101
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Novel Approaches in Astrocyte Protection: from Experimental Methods to Computational Approaches. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 58:483-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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102
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Fonteles AA, de Souza CM, de Sousa Neves JC, Menezes APF, Santos do Carmo MR, Fernandes FDP, de Araújo PR, de Andrade GM. Rosmarinic acid prevents against memory deficits in ischemic mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 297:91-103. [PMID: 26456521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols have neuroprotective effects after brain ischemia. It has been demonstrated that rosmarinic acid (RA), a natural phenolic compound, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. To evaluate the effectiveness of RA against memory deficits induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) mice were treated with RA (0.1, 1, and 20mg/kg/day, i.p. before ischemia and during 5 days). Animals were evaluated for locomotor activity and working memory 72 h after pMCAO, and spatial and recognition memories 96 h after pMCAO. In addition, in another set of experiments brain infarction, neurological deficit score and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were evaluates 24h after the pMCAO. Finally, immunohistochemistry, and western blot, and ELISA assay were used to analyze glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and synaptophysin (SYP) expression, and BDNF level, respectively. The working, spatial, and recognition memory deficits were significantly improved with RA treatment (20mg/kg). RA reduced infarct size and neurological deficits caused by acute ischemia. The mechanism for RA neuroprotection involved, neuronal loss suppression, and increase of synaptophysin expression, and increase of BDNF. Furthermore, the increase of MPO activity and GFAP immunireactivity were prevented in MCAO group treated with RA. These results suggest that RA exerts memory protective effects probably due to synaptogenic activity and anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analu Aragão Fonteles
- Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fortaleza, Brazil; Institute of Biomedicine of Brazilian Semi-Arid, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Carolina Melo de Souza
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Fontenele Menezes
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Diego Pinheiro Fernandes
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Rodrigues de Araújo
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Geanne Matos de Andrade
- Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fortaleza, Brazil; Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Institute of Biomedicine of Brazilian Semi-Arid, Fortaleza, Brazil.
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103
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Endogenous IL-6 of mesenchymal stem cell improves behavioral outcome of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage neonatal rats by supressing apoptosis in astrocyte. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18587. [PMID: 26766745 PMCID: PMC4725911 DOI: 10.1038/srep18587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation reduces the neurological impairment caused by hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) via immunomodulation. In the current study, we found that MSC transplantation improved learning and memory function and enhanced long-term potentiation in neonatal rats subjected to HIBD and the amount of IL-6 released from MSCs was far greater than that of other cytokines. However, the neuroprotective effect of MSCs infected with siIL-6-transduced recombinant lentivirus (siIL-6 MSCs) was significantly weakened in the behavioural tests and electrophysiological analysis. Meanwhile, the hippocampal IL-6 levels were decreased following siIL-6 MSC transplantation. In vitro, the levels of IL-6 release and the levels of IL-6R and STAT3 expression were increased in both primary neurons and astrocytes subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) following MSCs co-culture. The anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was upregulated and the pro-apoptotic protein Bax was downregulated in OGD-injured astrocytes co-cultured with MSCs. However, the siIL-6 MSCs suppressed ratio of Bcl-2/Bax in the injured astrocytes and induced apoptosis number of the injured astrocytes. Taken together, these data suggest that the neuroprotective effect of MSC transplantation in neonatal HIBD rats is partly mediated by IL-6 to enhance anti-apoptosis of injured astrocytes via the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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104
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Neuron-Glia Interactions in Neural Plasticity: Contributions of Neural Extracellular Matrix and Perineuronal Nets. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:5214961. [PMID: 26881114 PMCID: PMC4736403 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5214961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are specialized structures that mediate rapid and efficient signal transmission between neurons and are surrounded by glial cells. Astrocytes develop an intimate association with synapses in the central nervous system (CNS) and contribute to the regulation of ion and neurotransmitter concentrations. Together with neurons, they shape intercellular space to provide a stable milieu for neuronal activity. Extracellular matrix (ECM) components are synthesized by both neurons and astrocytes and play an important role in the formation, maintenance, and function of synapses in the CNS. The components of the ECM have been detected near glial processes, which abut onto the CNS synaptic unit, where they are part of the specialized macromolecular assemblies, termed perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs have originally been discovered by Golgi and represent a molecular scaffold deposited in the interface between the astrocyte and subsets of neurons in the vicinity of the synapse. Recent reports strongly suggest that PNNs are tightly involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. Moreover, several studies have implicated PNNs and the neural ECM in neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we highlight current concepts relating to neural ECM and PNNs and describe an in vitro approach that allows for the investigation of ECM functions for synaptogenesis.
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105
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ZHAO Y, ZHANG Q, CHEN Z, LIU N, KE C, XU Y, WU W. Simvastatin combined with bone marrow stromal cells treatment activatesastrocytes to ameliorate neurological function after ischemic stroke in rats. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1507-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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106
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Faour-Nmarne C, Azab AN. Effects of olanzapine on LPS-induced inflammation in rat primary glia cells. Innate Immun 2015; 22:40-50. [PMID: 26542836 DOI: 10.1177/1753425915613425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Olanzapine (OLZ) is an atypical antipsychotic drug that also has mood-stabilizing effects. The mechanism of action of OLZ is not fully understood. Accumulating data suggest that inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiology of mental disorders and that psychotropic drugs exhibit some anti-inflammatory properties. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of OLZ on LPS-induced inflammation in rat primary glia cells. Glia cells were extracted from newborn rat brains. OLZ (1 or 50 µM) was added to culture medium at 6 or 72 h before addition of LPS for another 18 h, and levels of IL-10, prostaglandin (PG) E2, NO and TNF-α, and expression of cyclo-oxygensase (COX)-2 and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were determined. Treatment with 50 µM OLZ (but not 1 µM) significantly decreased LPS-induced secretion of IL-10, PGE2 and TNF-α. In contrast, 50 µM OLZ significantly increased NO levels. OLZ did not alter the expression of COX-2 or iNOS in LPS-treated cells. These results suggest that OLZ differently affects the secretion of inflammatory mediators. Most of the significant effects of OLZ were obtained when 50 µM was used, which is a high and probably therapeutically irrelevant concentration. Therefore, under the conditions used in the present study OLZ seemed to lack a potent anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Faour-Nmarne
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Abed N Azab
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel School for Community Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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107
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Murakami S, Miyazaki I, Miyoshi K, Asanuma M. Long-Term Systemic Exposure to Rotenone Induces Central and Peripheral Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease in Mice. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1165-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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108
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Barreto GE, Iarkov A, Moran VE. Beneficial effects of nicotine, cotinine and its metabolites as potential agents for Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 6:340. [PMID: 25620929 PMCID: PMC4288130 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by neuroinflammation, dopaminergic neuronal cell death and motor dysfunction, and for which there are no proven effective treatments. The negative correlation between tobacco consumption and PD suggests that tobacco-derived compounds can be beneficial against PD. Nicotine, the more studied alkaloid derived from tobacco, is considered to be responsible for the beneficial behavioral and neurological effects of tobacco use in PD. However, several metabolites of nicotine, such as cotinine, also increase in the brain after nicotine administration. The effect of nicotine and some of its derivatives on dopaminergic neurons viability, neuroinflammation, and motor and memory functions, have been investigated using cellular and rodent models of PD. Current evidence shows that nicotine, and some of its derivatives diminish oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain and improve synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival of dopaminergic neurons. In vivo these effects resulted in improvements in mood, motor skills and memory in subjects suffering from PD pathology. In this review, we discuss the potential benefits of nicotine and its derivatives for treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
| | - Alexander Iarkov
- Center of Research in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System Bay Pines, FL, USA
| | - Valentina Echeverria Moran
