101
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Andersson H, Sinclair J, Knight A, Buscombe R, Edmonds C, Bottoms L. The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on a 30-minute arm cranking performance. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/cep150032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 30-min arm cranking performance. Twelve healthy, active males (age 21.6, standard deviation (SD)=3.1 years; mass 76.2, SD=12.2 kg) volunteered in a single-blind, randomised crossover design. Firstly they completed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion (VO2max test) on an arm crank (50W for 2 min, increasing by 10W every min). During visit 2 and 3 they arm cranked for maximal distance over 30 min at a resistance equivalent to 50% of their peak power, mouth rinsing for 5 s with either 25 ml of a tasteless 6.4% maltodextrin solution (CHO) or 25 ml of water (placebo) every 6 min. A letter cancellation test was performed pre and post exercise to measure cognitive function. The result showed that cognitive function was not significantly different between trials (P=0.874). There was no significant difference in distance arm cranked between trials (P=0.164) even though 9 out of 12 participants had improved performance on the CHO trial. In conclusion, further research is needed to determine the ergogenic effect of CHO mouth rinsing on upper body exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Andersson
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, E15 4LZ Stratford, United Kingdom
| | - J. Sinclair
- Division of Sport, Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE Preston, United Kingdom
| | - A. Knight
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, E15 4LZ Stratford, United Kingdom
| | - R. Buscombe
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, E15 4LZ Stratford, United Kingdom
| | - C.J. Edmonds
- School of Psychology, University of East London, E15 4LZ Stratford, United Kingdom
| | - L. Bottoms
- Department of Psychology and Sport Science, University of Hertfordshire, E15 4LZ Hatfield, United Kingdom
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102
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Ispoglou T, OʼKelly D, Angelopoulou A, Bargh M, OʼHara JP, Duckworth LC. Mouth Rinsing With Carbohydrate Solutions at the Postprandial State Fail to Improve Performance During Simulated Cycling Time Trials. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:2316-25. [PMID: 25734778 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mouth rinsing with carbohydrate (CHO) solutions during cycling time trials results in performance enhancements; however, most studies have used approximately 6% CHO solutions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mouth rinsing with 4, 6, and 8% CHO solutions on 1-hour simulated cycling time trial performance. On 4 occasions, 7 trained male cyclists completed at the postprandial period, a set amount of work as fast as possible in a randomized counterbalanced order. The subjects rinsed their mouth for 5 seconds, on completion of each 12.5% of the trial, with 25 ml of a non-CHO placebo and 4, 6, and 8% CHO solutions. No additional fluids were consumed during the time trial. Heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), thirst (TH), and subjective feelings (SF) were recorded after each rinse. Furthermore, blood samples were drawn every 25% of the trial to measure blood glucose and blood lactate concentrations, whereas whole-body CHO oxidation was monitored continuously. Time to completion was not significant between conditions with the placebo, 4, 6, and 8% conditions completing the trials in 62.0 ± 3.0, 62.8 ± 4.0, 63.4 ± 3.4, and 63 ± 4.0 minutes, respectively. There were no significant differences between conditions in any of the variables mentioned above; however, significant time effects were observed for HR, RPE, TH, and SF. Post hoc analysis showed that TH and SF of subjects in the CHO conditions but not in the placebo were significantly increased by completion of the time trial. In conclusion, mouth rinsing with CHO solutions did not impact 1-hour cycling performance in the postprandial period and in the absence of fluid intake. Our findings suggest that there is scope for further research to explore the activation regions of the brain and whether they are receptive to CHO dose, before specific recommendations for athletic populations are established. Consequently, mouth rinsing as a practical strategy for coaches and athletes is questionable under specific conditions and should be carefully considered before its inclusion. Emphasis should be focused on appropriate dietary and fluid strategies during training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theocharis Ispoglou
- Carnegie Faculty, Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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103
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van Rijn I, Griffioen-Roose S, de Graaf C, Smeets PAM. Neural Processing of Calories in Brain Reward Areas Can be Modulated by Reward Sensitivity. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 9:371. [PMID: 26834598 PMCID: PMC4712268 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A food's reward value is dependent on its caloric content. Furthermore, a food's acute reward value also depends on hunger state. The drive to obtain rewards (reward sensitivity), however, differs between individuals. Here, we assessed the association between brain responses to calories in the mouth and trait reward sensitivity in different hunger states. Firstly, we assessed this in data from a functional neuroimaging study (van Rijn et al., 2015), in which participants (n = 30) tasted simple solutions of a non-caloric sweetener with or without a non-sweet carbohydrate (maltodextrin) during hunger and satiety. Secondly, we expanded these analyses to regular drinks by assessing the same relationship in data from a study in which soft drinks sweetened with either sucrose or a non-caloric sweetener were administered during hunger (n = 18) (Griffioen-Roose et al., 2013). First, taste activation by the non-caloric solution/soft drink was subtracted from that by the caloric solution/soft drink to eliminate sweetness effects and retain activation induced by calories. Subsequently, this difference in taste activation was correlated with reward sensitivity as measured with the BAS drive subscale of the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) questionnaire. When participants were hungry and tasted calories from the simple solution, brain activation in the right ventral striatum (caudate), right amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (bilaterally) correlated negatively with BAS drive scores. In contrast, when participants were satiated, taste responses correlated positively with BAS drive scores in the left caudate. These results were not replicated for soft drinks. Thus, neural responses to oral calories from maltodextrin were modulated by reward sensitivity in reward-related brain areas. This was not the case for sucrose. This may be due to the direct detection of maltodextrin, but not sucrose in the oral cavity. Also, in a familiar beverage, detection of calories per se may be overruled by a conditioned response to its flavor. In conclusion, the brain reward response to calories from a long chain starch sugar (maltodextrin) varies with trait reward sensitivity. The absence of this effect in a familiar beverage warrants further research into its relevance for real life ingestive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge van Rijn
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Griffioen-Roose
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul A M Smeets
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands; Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
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104
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Jacquin-Piques A, Gaudillat S, Mouillot T, Gigot V, Meillon S, Leloup C, Penicaud L, Brondel L. Prandial States Modify the Reactivity of the Gustatory Cortex Using Gustatory Evoked Potentials in Humans. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:490. [PMID: 26778949 PMCID: PMC4700205 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging studies evaluated the role of satiety on cortical taste area activity and highlighted decreased activation in the orbito-frontal cortex when food was eaten until satiation. The modulation of orbito-frontal neurons (secondary taste area) by ad libitum food intake has been associated with the pleasantness of the food's flavor. The insula and frontal operculum (primary taste area) are also involved in reward processing. The aim was to compare human gustatory evoked potentials (GEP) recorded in the primary and secondary gustatory cortices in a fasted state with those after food intake. Fifteen healthy volunteers were enrolled in this observational study. In each of two sessions, two GEP recordings were performed (at 11:00 am and 1:30 pm) in response to sucrose gustatory stimulation, and a sucrose-gustatory threshold was determined. During one session, a standard lunch was provided between the two GEP recordings. During the other session, subjects had nothing to eat. Hunger sensation, wanting, liking, and the perception of the solution's intensity were evaluated with visual analog scales. GEP latencies measured in the Pz (p < 0.001), Cz (p < 0.01), Fz (p < 0.001) recordings (primary taste area) were longer after lunch than in the pre-prandial condition. Fp1 and Fp2 latencies (secondary taste area) tended to be longer after lunch, but the difference was not significant. No difference was observed for the sucrose-gustatory threshold regardless of the session and time. Modifications in the primary taste area activity during the post-prandial period occurred regardless of the nature of the food eaten and could represent the activity of the frontal operculum and insula, which was recently shown to be modulated by gut signals (GLP-1, CCK, ghrelin, or insulin) through vagal afferent neurons or metabolic changes of the internal milieu after nutrient absorption. This trial was registered at clinicalstrials.gov as NCT02472444.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Jacquin-Piques
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-ComtéDijon, France; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University HospitalDijon, France
| | - Stéphanie Gaudillat
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté Dijon, France
| | - Thomas Mouillot
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-ComtéDijon, France; Department of Hepato-gastro-enterology, University HospitalDijon, France
| | - Vincent Gigot
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Meillon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté Dijon, France
| | - Corinne Leloup
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté Dijon, France
| | - Luc Penicaud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Brondel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-ComtéDijon, France; Department of Hepato-gastro-enterology, University HospitalDijon, France
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105
