University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.,Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Theodora Duka
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK.,Sussex Addiction and Intervention Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK
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112
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Zhang W, Mai C, Chen H, Zhang H. Impulsiveness in Reactive Dieters: Evidence From Delay Discounting in Orthodontic Patients. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:347. [PMID: 30233343 PMCID: PMC6127247 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Researchers have made efforts to distinguish the behavioral differences and underlying mechanisms that explain the various possible outcomes of dieting (success, failure and relapse). Although extensive research has demonstrated that eating behavior and individual impulsiveness are closely related to subjective appetite and decision making, very few studies have investigated how subjective and appetite impulsiveness is affected by reactive dieting. Methods: In the present study, we utilized the power of food scale (PFS) and the intertemporal choice task and to examine subjective appetite and impulsivity of decision making in orthodontic patients. As a result of their orthodontic devices and the subsequent pain and discomfort caused by eating, these patients become reactive dieters. In order to explore the dynamic influence of orthodontic treatment on appetite and impulsiveness, we collected data for both patients and control participants across three testing sections. We also computed a regression model for further exploration in explaining how potential factors contributed to different choices. Results: We found that the orthodontic group scored significantly lower in PFS than the control group, which indicated a suppression in appetite. Besides, reward and waiting time were significant factors in computational perspective. Moreover, although patients showed a bias in choosing smaller, immediate reward options, they exhibited a decrease in the delay discounting rate as treatment progressed. These findings confirm that subjective appetite and impulsiveness were inhibited due to reactive dieting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Stomatology of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmiao Mai
- School of Management, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmin Chen
- Mental Quality Education Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- School of Management, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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113
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Abstract
Obesity is a widespread heritable health condition. Evidence from psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and genetics has proposed links between obesity and the brain. The current study tested whether the heritable variance in body mass index (BMI) is explained by brain and behavioral factors in a large brain imaging cohort that included multiple related individuals. We found that the heritable variance in BMI had genetic correlations 0.25–0.45 with cognitive tests, cortical thickness, and regional brain volume. In particular, BMI was associated with frontal lobe asymmetry and differences in temporal-parietal perceptual systems. Further, we found genetic overlap between certain brain and behavioral factors. In summary, the genetic vulnerability to BMI is expressed in the brain. This may inform intervention strategies. Recent molecular genetic studies have shown that the majority of genes associated with obesity are expressed in the central nervous system. Obesity has also been associated with neurobehavioral factors such as brain morphology, cognitive performance, and personality. Here, we tested whether these neurobehavioral factors were associated with the heritable variance in obesity measured by body mass index (BMI) in the Human Connectome Project (n = 895 siblings). Phenotypically, cortical thickness findings supported the “right brain hypothesis” for obesity. Namely, increased BMI is associated with decreased cortical thickness in right frontal lobe and increased thickness in the left frontal lobe, notably in lateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, lower thickness and volume in entorhinal-parahippocampal structures and increased thickness in parietal-occipital structures in participants with higher BMI supported the role of visuospatial function in obesity. Brain morphometry results were supported by cognitive tests, which outlined a negative association between BMI and visuospatial function, verbal episodic memory, impulsivity, and cognitive flexibility. Personality–BMI correlations were inconsistent. We then aggregated the effects for each neurobehavioral factor for a behavioral genetics analysis and estimated each factor’s genetic overlap with BMI. Cognitive test scores and brain morphometry had 0.25–0.45 genetic correlations with BMI, and the phenotypic correlations with BMI were 77–89% explained by genetic factors. Neurobehavioral factors also had some genetic overlap with each other. In summary, obesity as measured by BMI has considerable genetic overlap with brain and cognitive measures. This supports the theory that obesity is inherited via brain function and may inform intervention strategies.
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114
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Han JE, Boachie N, Garcia-Garcia I, Michaud A, Dagher A. Neural correlates of dietary self-control in healthy adults: A meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies. Physiol Behav 2018; 192:98-108. [PMID: 29496487 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Han
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, QC, Canada.
| | - Nadia Boachie
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, QC, Canada.
| | - Isabel Garcia-Garcia
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, QC, Canada.
| | - Andréanne Michaud
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, QC, Canada.
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, QC, Canada.
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115
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Smith KE, Mason TB, Johnson JS, Lavender JM, Wonderlich SA. A systematic review of reviews of neurocognitive functioning in eating disorders: The state-of-the-literature and future directions. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:798-821. [PMID: 30102781 PMCID: PMC6594106 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In recent years there has been increasing clinical and empirical interest in neurocognitive functioning in eating disorders (EDs), which has resulted in numerous quantitative and qualitative reviews. However, there has yet to be a comprehensive synthesis or critical review of this literature to identify future directions to advance the field in this area. Therefore the aim of this systematic review of systematic reviews was to (a) characterize the existing literature on neurocognitive functioning in EDs based on recent reviews (i.e., published since 2010), (b) describe related limitations, and (c) suggest avenues for future research to address gaps in the current literature. METHOD Electronic databases were queried for reviews of neurocognitive domains (i.e., inhibitory control, decision-making, central coherence, set-shifting, working memory, and attention bias) in EDs, which identified 28 systematic and meta-analytic reviews. RESULTS Broadly, the literature indicates deficits across these neurocognitive domains in EDs, though heterogeneity was noted in the magnitude of these effects, which varied to some extent across ED subtypes, sample characteristics, and methodological approaches. DISCUSSION While these reviews have generally suggested varying patterns of neurocognitive deficits across EDs, there remain critical limitations regarding the methodological quality of these studies (e.g., the lack of prospective designs, consideration of confounding influences, or examination of interrelationships between neurocognitive domains and relationships between neurocognition and other relevant behavioral constructs). Specifically, we outline 10 key areas that are imperative to address in future research in this area in order to move our field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Smith
- Center for Bio-Behavioral Research, Sanford Research, South Fargo, ND
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, North Dakota
| | - Tyler B Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Center for Bio-Behavioral Research, Sanford Research, South Fargo, ND
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, North Dakota
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Stephen A Wonderlich
- Center for Bio-Behavioral Research, Sanford Research, South Fargo, ND
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, North Dakota
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116
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Dassen FCM, Houben K, Allom V, Jansen A. Self-regulation and obesity: the role of executive function and delay discounting in the prediction of weight loss. J Behav Med 2018; 41:806-818. [PMID: 29802535 PMCID: PMC6209053 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-018-9940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity rates are rising worldwide. Executive function and delay discounting have been hypothesized to play important roles in the self-regulation of behavior, and may explain variance in weight loss treatment success. First, we compared individuals with obesity (n = 82) to healthy weight controls (n = 71) on behavioral and self-report measures of executive function (working memory, inhibition and shifting) and delay discounting. Secondly, the individuals with obesity took part in a multidisciplinary weight loss program and we examined whether executive function and delay discounting predicted weight change. Individuals with obesity displayed weaker general and food-specific inhibition, and weaker self-reported executive function. Better behavioral working memory and better self-reported inhibition skills in daily life were predictive of greater weight loss. As findings are correlational, future studies should investigate the causal relationship between executive function and weight loss, and test whether intervening on executive function will lead to better prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fania C M Dassen
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Katrijn Houben
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Allom
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Anita Jansen
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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117
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Forman EM, Goldstein SP, Flack D, Evans BC, Manasse SM, Dochat C. Promising technological innovations in cognitive training to treat eating-related behavior. Appetite 2018; 124:68-77. [PMID: 28414042 PMCID: PMC5641227 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
One potential reason for the suboptimal outcomes of treatments targeting appetitive behavior, such as eating and alcohol consumption, is that they do not target the implicit cognitive processes that may be driving these behaviors. Two groups of related neurocognitive processes that are robustly associated with dysregulated eating and drinking are attention bias (AB; selective attention to specific stimuli) and executive function (EF; a set of cognitive control processes such as inhibitory control, working memory, set shifting, that govern goal-directed behaviors). An increasing body of work suggests that EF and AB training programs improve regulation of appetitive behaviors, especially if trainings are frequent and sustained. However, several key challenges, such as adherence to the trainings in the long term, and overall potency of the training, remain. The current manuscript describes five technological innovations that have the potential to address difficulties related to the effectiveness and feasibility of EF and AB trainings: (1) deployment of training in the home, (2) training via smartphone, (3) gamification, (4) virtual reality, and (5) personalization. The drawbacks of these innovations, as well as areas for future research, are also discussed. The above-mentioned innovations are likely to be instrumental in the future empirical work to develop and evaluate effective EF and AB trainings for appetitive behaviors.