- Center of Research in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System Bay Pines, FL, USA ; Research Service, James A Haley Veterans' Hospital Tampa, FL, USA ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Tampa, FL, USA
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109
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Jurič DM, Finderle Ž, Šuput D, Brvar M. The effectiveness of oxygen therapy in carbon monoxide poisoning is pressure- and time-dependent: a study on cultured astrocytes. Toxicol Lett 2015; 233:16-23. [PMID: 25562542 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning causes neuronal and glial apoptosis that can result in delayed neurological symptoms. The damage of brain cells can be prevented by oxygen therapy. Based on the central role of astrocytes in maintaining neuronal function and viability we investigated the toxic effects of 3000ppm CO in air followed by 24h of normoxia and evaluated the possible protective influence of 100% normobaric oxygen or 100% oxygen at a pressure of 3bar (hyperbaric) against CO poisoning in these cells. CO/normoxia caused a progressive decline of viability, increase in reactive oxygen species and decline of mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP levels in cultured rat astrocytes. Increased caspase-9, caspase-8 and calpain activity converged in activation of caspase-3/7. 1h treatment with oxygen disclosed pressure- and time-dependent efficacy in restoring astrocytic mitochondrial function and the prevention of apoptosis. The protective effect was most evident when the astrocytes were exposed to hyperbaric oxygen, but not normobaric oxygen, 1-5h after exposure to CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damijana M Jurič
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Žarko Finderle
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Dušan Šuput
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Miran Brvar
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Poison Control Centre, Division of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 7, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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110
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Aguirre-Rueda D, Guerra-Ojeda S, Aldasoro M, Iradi A, Obrador E, Ortega A, Mauricio MD, Vila JM, Valles SL. Astrocytes protect neurons from Aβ1-42 peptide-induced neurotoxicity increasing TFAM and PGC-1 and decreasing PPAR-γ and SIRT-1. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:48-56. [PMID: 25552918 PMCID: PMC4278875 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.10035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the earliest neuropathological events in Alzheimer's disease is accumulation of astrocytes at sites of Aβ1-42 depositions. Our results indicate that Aβ1-42 toxic peptide increases lipid peroxidation, apoptosis and cell death in neurons but not in astrocytes in primary culture. Aβ1-42-induced deleterious neuronal effects are not present when neurons and astrocytes are mixed cultured. Stimulation of astrocytes with toxic Aβ1-42 peptide increased p-65 and decreased IκB resulting in inflammatory process. In astrocytes Aβ1-42 decreases protein expressions of sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and over-expresses peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC-1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), protecting mitochondria against Aβ1-42-induced damage and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. In summary our data suggest that astrocytes may have a key role in protecting neurons, increasing neural viability and mitochondrial biogenesis, acquiring better oxidative stress protection and perhaps modulating inflammatory processes against Aβ1-42 toxic peptide. This might be a sign of a complex epigenetic process in Alzheimer's disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Soraya L. Valles
- Department of Physiology. School of Medicine, University of Valencia. Spain
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111
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PDGF-BB protects mitochondria from rotenone in T98G cells. Neurotox Res 2014; 27:355-67. [PMID: 25516121 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone is one of the most-studied neurotoxic substances as it induces oxidative stress processes both in cellular and animal models. Rotenone affects ATP generation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial membrane potential in neurons and astrocyte-like cells. Previous epidemiologic studies have supported the role of neurotrophic factors such as BDNF and GDNF in neuroprotection mainly in neurons; however, only very few studies have focused on the importance of astrocytic protection in neurodegenerative models. In the present study, we assessed the neuroprotective effects of PDGF-BB against toxicity induced by rotenone in the astrocytic-like model of T98G human glioblastoma cell line. Our results demonstrated that pretreatment with PDGF-BB for 24 h increased cell viability, preserved nuclear morphology and mitochondrial membrane potential following stimulation with rotenone, and reduced ROS production nearly to control conditions. These observations were accompanied by important morphological changes induced by rotenone and that PDGF-BB was able to preserve cellular morphology under this toxic stimuli. These findings indicated that PDGF-BB protects mitochondrial functions, and may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy in rotenone-induced oxidative damage in astrocytes.
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112
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Zeng C, Tian F, Xiao B. TRPC Channels: Prominent Candidates of Underlying Mechanism in Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:631-647. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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113
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Lana D, Melani A, Pugliese AM, Cipriani S, Nosi D, Pedata F, Giovannini MG. The neuron-astrocyte-microglia triad in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: protective effect of dipyridamole. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:322. [PMID: 25505884 PMCID: PMC4245920 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion during aging may cause progressive neurodegeneration as ischemic conditions persist. Proper functioning of the interplay between neurons and glia is fundamental for the functional organization of the brain. The aim of our research was to study the pathophysiological mechanisms, and particularly the derangement of the interplay between neurons and astrocytes-microglia with the formation of "triads," in a model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by the two-vessel occlusion (2VO) in adult Wistar rats (n = 15). The protective effect of dipyridamole given during the early phases after 2VO (4 mg/kg/day i.v., the first 7 days after 2VO) was verified (n = 15). Sham-operated rats (n = 15) were used as controls. Immunofluorescent triple staining of neurons (NeuN), astrocytes (GFAP), and microglia (IBA1) was performed 90 days after 2VO. We found significantly higher amount of "ectopic" neurons, neuronal debris and apoptotic neurons in CA1 Str. Radiatum and Str. Pyramidale of 2VO rats. In CA1 Str. Radiatum of 2VO rats the amount of astrocytes (cells/mm(2)) did not increase. In some instances several astrocytes surrounded ectopic neurons and formed a "micro scar" around them. Astrocyte branches could infiltrate the cell body of ectopic neurons, and, together with activated microglia cells formed the "triads." In the triad, significantly more numerous in CA1 Str. Radiatum of 2VO than in sham rats, astrocytes and microglia cooperated in the phagocytosis of ectopic neurons. These events might be common mechanisms underlying many neurodegenerative processes. The frequency to which they appear might depend upon, or might be the cause of, the burden and severity of neurodegeneration. Dypiridamole significantly reverted all the above described events. The protective effect of chronic administration of dipyridamole might be a consequence of its vasodilatory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role during the early phases after 2VO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Melani
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Felicita Pedata
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence Florence, Italy
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114
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Freeman KA, Fullerton DA, Foley LS, Bell MT, Cleveland JC, Weyant MJ, Mares J, Meng X, Puskas F, Reece TB. Spinal cord protection via alpha-2 agonist-mediated increase in glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 149:578-84; discussion 584-6. [PMID: 25454921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Delayed paraplegia secondary to ischemia-reperfusion injury is a devastating complication of thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. Alpha-2 agonists have been shown to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury, but the mechanism for protection has yet to be elucidated. A growing body of evidence suggests that astrocytes play a critical role in neuroprotection by release of neurotrophins. We hypothesize that alpha-2 agonism with dexmedetomidine increases glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor in spinal cord astrocytes to provide spinal cord protection. METHODS Spinal cords were isolated en bloc from C57BL/6 mice, and primary spinal cord astrocytes and neurons were selected for and grown separately in culture. Astrocytes were treated with dexmedetomidine, and glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor was tested for by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to assess neuronal viability. RESULTS Spinal cord primary astrocytes treated with dexmedetomidine at 1 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L had significantly increased glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor production compared with control (P < .05). Neurons subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation had significant preservation (P < .05) of viability with use of dexmedetomidine-treated astrocyte media. Glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor neutralizing antibody eliminated the protective effects of the dexmedetomidine-treated astrocyte media (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Astrocytes have been shown to preserve neuronal viability via release of neurotrophic factors. Dexmedetomidine increases glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor from spinal cord astrocytes via the alpha-2 receptor. Treatment with alpha-2 agonist dexmedetomidine may be a clinical tool for use in spinal cord protection in aortic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa S Foley
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | - Marshall T Bell
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | | | - Michael J Weyant