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Becker CA, Schmälzle R, Flaisch T, Renner B, Schupp HT. Thirst and the state-dependent representation of incentive stimulus value in human motive circuitry. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:1722-9. [PMID: 25971601 PMCID: PMC4666113 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion imposes both need and desire to drink, and potentiates the response to need-relevant cues in the environment. The present fMRI study aimed to determine which neural structures selectively increase the incentive value of need-relevant stimuli in a thirst state. Towards this end, participants were scanned twice--either in a thirst or no-thirst state--while viewing pictures of beverages and chairs. As expected, thirst led to a selective increase in self-reported pleasantness and arousal by beverages. Increased responses to beverage when compared with chair stimuli were observed in the cingulate cortex, insular cortex and the amygdala in the thirst state, which were absent in the no-thirst condition. Enhancing the incentive value of need-relevant cues in a thirst state is a key mechanism for motivating drinking behavior. Overall, distributed regions of the motive circuitry, which are also implicated in salience processing, craving and interoception, provide a dynamic body-state dependent representation of stimulus value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf Schmälzle
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tobias Flaisch
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Britta Renner
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
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106
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Hoogeveen HR, Dalenberg JR, Renken RJ, ter Horst GJ, Lorist MM. Neural processing of basic tastes in healthy young and older adults — an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2015; 119:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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107
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Body awareness and pain habituation: the role of orientation towards somatic signals. J Behav Med 2015; 38:876-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-015-9676-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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108
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Kasper AM, Cocking S, Cockayne M, Barnard M, Tench J, Parker L, McAndrew J, Langan-Evans C, Close GL, Morton JP. Carbohydrate mouth rinse and caffeine improves high-intensity interval running capacity when carbohydrate restricted. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:560-8. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1041063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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109
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Avery JA, Kerr KL, Ingeholm JE, Burrows K, Bodurka J, Simmons WK. A common gustatory and interoceptive representation in the human mid-insula. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2996-3006. [PMID: 25950427 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The insula serves as the primary gustatory and viscerosensory region in the mammalian cortex. It receives visceral and gustatory afferent projections through dedicated brainstem and thalamic nuclei, which suggests a potential role as a site for homeostatic integration. For example, while human neuroimaging studies of gustation have implicated the dorsal mid-insular cortex as one of the primary gustatory regions in the insula, other recent studies have implicated this same region of the insula in interoception. This apparent convergence of gustatory and interoceptive information could reflect a common neural representation in the insula shared by both interoception and gustation. This idea finds support in translational studies in rodents, and may constitute a medium for integrating homeostatic information with feeding behavior. To assess this possibility, healthy volunteers were asked to undergo fMRI while performing tasks involving interoceptive attention to visceral sensations as well as a gustatory mapping task. Analysis of the unsmoothed, high-resolution fMRI data confirmed shared representations of gustatory and visceral interoception within the dorsal mid-insula. Group conjunction analysis revealed overlapping patterns of activation for both tasks in the dorsal mid-insula, and region-of-interest analyses confirmed that the dorsal mid-insula regions responsive for visceral interoception also exhibit strong responses to tastants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Avery
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74136.,Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74104
| | - Kara L Kerr
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74136.,Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74104
| | - John E Ingeholm
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Kaiping Burrows
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74136
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74136.,College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73071.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73071
| | - W Kyle Simmons
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74136.,Department of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74104
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110
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Green E, Jacobson A, Haase L, Murphy C. Neural correlates of taste and pleasantness evaluation in the metabolic syndrome. Brain Res 2015; 1620:57-71. [PMID: 25842372 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of cardiometabolic abnormalities that commonly occur together and increase risk for cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Having MetS, especially during middle-age, increases the risk for dementia in later life. Abdominal obesity is a central feature of MetS; therefore, increased efforts to prevent obesity and identify predictors of weight gain are of extreme importance. Altered processing of food reward in the brain of obese individuals has been suggested to be a possible mechanism related to overeating. We scanned fifteen healthy middle-aged controls (aged 44-54) and sixteen middle-aged adults with MetS after a fast (hungry) and after a preload (sated), while they rated the pleasantness of sucrose (sweet) and caffeine (bitter) solutions. Data were analyzed using voxelwise linear mixed-effects modeling, and a region of interest analysis to examine associations between hypothalamic activation to sweet taste and BMI during hunger and satiety. The results indicate that middle-aged individuals with MetS respond with significantly less brain activation than controls without MetS during pleasantness evaluation of sweet and bitter tastes in regions involved in sensory and higher-level taste processing. Participants with higher BMI had greater hypothalamic response during pleasantness evaluation of sucrose in the sated condition. Importantly, this study is the first to document differential brain circuitry in middle-aged adults with MetS, a population at risk for poor physical and cognitive outcomes. Future research aimed at better understanding relationships among MetS, obesity, and brain function is warranted to better conceptualize and develop interventions for overeating in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Green
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lori Haase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Claire Murphy
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
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111
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Thomas JM, Higgs S, Dourish CT, Hansen PC, Harmer CJ, McCabe C. Satiation attenuates BOLD activity in brain regions involved in reward and increases activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: an fMRI study in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:697-704. [PMID: 25833968 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.097543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural responses to rewarding food cues are significantly different in the fed vs. fasted (>8 h food-deprived) state. However, the effect of eating to satiety after a shorter (more natural) intermeal interval on neural responses to both rewarding and aversive cues has not been examined. OBJECTIVE With the use of a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task, we investigated the effect of satiation on neural responses to both rewarding and aversive food tastes and pictures. DESIGN Sixteen healthy participants (8 men, 8 women) were scanned on 2 separate test days, before and after eating a meal to satiation or after not eating for 4 h (satiated vs. premeal). fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals to the sight and/or taste of the stimuli were recorded. RESULTS A whole-brain cluster-corrected analysis (P < 0.05) showed that satiation attenuated the BOLD response to both stimulus types in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, and insula but increased BOLD activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC; local maxima corrected to P ≤ 0.001). A psychophysiological interaction analysis showed that the vmPFC was more highly connected to the dlPFC when individuals were exposed to food stimuli when satiated than when not satiated. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that natural satiation attenuates activity in reward-related brain regions and increases activity in the dlPFC, which may reflect a "top down" cognitive influence on satiation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02298049.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Thomas
- From the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (JMT, SH, and PCH); P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK (CTD); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (CJH); and School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK (CM)
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- From the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (JMT, SH, and PCH); P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK (CTD); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (CJH); and School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK (CM)
| | - Colin T Dourish
- From the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (JMT, SH, and PCH); P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK (CTD); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (CJH); and School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK (CM)
| | - Peter C Hansen
- From the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (JMT, SH, and PCH); P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK (CTD); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (CJH); and School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK (CM)
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- From the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (JMT, SH, and PCH); P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK (CTD); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (CJH); and School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK (CM)
| | - Ciara McCabe
- From the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (JMT, SH, and PCH); P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK (CTD); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (CJH); and School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK (CM)
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112