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118
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Porter L, Bailey-Jones C, Priudokaite G, Allen S, Wood K, Stiles K, Parvin O, Javaid M, Verbruggen F, Lawrence N. From cookies to carrots; the effect of inhibitory control training on children's snack selections. Appetite 2018; 124:111-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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119
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Aiello M, Ambron E, Situlin R, Foroni F, Biolo G, Rumiati RI. Body weight and its association with impulsivity in middle and old age individuals. Brain Cogn 2018; 123:103-109. [PMID: 29550505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity, conceptualized as impulsive personality trait, poor inhibitory control and enhanced reward sensitivity, has been strongly linked to obesity. In particular, a disequilibrium between cognitive control and reward sensitivity has been observed in obese individuals in both behavioural and imaging studies. While this issue has been widely investigated in children and adults, it has received little attention in older adults. Here, obese and non-obese participants aged between 40 and 70 years completed the Barratt Impulsiveness scale (assessing motor, non-planning and attentional impulsiveness), a Go/no-go task with foods and non-foods (assessing inhibitory control) and a reward sensitivity battery with high and low caloric foods (assessing liking, wanting, tastiness and frequency of consumption). We observed that participants with higher BMI reported increased wanting for high calorie foods, but did not show poorer inhibitory control. Interestingly, participants who scored lower on the MMSE reported to consume high calorie more than low calorie foods. Finally, those who presented low scores on non-planning and motor impulsiveness subscales reported higher tastiness ratings for low calorie foods. These results show that increased reward sensitivity but not reduced inhibitory control may characterize higher BMI during aging. Importantly, they also highlight new findings concerning food preferences among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabetta Ambron
- Laboratory for Cognition and Neural Stimulation, Dept. of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Roberta Situlin
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Clinica Medica AOUTS, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Foroni
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Clinica Medica AOUTS, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Martin A, Booth JN, Laird Y, Sproule J, Reilly JJ, Saunders DH. Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 3:CD009728. [PMID: 29499084 PMCID: PMC5865125 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009728.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity is high. Lifestyle changes towards a healthy diet, increased physical activity and reduced sedentary activities are recommended to prevent and treat obesity. Evidence suggests that changing these health behaviours can benefit cognitive function and school achievement in children and adolescents in general. There are various theoretical mechanisms that suggest that children and adolescents with excessive body fat may benefit particularly from these interventions. OBJECTIVES To assess whether lifestyle interventions (in the areas of diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and behavioural therapy) improve school achievement, cognitive function (e.g. executive functions) and/or future success in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight, compared with standard care, waiting-list control, no treatment, or an attention placebo control group. SEARCH METHODS In February 2017, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and 15 other databases. We also searched two trials registries, reference lists, and handsearched one journal from inception. We also contacted researchers in the field to obtain unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of behavioural interventions for weight management in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. We excluded studies in children and adolescents with medical conditions known to affect weight status, school achievement and cognitive function. We also excluded self- and parent-reported outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Four review authors independently selected studies for inclusion. Two review authors extracted data, assessed quality and risks of bias, and evaluated the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We contacted study authors to obtain additional information. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Where the same outcome was assessed across different intervention types, we reported standardised effect sizes for findings from single-study and multiple-study analyses to allow comparison of intervention effects across intervention types. To ease interpretation of the effect size, we also reported the mean difference of effect sizes for single-study outcomes. MAIN RESULTS We included 18 studies (59 records) of 2384 children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Eight studies delivered physical activity interventions, seven studies combined physical activity programmes with healthy lifestyle education, and three studies delivered dietary interventions. We included five RCTs and 13 cluster-RCTs. The studies took place in 10 different countries. Two were carried out in children attending preschool, 11 were conducted in primary/elementary school-aged children, four studies were aimed at adolescents attending secondary/high school and one study included primary/elementary and secondary/high school-aged children. The number of studies included for each outcome was low, with up to only three studies per outcome. The quality of evidence ranged from high to very low and 17 studies had a high risk of bias for at least one item. None of the studies reported data on additional educational support needs and adverse events.Compared to standard practice, analyses of physical activity-only interventions suggested high-quality evidence for improved mean cognitive executive function scores. The mean difference (MD) was 5.00 scale points higher in an after-school exercise group compared to standard practice (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68 to 9.32; scale mean 100, standard deviation 15; 116 children, 1 study). There was no statistically significant beneficial effect in favour of the intervention for mathematics, reading, or inhibition control. The standardised mean difference (SMD) for mathematics was 0.49 (95% CI -0.04 to 1.01; 2 studies, 255 children, moderate-quality evidence) and for reading was 0.10 (95% CI -0.30 to 0.49; 2 studies, 308 children, moderate-quality evidence). The MD for inhibition control was -1.55 scale points (95% CI -5.85 to 2.75; scale range 0 to 100; SMD -0.15, 95% CI -0.58 to 0.28; 1 study, 84 children, very low-quality evidence). No data were available for average achievement across subjects taught at school.There was no evidence of a beneficial effect of physical activity interventions combined with healthy lifestyle education on average achievement across subjects taught at school, mathematics achievement, reading achievement or inhibition control. The MD for average achievement across subjects taught at school was 6.37 points lower in the intervention group compared to standard practice (95% CI -36.83 to 24.09; scale mean 500, scale SD 70; SMD -0.18, 95% CI -0.93 to 0.58; 1 study, 31 children, low-quality evidence). The effect estimate for mathematics achievement was SMD 0.02 (95% CI -0.19 to 0.22; 3 studies, 384 children, very low-quality evidence), for reading achievement SMD 0.00 (95% CI -0.24 to 0.24; 2 studies, 284 children, low-quality evidence), and for inhibition control SMD -0.67 (95% CI -1.50 to 0.16; 2 studies, 110 children, very low-quality evidence). No data were available for the effect of combined physical activity and healthy lifestyle education on cognitive executive functions.There was a moderate difference in the average achievement across subjects taught at school favouring interventions targeting the improvement of the school food environment compared to standard practice in adolescents with obesity (SMD 0.46, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.66; 2 studies, 382 adolescents, low-quality evidence), but not with overweight. Replacing packed school lunch with a nutrient-rich diet in addition to nutrition education did not improve mathematics (MD -2.18, 95% CI -5.83 to 1.47; scale range 0 to 69; SMD -0.26, 95% CI -0.72 to 0.20; 1 study, 76 children, low-quality evidence) and reading achievement (MD 1.17, 95% CI -4.40 to 6.73; scale range 0 to 108; SMD 0.13, 95% CI -0.35 to 0.61; 1 study, 67 children, low-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Despite the large number of childhood and adolescent obesity treatment trials, we were only able to partially assess the impact of obesity treatment interventions on school achievement and cognitive abilities. School and community-based physical activity interventions as part of an obesity prevention or treatment programme can benefit executive functions of children with obesity or overweight specifically. Similarly, school-based dietary interventions may benefit general school achievement in children with obesity. These findings might assist health and education practitioners to make decisions related to promoting physical activity and healthy eating in schools. Future obesity treatment and prevention studies in clinical, school and community settings should consider assessing academic and cognitive as well as physical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Martin