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | - Joshua Mares
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | - Ferenc Puskas
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | - T Brett Reece
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
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115
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Ávila Rodriguez M, Garcia-Segura LM, Cabezas R, Torrente D, Capani F, Gonzalez J, Barreto GE. Tibolone protects T98G cells from glucose deprivation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt B:294-303. [PMID: 25086299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The steroidal drug Tibolone is used for the treatment of climacteric symptoms and osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. Although Tibolone has been shown to exert neuroprotective actions after middle cerebral artery occlusion, its specific actions on glial cells have received very little attention. In the present study we have assessed whether Tibolone exerts protective actions in a human astrocyte cell model, the T98G cells, subjected to glucose deprivation. Our findings indicate that Tibolone decreases the effects of glucose deprivation on cell death, nuclear fragmentation, superoxide ion production, mitochondrial membrane potential, cytoplasmic calcium concentration and morphological parameters. These findings suggest that glial cells may participate in the neuroprotective actions of Tibolone in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ávila Rodriguez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Ricardo Cabezas
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Daniel Torrente
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, United States
| | - Francisco Capani
- Laboratorio de Citoarquitectura y Plasticidad Neuronal, Instituto de Investigaciones cardiológicas Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini (ININCA), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Marcelo T. de Alvear 2270, C1122AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Janneth Gonzalez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
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116
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Titova EM, Ghosh N, Valadez ZG, Zhang JH, Bellinger DL, Obenaus A. The late phase of post-stroke neurorepair in aged rats is reflected by MRI-based measures. Neuroscience 2014; 283:231-44. [PMID: 25241060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive criteria determining the progress of brain healing are especially important in aging, providing a case-specific therapeutic strategy in populations with dysregulated neurorepair mechanisms. We hypothesized that temporal evolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of T2 tissue relaxation values correlate with neurological severity scores (NS), and provide a robust indicator of healing in the aging brain after stroke. Pre-treatment of aged rats with brain-only proton irradiation was undertaken to pre-condition the inflammatory system. Irradiation was performed 10days prior to right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 50min (MCAO+Rad). Control rats included naïve (no ischemia, no radiation), irradiated-only (Rad), irradiated ischemic, or ischemic-only (MCAO). MRI and NS were obtained at 3, 14 and 28days post-stroke. At 28days post-stroke, immunofluorescence for visualizing blood vessels (Von Willebrand factor; vWF), neurons (neuronal nuclear antigen; NeuN), astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFAP), activated microglia/macrophages (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, Iba1), T-lymphocytes (CD3), phagocytes (ED1) and apoptotic cells (caspase-3) was assessed. We found a positive T2-NS correlation in irradiated, ischemic rats that corresponded to late-stage brain recovery. Late-stage brain recovery was characterized by improved neovascularization, formation of glio-vascular complexes (visualized by GFAP/vWF) and enhanced neuronal viability (by NeuN/caspase-3) in the peri-lesional zone. The immune response plateaued at the late stage of repair as evidenced by significantly decreased expression (41.7%) and distribution of phagocytes (phagocytic rim decreased 44.6%). We also found reduced infiltration of T-lymphocytes (CD3) in the brain and normalization of blood lymphocytes. The observed T2-NS correlations may provide a simple MRI-based criterion for recognition of regenerative brain transformation in aged patients following stroke. Selective activation of innate immunity and accelerated transition from pro-inflammatory to pro-healing macrophage phenotypes induced by localized brain irradiation is a potential mechanism for enhancing repair ability in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Titova
- Pediatric Research Department, Loma Linda University, Coleman Pavilion, Room A-1120, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
| | - N Ghosh
- Pediatric Research Department, Loma Linda University, Coleman Pavilion, Room A-1120, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Z G Valadez
- Pediatric Research Department, Loma Linda University, Coleman Pavilion, Room A-1120, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - J H Zhang
- Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - D L Bellinger
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, USA.
| | - A Obenaus
- Pediatric Research Department, Loma Linda University, Coleman Pavilion, Room A-1120, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Division of Interdisciplinary Studies, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Chelyshev YA, Muhamedshina YO, Povysheva TV, Shaymardanova GF, Rizvanov AA, Nigmetzyanova MV, Tiapkina OV, Bondarenko NI, Nikolskiy EE, Islamov RR. Characterization of spinal cord glial cells in a model of hindlimb unloading in mice. Neuroscience 2014; 280:328-39. [PMID: 25218808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to microgravity has been shown to result in damaging alterations to skeletal muscle, bones, and inner organs. In this study, we investigated the effects of microgravity by using a hindlimb unloading model (HUM) in mice. The characteristics of the lumbar spinal cords of HUM mice 30 days after hindlimb unloading were examined. Morphometric analysis showed reductions of the total area, gray matter, and white matter by 17%, 20%, and 12%, respectively. Myelinated fibers in the white matter showed prominent myelin destruction. Analysis of the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+)/S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B-), GFAP+/S100B+, and GFAP-/S100B+ astrocytes in the ventral horn (VH), central channel area (CC), dorsal root entry zone (DREZ), main corticospinal tract (CST), and ventral funiculi (VF) showed that the number of GFAP+/S100B- astrocytes was increased in the DREZ and CST of HUM mice. Additionally, GFAP+/S100B+ cell numbers were significantly decreased in the VH and CST but did not differ in the CC or DREZ of HUM mice, as compared with the control. The numbers of GFAP-/S100B+ cells were significantly reduced only in the VH of HUM mice. Moreover, the number of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1+) microglia cells was significantly increased in the CC and DREZ of HUM mice. In control mice, homeobox protein HoxB8 (HoxB8+) cells were found only in the CC; in contrast, HoxB8+ cells were observed in all studied areas in HUM mice, with the greatest number found in the CC. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the lumbar spinal cords of HUM mice showed decreased expression of genes encoding myelin, extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton, and cell adhesion proteins. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed reductions in the expression of mpz, pmp2, pmp22, and prx genes, which are involved in myelination, as well as decreases in the levels of genes encoding extracellular matrix molecules, including glycoproteins (matrix gla protein (MGP), osteoglycin (OGN), microfibrillar associated protein 5 (MFAP), and collagen, type IV, alpha 1 (COL4A)), proteoglycans (perlecan (heparan sulfate proteoglycan) (HSPG)), and metalloproteinases (lysyl oxidase (LOX)). Thus, our results showed that hindlimb unloading caused decreases in gray and white matter areas, changes in gene expression, alterations in myelination, and phenotypic modifications in glial cells in the lumbar spinal cords of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Chelyshev
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia; Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - T V Povysheva
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - G F Shaymardanova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - A A Rizvanov
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - O V Tiapkina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - E E Nikolskiy
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia; Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia; Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - R R Islamov
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
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Zhang R, Huang Q, Zou L, Cao X, Huang H, Chu X. Beneficial effects of deferoxamine against astrocyte death induced by modified oxygen glucose deprivation. Brain Res 2014; 1583:23-33. [PMID: 25152469 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The iron chelator deferoxamine (DFX) is efficacious in ameliorating hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. However, the effect of DFX worked in the ischemic and the mechanism is still unclear. Recent studies have shown that apoptosis and oncosis may be the pathways of cell death accountable for astrocytic death in the ischemic core. The effect of DFX on primary cultures of rat astrocytes later subjected to modified oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), which can mimic the circumstances in the ischemic core, was evaluated in this study. DFX pretreatment significantly suppressed cell death and ameliorated the cellular swelling of astrocytes in the ischemic core, especially after 3h of OGD. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were reduced by DFX pretreatment. DFX reduced the expression level of active caspase-3 and increased the expression level of HIF-1α in astrocytes induced by 3h of OGD, but had no effect on aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression. We conclude that DFX suppresses both apoptosis and oncosis in astrocytes in an in vitro model of the ischemic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.; Research Centre for Neural Engineering, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiaoying Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.; Research Centre for Neural Engineering, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liangyu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Neurology, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Heming Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xiaofan Chu
- Department of Neurology, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China..