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Wierenga CE, Bischoff-Grethe A, Melrose AJ, Irvine Z, Torres L, Bailer UF, Simmons A, Fudge JL, McClure SM, Ely A, Kaye WH. Hunger does not motivate reward in women remitted from anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:642-52. [PMID: 25481622 PMCID: PMC4359668 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hunger enhances sensitivity to reward, yet individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) are not motivated to eat when starved. This study investigated brain response to rewards during hunger and satiated states to examine whether diminished response to reward could underlie food restriction in AN. METHODS Using a delay discounting monetary decision task known to discriminate brain regions contributing to processing of immediate rewards and cognitive control important for decision making regarding future rewards, we compared 23 women remitted from AN (RAN group; to reduce the confounding effects of starvation) with 17 healthy comparison women (CW group). Monetary rewards were used because the rewarding value of food may be confounded by anxiety in AN. RESULTS Interactions of Group (RAN, CW) × Visit (hunger, satiety) revealed that, for the CW group, hunger significantly increased activation in reward salience circuitry (ventral striatum, dorsal caudate, anterior cingulate cortex) during processing of immediate reward, whereas satiety increased activation in cognitive control circuitry (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, insula) during decision making. In contrast, brain response in reward and cognitive neurocircuitry did not differ during hunger and satiety in the RAN group. A main effect of group revealed elevated response in the middle frontal gyrus for the RAN group compared with the CW group. CONCLUSIONS Women remitted from AN failed to increase activation of reward valuation circuitry when hungry and showed elevated response in cognitive control circuitry independent of metabolic state. Decreased sensitivity to the motivational drive of hunger may explain the ability of individuals with AN to restrict food when emaciated. Difficulties in valuating emotional salience may contribute to inabilities to appreciate the risks inherent in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. James Melrose
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego CA USA
| | - Zoe Irvine
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego CA USA
| | - Laura Torres
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego CA USA
| | - Ursula F. Bailer
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego CA USA
| | - Alan Simmons
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego CA USA
| | - Julie L. Fudge
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology and Anatomy, Rochester NY USA
| | | | - Alice Ely
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego CA USA
| | - Walter H. Kaye
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego CA USA
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113
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Hanci D, Altun H. Hunger state affects both olfactory abilities and gustatory sensitivity. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:1637-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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114
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van Rijn I, de Graaf C, Smeets PA. Tasting calories differentially affects brain activation during hunger and satiety. Behav Brain Res 2015; 279:139-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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115
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Seubert J, Ohla K, Yokomukai Y, Kellermann T, Lundström JN. Superadditive opercular activation to food flavor is mediated by enhanced temporal and limbic coupling. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 36:1662-76. [PMID: 25545699 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Food perception is characterized by a transition from initially separate sensations of the olfactory and gustatory properties of the object toward their combined sensory experience during consumption. The holistic flavor experience, which occurs as the smell and taste merge, extends beyond the mere addition of the two chemosensory modalities, being usually perceived as more object-like, intense and rewarding. To explore the cortical mechanisms which give rise to olfactory-gustatory binding during natural food consumption, brain activation during consumption of a pleasant familiar beverage was contrasted with presentation of its taste and orthonasal smell alone. Convergent activation to all presentation modes was observed in executive and chemosensory association areas. Flavor, but not orthonasal smell or taste alone, stimulated the frontal operculum, supporting previous accounts of its central role in the formation of the flavor percept. A functional dissociation was observed in the insula: the anterior portion was characterized by sensory convergence, while mid-dorsal sections activated exclusively to the combined flavor stimulus. psycho-physiological interaction analyses demonstrated increased neural coupling between the frontal operculum and the anterior insula during flavor presentation. Connectivity was also increased with the lateral entorhinal cortex, a relay to memory networks and central node for contextual modulation of olfactory processing. These findings suggest a central role of the insular cortex in the transition from mere detection of chemosensory convergence to a superadditive flavor representation. The increased connections between the frontal operculum and medial temporal memory structures during combined olfactory-gustatory stimulation point to a potential mechanism underlying the acquisition and modification of flavor preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Seubert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Monell Chemical Senses Center, Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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116
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Wierenga CE, Ely A, Bischoff-Grethe A, Bailer UF, Simmons AN, Kaye WH. Are Extremes of Consumption in Eating Disorders Related to an Altered Balance between Reward and Inhibition? Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:410. [PMID: 25538579 PMCID: PMC4260511 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary defining characteristic of a diagnosis of an eating disorder (ED) is the "disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food" (DSM V; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). There is a spectrum, ranging from those who severely restrict eating and become emaciated on one end to those who binge and overconsume, usually accompanied by some form of compensatory behaviors, on the other. How can we understand reasons for such extremes of food consummatory behaviors? Recent work on obesity and substance use disorders has identified behaviors and neural pathways that play a powerful role in human consummatory behaviors. That is, corticostriatal limbic and dorsal cognitive neural circuitry can make drugs and food rewarding, but also engage self-control mechanisms that may inhibit their use. Importantly, there is considerable evidence that alterations of these systems also occur in ED. This paper explores the hypothesis that an altered balance of reward and inhibition contributes to altered extremes of response to salient stimuli, such as food. We will review recent studies that show altered sensitivity to reward and punishment in ED, with evidence of altered activity in corticostriatal and insula processes with respect to monetary gains or losses, and tastes of palatable foods. We will also discuss evidence for a spectrum of extremes of inhibition and dysregulation behaviors in ED supported by studies suggesting that this is related to top-down self-control mechanisms. The lack of a mechanistic understanding of ED has thwarted efforts for evidence-based approaches to develop interventions. Understanding how ED behavior is encoded in neural circuits would provide a foundation for developing more specific and effective treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E. Wierenga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alice Ely
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Ursula F. Bailer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Austria Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alan N. Simmons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Walter H. Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Abstract
There have been significant changes in the understanding of the role of carbohydrates during endurance exercise in recent years, which allows for more specific and more personalized advice with regard to carbohydrate ingestion during exercise. The new proposed guidelines take into account the duration (and intensity) of exercise and advice is not restricted to the amount of carbohydrate; it also gives direction with respect to the type of carbohydrate. Studies have shown that during exercise lasting approximately 1 h in duration, a mouth rinse or small amounts of carbohydrate can result in a performance benefit. A single carbohydrate source can be oxidized at rates up to approximately 60 g/h and this is the recommendation for exercise that is more prolonged (2-3 h). For ultra-endurance events, the recommendation is higher at approximately 90 g/h. Carbohydrate ingested at such high ingestion rates must be a multiple transportable carbohydrates to allow high oxidation rates and prevent the accumulation of carbohydrate in the intestine. The source of the carbohydrate may be a liquid, semisolid, or solid, and the recommendations may need to be adjusted downward when the absolute exercise intensity is low and thus carbohydrate oxidation rates are also low. Carbohydrate intake advice is independent of body weight as well as training status. Therefore, although these guidelines apply to most athletes, they are highly dependent on the type and duration of activity. These new guidelines may replace the generic existing guidelines for carbohydrate intake during endurance exercise.
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118
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Stice E, Yokum S, Burger K, Rohde P, Shaw H, Gau JM. A pilot randomized trial of a cognitive reappraisal obesity prevention program. Physiol Behav 2014; 138:124-32. [PMID: 25447334 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Evaluate a selective obesity prevention program promoting use of cognitive reappraisals to reduce reward region response and increase inhibitory region response to high-fat/high-sugar foods and reduce intake of fat and sugar to prevent blunted reward region response to intake of such foods. SUBJECTS/METHODS Young adults at risk for future weight gain by virtue of weight concerns (N=148) were randomized to this new prevention program (Minding Health), an alternative prevention program promoting participant-driven gradual reductions in caloric intake and increases in physical activity (Healthy Weight), or an obesity education video control condition, completing assessments at pre-, post-, and 6-month follow-up. A subset of Minding Health and control participants completed an fMRI scan at pre- and post-assessing neural response to images of high-fat/sugar foods and to receipt and anticipated receipt of a high-fat/sugar food. RESULTS Minding Health participants showed significantly greater reductions in body fat than controls and caloric intake from fat and sugar than Healthy Weight participants. Minding Health participants also showed greater activation of an inhibitory control region and reduced activation of an attention/expectation region in response to palatable food images relative to pretest and controls. However, Healthy Weight participants showed greater reductions in BMI and eating disorder symptoms than Minding Health participants. CONCLUSIONS Although the Minding Health intervention produced some of the hypothesized effects, it did not produce lasting reductions in body fat or BMI and showed limited effects on neural responsivity, implying it will be vital to increase the efficacy of this new prevention program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, United States.