- University of EdinburghCentre for Population Health SciencesMedical School, Teviot PlaceEdinburghUKEH8 9AG
- University of GlasgowMRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit200 Renfield StreetGlasgowUKG2 3QB
| | - Josephine N Booth
- The University of EdinburghInstitute for Education, Community and SocietyMoray House School of EducationRoom 2.17, St John's LandEdinburghUKEH8 8AQ
| | - Yvonne Laird
- University of EdinburghScottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy (SCPHRP)20 West Richmond StreetEdinburghUKEH8 9DX
| | - John Sproule
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences (SPEHS), University of EdinburghMoray House School of EducationHolyrood RoadEdinburghEH8 8AQUK
| | - John J Reilly
- University of StrathclydePhysical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health50 George StreetGlasgowUKG1 1QE
| | - David H Saunders
- University of EdinburghPhysical Activity for Health Research Centre (PAHRC)St Leonards LandHolyrood RoadEdinburghMidlothianUKEH8 8AQ
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121
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Kollei I, Rustemeier M, Schroeder S, Jongen S, Herpertz S, Loeber S. Cognitive control functions in individuals with obesity with and without binge-eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:233-240. [PMID: 29328501 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficits in cognitive control are thought to contribute to the maintenance of obesity (OB). Cognitive control is referred to as impulsivity and binge-eating disorder (BED) is characterized by high levels of impulsivity. The present study sought to elucidate which cognitive control functions differentiate between severe OB with and without BED also taking into account hunger as a moderating factor. METHOD The study included 48 individuals with OB and BED (OB + BED), 48 individuals with OB and no BED (OB - BED) and 48 normal-weight controls (NWC). Hunger was systematically manipulated: participants were instructed to refrain from eating before testing and received either a liquid meal or flavored water. Then, a comprehensive test battery was administered including a food-related go/no-go task and several subtests from the CANTAB. RESULTS There were no differences between the groups with regard to food-related response inhibition. However, while manipulating hunger had no impact on performance in the go/no-go task, self-reported hunger significantly influenced task performance by increasing inhibition deficits to high-caloric stimuli in OB + BED. With regard to general cognitive control functions, we found that deficits in attention and impulse control in decision-making distinguished OB from NWC, while reversal learning and risk taking in decision-making appeared to be relevant factors when distinguishing OB + BED from OB - BED. DISCUSSION Our results indicate that self-reported hunger differentially affected food-related response inhibition. Group differences in general cognitive control functions were limited to attention, reversal learning, and decision-making. Future research needs to account for other possible moderating factors, such as mood, food craving, or stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Kollei
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Martina Rustemeier
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital of Bochum, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schroeder
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.,Department of Psychopathology, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jongen
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital of Bochum, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Herpertz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital of Bochum, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabine Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
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122
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Miller AL, Gearhardt AN, Fredericks EM, Katz B, Shapiro LF, Holden K, Kaciroti N, Gonzalez R, Hunter C, Lumeng JC. Targeting self-regulation to promote health behaviors in children. Behav Res Ther 2018; 101:71-81. [PMID: 29050636 PMCID: PMC5801044 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Poor self-regulation (i.e., inability to harness cognitive, emotional, motivational resources to achieve goals) is hypothesized to contribute to unhealthy behaviors across the lifespan. Enhancing early self-regulation may increase positive health outcomes. Obesity is a major public health concern with early-emerging precursors related to self-regulation; it is therefore a good model for understanding self-regulation and health behavior. Preadolescence is a transition when children increase autonomy in health behaviors (e.g., eating, exercise habits), many of which involve self-regulation. This paper presents the scientific rationale for examining self-regulation mechanisms that are hypothesized to relate to health behaviors, specifically obesogenic eating, that have not been examined in children. We describe novel intervention protocols designed to enhance self-regulation skills, specifically executive functioning, emotion regulation, future-oriented thinking, and approach bias. Interventions are delivered via home visits. Assays of self-regulation and obesogenic eating behaviors using behavioral tasks and self-reports are implemented and evaluated to determine feasibility and psychometrics and to test intervention effects. Participants are low-income 9-12 year-old children who have been phenotyped for self-regulation, stress, eating behavior and adiposity through early childhood. Study goals are to examine intervention effects on self-regulation and whether change in self-regulation improves obesogenic eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Miller
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Emily M Fredericks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Benjamin Katz
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Lilly Fink Shapiro
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Kelsie Holden
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Richard Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Christine Hunter
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Leehr EJ, Schag K, Dresler T, Grosse-Wentrup M, Hautzinger M, Fallgatter AJ, Zipfel S, Giel KE, Ehlis AC. Food specific inhibitory control under negative mood in binge-eating disorder: Evidence from a multimethod approach. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:112-123. [PMID: 29341203 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhibitory control has been discussed as a developmental and maintenance factor in binge-eating disorder (BED). The current study is the first aimed at investigating inhibitory control in a negative mood condition on a psychophysiological and behavioral level in BED with a combination of electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking (ET). METHOD We conducted a combined EEG and ET study with overweight individuals with BED (BED+, n = 24, mean age = 31, mean BMI = 35 kg/m2 ) and without BED (BED-, n = 23, mean age = 28, mean BMI = 35 kg/m2 ) and a normal-weight (NWC, n = 26, mean age 28, mean BMI = 22 kg/m2 ) control group. We assessed self-report data regarding impulsivity and emotion regulation as well as the processing of food stimuli under negative mood in an antisaccade task. Main outcome variables comprise event-related potentials (ERP) regarding conflict processing (N2) and performance monitoring (error-related negativity [ERN/Ne]) assessed by EEG and inhibitory control (errors in the first and second saccade) assessed by ET. RESULTS BED+ patients reported increased impulsivity and higher emotion regulation difficulties compared with the other groups. The eye tracking data revealed impaired inhibitory control in BED+ compared with both control groups. Further, we found preliminary evidence from EEG recordings that conflict processing might be less thorough in the BED+ sample as well as in the NWC sample. In the BED+ sample this might be connected to the inhibitory control deficits on behavioral level. While the BED- sample showed increased conflict processing latencies (N2 latencies), which might indicate a compensation mechanism, the BED+ sample did not show such a mechanism. Performance monitoring (ERN/Ne latencies and amplitudes) was not impaired in the BED+ sample compared with both control samples. DISCUSSION Participants with BED reported higher impulsivity and lower emotion regulation capacities. The combined investigation of electrocortical processes and behavior contributes to an advanced understanding of behavioral and electrocortical processes underlying inhibitory control in BED. Inhibitory control and negative mood, probably amplified by emotion regulation deficits, should be addressed further in the investigation and treatment of BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J Leehr