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Gao Y, Chu SF, Li JP, Zuo W, Wen ZL, He WB, Yan JQ, Chen NH. Do glial cells play an anti-oxidative role in Huntington's disease? Free Radic Res 2014; 48:1135-44. [PMID: 24957138 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.936432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a condition of imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and antioxidant capacity as a result of dysfunction of the antioxidant system. ROS can be served as a second messenger at low or moderate concentration, while excessive amount of ROS under oxidative stress condition would destroy macromolecules like proteins, DNA, and lipids, finally leading to cell apoptosis or necrosis. Changes in these macromolecules are involved in various pathological changes and progression of diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are morphologically featured by progressive neuronal cell loss, accompanied with inclusions formed by protein aggregates in neurons or glial cells. Neurons have always received much more attention than glial cells in neurodegenerative diseases. Actually, glial cells might play a key role in the functioning of neurons and cellular survival through an antioxidant way. Additionally, neurons can modulate the activities of glia either. Herein, the main purposes of this review are to mention the connection between Huntington's disease (HD) and oxidative stress, to summarize the characteristics and functions of glial cells in HD, to state the cross talk between neurons and glial cells, and to emphasize the conclusive role of activation of Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway in glial cells against oxidative stress in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key of Laboratory Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of MateriaMedica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , P. R. China
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120
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Cabezas R, Avila M, Gonzalez J, El-Bachá RS, Báez E, García-Segura LM, Jurado Coronel JC, Capani F, Cardona-Gomez GP, Barreto GE. Astrocytic modulation of blood brain barrier: perspectives on Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:211. [PMID: 25136294 PMCID: PMC4120694 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a tightly regulated interface in the Central Nervous System (CNS) that regulates the exchange of molecules in and out from the brain thus maintaining the CNS homeostasis. It is mainly composed of endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes and astrocytes that create a neurovascular unit (NVU) with the adjacent neurons. Astrocytes are essential for the formation and maintenance of the BBB by providing secreted factors that lead to the adequate association between the cells of the BBB and the formation of strong tight junctions. Under neurological disorders, such as chronic cerebral ischemia, brain trauma, Epilepsy, Alzheimer and Parkinson’s Diseases, a disruption of the BBB takes place, involving a lost in the permeability of the barrier and phenotypical changes in both the ECs and astrocytes. In this aspect, it has been established that the process of reactive gliosis is a common feature of astrocytes during BBB disruption, which has a detrimental effect on the barrier function and a subsequent damage in neuronal survival. In this review we discuss the implications of astrocyte functions in the protection of the BBB, and in the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and related disorders. Additionally, we highlight the current and future strategies in astrocyte protection aimed at the development of restorative therapies for the BBB in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cabezas
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Marcos Avila
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Janneth Gonzalez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Eliana Báez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Juan Camilo Jurado Coronel
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Francisco Capani
- Laboratorio de Citoarquitectura y Plasticidad Neuronal, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones cardiológicas Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini (ININCA), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gomez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA Medellín, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
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Mukhamedshina YO, Povysheva TV, Nigmetzyanova MV, Tyapkina OV, Islamov RR, Nikolsky EE, Chelyshev YA. Astrocytes and microglia of the mouse spinal cord during hind limb suspension. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2014; 456:157-9. [PMID: 24985504 DOI: 10.1134/s001249661403003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Barreto GE, Santos-Galindo M, Garcia-Segura LM. Selective estrogen receptor modulators regulate reactive microglia after penetrating brain injury. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:132. [PMID: 24999330 PMCID: PMC4064706 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following brain injury, microglia assume a reactive-like state and secrete pro-inflammatory molecules that can potentiate damage. A therapeutic strategy that may limit microgliosis is of potential interest. In this context, selective estrogen receptor modulators, such as raloxifene and tamoxifen, are known to reduce microglia activation induced by neuroinflammatory stimuli in young animals. In the present study, we have assessed whether raloxifene and tamoxifen are able to affect microglia activation after brain injury in young and aged animals in time points relevant to clinics, which is hours after brain trauma. Volume fraction of MHC-II(+) microglia was estimated according to the point-counting method of Weibel within a distance of 350 μm from the lateral border of the wound, and cellular morphology was measured by fractal analysis. Two groups of animals were studied: (1) young rats, ovariectomized at 2 months of age; and (2) aged rats, ovariectomized at 18 months of age. Fifteen days after ovariectomy animals received a stab wound brain injury and the treatment with estrogenic compounds. Our findings indicate that raloxifene and tamoxifen reduced microglia activation in both young and aged animals. Although the volume fraction of reactive microglia was found lower in aged animals, this was accompanied by important changes in cell morphology, where aged microglia assume a bushier and hyperplasic aspect when compared to young microglia. These data suggest that early regulation of microglia activation provides a mechanism by which selective estrogen receptors modulators (SERMs) may exert a neuroprotective effect in the setting of a brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
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123
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Barreto GE, Capani F, Cabezas R. Cortical spreading depression and mitochondrial dysfunction with aging: lessons from ethanol abuse. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:117. [PMID: 24959144 PMCID: PMC4051210 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Francisco Capani
- Laboratorio de Citoarquitectura y Plasticidad Neuronal, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini (ININCA), UBA-CONICET Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Cabezas
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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Pan LN, Zhu W, Li Y, Xu XL, Guo LJ, Lu Q, Wang J. Astrocytic Toll-like receptor 3 is associated with ischemic preconditioning-induced protection against brain ischemia in rodents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99526. [PMID: 24914679 PMCID: PMC4051824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemic preconditioning (IPC) protects brain against ischemic injury. Activation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling can induce neuroprotective mediators, but whether astrocytic TLR3 signaling is involved in IPC-induced ischemic tolerance is not known. Methods IPC was modeled in mice with three brief episodes of bilateral carotid occlusion. In vitro, IPC was modeled in astrocytes by 1-h oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Injury and components of the TLR3 signaling pathway were measured after a subsequent protracted ischemic event. A neutralizing antibody against TLR3 was used to evaluate the role of TLR3 signaling in ischemic tolerance. Results IPC in vivo reduced brain damage from permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice and increased expression of TLR3 in cortical astrocytes. IPC also reduced damage in isolated astrocytes after 12-h OGD. In astrocytes, IPC or 12-h OGD alone increased TLR3 expression, and 12-h OGD alone increased expression of phosphorylated NFκB (pNFκB). However, IPC or 12-h OGD alone did not alter the expression of Toll/interleukin receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFNβ (TRIF) or phosphorylated interferon regulatory factor 3 (pIRF3). Exposure to IPC before OGD increased TRIF and pIRF3 expression but decreased pNFκB expression. Analysis of cytokines showed that 12-h OGD alone increased IFNβ and IL-6 secretion; 12-h OGD preceded by IPC further increased IFNβ secretion but decreased IL-6 secretion. Preconditioning with TLR3 ligand Poly I:C increased pIRF3 expression and protected astrocytes against ischemic injury; however, cells treated with a neutralizing antibody against TLR3 lacked the IPC- and Poly I:C-induced ischemic protection and augmentation of IFNβ. Conclusions The results suggest that IPC-induced ischemic tolerance is mediated by astrocytic TLR3 signaling. This reprogramming of TLR3 signaling by IPC in astrocytes may play an important role in suppression of the post-ischemic inflammatory response and thereby protect against ischemic damage. The mechanism may be via activation of the TLR3/TRIF/IRF3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-na Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Medical Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-lin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-jun Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Villapol