| | | | - Kyle Burger
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Paul Rohde
- Oregon Research Institute, United States
| | | | - Jeff M Gau
- Oregon Research Institute, United States
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119
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Burke LM, Maughan RJ. The Governor has a sweet tooth - mouth sensing of nutrients to enhance sports performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 15:29-40. [PMID: 25345670 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.971880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The oral-pharyngeal cavity and the gastrointestinal tract are richly endowed with receptors that respond to taste, temperature and to a wide range of specific nutrient and non-nutritive food components. Ingestion of carbohydrate-containing drinks has been shown to enhance endurance exercise performance, and these responses have been attributed to post-absorptive effects. It is increasingly recognised, though, that the response to ingested carbohydrate begins in the mouth via specific carbohydrate receptors and continues in the gut via the release of a range of hormones that influence substrate metabolism. Cold drinks can also enhance performance, especially in conditions of thermal stress, and part of the mechanism underlying this effect may be the response to cold fluids in the mouth. There is also some, albeit not entirely consistent, evidence for effects of caffeine, quinine, menthol and acetic acid on performance or other relevant effects. This review summarises current knowledge of responses to mouth sensing of temperature, carbohydrate and other food components, with the goal of assisting athletes to implement practical strategies that make best use of its effects. It also examines the evidence that oral intake of other nutrients or characteristics associated with food/fluid intake during exercise can enhance performance via communication between the mouth/gut and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Burke
- a Sports Nutrition , Australian Institute of Sport , Belconnen , ACT 2616 , Australia
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120
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Watson P, Nichols D, Cordery P. Mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate solution does not influence cycle time trial performance in the heat. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:1064-9. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ten endurance-trained males were recruited to examine the possible role of carbohydrate (CHO) receptors in the mouth influencing exercise performance in the heat. Volunteers completed an incremental test to exhaustion to determine peak oxygen uptake, a familiarisation trial, followed by 2 experimental trials. Trials consisted of a 1-h time trial undertaken in a climatic chamber maintained at 30 °C, 60% relative humidity. Immediately before, and at regular intervals throughout exercise, subjects ingested a bolus of water and then were provided with either a placebo (PLA) or a 6.4% glucose (CHO) solution to rinse in the mouth for 10 s before being expectorated. There was no difference in total work done between the PLA and CHO trials (758.8 ± 149.0 kJ; 762.6 ± 141.1 kJ; P = 0.951). Pacing was also similar, with no differences in power output apparent during the experimental trials (P = 0.546). Core temperature (P = 0.615), heart rate (P = 0.505), ratings of perceived exertion (P = 0.181), and perceived thermal stress (P = 0.416) were not influenced by the nature of the intervention. Blood glucose concentrations were similar during the CHO and PLA trials (P = 0.117). In contrast to the findings of several studies undertaken in temperate conditions, the present investigation failed to support role of oral sensing of CHO in influencing performance during prolonged exercise in warm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Watson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
- Department of Human Physiology and Sports Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - David Nichols
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Philip Cordery
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
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121
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Turner CE, Byblow WD, Stinear CM, Gant N. Carbohydrate in the mouth enhances activation of brain circuitry involved in motor performance and sensory perception. Appetite 2014; 80:212-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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122
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Tomasi D, Wang GJ, Wang R, Caparelli EC, Logan J, Volkow ND. Overlapping patterns of brain activation to food and cocaine cues in cocaine abusers: association to striatal D2/D3 receptors. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 36:120-36. [PMID: 25142207 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine, through its activation of dopamine (DA) signaling, usurps pathways that process natural rewards. However, the extent to which there is overlap between the networks that process natural and drug rewards and whether DA signaling associated with cocaine abuse influences these networks have not been investigated in humans. We measured brain activation responses to food and cocaine cues with fMRI, and D2/D3 receptors in the striatum with [11C]raclopride and Positron emission tomography in 20 active cocaine abusers. Compared to neutral cues, food and cocaine cues increasingly engaged cerebellum, orbitofrontal, inferior frontal, and premotor cortices and insula and disengaged cuneus and default mode network (DMN). These fMRI signals were proportional to striatal D2/D3 receptors. Surprisingly cocaine and food cues also deactivated ventral striatum and hypothalamus. Compared to food cues, cocaine cues produced lower activation in insula and postcentral gyrus, and less deactivation in hypothalamus and DMN regions. Activation in cortical regions and cerebellum increased in proportion to the valence of the cues, and activation to food cues in somatosensory and orbitofrontal cortices also increased in proportion to body mass. Longer exposure to cocaine was associated with lower activation to both cues in occipital cortex and cerebellum, which could reflect the decreases in D2/D3 receptors associated with chronicity. These findings show that cocaine cues activate similar, though not identical, pathways to those activated by food cues and that striatal D2/D3 receptors modulate these responses, suggesting that chronic cocaine exposure might influence brain sensitivity not just to drugs but also to food cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardo Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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123
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Clouard C, Meunier-Salaün MC, Meurice P, Malbert CH, Val-Laillet D. Combined compared to dissociated oral and intestinal sucrose stimuli induce different brain hedonic processes. Front Psychol 2014; 5:861. [PMID: 25147536 PMCID: PMC4124794 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of brain networks contributing to the processing of oral and/or intestinal sugar signals in a relevant animal model might help to understand the neural mechanisms related to the control of food intake in humans and suggest potential causes for impaired eating behaviors. This study aimed at comparing the brain responses triggered by oral and/or intestinal sucrose sensing in pigs. Seven animals underwent brain single photon emission computed tomography (99mTc-HMPAO) further to oral stimulation with neutral or sucrose artificial saliva paired with saline or sucrose infusion in the duodenum, the proximal part of the intestine. Oral and/or duodenal sucrose sensing induced differential cerebral blood flow changes in brain regions known to be involved in memory, reward processes and hedonic (i.e., pleasure) evaluation of sensory stimuli, including the dorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, insular cortex, hippocampus, and parahippocampal cortex. Sucrose duodenal infusion only and combined sucrose stimulation induced similar activity patterns in the putamen, ventral anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus. Some brain deactivations in the prefrontal and insular cortices were only detected in the presence of oral sucrose stimulation. Finally, activation of the right insular cortex was only induced by combined oral and duodenal sucrose stimulation, while specific activity patterns were detected in the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex with oral sucrose dissociated from caloric load. This study sheds new light on the brain hedonic responses to sugar and has potential implications to unravel the neuropsychological mechanisms underlying food pleasure and motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Clouard
- INRA, UR1341 Alimentation et Adaptations Digestives, Nerveuses et Comportementales Saint Gilles, France ; INRA, UMR1348 Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Élevage Saint Gilles, France ; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Élevage Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Christine Meunier-Salaün
- INRA, UMR1348 Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Élevage Saint Gilles, France ; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Élevage Rennes, France
| | - Paul Meurice
- INRA, UR1341 Alimentation et Adaptations Digestives, Nerveuses et Comportementales Saint Gilles, France
| | | | - David Val-Laillet
- INRA, UR1341 Alimentation et Adaptations Digestives, Nerveuses et Comportementales Saint Gilles, France
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124
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van den Bosch I, Dalenberg J, Renken R, van Langeveld A, Smeets P, Griffioen-Roose S, ter Horst G, de Graaf C, Boesveldt S. To like or not to like: Neural substrates of subjective flavor preferences. Behav Brain Res 2014; 269:128-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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125
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Sexually dimorphic functional connectivity in response to high vs. low energy-dense food cues in obese humans: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2014; 100:405-13. [PMID: 24862077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually-dimorphic behavioral and biological aspects of human eating have been described. Using psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis, we investigated sex-based differences in functional connectivity with a key emotion-processing region (amygdala, AMG) and a key reward-processing area (ventral striatum, VS) in response to high vs. low energy-dense (ED) food images using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in obese persons in fasted and fed states. When fed, in response to high vs. low-ED food cues, obese men (vs. women) had greater functional connectivity with AMG in right subgenual anterior cingulate, whereas obese women had greater functional connectivity with AMG in left angular gyrus and right primary motor areas. In addition, when fed, AMG functional connectivity with pre/post-central gyrus was more associated with BMI in women (vs. men). When fasted, obese men (vs. women) had greater functional connectivity with AMG in bilateral supplementary frontal and primary motor areas, left precuneus, and right cuneus, whereas obese women had greater functional connectivity with AMG in left inferior frontal gyrus, right thalamus, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. When fed, greater functional connectivity with VS was observed in men in bilateral supplementary and primary motor areas, left postcentral gyrus, and left precuneus. These sex-based differences in functional connectivity in response to visual food cues may help partly explain differential eating behavior, pathology prevalence, and outcomes in men and women.