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Internal Medicine VI, Osianderstraße 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, Building A9, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schag
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Internal Medicine VI, Osianderstraße 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tübingen, Gartenstraße 29, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
| | - Moritz Grosse-Wentrup
- Department Empirical Inference, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Spemannstr. 38, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.,Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ludwigstr. 33, München, 80539, Germany
| | - Martin Hautzinger
- Department of Psychology, Clinical and Developmental Psychology, University of Tuebingen, Schleichstraße 4, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tübingen, Gartenstraße 29, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Internal Medicine VI, Osianderstraße 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Katrin E Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Internal Medicine VI, Osianderstraße 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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Martin A, Booth JN, Laird Y, Sproule J, Reilly JJ, Saunders DH. Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 1:CD009728. [PMID: 29376563 PMCID: PMC6491168 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009728.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity is high. Lifestyle changes towards a healthy diet, increased physical activity and reduced sedentary activities are recommended to prevent and treat obesity. Evidence suggests that changing these health behaviours can benefit cognitive function and school achievement in children and adolescents in general. There are various theoretical mechanisms that suggest that children and adolescents with excessive body fat may benefit particularly from these interventions. OBJECTIVES To assess whether lifestyle interventions (in the areas of diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and behavioural therapy) improve school achievement, cognitive function (e.g. executive functions) and/or future success in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight, compared with standard care, waiting-list control, no treatment, or an attention placebo control group. SEARCH METHODS In February 2017, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and 15 other databases. We also searched two trials registries, reference lists, and handsearched one journal from inception. We also contacted researchers in the field to obtain unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of behavioural interventions for weight management in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. We excluded studies in children and adolescents with medical conditions known to affect weight status, school achievement and cognitive function. We also excluded self- and parent-reported outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Four review authors independently selected studies for inclusion. Two review authors extracted data, assessed quality and risks of bias, and evaluated the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We contacted study authors to obtain additional information. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Where the same outcome was assessed across different intervention types, we reported standardised effect sizes for findings from single-study and multiple-study analyses to allow comparison of intervention effects across intervention types. To ease interpretation of the effect size, we also reported the mean difference of effect sizes for single-study outcomes. MAIN RESULTS We included 18 studies (59 records) of 2384 children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Eight studies delivered physical activity interventions, seven studies combined physical activity programmes with healthy lifestyle education, and three studies delivered dietary interventions. We included five RCTs and 13 cluster-RCTs. The studies took place in 10 different countries. Two were carried out in children attending preschool, 11 were conducted in primary/elementary school-aged children, four studies were aimed at adolescents attending secondary/high school and one study included primary/elementary and secondary/high school-aged children. The number of studies included for each outcome was low, with up to only three studies per outcome. The quality of evidence ranged from high to very low and 17 studies had a high risk of bias for at least one item. None of the studies reported data on additional educational support needs and adverse events.Compared to standard practice, analyses of physical activity-only interventions suggested high-quality evidence for improved mean cognitive executive function scores. The mean difference (MD) was 5.00 scale points higher in an after-school exercise group compared to standard practice (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68 to 9.32; scale mean 100, standard deviation 15; 116 children, 1 study). There was no statistically significant beneficial effect in favour of the intervention for mathematics, reading, or inhibition control. The standardised mean difference (SMD) for mathematics was 0.49 (95% CI -0.04 to 1.01; 2 studies, 255 children, moderate-quality evidence) and for reading was 0.10 (95% CI -0.30 to 0.49; 2 studies, 308 children, moderate-quality evidence). The MD for inhibition control was -1.55 scale points (95% CI -5.85 to 2.75; scale range 0 to 100; SMD -0.15, 95% CI -0.58 to 0.28; 1 study, 84 children, very low-quality evidence). No data were available for average achievement across subjects taught at school.There was no evidence of a beneficial effect of physical activity interventions combined with healthy lifestyle education on average achievement across subjects taught at school, mathematics achievement, reading achievement or inhibition control. The MD for average achievement across subjects taught at school was 6.37 points lower in the intervention group compared to standard practice (95% CI -36.83 to 24.09; scale mean 500, scale SD 70; SMD -0.18, 95% CI -0.93 to 0.58; 1 study, 31 children, low-quality evidence). The effect estimate for mathematics achievement was SMD 0.02 (95% CI -0.19 to 0.22; 3 studies, 384 children, very low-quality evidence), for reading achievement SMD 0.00 (95% CI -0.24 to 0.24; 2 studies, 284 children, low-quality evidence), and for inhibition control SMD -0.67 (95% CI -1.50 to 0.16; 2 studies, 110 children, very low-quality evidence). No data were available for the effect of combined physical activity and healthy lifestyle education on cognitive executive functions.There was a moderate difference in the average achievement across subjects taught at school favouring interventions targeting the improvement of the school food environment compared to standard practice in adolescents with obesity (SMD 0.46, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.66; 2 studies, 382 adolescents, low-quality evidence), but not with overweight. Replacing packed school lunch with a nutrient-rich diet in addition to nutrition education did not improve mathematics (MD -2.18, 95% CI -5.83 to 1.47; scale range 0 to 69; SMD -0.26, 95% CI -0.72 to 0.20; 1 study, 76 children, low-quality evidence) and reading achievement (MD 1.17, 95% CI -4.40 to 6.73; scale range 0 to 108; SMD 0.13, 95% CI -0.35 to 0.61; 1 study, 67 children, low-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Despite the large number of childhood and adolescent obesity treatment trials, we were only able to partially assess the impact of obesity treatment interventions on school achievement and cognitive abilities. School and community-based physical activity interventions as part of an obesity prevention or treatment programme can benefit executive functions of children with obesity or overweight specifically. Similarly, school-based dietary interventions may benefit general school achievement in children with obesity. These findings might assist health and education practitioners to make decisions related to promoting physical activity and healthy eating in schools. Future obesity treatment and prevention studies in clinical, school and community settings should consider assessing academic and cognitive as well as physical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josephine N Booth
- The University of EdinburghInstitute for Education, Community and SocietyMoray House School of EducationRoom 2.17, St John's LandEdinburghUKEH8 8AQ
| | - Yvonne Laird
- University of EdinburghScottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy (SCPHRP)20 West Richmond StreetEdinburghUKEH8 9DX
| | - John Sproule
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences (SPEHS), University of EdinburghMoray House School of EducationHolyrood RoadEdinburghUK
| | - John J Reilly
- University of StrathclydePhysical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health50 George StreetGlasgowUKG1 1QE
| | - David H Saunders