S, Byrnes KR, Symes AJ. Temporal dynamics of cerebral blood flow, cortical damage, apoptosis, astrocyte-vasculature interaction and astrogliosis in the pericontusional region after traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol 2014; 5:82. [PMID: 24926283 PMCID: PMC4044679 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a loss of brain tissue at the moment of impact in the cerebral cortex. Subsequent secondary injury involves the release of molecular signals with dramatic consequences for the integrity of damaged tissue, leading to the evolution of a pericontusional-damaged area minutes to days after in the initial injury. The mechanisms behind the progression of tissue loss remain under investigation. In this study, we analyzed the spatial–temporal profile of blood flow, apoptotic, and astrocytic–vascular events in the cortical regions around the impact site at time points ranging from 5 h to 2 months after TBI. We performed a mild–moderate controlled cortical impact injury in young adult mice and analyzed the glial and vascular response to injury. We observed a dramatic decrease in perilesional cerebral blood flow (CBF) immediately following the cortical impact that lasted until days later. CBF finally returned to baseline levels by 30 days post-injury (dpi). The initial impact also resulted in an immediate loss of tissue and cavity formation that gradually increased in size until 3 dpi. An increase in dying cells localized in the pericontusional region and a robust astrogliosis were also observed at 3 dpi. A strong vasculature interaction with astrocytes was established at 7 dpi. Glial scar formation began at 7 dpi and seemed to be compact by 60 dpi. Altogether, these results suggest that TBI results in a progression from acute neurodegeneration that precedes astrocytic activation, reformation of the neurovascular unit to glial scar formation. Understanding the multiple processes occurring after TBI is critical to the ability to develop neuroprotective therapeutics to ameliorate the short and long-term consequences of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villapol
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Aviva J Symes
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
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126
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Jo WK, Law ACK, Chung SK. The neglected co-star in the dementia drama: the putative roles of astrocytes in the pathogeneses of major neurocognitive disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:159-67. [PMID: 24393807 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia are the major causes of cognitive disorders worldwide. They are characterized by cognitive impairments along with neuropsychiatric symptoms, and that their pathogeneses show overlapping multifactorial mechanisms. Although AD has long been considered the most common cause of dementia, individuals afflicted with AD commonly exhibit cerebral vascular abnormalities. The concept of mixed dementia has emerged to more clearly identify patients with neurodegenerative phenomena exhibiting both AD and cerebral vascular pathologies-vascular damage along with β-amyloid (Aβ)-associated neurotoxicity and τ-hyperphosphorylation. Cognitive impairment has long been commonly explained through a 'neuro-centric' perspective, but emerging evidence has shed light over the important roles that neurovascular unit dysfunction could have in neuronal death. Moreover, accumulating data have been demonstrating astrocytes being the essential cell type in maintaining proper central nervous system functioning. In relation to dementia, the roles of astrocytes in Aβ deposition and clearance are unclear. This article emphasizes the multiple events triggered by ischemia and the cytotoxicity exerted by Aβ either alone or in association with endothelin-1 and receptor for advanced glycation end products, thereby leading to neurodegeneration in an 'astroglio-centric' perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Jo
- Neural Dysfunction Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - A C K Law
- 1] Neural Dysfunction Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong [2] Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong [3] State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - S K Chung
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong [2] Department of Anatomy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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127
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Torrente D, Cabezas R, Avila MF, García-Segura LM, Barreto GE, Guedes RCA. Cortical spreading depression in traumatic brain injuries: is there a role for astrocytes? Neurosci Lett 2014; 565:2-6. [PMID: 24394907 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a presumably pathophysiological phenomenon that interrupts local cortical function for periods of minutes to hours. This phenomenon is important due to its association with different neurological disorders such as migraine, malignant stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Glial cells, especially astrocytes, play an important role in the regulation of CSD and in the protection of neurons under brain trauma. The correlation of TBI with CSD and the astrocytic function under these conditions remain unclear. This review discusses the possible link of TBI and CSD and its implication for neuronal survival. Additionally, we highlight the importance of astrocytic function for brain protection, and suggest possible therapeutic strategies targeting astrocytes to improve the outcome following TBI-associated CSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Torrente
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Ricardo Cabezas
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Marco Fidel Avila
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | | | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Rubem Carlos Araújo Guedes
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Zhang S, Yu R, Zhang Y, Chen K. Cytoprotective effects of urinary trypsin inhibitor on astrocytes injured by sustained compression. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1311-6. [PMID: 24385305 PMCID: PMC3933746 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2976-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Decreased cell membrane integrity is a primary pathological change observed in traumatic brain injury (TBI) that activates a number of complex intercellular and intracellular pathological events, leading to further neural injury. In this paper, we assessed the effects of urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) on astrocyte membrane integrity by determining the percentage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released after sustained compression injury using a hydrostatic pressure model of mechanical-like TBI. Astrocytes isolated from SD rat pups were injured by sustained compression. At a pressure of 0.3 MPa for 5 min, a significant increase in LDH release was observed compared with control samples. Astrocytes displayed extensive structural disruption of mitochondrial cristae reflected in their swelling. Based on our initial results, injured astrocytes were treated with UTI at a final concentration of 500, 1,000, 3,000 or 5,000 U/ml for 24 h. The percentage of LDH released from injured astrocytes was significantly decreased when 1,000 and 3,000 U/ml of UTI were used. In a separate experiment, astrocytes were treated with UTI at a final concentration of 1,000 U/ml immediately, or at 30 min, 2, 6, or 24 h after sustained compression. The percentage of LDH release was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) when astrocytes were treated with UTI immediately or 30 min later. Together, our results suggest that UTI may have protective effects on astrocytes injured by sustained compression injury. Furthermore, the early administration (<2 h after injury) of UTI may result in a better outcome compared with delayed administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- SICU, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University Affiliated Provincial Teaching Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001 China
| | - Rongguo Yu
- SICU, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University Affiliated Provincial Teaching Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001 China
| | - Yingrui Zhang
- SICU, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University Affiliated Provincial Teaching Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001 China
| | - Kai Chen
- SICU, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University Affiliated Provincial Teaching Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001 China
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129
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Lapp DW, Zhang SS, Barnstable CJ. Stat3 mediates LIF-induced protection of astrocytes against toxic ROS by upregulating the UPC2 mRNA pool. Glia 2013; 62:159-70. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Lapp
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences; Penn State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel S. Zhang
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences; Penn State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
- Penn State Hershey Eye Center; Penn State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Colin J. Barnstable
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences; Penn State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
- Penn State Hershey Eye Center; Penn State College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania
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130
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Angiogenin induces modifications in the astrocyte secretome: Relevance to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Proteomics 2013; 91:274-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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131