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126
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Sun X, Veldhuizen MG, Wray AE, de Araujo IE, Sherwin RS, Sinha R, Small DM. The neural signature of satiation is associated with ghrelin response and triglyceride metabolism. Physiol Behav 2014; 136:63-73. [PMID: 24732416 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eating behavior is guided by a complex interaction between signals conveying information about energy stores, food availability, and palatability. How peripheral signals regulate brain circuits that guide feeding during sensation and consumption of a palatable food is poorly understood. We used fMRI to measure brain response to a palatable food (milkshake) when n=32 participants were fasted and fed with either a fixed-portion or ad libitum meal. We found that larger post-prandial reductions in ghrelin and increases in triglycerides were associated with greater attenuation of response to the milkshake in brain regions regulating reward and feeding including the midbrain, amygdala, pallidum, hippocampus, insula and medial orbitofrontal cortex. Satiation-induced brain responses to milkshake were not related to acute changes in circulating insulin, glucose, or free fatty acids. The impact of a meal on the response to milkshake in the midbrain and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex differed depending upon whether meal termination was fixed or volitional, irrespective of the amount of food consumed. We conclude that satiation-induced changes in brain response to a palatable food are strongly and specifically associated with changes in circulating ghrelin and triglycerides and by volitional meal termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Sun
- Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA; John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Maria G Veldhuizen
- John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amanda E Wray
- John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ivan E de Araujo
- John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert S Sherwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dana M Small
- Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA; John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max-Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany.
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127
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The sum of its parts--effects of gastric distention, nutrient content and sensory stimulation on brain activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90872. [PMID: 24614074 PMCID: PMC3948722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During food consumption the brain integrates multiple interrelated neural and hormonal signals involved in the regulation of food intake. Factors influencing the decision to stop eating include the foods' sensory properties, macronutrient content, and volume, which in turn affect gastric distention and appetite hormone responses. So far, the contributions of gastric distention and oral stimulation by food on brain activation have not been studied. The primary objective of this study was to assess the effect of gastric distention with an intra-gastric load and the additional effect of oral stimulation on brain activity after food administration. Our secondary objective was to study the correlations between hormone responses and appetite-related ratings and brain activation. Fourteen men completed three functional magnetic resonance imaging sessions during which they either received a naso-gastric infusion of water (stomach distention), naso-gastric infusion of chocolate milk (stomach distention + nutrients), or ingested chocolate-milk (stomach distention + nutrients + oral exposure). Appetite ratings and blood parameters were measured at several time points. During gastric infusion, brain activation was observed in the midbrain, amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus for both chocolate milk and water, i.e., irrespective of nutrient content. The thalamus, amygdala, putamen and precuneus were activated more after ingestion than after gastric infusion of chocolate milk, whereas infusion evoked greater activation in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate. Moreover, areas involved in gustation and reward were activated more after oral stimulation. Only insulin responses following naso-gastric infusion of chocolate milk correlated with brain activation, namely in the putamen and insula. In conclusion, we show that normal (oral) food ingestion evokes greater activation than gastric infusion in stomach distention and food intake-related brain areas. This provides neural evidence for the importance of sensory stimulation in the process of satiation. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01644539.
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128
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Abstract
Carbohydrates during exercise can improve exercise performance even when the exercise intensity is high (>75% V˙O2max) and the duration relatively short (approximately 1 h), but the underlying mechanisms for the ergogenic effects are different from those during more prolonged exercise. Studies have even shown effects of oral carbohydrate mouth rinses compared to placebo with improvements typically between 2% and 3% during exercise lasting approximately 1 h. The effects appear more profound after an overnight fast, but effects are still present even after ingestion of a meal. Brain imaging studies have identified brain areas involved, and it is likely that the oral carbohydrate mouth rinse results in afferent signals capable of modifying motor output. These effects appear to be specific to carbohydrate and are independent of taste. Further research is warranted to fully understand the separate taste transduction pathways for various carbohydrates as well as the practical implications.
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129
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Cameron JD, Goldfield GS, Finlayson G, Blundell JE, Doucet É. Fasting for 24 hours heightens reward from food and food-related cues. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85970. [PMID: 24454949 PMCID: PMC3894194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We examined the impact of a 24 hour complete fast (vs. fed state) on two measures of food reward: 1) ‘wanting’, as measured by response to food images and by the relative-reinforcing value of food (RRV), and 2) ‘liking’, as measured by response to food images and the hedonic evaluation of foods consumed. Methods Utilizing a randomized crossover design, 15 subjects (9 male; 6 female) aged 28.6±4.5 yrs with body mass index 25.3±1.4 kg/m2 were randomized and counterbalanced to normal feeding (FED) and 24-hour fast (FASTED) conditions. Trait characteristics were measured with the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire. Two computer tasks measured food reward: 1) RRV progressive ratio task, 2) explicit ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire, LFPQ). Also measured were ad libitum energy intake (EI; buffet) and food ‘liking’ (visual analogue scale) of personalized stimuli. Results There were no significant anthropometric changes between conditions. Appetite scores, hedonic ratings of ‘liking’, and ad libitum EI all significantly increased under the FASTED condition (p<0.05). Under the FASTED condition there were significant increases in the RRV of snack foods; similarly, explicit ‘wanting’ and ‘liking’ significantly increased for all food categories. ‘Liking’ of sweet foods remained high across-meals under FASTED, but savory foods decreased in hedonic saliency. Conclusion Relative to a fed state, we observed an increase in hedonic ratings of food, the rewarding value of food, and food intake after a 24 hr fast. Alliesthesia to food and food cues is suggested by heightened hedonic ratings under the FASTED condition relative to FED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameason D. Cameron
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Research Institute Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Gary S. Goldfield
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Research Institute Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Éric Doucet