- University of EdinburghPhysical Activity for Health Research Centre (PAHRC)St Leonards LandHolyrood RoadEDINBURGHUKEH8 8AQ
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Yang Y, Shields GS, Guo C, Liu Y. Executive function performance in obesity and overweight individuals: A meta-analysis and review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 84:225-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Eckstrand KL, Mummareddy N, Kang H, Cowan R, Zhou M, Zald D, Silver HJ, Niswender KD, Avison MJ. An insulin resistance associated neural correlate of impulsivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189113. [PMID: 29228027 PMCID: PMC5724830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Central insulin resistance (IR) influences striatal dopamine (DA) tone, an important determinant of behavioral self-regulation. We hypothesized that an association exists between the degree of peripheral IR and impulse control, mediated by the impact of IR on brain circuits controlling the speed of executing “go” and/or “stop” responses. We measured brain activation and associated performance on a stop signal task (SST) in obese adults with type 2 diabetes (age, 48.1 ± 6.9 yrs (mean ± SD); BMI, 36.5 ± 4.0 kg/m2; HOMA-IR, 7.2 ± 4.1; 12 male, 18 female). Increasing IR, but not BMI, was a predictor of shorter critical stop signal delay (cSSD), a measure of the time window during which a go response can be successfully countermanded (R2 = 0.12). This decline was explained by an IR-associated increase in go speed (R2 = 0.13) with little impact of IR or BMI on stop speed. Greater striatal fMRI activation contrast in stop error (SE) compared with stop success (SS) trials (CONSE>SS) was a significant predictor of faster go speeds (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.002), and was itself predicted by greater IR (CONSE>SS vs HOMA-IR: R2 = 0.10, p = 0.04). Furthermore, this impact of IR on striatal activation was a significant mediator of the faster go speeds and greater impulsivity observed with greater IR. These findings suggest a neural mechanism by which IR may increase impulsivity and degrade behavioral self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Eckstrand
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Nishit Mummareddy
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Hakmook Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Ronald Cowan
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Minchun Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - David Zald
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Heidi J. Silver
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Kevin D. Niswender
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Malcolm J. Avison
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schlinkert C, Koole SL. Self-restraint spillover: Inhibitory control disrupts appetite regulation among ruminators. J Pers 2017; 86:825-840. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Food-Related Impulsivity in Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder-A Systematic Update of the Evidence. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111170. [PMID: 29077027 PMCID: PMC5707642 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific eating pattern of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) patients has provoked the assumption that BED might represent a phenotype within the obesity spectrum that is characterized by increased impulsivity. Following the guidelines of the PRISMA statement (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses), we here provide a systematic update on the evidence on food-related impulsivity in obese individuals, with and without BED, as well as normal-weight individuals. We separately analyzed potential group differences in the impulsivity components of reward sensitivity and rash-spontaneous behavior. Our search resulted in twenty experimental studies with high methodological quality. The synthesis of the latest evidence consolidates conclusions drawn in our initial systematic review that BED represents a distinct phenotype within the obesity spectrum that is characterized by increased impulsivity. Rash-spontaneous behavior in general, and specifically towards food, is increased in BED, while food-specific reward sensitivity is also increased in obese individuals without BED, but potentially to a lesser degree. A major next step for research entails the investigation of sub-domains and temporal components of inhibitory control in BED and obesity. Based on the evidence of impaired inhibitory control in BED, affected patients might profit from interventions that address impulsive behavior.
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Preuss H, Pinnow M, Schnicker K, Legenbauer T. Improving Inhibitory Control Abilities (ImpulsE)-A Promising Approach to Treat Impulsive Eating? EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2017; 25:533-543. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Preuss
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Experimental Psychopathology; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Germany
| | - Marlies Pinnow
- Motivation Lab, Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
| | - Katja Schnicker
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Experimental Psychopathology; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Germany
| | - Tanja Legenbauer
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Experimental Psychopathology; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Germany
- Department of Research and Diagnostics, Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine; LWL-University Hospital; Germany
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Bartholdy S, Rennalls SJ, Jacques C, Danby H, Campbell IC, Schmidt U, O’Daly OG. Proactive and reactive inhibitory control in eating disorders. Psychiatry Res 2017; 255:432-440. [PMID: 28672226 PMCID: PMC5555256 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Altered inhibitory control has been implicated in the development and maintenance of eating disorders (ED), however it is unclear how different types of inhibitory control are affected across the EDs. We explored whether individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED) and anorexia nervosa (AN) differed from healthy individuals (HC) on two types of motor inhibitory control: proactive inhibition (related to the preparation/initiation of a response) and reactive inhibition (withholding a response in reaction to a signal). Ninety-four women (28 AN, 27 BN, 11 BED, 28 HC) completed two neuropsychological tasks (a cued reaction time task and a stop signal task), and questionnaires assessing clinical variables, mood, anxiety, and inhibitory control. Self-reported inhibitory control was poorer in women with BN compared to the HC and AN groups, but greater in women with AN compared to all other groups. However, no group differences in reactive inhibition were observed. Proactive inhibition was augmented in women with AN compared to HC, and this was related to self-reported intolerance of uncertainty. The findings suggest that proactive inhibition may be a relevant target for behavioural interventions for AN, and call for further research into the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and proactive inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savani Bartholdy
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
| | - Samantha J. Rennalls
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Claire Jacques
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Hollie Danby
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Iain C. Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Owen G. O’Daly
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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131
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Pfeffer I, Strobach T. Executive Functions, Trait Self-Control, and the Intention-Behavior Gap in Physical Activity Behavior. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 39:277-292. [PMID: 29064317 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2017-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many people fail to translate their physical activity intentions into behavior. This intention-behavior gap can be explained by (a) explicit trait self-control, (b) implicit executive functions, and (c) their interactions. In 118 participants, the intention-behavior gap was measured in a prospective design. Trait self-control was assessed via self-report questionnaires, whereas executive functioning was measured with test performance in inhibition, updating, and shifting at baseline. Regression analysis showed that (a) higher trait self-control predicts a smaller intention-behavior gap; (b) updating performance is related with this gap; and (c) behavior in tests on inhibition, updating, and shifting moderate the relation between the trait self-control and the intention-behavior gap. The present study showed that the complex pattern that modulates the relation between intended and realized physical activity behavior includes trait self-control, executive functions, as well as the combination of these cognitive components supporting dual-process approaches of self-control including implicit and explicit processing components.