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Schönfeld P, Reiser G. Why does brain metabolism not favor burning of fatty acids to provide energy? Reflections on disadvantages of the use of free fatty acids as fuel for brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1493-9. [PMID: 23921897 PMCID: PMC3790936 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is puzzling that hydrogen-rich fatty acids are used only poorly as fuel in the brain. The long-standing belief that a slow passage of fatty acids across the blood-brain barrier might be the reason. However, this has been corrected by experimental results. Otherwise, accumulated nonesterified fatty acids or their activated derivatives could exert detrimental activities on mitochondria, which might trigger the mitochondrial route of apoptosis. Here, we draw attention to three particular problems: (1) ATP generation linked to β-oxidation of fatty acids demands more oxygen than glucose, thereby enhancing the risk for neurons to become hypoxic; (2) β-oxidation of fatty acids generates superoxide, which, taken together with the poor anti-oxidative defense in neurons, causes severe oxidative stress; (3) the rate of ATP generation based on adipose tissue-derived fatty acids is slower than that using blood glucose as fuel. Thus, in periods of extended continuous and rapid neuronal firing, fatty acid oxidation cannot guarantee rapid ATP generation in neurons. We conjecture that the disadvantages connected with using fatty acids as fuel have created evolutionary pressure on lowering the expression of the β-oxidation enzyme equipment in brain mitochondria to avoid extensive fatty acid oxidation and to favor glucose oxidation in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schönfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
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132
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Loers G, Saini V, Mishra B, Papastefanaki F, Lutz D, Chaudhury S, Ripoll DR, Wallqvist A, Gul S, Schachner M, Kaur G. Nonyloxytryptamine mimics polysialic acid and modulates neuronal and glial functions in cell culture. J Neurochem 2013; 128:88-100. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg; Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Vedangana Saini
- Department of Biotechnology; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - Bibhudatta Mishra
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg; Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Florentia Papastefanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology; Hellenic Pasteur Institute; Athens Greece
| | - David Lutz
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg; Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute; Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center; US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command; Fort Detrick Maryland USA
| | - Daniel R. Ripoll
- DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute; Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center; US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command; Fort Detrick Maryland USA
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute; Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center; US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command; Fort Detrick Maryland USA
| | - Sheraz Gul
- European ScreeningPort GmbH; Schnackenburgalle114; Hamburg Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg; Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience; Rutgers University; Piscataway New Jersey USA
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
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133
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Gupta RK, Prasad S. Early down regulation of the glial Kir4.1 and GLT-1 expression in pericontusional cortex of the old male mice subjected to traumatic brain injury. Biogerontology 2013; 14:531-41. [PMID: 24026668 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-013-9459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia play multiple roles in brain function by providing matrix to neurons, secreting neurotrophic factors, maintaining K(+) and glutamate homeostasis and thereby controlling synaptic plasticity which undergoes alterations during aging. K(+) and glutamate homeostasis is maintained by astrocytes membrane bound inwardly rectifying K(+) channel (Kir4.1) and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1 or EAAT-2) proteins, respectively in the synapse and their expression may be altered due to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Also, it is not well understood whether this change is age dependent. To find out this, TBI was experimentally induced in adult and old male AKR strain mice using CHI technique, and expression of the Kir4.1 and GLT-1 in the pericontusional cortex at various time intervals was studied by Western blotting and semi quantitative RT-PCR techniques. Here, we report that expression of both Kir4.1 and GLT-1 genes at transcript and protein levels is significantly down regulated in the pericontusional ipsi-lateral cortex of old TBI mice as compared to that in the adult TBI mice as function of time after injury. Further, expression of both the genes starts decreasing early in old mice i.e., from the first hour after TBI as compared to that starts from fourth hour in adult TBI mice. Thus TBI affects expression of Kir4.1 and GLT-1 genes in age- and time dependent manner and it may lead to accumulations of more K(+) and glutamate early in the synapse of old mice as compared to adult. This may be implicated in the TBI induced early and severe neuronal depolarization and excito-neurotoxicity in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gupta
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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134
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Ikeshima-Kataoka H, Abe Y, Abe T, Yasui M. Immunological function of aquaporin-4 in stab-wounded mouse brain in concert with a pro-inflammatory cytokine inducer, osteopontin. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 56:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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135
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Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Calatrava-Ferreras L, Reimers D, Herranz AS, Rodríguez-Serrano M, Miranda C, Jiménez-Escrig A, Díaz-Gil JJ, Bazán E. Neuroprotective activity of peripherally administered liver growth factor in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67771. [PMID: 23861803 PMCID: PMC3701531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver growth factor (LGF) is a hepatic mitogen purified some years ago that promotes proliferation of different cell types and the regeneration of damaged tissues, including brain tissue. Considering the possibility that LGF could be used as a therapeutic agent in Parkinson’s disease, we analyzed its potential neuroregenerative and/or neuroprotective activity when peripherally administered to unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats. For these studies, rats subjected to nigrostriatal lesions were treated intraperitoneally twice a week with LGF (5 microg/rat) for 3 weeks. Animals were sacrificed 4 weeks after the last LGF treatment. The results show that LGF stimulates sprouting of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive terminals and increases tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter expression, as well as dopamine levels in the denervated striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. In this structure, LGF activates microglia and raises tumor necrosis factor-alpha protein levels, which have been reported to have a role in neuroregeneration and neuroprotection. Besides, LGF stimulates the phosphorylation of MAPK/ERK1/2 and CREB, and regulates the expression of proteins which are critical for cell survival such as Bcl2 and Akt. Because LGF partially protects dopamine neurons from 6-OHDA neurotoxicity in the substantia nigra, and reduces motor deficits in these animals, we propose LGF as a novel factor that may be useful in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana Reimers
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez Herranz
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Miranda
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan José Díaz-Gil
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eulalia Bazán
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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136
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Munakata M, Shirakawa H, Nagayasu K, Miyanohara J, Miyake T, Nakagawa T, Katsuki H, Kaneko S. Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 3 Inhibitor Pyr3 Improves Outcomes and Attenuates Astrogliosis After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Stroke 2013; 44:1981-7. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.679332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Munakata
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (M.M., H.S., K.N., J.M., T.M., T.N., S.K.); and Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Hisashi Shirakawa
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (M.M., H.S., K.N., J.M., T.M., T.N., S.K.); and Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (M.M., H.S., K.N., J.M., T.M., T.N., S.K.); and Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Jun Miyanohara
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (M.M., H.S., K.N., J.M., T.M., T.N., S.K.); and Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Takahito Miyake
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (M.M., H.S., K.N., J.M., T.M., T.N., S.K.); and Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (M.M., H.S., K.N., J.M., T.M., T.N., S.K.); and Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Katsuki
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (M.M., H.S., K.N., J.M., T.M., T.N., S.K.); and Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (M.M., H.S., K.N., J.M., T.M., T.N., S.K.); and Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (H.K.)