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Luo Q, Ge T, Grabenhorst F, Feng J, Rolls ET. Attention-dependent modulation of cortical taste circuits revealed by Granger causality with signal-dependent noise. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003265. [PMID: 24204221 PMCID: PMC3808464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We show, for the first time, that in cortical areas, for example the insular, orbitofrontal, and lateral prefrontal cortex, there is signal-dependent noise in the fMRI blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) time series, with the variance of the noise increasing approximately linearly with the square of the signal. Classical Granger causal models are based on autoregressive models with time invariant covariance structure, and thus do not take this signal-dependent noise into account. To address this limitation, here we describe a Granger causal model with signal-dependent noise, and a novel, likelihood ratio test for causal inferences. We apply this approach to the data from an fMRI study to investigate the source of the top-down attentional control of taste intensity and taste pleasantness processing. The Granger causality with signal-dependent noise analysis reveals effects not identified by classical Granger causal analysis. In particular, there is a top-down effect from the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex to the insular taste cortex during attention to intensity but not to pleasantness, and there is a top-down effect from the anterior and posterior lateral prefrontal cortex to the orbitofrontal cortex during attention to pleasantness but not to intensity. In addition, there is stronger forward effective connectivity from the insular taste cortex to the orbitofrontal cortex during attention to pleasantness than during attention to intensity. These findings indicate the importance of explicitly modeling signal-dependent noise in functional neuroimaging, and reveal some of the processes involved in a biased activation theory of selective attention. We show that in cortical areas such as the insular, orbitofrontal, and lateral prefrontal cortex, the variation of the blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) time series across trials measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) increases with the magnitude of the signal. We describe a new method of measuring causal effects with Granger causality that takes into account this signal-dependent noise. We show in a functional neuroimaging investigation with the new method that there is a causal influence from the anterior lateral prefrontal cortex that during attention to the pleasantness of taste stimuli increases the response of the orbitofrontal cortex to the taste; and there is a causal influence from the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex to the insular taste cortex during attention to the intensity of taste stimuli. This shows how part of the circuitry involved in the effects of selective attention on the pleasantness and intensity of stimuli operates in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Luo
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- College of Information Systems and Management, National University of Defense Technology, Hunan, PR China
| | - Tian Ge
- Centre for Computational Systems Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Grabenhorst
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Centre for Computational Systems Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JF); (ETR)
| | - Edmund T. Rolls
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JF); (ETR)
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131
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Paulus MP, Stewart JL, Haase L. Treatment approaches for interoceptive dysfunctions in drug addiction. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:137. [PMID: 24151471 PMCID: PMC3798869 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that individuals with drug addiction have dysfunctions in brain systems that are important for interoceptive processing, which include, among others, the insular and the anterior cingulate cortices. These individuals may not be expending sufficient neural resources to process perturbations of the interoceptive state but may exert over-activation of these systems when processing drug-related stimuli. As a consequence, insufficient detection and processing of interoceptive state changes may result in inadequate anticipation and preparation to adapt to environmental challenges, e.g., adapt to abstinence in the presence of withdrawal symptoms. Here, we integrate interoceptive dysfunction in drug-addicted individuals, with the neural basis for meditation and exercise to develop a heuristic to target the interoceptive system as potential treatments for drug addiction. First, it is suggested that mindfulness-based approaches can modulate both interoceptive function and insular activation patterns. Second, there is an emerging literature showing that the regulation of physical exercise in the brain involves the insula and anterior cingulate cortex and that intense physical exercise is associated with a insula changes that may provide a window to attenuate the increased interoceptive response to drug-related stimuli. It is concluded that the conceptual framework of interoceptive dysfunctions in drug addiction and the experimental findings in meditation and exercise provide a useful approach to develop new interventions for drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA ; Psychiatry Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System , La Jolla, CA , USA
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132
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Oberndorfer TA, Frank GK, Simmons AN, Wagner A, McCurdy D, Fudge JL, Yang TT, Paulus MP, Kaye WH. Altered insula response to sweet taste processing after recovery from anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170:1143-51. [PMID: 23732817 PMCID: PMC3971875 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.11111745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies suggest that altered function of higher-order appetitive neural circuitry may contribute to restricted eating in anorexia nervosa and overeating in bulimia nervosa. This study used sweet tastes to interrogate gustatory neurocircuitry involving the anterior insula and related regions that modulate sensory-interoceptive-reward signals in response to palatable foods. METHOD Participants who had recovered from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were studied to avoid confounding effects of altered nutritional state. Functional MRI measured brain response to repeated tastes of sucrose and sucralose to disentangle neural processing of caloric and noncaloric sweet tastes. Whole-brain functional analysis was constrained to anatomical regions of interest. RESULTS Relative to matched comparison women (N=14), women recovered from anorexia nervosa (N=14) had significantly diminished and women recovered from bulimia nervosa (N=14) had significantly elevated hemodynamic response to tastes of sucrose in the right anterior insula. Anterior insula response to sucrose compared with sucralose was exaggerated in the recovered group (lower in women recovered from anorexia nervosa and higher in women recovered from bulimia nervosa). CONCLUSIONS The anterior insula integrates sensory reward aspects of taste in the service of nutritional homeostasis. One possibility is that restricted eating and weight loss occur in anorexia nervosa because of a failure to accurately recognize hunger signals, whereas overeating in bulimia nervosa could represent an exaggerated perception of hunger signals. This response may reflect the altered calibration of signals related to sweet taste and the caloric content of food and may offer a pathway to novel and more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson A. Oberndorfer
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603,University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Guido K.W. Frank
- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Department of Psychiatry, The Children’s Hospital, 13123 E. 16thAve, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Alan N. Simmons
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603,San Diego Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego CA 92161
| | - Angela Wagner
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603
| | - Danyale McCurdy
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603
| | - Julie L. Fudge
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology and Anatomy, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642-8409
| | - Tony T. Yang
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603
| | - Martin P. Paulus
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603,San Diego Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego CA 92161
| | - Walter H. Kaye
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, MC: 0603 La Jolla, CA 92093-0603
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133
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Localized brain volume and white matter integrity alterations in adolescent anorexia nervosa. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 52:1066-1075.e5. [PMID: 24074473 PMCID: PMC4082770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neurobiological underpinnings of anorexia nervosa (AN) are poorly understood. In this study, we tested whether brain gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in adolescents with AN would show alterations comparable to those in adults. METHOD We used magnetic resonance imaging to study GM and WM volume, and diffusion tensor imaging to assess fractional anisotropy for WM integrity in 19 adolescents with AN and 22 controls. RESULTS Individuals with AN showed greater left orbitofrontal, right insular, and bilateral temporal cortex GM, as well as temporal lobe WM volumes compared to controls. WM integrity in adolescents with AN was lower (lower fractional anisotropy) in fornix, posterior frontal, and parietal areas, but higher in anterior frontal, orbitofrontal, and temporal lobes. In individuals with AN, orbitofrontal GM volume correlated negatively with sweet taste pleasantness. An additional comparison of this study cohort with adult individuals with AN and healthy controls supported greater orbitofrontal cortex and insula volumes in AN across age groups. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates larger orbitofrontal and insular GM volumes, as well as lower fornix WM integrity in adolescents with AN, similar to adults. The pattern of larger anteroventral GM and WM volume as well as WM integrity, but lower WM integrity in posterior frontal and parietal regions may indicate that developmental factors such as GM pruning and WM growth could contribute to brain alterations in AN. The negative correlation between taste pleasantness and orbitofrontal cortex volume in individuals with AN could contribute to food avoidance in this disorder.