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132
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Michaud A, Vainik U, Garcia-Garcia I, Dagher A. Overlapping Neural Endophenotypes in Addiction and Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:127. [PMID: 28659866 PMCID: PMC5469912 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity refers to a tendency to act rapidly without full consideration of consequences. The trait is thought to result from the interaction between high arousal responses to potential rewards and poor self-control. Studies have suggested that impulsivity confers vulnerability to both addiction and obesity. However, results in this area are unclear, perhaps due to the high phenotypic complexity of addictions and obesity. Focusing on impulsivity, the aim of this review is to tackle the putative overlaps between addiction and obesity in four domains: (1) personality research, (2) neurocognitive tasks, (3) brain imaging, and (4) clinical evidence. We suggest that three impulsivity-related domains are particularly relevant for our understanding of similarities between addiction and obesity: lower self-control (high Disinhibition/low Conscientiousness), reward sensitivity (high Extraversion/Positive Emotionality), and negative affect (high Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality). Neurocognitive studies have shown that obesity and addiction are both associated with increased impulsive decision-making and attention bias in response to drug or food cues, respectively. Mirroring this, obesity and different forms of addiction seem to exhibit similar alterations in functional MRI brain activity in response to reward processing and during self-control tasks. Overall, our review provides an integrative approach to understand those facets of obesity that present similarities to addictive behaviors. In addition, we suggest that therapeutic interventions targeting inhibitory control may represent a promising approach for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Michaud
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Uku Vainik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Isabel Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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133
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Meule A. Reporting and Interpreting Task Performance in Go/No-Go Affective Shifting Tasks. Front Psychol 2017; 8:701. [PMID: 28536544 PMCID: PMC5422529 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
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134
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Martin AA, Davidson TL, McCrory MA. Deficits in episodic memory are related to uncontrolled eating in a sample of healthy adults. Appetite 2017; 124:33-42. [PMID: 28479407 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite a substantial amount of animal data linking deficits in memory inhibition to the development of overeating and obesity, few studies have investigated the relevance of memory inhibition to uncontrolled eating in humans. Further, although memory for recent eating has been implicated as an important contributor to satiety and energy intake, the possibility that variations in episodic memory relate to individual differences in food intake control has been largely neglected. To examine these relationships, we recruited ninety-three adult subjects to attend a single lab session where we assessed body composition, dietary intake, memory performance, and eating behaviors (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire). Episodic recall and memory inhibition were assessed using a well-established measure of memory interference (Retrieval Practice Paradigm). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that memory inhibition was largely unrelated to participants' eating behaviors; however, episodic recall was reliably predicted by restrained vs. uncontrolled eating: recall was positively associated with strategic dieting (β = 2.45, p = 0.02), avoidance of fatty foods (β = 3.41, p = 0.004), and cognitive restraint (β = 1.55, p = 0.04). In contrast, recall was negatively associated with uncontrolled eating (β = -1.15, p = 0.03) and emotional eating (β = -2.46, p = 0.04). These findings suggest that episodic memory processing is related to uncontrolled eating in humans. The possibility that deficits in episodic memory may contribute to uncontrolled eating by disrupting memory for recent eating is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Martin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - T L Davidson
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - M A McCrory
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Boston Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Boston, MA, United States
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135
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Stramaccia DF, Penolazzi B, Libardi A, Genovese A, Castelli L, Palomba D, Galfano G. Control over interfering memories in eating disorders. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2017; 40:30-44. [PMID: 28398162 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2017.1313392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have suggested that patients suffering from either anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN) exhibit abnormal performance in the ability to control cognitive interference in response selection. METHOD We assessed the status of cognitive control in episodic memory by addressing the ability to inhibit interfering memories. To this end, we used the retrieval-practice paradigm, which allows for measuring both the beneficial and the detrimental effects of memory practice. The latter phenomenon, known as retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF), is thought to reflect an adaptive inhibitory mechanism aimed at reducing competition in memory retrieval. Twenty-seven healthy controls and 27 patients suffering from eating disorders (either AN or BN) performed a retrieval-practice paradigm and a control task addressing general reactivity and filled a self-report questionnaire on impulsivity. RESULTS No differences between patients and healthy controls were observed for the beneficial effects of practice. The same pattern also emerged for RIF. However, when patients with AN and BN were analyzed separately, a clear dissociation emerged: patients with AN displayed no hint of RIF, whereas patients with BN showed an intact memory suppression performance. No group differences emerged in the control task. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a specific impairment in the ability to suppress interfering memories in patients with AN, thus extending current evidence of cognitive control deficits in AN to episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Penolazzi
- b Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Trieste , Italy
| | - Arianna Libardi
- a Department of Developmental and Social Psychology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Aldo Genovese
- c Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari , Trento , Italy
| | - Luigi Castelli
- a Department of Developmental and Social Psychology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Daniela Palomba
- d Department of General Psychology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Giovanni Galfano
- a Department of Developmental and Social Psychology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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Sex differences in the influence of body mass index on anatomical architecture of brain networks. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1185-1195. [PMID: 28360430 PMCID: PMC5548596 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objective The brain plays a central role in regulating ingestive behavior in obesity. Analogous to addiction behaviors, an imbalance in the processing of rewarding and salient stimuli results in maladaptive eating behaviors that override homeostatic needs. We performed network analysis based on graph theory to examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and network measures of integrity, information flow, and global communication (centrality) in reward, salience and sensorimotor regions, and to identify sex-related differences in these parameters. Subjects/Methods Structural and diffusion tensor imaging were obtained in a sample of 124 individuals (61 males and 63 females). Graph theory was applied to calculate anatomical network properties (centrality) for regions of the reward, salience, and sensorimotor networks. General linear models with linear contrasts were performed to test for BMI and sex-related differences in measures of centrality, while controlling for age. Results In both males and females, individuals with high BMI (obese and overweight) had greater anatomical centrality (greater connectivity) of reward (putamen) and salience (anterior insula) network regions. Sex differences were observed both in individuals with normal and elevated BMI. In individuals with high BMI, females compared to males showed greater centrality in reward (amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens) and salience (anterior mid cingulate cortex) regions, while males compared to females had greater centrality in reward (putamen) and sensorimotor (posterior insula) regions. Conclusions In individuals with increased BMI, reward, salience, and sensorimotor network regions are susceptible to topological restructuring in a sex related manner. These findings highlight the influence of these regions on integrative processing of food-related stimuli and increased ingestive behavior in obesity, or in the influence of hedonic ingestion on brain topological restructuring. The observed sex differences emphasize the importance of considering sex differences in obesity pathophysiology.