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137
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Zhang XY, Wang XR, Xu DM, Yu SY, Shi QJ, Zhang LH, Chen L, Fang SH, Lu YB, Zhang WP, Wei EQ. HAMI 3379, a CysLT2 Receptor Antagonist, Attenuates Ischemia-Like Neuronal Injury by Inhibiting Microglial Activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:328-41. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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138
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Kunze A, Lengacher S, Dirren E, Aebischer P, Magistretti PJ, Renaud P. Astrocyte-neuron co-culture on microchips based on the model of SOD mutation to mimic ALS. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:964-75. [PMID: 23695230 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40022k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease. ALS is believed to be a non-cell autonomous condition, as other cell types, including astrocytes, have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. Hence, to facilitate the development of therapeutics against ALS, it is crucial to better understand the interactions between astrocytes and neural cells. Furthermore, cell culture assays are needed that mimic the complexity of cell to cell communication at the same time as they provide control over the different microenvironmental parameters. Here, we aim to validate a previously developed microfluidic system for an astrocyte-neuron cell culture platform, in which astrocytes have been genetically modified to overexpress either a human wild-type (WT) or a mutated form of the super oxide dismutase enzyme 1 (SOD1). Cortical neural cells were co-cultured with infected astrocytes and studied for up to two weeks. Using our microfluidic device that prevents direct cell to cell contact, we could evaluate neural cell response in the vicinity of astrocytes. We showed that neuronal cell density was reduced by about 45% when neurons were co-cultured with SOD-mutant astrocytes. Moreover, we demonstrated that SOD-WT overexpressing astrocytes reduced oxidative stress on cortical neurons that were in close metabolic contact. In contrast, cortical neurons in metabolic contact with SOD-mutant astrocytes lost their synapsin protein expression after severe glutamate treatment, an indication of the toxicity potentiating effect of the SOD-mutant enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kunze
- Di Carlo Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA.
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139
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López A, El-Naggar T, Dueñas M, Ortega T, Estrella I, Hernández T, Gómez-Serranillos MP, Palomino OM, Carretero ME. Effect of cooking and germination on phenolic composition and biological properties of dark beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Food Chem 2013; 138:547-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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140
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Inhibition of a SNARE-sensitive pathway in astrocytes attenuates damage following stroke. J Neurosci 2013; 33:4234-40. [PMID: 23467341 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5495-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong body of research has defined the role of excitotoxic glutamate in animal models of brain ischemia and stroke; however, clinical trials of glutamate receptor antagonists have demonstrated their limited capacity to prevent brain damage following ischemia. We propose that astrocyte-neuron signaling represents an important modulatory target that may be useful in mediating damage following stroke. To assess the impact of astrocyte signaling on damage following stroke, we have used the astrocyte-specific dominant-negative SNARE mouse model (dnSNARE). Recent findings have shown that the astrocytic SNARE signaling pathway can affect neuronal excitability by regulating the surface expression of NMDA receptors. Using focal photothrombosis via the Rose Bengal method, as well as excitotoxic NMDA lesions, we show that dnSNARE animals exhibited a sparing of damaged tissue quantified using Nissl and NeuN staining. At the same time point, animals were also tested in behavioral tasks that probe the functional integrity of stroke- or lesion-damaged motor and somatosensory areas. We found that dnSNARE mice performed significantly better than littermate controls on rung walk and adhesive dot removal tasks following lesion. Together, our results demonstrate the important role of astrocytic signaling under ischemic conditions. Drugs targeting astrocyte signaling have a potential benefit for the outcome of stroke in human patients by limiting the spread of damage.
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141
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Son TG, Kawamoto EM, Yu QS, Greig NH, Mattson MP, Camandola S. Naphthazarin protects against glutamate-induced neuronal death via activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 433:602-6. [PMID: 23537652 PMCID: PMC3652233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway is an important cellular stress response pathway involved in neuroprotection. We previously screened several natural phytochemicals and identified plumbagin as a novel activator of the Nrf2/ARE pathway that can protect neurons against ischemic injury. Here we extended our studies to natural and synthetic derivatives of plumbagin. We found that 5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (naphthazarin) is a potent activator of the Nrf2/ARE pathway, up-regulates the expression of Nrf2-driven genes in primary neuronal and glial cultures, and protects neurons against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gen Son
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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142
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Cuesta S, Proietto R, García GB. Astrogliosis and HSP 70 activation in neonate rats' brain exposed to sodium metavanadate through lactation. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 37:57-62. [PMID: 23557781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) exposure on lipid oxidative damage in the CNS of suckling rats was studied. Using histological markers of cellular injury, we also studied the morphological alterations of neurons and astroglial cells in different regions of neonate rats CNS after NaVO3 exposure. Dams of treated litters were intraperitoneally injected with 3mgNaVO3/kgbody weight/day during 12days starting on post-natal day (PND) 10. On the 21st PND, four pups of each litter were sacrificed by decapitation and six brain areas were removed for lipid peroxidation assay by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction, the other four were transcardially perfused-fixed and their brains were removed and cut with a cryostat. Brain sections were processed for: NADPHd histochemistry and anti-HSP70, anti-GFAP and anti-S100 immunohistochemistry. The relative optical density of the NADPHd stained layers and of S100 (+) astrocytes and the GFAP (+) astrocyte surface area in Cer and Hc were measured. Although MDA levels, S100 immunostaining and NADPHd activity didn't show differences between experimental and control groups, both astrogliosis and HSP70 activation were detected in Cer, while only the former was detected in Hc of V-exposed pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cuesta
- Morphology Department, School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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143
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Ma WW, Hou CC, Zhou X, Yu HL, Xi YD, Ding J, Zhao X, Xiao R. Genistein alleviates the mitochondria-targeted DNA damage induced by β-amyloid peptides 25–35 in C6 glioma cells. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1315-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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144
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The astrocytic contribution to neurovascular coupling – Still more questions than answers? Neurosci Res 2013; 75:171-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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145