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134
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Grabenhorst F, Rolls ET. The representation of oral fat texture in the human somatosensory cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:2521-30. [PMID: 24038614 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How fat is sensed in the mouth and represented in the brain is important in relation to the pleasantness of food, appetite control, and the design of foods that reproduce the mouthfeel of fat yet have low energy content. We show that the human somatosensory cortex (SSC) is involved in oral fat processing via functional coupling to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), where the pleasantness of fat texture is represented. Using functional MRI, we found that activity in SSC was more strongly correlated with the OFC during the consumption of a high fat food with a pleasant (vanilla) flavor compared to a low fat food with the same flavor. This effect was not found in control analyses using high fat foods with a less pleasant flavor or pleasant-flavored low fat foods. SSC activity correlated with subjective ratings of fattiness, but not of texture pleasantness or flavor pleasantness, indicating a representation that is not involved in hedonic processing per se. Across subjects, the magnitude of OFC-SSC coupling explained inter-individual variation in texture pleasantness evaluations. These findings extend known SSC functions to a specific role in the processing of pleasant-flavored oral fat, and identify a neural mechanism potentially important in appetite, overeating, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grabenhorst
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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135
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Cermak NM, van Loon LJC. The Use of Carbohydrates During Exercise as an Ergogenic Aid. Sports Med 2013; 43:1139-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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136
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Rudenga KJ, Small DM. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex response to concentrated sucrose reflects liking rather than sweet quality coding. Chem Senses 2013; 38:585-94. [PMID: 23828907 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjt029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The perception of the pleasantness of sweet tastes varies widely across individuals. Here, we exploit these differences to isolate brain response to sweet-taste pleasantness while controlling for intensity, quality, and physiological significance. Thirty subjects participated in functional MRI scanning while consuming individually calibrated weak and strong sucrose solutions. All subjects found the weak sweet taste to be neutral in pleasantness, but half of the subjects found strong sweet taste pleasant (likers), whereas half found strong sweet taste unpleasant (dislikers). Greater response was observed in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) to the sucrose when it was rated pleasant versus neutral compared with unpleasant versus neutral. This suggests that response in the vmPFC underlies sweet-taste preference, this region is preferentially sensitive to affectively positive tastes, and it is the positive value rather than physiological significance, quality, or intensity that drives responses here. Likers versus dislikers did not differ in their diet, alcohol use, body weight, gender, or taq1A allele status, but likers were more likely to report emotional eating. None of these factors influenced response in the vmPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J Rudenga
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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137
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Sescousse G, Caldú X, Segura B, Dreher JC. Processing of primary and secondary rewards: A quantitative meta-analysis and review of human functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:681-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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138
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Ginzburg K, Tsur N, Barak-Nahum A, Defrin R. Body awareness: differentiating between sensitivity to and monitoring of bodily signals. J Behav Med 2013; 37:564-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-013-9514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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139
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Yan CG, Craddock RC, Zuo XN, Zang YF, Milham MP. Standardizing the intrinsic brain: towards robust measurement of inter-individual variation in 1000 functional connectomes. Neuroimage 2013; 80:246-62. [PMID: 23631983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As researchers increase their efforts to characterize variations in the functional connectome across studies and individuals, concerns about the many sources of nuisance variation present and their impact on resting state fMRI (R-fMRI) measures continue to grow. Although substantial within-site variation can exist, efforts to aggregate data across multiple sites such as the 1000 Functional Connectomes Project (FCP) and International Neuroimaging Data-sharing Initiative (INDI) datasets amplify these concerns. The present work draws upon standardization approaches commonly used in the microarray gene expression literature, and to a lesser extent recent imaging studies, and compares them with respect to their impact on relationships between common R-fMRI measures and nuisance variables (e.g., imaging site, motion), as well as phenotypic variables of interest (age, sex). Standardization approaches differed with regard to whether they were applied post-hoc vs. during pre-processing, and at the individual vs. group level; additionally they varied in whether they addressed additive effects vs. additive+multiplicative effects, and were parametric vs. non-parametric. While all standardization approaches were effective at reducing undesirable relationships with nuisance variables, post-hoc approaches were generally more effective than global signal regression (GSR). Across approaches, correction for additive effects (global mean) appeared to be more important than for multiplicative effects (global SD) for all R-fMRI measures, with the exception of amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF). Group-level post-hoc standardizations for mean-centering and variance-standardization were found to be advantageous in their ability to avoid the introduction of artifactual relationships with standardization parameters; though results between individual and group-level post-hoc approaches were highly similar overall. While post-hoc standardization procedures drastically increased test-retest (TRT) reliability for ALFF, modest reductions were observed for other measures after post-hoc standardizations-a phenomena likely attributable to the separation of voxel-wise from global differences among subjects (global mean and SD demonstrated moderate TRT reliability for these measures). Finally, the present work calls into question previous observations of increased anatomical specificity for GSR over mean centering, and draws attention to the near equivalence of global and gray matter signal regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Gan Yan
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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140
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Sinclair J, Bottoms L, Flynn C, Bradley E, Alexander G, McCullagh S, Finn T, Hurst HT. The effect of different durations of carbohydrate mouth rinse on cycling performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2013; 14:259-64. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2013.785599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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141
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Lane SC, Bird SR, Burke LM, Hawley JA. Effect of a carbohydrate mouth rinse on simulated cycling time-trial performance commenced in a fed or fasted state. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:134-9. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is presently unclear whether the reported ergogenic effect of a carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on cycling time-trial performance is affected by the acute nutritional status of an individual. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a CHO mouth rinse on a 60-min simulated cycling time-trial performance commenced in a fed or fasted state. Twelve competitive male cyclists each completed 4 experimental trials using a double-blinded Latin square design. Two trials were commenced 2 h after a meal that contained 2.5 g·kg−1 body mass of CHO (FED) and 2 after an overnight fast (FST). Prior to and after every 12.5% of total time during a performance ride, either a 10% maltodextrin (CHO) or a taste-matched placebo (PLB) solution was mouth rinsed for 10 s then immediately expectorated. There were significant main effects for both pre-ride nutritional status (FED vs. FST; p < 0.01) and CHO mouth rinse (CHO vs. PLB; p < 0.01) on power output with an interaction evident between the interventions (p < 0.05). The CHO mouth rinse improved mean power to a greater extent after an overnight fast (282 vs. 273 W, 3.4%; p < 0.01) compared with a fed state (286 vs. 281 W, 1.8%; p < 0.05). We concluded that a CHO mouth rinse improved performance to a greater extent in a fasted compared with a fed state; however, optimal performance was achieved in a fed state with the addition of a CHO mouth rinse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Lane
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Stephen R. Bird
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Louise M. Burke
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, ACT 2626, Australia
| | - John A. Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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142
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Kaye WH, Wierenga CE, Bailer UF, Simmons AN, Bischoff-Grethe A. Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels: the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:110-20. [PMID: 23333342 PMCID: PMC3880159 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) engage in relentless restrictive eating and often become severely emaciated. Because there are no proven treatments, AN has high rates of relapse, chronicity, and death. Those with AN tend to have childhood temperament and personality traits, such as anxiety, obsessions, and perfectionism, which may reflect neurobiological risk factors for developing AN. Restricted eating may be a means of reducing negative mood caused by skewed interactions between serotonin aversive or inhibitory and dopamine reward systems. Brain imaging studies suggest that altered eating is a consequence of dysregulated reward and/or awareness of homeostatic needs, perhaps related to enhanced executive ability to inhibit incentive motivational drives. An understanding of the neurobiology of this disorder is likely to be important for developing more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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143
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Schiffman SS, Rother KI. Sucralose, a synthetic organochlorine sweetener: overview of biological issues. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2013; 16:399-451. [PMID: 24219506 PMCID: PMC3856475 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.842523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sucralose is a synthetic organochlorine sweetener (OC) that is a common ingredient in the world's food supply. Sucralose interacts with chemosensors in the alimentary tract that play a role in sweet taste sensation and hormone secretion. In rats, sucralose ingestion was shown to increase the expression of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and two cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isozymes in the intestine. P-gp and CYP are key components of the presystemic detoxification system involved in first-pass drug metabolism. The effect of sucralose on first-pass drug metabolism in humans, however, has not yet been determined. In rats, sucralose alters the microbial composition in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), with relatively greater reduction in beneficial bacteria. Although early studies asserted that sucralose passes through the GIT unchanged, subsequent analysis suggested that some of the ingested sweetener is metabolized in the GIT, as indicated by multiple peaks found in thin-layer radiochromatographic profiles of methanolic fecal extracts after oral sucralose administration. The identity and safety profile of these putative sucralose metabolites are not known at this time. Sucralose and one of its hydrolysis products were found to be mutagenic at elevated concentrations in several testing methods. Cooking with sucralose at high temperatures was reported to generate chloropropanols, a potentially toxic class of compounds. Both human and rodent studies demonstrated that sucralose may alter glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels. Taken together, these findings indicate that sucralose is not a biologically inert compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S. Schiffman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to Susan S. Schiffman, PhD, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7911, USA. E-mail:
| | - Kristina I. Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes & Metabolism, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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144
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Tomasi D, Volkow ND. Striatocortical pathway dysfunction in addiction and obesity: differences and similarities. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:1-19. [PMID: 23173916 PMCID: PMC3557663 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.735642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging techniques are starting to reveal significant overlap in the brain circuitry underlying addiction and disorders of dyscontrol over rewarding behaviors (such as binge eating disorder and obesity). Positron emission tomography (PET) has demonstrated impaired striatal dopamine (DA) signaling (decreased D2 receptors) in drug addiction and obesity that is associated with reduced baseline glucose metabolism in medial and ventral prefrontal brain regions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has documented brain activation abnormalities that also implicate DA-modulated striato-cortical pathways. In this review we map findings from recent neuroimaging studies that differentiate brain activation in drug/food addiction from those in controls within brain networks functionally connected with ventral and dorsal striatum. We show that regions found to be abnormal in addiction and obesity frequently emerge at the overlap of the dorsal and the ventral striatal networks. Medial temporal and superior frontal regions functionally connected with dorsal striatum display greater vulnerability in obesity and eating disorders than in drug addictions, indicating more widespread abnormalities for obesity and eating disorders than for addictions. This corroborates involvement of both ventral striatal (predominantly associated with reward and motivation) and dorsal striatal networks (associated with habits or stimulus response learning) in addiction and obesity but also identify distinct patterns between these two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardo Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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145
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Omar R, Mahoney CJ, Buckley AH, Warren JD. Flavour identification in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84:88-93. [PMID: 23138765 PMCID: PMC3534254 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-303853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits of flavour processing may be clinically important in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). OBJECTIVE To examine flavour processing in FTLD. METHODS We studied flavour identification prospectively in 25 patients with FTLD (12 with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), eight with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), five with non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA)) and 17 healthy control subjects, using a new test based on cross-modal matching of flavours to words and pictures. All subjects completed a general neuropsychological assessment, and odour identification was also assessed using a modified University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Brain MRI volumes from the patient cohort were analysed using voxel-based morphometry to identify regional grey matter associations of flavour identification. RESULTS Relative to the healthy control group, the bvFTD and svPPA subgroups showed significant (p<0.05) deficits of flavour identification and all three FTLD subgroups showed deficits of odour identification. Flavour identification performance did not differ significantly between the FTLD syndromic subgroups. Flavour identification performance in the combined FTLD cohort was significantly (p<0.05 after multiple comparisons correction) associated with grey matter volume in the left entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and temporal pole. CONCLUSIONS Certain FTLD syndromes are associated with impaired flavour identification and this is underpinned by grey matter atrophy in an anteromedial temporal lobe network. These findings may have implications for our understanding of abnormal eating behaviour in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohani Omar
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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146
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Can age-related CNS taste differences be detected as early as middle age? Evidence from fMRI. Neuroscience 2012; 232:194-203. [PMID: 23211563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Middle-aged Americans have higher obesity rates than any other age group, yet little is known about age-related changes in central taste function during this critical time. Research on taste and aging has primarily focused on psychophysical responses, and on older adults. Central taste processing in middle-age has not been investigated. In the current study, we compared functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation of young and middle-aged adults during hedonic evaluation of a sweet and a bitter taste. A 2 (age group) by 2 (tastant) analysis of variance (ANOVA) on fMRI activation revealed: (1) a main effect of age (young adults>middle-aged adults) in the bilateral anterior cingulate, lentiform nucleus, putamen, caudate, and right precentral gyrus; (2) a main effect of taste (sweet>bitter) in the bilateral pre- and postcentral gyri, anterior cingulate and right middle frontal gyrus; qualified by (3) an age-by-taste interaction. Further inspection of the age-by-taste interaction revealed that there was a significant effect of age (greater activation in young adults) in sensory (insula) and reward (lentiform nucleus) regions during hedonic evaluation of the sweet taste; however, there was no age effect in the bitter taste condition. Further, young adults had greater responses during hedonic evaluation of sucrose than of caffeine in several sensory and motor processing regions (pre- and postcentral gyri, insula), but there were no taste-related differences in activation in the middle-aged adults. We speculate that these results might reflect early age-related differences in central taste processing that occur prior to deficits in gustatory function observed in old age, and this might have important implications for weight changes that occur during middle-age.
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147
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Stice E, Burger K, Yokum S. Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods. Neuroimage 2012. [PMID: 23201365 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restraint theoretically increases risk for binge eating, but prospective and experimental studies have produced contradictory findings, apparently because dietary restraint scales do not identify individuals who are reducing caloric intake. Yet, experimentally manipulated caloric deprivation increases responsivity of brain regions implicated in attention and reward to food images, which may contribute to binge eating. We tested whether self-imposed acute and longer-term caloric restriction increases responsivity of attention and reward regions to images, anticipated receipt, and receipt of palatable food using functional magnetic resonance imaging among female and male adolescents (Study 1 n=34; Study 2 n=51/81). Duration of acute caloric deprivation correlated positively with activation in regions implicated in attention, reward, and motivation in response to images, anticipated receipt, and receipt of palatable food (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, putamen, and precentral gyrus respectively). Youth in a longer-term negative energy balance likewise showed greater activation in attention (anterior cingulate cortex, ventral medial prefrontal cortex), visual processing (superior visual cortex), reward (caudate) and memory (hippocampus) regions in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food relative to those in neutral or positive energy balance. Results confirm that self-imposed caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention, reward, and motivation regions to food, which may explain why caloric deprivation weight loss diets typically do not produce lasting weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene Oregon, 97405, USA.
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148
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Small DM. Flavor is in the brain. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:540-52. [PMID: 22542991 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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149
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Abstract
The brain governs food intake behaviour by integrating many different internal and external state and trait-related signals. Understanding how the decisions to start and to stop eating are made is crucial to our understanding of (maladaptive patterns of) eating behaviour. Here, we aim to (1) review the current state of the field of 'nutritional neuroscience' with a focus on the interplay between food-induced brain responses and eating behaviour and (2) highlight research needs and techniques that could be used to address these. The brain responses associated with sensory stimulation (sight, olfaction and taste), gastric distension, gut hormone administration and food consumption are the subject of increasing investigation. Nevertheless, only few studies have examined relations between brain responses and eating behaviour. However, the neural circuits underlying eating behaviour are to a large extent generic, including reward, self-control, learning and decision-making circuitry. These limbic and prefrontal circuits interact with the hypothalamus, a key homeostatic area. Target areas for further elucidating the regulation of food intake are: (eating) habit and food preference formation and modification, the neural correlates of self-control, nutrient sensing and dietary learning, and the regulation of body adiposity. Moreover, to foster significant progress, data from multiple studies need to be integrated. This requires standardisation of (neuroimaging) measures, data sharing and the application and development of existing advanced analysis and modelling techniques to nutritional neuroscience data. In the next 20 years, nutritional neuroscience will have to prove its potential for providing insights that can be used to tackle detrimental eating behaviour.
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150
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Szalay C, Aradi M, Schwarcz A, Orsi G, Perlaki G, Németh L, Hanna S, Takács G, Szabó I, Bajnok L, Vereczkei A, Dóczi T, Janszky J, Komoly S, Örs Horváth P, Lénárd L, Karadi Z. Gustatory perception alterations in obesity: an fMRI study. Brain Res 2012; 1473:131-40. [PMID: 22885291 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The background of feeding associated and metabolic diseases is not sufficiently understood yet. Since gustatory alterations may be of particular significance in the above illnesses, in the present experiments, cerebral activation was detected by fMRI in twelve obese patients and twelve, age and gender matched healthy subjects. The gustatory stimulus solutions were delivered via intraorally positioned polyvinyl tubes. Each session consisted of three runs. Sucrose was used as a pleasant; quinine HCl as an aversive; and a high-calorie, vanilla flavored nourishment solution as a complex taste of high palatability. In each run, only one taste was used as a stimulus. During all runs, distilled water served as a neutral stimulus. Group analysis was made by using the FSL software package. The taste stimuli elicited characteristic and distinct activity changes of the two groups. In contrast to the controls, in the obese patients, stronger activation was detected in various cortical (anterior cingulate cortex, insular and opercular cortices, orbitofrontal cortex) and subcortical (amygdala, nucleus accumbens, putamen and pallidum) structures in case of all three stimuli. The present examinations elucidated differential activation of various brain structures to pleasant and unpleasant gustatory stimuli in obese patients compared to control subjects. These taste alterations are supposed to be of particular significance in obesity, and our findings may contribute to develop better strategies for prevention and effective therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szalay
- Institute of Physiology and Neurophysiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pécs University, Medical School, Hungary.
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