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Bartholdy S, Rennalls S, Danby H, Jacques C, Campbell IC, Schmidt U, O'Daly OG. Temporal Discounting and the Tendency to Delay Gratification across the Eating Disorder Spectrum. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2017; 25:344-350. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Savani Bartholdy
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience; King's College London; UK
| | - Samantha Rennalls
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience; King's College London; UK
| | - Hollie Danby
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience; King's College London; UK
| | - Claire Jacques
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience; King's College London; UK
| | - Iain C. Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience; King's College London; UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience; King's College London; UK
| | - Owen G. O'Daly
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience; King's College London; UK
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Duque J, Greenhouse I, Labruna L, Ivry RB. Physiological Markers of Motor Inhibition during Human Behavior. Trends Neurosci 2017; 40:219-236. [PMID: 28341235 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies in humans have shown that many behaviors engage processes that suppress excitability within the corticospinal tract. Inhibition of the motor output pathway has been extensively studied in the context of action stopping, where a planned movement needs to be abruptly aborted. Recent TMS work has also revealed markers of motor inhibition during the preparation of movement. Here, we review the evidence for motor inhibition during action stopping and action preparation, focusing on studies that have used TMS to monitor changes in the excitability of the corticospinal pathway. We discuss how these physiological results have motivated theoretical models of how the brain selects actions, regulates movement initiation and execution, and switches from one state to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ian Greenhouse
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ludovica Labruna
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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139
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Södersten P, Bergh C, Leon M, Brodin U, Zandian M. Cognitive behavior therapy for eating disorders versus normalization of eating behavior. Physiol Behav 2017; 174:178-190. [PMID: 28322911 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We examine the science and evidence supporting cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for the treatment of bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders. Recent trials focusing on the abnormal cognitive and emotional aspects of bulimia have reported a remission rate of about 45%, and a relapse rate of about 30% within one year. However, an early CBT trial that emphasized the normalization of eating behavior had a better outcome than treatment that focused on cognitive intervention. In support of this finding, another treatment, that restores a normal eating behavior using mealtime feedback, has an estimated remission rate of about 75% and a relapse rate of about 10% over five years. Moreover, when eating behavior was normalized, cognitive and emotional abnormalities were resolved at remission without cognitive therapy. The critical aspect of the CBT treatment of bulimia nervosa therefore may actually have been the normalization of eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Södersten
- Karolinska Institutet, Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Mandometer Clinic, Huddinge, S-14104 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - C Bergh
- Karolinska Institutet, Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Mandometer Clinic, Huddinge, S-14104 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - M Leon
- Karolinska Institutet, Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Mandometer Clinic, Huddinge, S-14104 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - U Brodin
- Karolinska Institutet, Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Mandometer Clinic, Huddinge, S-14104 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - M Zandian
- Karolinska Institutet, Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Mandometer Clinic, Huddinge, S-14104 Huddinge, Sweden
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140
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Kekic M, McClelland J, Bartholdy S, Boysen E, Musiat P, Dalton B, Tiza M, David AS, Campbell IC, Schmidt U. Single-Session Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Temporarily Improves Symptoms, Mood, and Self-Regulatory Control in Bulimia Nervosa: A Randomised Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167606. [PMID: 28121991 PMCID: PMC5266208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that pathological eating behaviours in bulimia nervosa (BN) are underpinned by alterations in reward processing and self-regulatory control, and by functional changes in neurocircuitry encompassing the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Manipulation of this region with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may therefore alleviate symptoms of the disorder. Objective This double-blind sham-controlled proof-of-principle trial investigated the effects of bilateral tDCS over the DLPFC in adults with BN. Methods Thirty-nine participants (two males) received three sessions of tDCS in a randomised and counterbalanced order: anode right/cathode left (AR/CL), anode left/cathode right (AL/CR), and sham. A battery of psychological/neurocognitive measures was completed before and after each session and the frequency of bulimic behaviours during the following 24-hours was recorded. Results AR/CL tDCS reduced eating disorder cognitions (indexed by the Mizes Eating Disorder Cognitions Questionnaire-Revised) when compared to AL/CR and sham tDCS. Both active conditions suppressed the self-reported urge to binge-eat and increased self-regulatory control during a temporal discounting task. Compared to sham stimulation, mood (assessed with the Profile of Mood States) improved after AR/CL but not AL/CR tDCS. Lastly, the three tDCS sessions had comparable effects on the wanting/liking of food and on bulimic behaviours during the 24 hours post-stimulation. Conclusions These data suggest that single-session tDCS transiently improves symptoms of BN. They also help to elucidate possible mechanisms of action and highlight the importance of selecting the optimal electrode montage. Multi-session trials are needed to determine whether tDCS has potential for development as a treatment for adult BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kekic
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica McClelland
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Savani Bartholdy
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Boysen
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Musiat
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan Dalton
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meyzi Tiza
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S. David
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C. Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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141
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Filbey FM, Yezhuvath US. A multimodal study of impulsivity and body weight: Integrating behavioral, cognitive, and neuroimaging approaches. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:147-154. [PMID: 27896939 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dimensions of impulsivity are related to obesity. Accordingly, characterization of impulsivity in individuals with overweight and obesity holds promise for more targeted and effective intervention. METHODS Forty-five individuals (13 males, mean age = 32.6, mean body mass index [BMI] = 30.7) were recruited to determine the role of impulsivity in elevated body weight by evaluating: (1) trait impulsivity via impulsive sensation-seeking scale (ImpSS), (2) state impulsivity via continuous performance test, and (3) activation and integration of brain cognitive control regions via functional magnetic resonance imaging during a response inhibition task (i.e., stop signal task). RESULTS Positive correlations were found between BMI and trait (ImpSS) as well as state impulsivity (continuous performance test, β). BMI was negatively correlated with regional activation in the temporal lobe and insula during successful response inhibition. Further, there was a positive association between BMI and functional connectivity between the right inferior frontal gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus during successful response inhibition. Mediation analyses revealed that ImpSS mediated the relationship between BMI and neural response in the right inferior frontal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS This multimodal study provides concordant evidence for behavioral, cognitive, and neural markers of impulsivity and elevated BMI, highlighting the need to address inhibitory control mechanisms for more effective weight management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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142
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Wyckoff EP, Evans BC, Manasse SM, Butryn ML, Forman EM. Executive functioning and dietary intake: Neurocognitive correlates of fruit, vegetable, and saturated fat intake in adults with obesity. Appetite 2016; 111:79-85. [PMID: 28042040 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a significant public health issue, and is associated with poor diet. Evidence suggests that eating behavior is related to individual differences in executive functioning. Poor executive functioning is associated with poorer diet (few fruits and vegetables and high saturated fat) in normal weight samples; however, the relationship between these specific dietary behaviors and executive functioning have not been investigated in adults with obesity. The current study examined the association between executive functioning and intake of saturated fat, fruits, and vegetables in an overweight/obese sample using behavioral measures of executive function and dietary recall. One-hundred-ninety overweight and obese adults completed neuropsychological assessments measuring intelligence, planning ability, and inhibitory control followed by three dietary recall assessments within a month prior to beginning a behavioral weight loss treatment program. Inhibitory control and two of the three indices of planning each independently significantly predicted fruit and vegetable consumption such that those with better inhibition and planning ability consumed more fruits and vegetables. No relationship was found between executive functioning and saturated fat intake. Results increase understanding of how executive functioning influences eating behavior in overweight and obese adults, and suggest the importance of including executive functioning training components in dietary interventions for those with obesity. Further research is needed to determine causality as diet and executive functioning may bidirectionally influence each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Wyckoff
- University of Connecticut, Department of Psychological Sciences, Storrs, CT, United States.