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Ju C, Song S, Kim M, Choi Y, Kim WK. Up-regulation of astroglial heme oxygenase-1 by a synthetic (S)-verbenone derivative LMT-335 ameliorates oxygen-glucose deprivation-evoked injury in cortical neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:484-9. [PMID: 23333396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Excessive generation of free radicals is regarded as a major detrimental factor in cerebral ischemic insults. Neurons are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress due to their limited anti-oxidant capacity. As an important source of antioxidants in the brain, astroglia are now thought to be attractive targets for pharmacological interventions to reduce neuronal oxidative stress in ischemic stroke. In the present study, we synthesized a novel antioxidant, the (1S)-(-)-verbenone derivative LMT-335, and investigated its anti-ischemic activities. In rat cortical neuronal/glial co-cultures, LMT-335 significantly reduced oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation (R)-induced neuronal injury. Although it did not inhibit N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced excitotoxicity, LMT-335 significantly reduced OGD/R-evoked intracellular oxidative stress. However, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay showed that the free radical scavenging activities of LMT-335 were lower than those of trolox. Instead, LMT-335 significantly increased the astroglial expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a well-known anti-oxidant stress protein, as evidenced by immunocytochemistry and immunoblot analyses. Moreover, a selective HO-1 inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP), significantly blocked the anti-ischemic effect of LMT-335. The present findings indicate that LMT-335 exerts neuroprotective effects against OGD/R by up-regulation of HO-1 in astroglial cells. Our data suggest that astroglial HO-1 represents a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Ju
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
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146
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Cross-Talk Between Neurons and Astrocytes in Response to Bilirubin: Early Beneficial Effects. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:644-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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147
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Akama K, Horikoshi T, Nakayama T, Otsu M, Imaizumi N, Nakamura M, Toda T, Inuma M, Hirano H, Kondo Y, Suzuki Y, Inoue N. Proteomic identification of differentially expressed genes during differentiation of cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) embryonic stem cells to astrocyte progenitor cells in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1834:601-10. [PMID: 23232153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding astrocytogenesis is valuable for the treatment of nervous system disorders, as astrocytes provide structural, metabolic and defense support to neurons, and regulate neurons actively. However, there is limited information about the molecular events associated with the differentiation from primate ES cells to astrocytes. We therefore investigated the differentially expressed proteins in early astrocytogenesis, from cynomolgus monkey ES cells (CMK6 cell line) into astrocyte progenitor (AstP) cells via the formation of primitive neural stem spheres (Day 4), mature neural stem spheres (NSS), and neural stem (NS) cells in vitro, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). We identified 66 differentially expressed proteins involved in these five differentiation stages. Together with the results of Western blotting, RT-PCR, and a search of metabolic pathways related to the identified proteins, these results indicated that collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), its phosphorylated forms, and cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 (CRABP1) were upregulated from ES cells to Day 4 and NSS cells, to which differentiation stages apoptosis-associated proteins such as caspases were possibly related; Phosphorylated CRMP2s were further upregulated but CRABP1 was downregulated from NSS cells to NS cells, during which differentiation stage considerable axon guidance proteins for development of growth cones, axon attraction, and repulsion were possibly readied; Nonphosphorylated CRMP2 was downregulated but CRABP1 was re-upregulated from NS cells to AstP cells, in which differentiation stage reorganization of actin cytoskeleton linked to focal adhesion was possibly accompanied. These results provide insight into the molecular basis of early astrocytogenesis in monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniko Akama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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148
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Lipid peroxidation is not the primary mechanism of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction in jaundiced Gunn rat pups. Pediatr Res 2012; 72:455-9. [PMID: 22902434 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hazardous levels of bilirubin produce oxidative stress in vitro and may play a role in the genesis of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND). We hypothesized that the antioxidants taurourosdeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), 12S-hydroxy-1,12-pyrazolinominocycline (PMIN), and minocycline (MNC) inhibit oxidative stress and block BIND in hyperbilirubinemic j/j Gunn rat pups that were given sulfadimethoxine to induce bilirubin encephalopathy. METHODS At peak postnatal hyperbilirubinemia, j/j Gunn rat pups were dosed with sulfadimethoxine to induce bilirubin encephalopathy. Pups were given TUDCA, PMIN, MNC, or vehicle pretreatment (15 min before sulfadimethoxine). After 24 h, BIND was scored by using a rating scale of neurobehavior and cerebellar tissue 4-hydroxynonenal and protein carbonyl dinitrophenyl content were determined. Nonjaundiced heterozygous N/j pups served as controls. RESULTS Administration of sulfadimethoxine induced BIND and lipid peroxidation but not protein oxidation in hyperbilirubinemic j/j pups. TUDCA, PMIN, and MNC each reduced lipid peroxidation to basal levels observed in nonjaundiced N/j controls, but only MNC prevented BIND. CONCLUSION These findings show that lipid peroxidation inhibition alone is not sufficient to prevent BIND. We speculate that the neuroprotective efficacy of MNC against BIND involves action(s) independent of, or in addition to, its antioxidant effects.
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149
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Risher WC, Croom D, Kirov SA. Persistent astroglial swelling accompanies rapid reversible dendritic injury during stroke-induced spreading depolarizations. Glia 2012; 60:1709-20. [PMID: 22821441 PMCID: PMC3435464 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depolarizations are a key event in the pathophysiology of stroke, resulting in rapid dendritic beading, which represents acute damage to synaptic circuitry. The impact of spreading depolarizations on the real-time injury of astrocytes during ischemia is less clear. We used simultaneous in vivo 2-photon imaging and electrophysiological recordings in adult mouse somatosensory cortex to examine spreading depolarization-induced astroglial structural changes concurrently with signs of neuronal injury in the early periods of focal and global ischemia. Astrocytes in the metabolically compromised ischemic penumbra-like area showed a long lasting swelling response to spontaneous spreading depolarizations despite rapid dendritic recovery in a photothrombotic occlusion model of focal stroke. Astroglial swelling was often facilitated by recurrent depolarizations and the magnitude of swelling strongly correlated with the total duration of depolarization. In contrast, spreading depolarization-induced astroglial swelling was transient in normoxic healthy tissue. In a model of transient global ischemia, the occurrence of a single spreading depolarization elicited by a bilateral common carotid artery occlusion coincided with astroglial swelling alongside dendritic beading. With immediate reperfusion, dendritic beading subsides. Astroglial swelling was either transient during short ischemic periods distinguished by a short-lasting spreading depolarization, or persistent during severe ischemia characterized by a long-lasting depolarization with the ultraslow negative voltage component. We propose that persistent astroglial swelling is initiated and exacerbated during spreading depolarization in brain tissue with moderate to severe energy deficits, disrupting astroglial maintenance of normal homeostatic function thus contributing to the negative outcome of ischemic stroke as astrocytes fail to provide neuronal support.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Christopher Risher
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Deborah Croom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Sergei A. Kirov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
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150
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Lee EY, Lee JE, Park JH, Shin IC, Koh HC. Rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, protects against striatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by 6-OHDA lesions in the substantia nigra of rats. Toxicol Lett 2012; 213:332-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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