| | - Brittney C Evans
- Drexel University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stephanie M Manasse
- Drexel University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Meghan L Butryn
- Drexel University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Evan M Forman
- Drexel University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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143
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McClelland J, Dalton B, Kekic M, Bartholdy S, Campbell IC, Schmidt U. A systematic review of temporal discounting in eating disorders and obesity: Behavioural and neuroimaging findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:506-528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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144
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Van Blyderveen S, Lafrance A, Emond M, Kosmerly S, O'Connor M, Chang F. Personality differences in the susceptibility to stress-eating: The influence of emotional control and impulsivity. Eat Behav 2016; 23:76-81. [PMID: 27565374 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stress has been associated with deviations from typical eating patterns, with respect to both food choice and overall caloric intake. Both increases and decreases in dietary intake have been previously noted in response to stress. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the affect regulation strategies of emotional control and impulsivity predict susceptibility to eating in response to stress. Specifically, it was anticipated that emotional suppression would predict decreases in caloric intake, whereas impulsivity would predict increases in caloric intake, in response to a stressor. METHOD Participants were randomly assigned to view either a video designed to elicit stress or a control video. Food was provided during the video and the amount and type of food consumed was measured. RESULTS Participants' nutritional intake was greater in the stress condition than in the control condition. One aspect of affect regulation, impulsivity, moderated this relationship, with a tendency for greater impulsivity to be associated with greater caloric intake in the stress condition. The degree of negative affect that participants experienced in the stress condition predicted food choice and overall caloric intake. Both emotional control and impulsivity moderated the relationship between negative affect and both food choice and caloric intake in the stress condition. DISCUSSION The present study highlights the importance of considering the personality attributes of both impulsivity and emotional suppression in understanding stress eating.
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145
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Bartholdy S, Campbell IC, Schmidt U, O’Daly OG. Proactive inhibition: An element of inhibitory control in eating disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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146
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Lavagnino L, Arnone D, Cao B, Soares JC, Selvaraj S. Inhibitory control in obesity and binge eating disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:714-726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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147
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Mühlberg C, Mathar D, Villringer A, Horstmann A, Neumann J. Stopping at the sight of food - How gender and obesity impact on response inhibition. Appetite 2016; 107:663-676. [PMID: 27592420 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent research indicates that reduced inhibitory control is associated with higher body mass index (BMI), higher food craving and increased food intake. However, experimental evidence for the relationship between response inhibition and weight status is inconsistent and to date has been investigated predominantly in women. In the current study, 56 participants (26 obese, 30 lean; 27 female, 29 male) performed a Food Picture Rating Task followed by a Stop Signal Task where pictures of palatable high or low caloric food or non-food items were presented prior to the Go signal. We further assessed participants' self-reported eating behavior and trait impulsivity as potential factors influencing response inhibition, in particular within the food context. Independent of BMI, women showed significantly higher liking for low caloric food items than men. This was accompanied by shorter Stop Signal Reaction Times (SSRT) after high compared to low caloric food pictures for women, and shorter SSRT in women compared to men for high caloric food. No influence of gender on SSRT was observable outside of the food context. While SSRTs did not differ between obese and lean participants across the three picture categories, we found a moderating effect of trait impulsivity on the relationship between BMI and SSRT, specifically in the high caloric food context. Higher BMI was predictive of longer SSRT only for participants with low to normal trait impulsivity, pointing at a complex interplay between response inhibition, general impulsivity and weight status. Our results support the notion that individuals with obesity do not suffer from diminished response inhibition capacity per se. Rather, the ability to withhold a response depends on context and social norms, and strongly interacts with factors like gender and trait impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Mühlberg
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Mathar
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany; Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Mind & Brain Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Horstmann
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jane Neumann
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany.
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148
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Bartholdy S, Cheng J, Schmidt U, Campbell IC, O'Daly OG. Task-Based and Questionnaire Measures of Inhibitory Control Are Differentially Affected by Acute Food Restriction and by Motivationally Salient Food Stimuli in Healthy Adults. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1303. [PMID: 27621720 PMCID: PMC5002414 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive eating behaviors are dependent on an interaction between motivational states (e.g., hunger) and the ability to control one's own behavior (inhibitory control). Indeed, behavioral paradigms are emerging that seek to train inhibitory control to improve eating behavior. However, inhibitory control is a multifaceted concept, and it is not yet clear how different types (e.g., reactive motor inhibition, proactive motor inhibition, reward-related inhibition) are affected by hunger. Such knowledge will provide insight into the contexts in which behavioral training paradigms would be most effective. The present study explored the impact of promoting a "need" state (hunger) together with motivationally salient distracting stimuli (food/non-food images) on inhibitory control in 46 healthy adults. Participants attended two study sessions, once after eating breakfast as usual and once after acute food restriction on the morning of the session. In each session, participants completed questionnaires on hunger, mood and inhibitory control, and undertook task-based measures of inhibitory control, and had physiological measurements (height, weight, and blood glucose) obtained by a researcher. Acute food restriction influenced task-based assessments but not questionnaire measures of inhibitory control, suggesting that hunger affects observable behavioral control but not self-reported inhibitory control. After acute food restriction, participants showed greater temporal discounting (devaluation of future rewards), and subjective hunger and these were inversely correlated with stop accuracy on the stop signal task. Finally, participants generally responded faster when food-related distractor images were presented, compared to non-food images, independent of state. This suggests that although food stimuli motivate approach behavior, stimulus relevance does not impact inhibitory control in healthy individuals, nor interact with motivational state. These findings may provide some explanation for poorer inhibitory control often reported in studies of individuals who practice restraint over eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savani Bartholdy
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London London, UK
| | - Jiumu Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London London, UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London London, UK
| | - Iain C Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London London, UK
| | - Owen G O'Daly
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London London, UK
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