101
|
Ahmed MB, Johir MAH, McLaughlan R, Nguyen LN, Xu B, Nghiem LD. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soil and sediments: Occurrence, fate, remediation and future outlook. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141251. [PMID: 32805564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are contaminants of great concern due to their wide-spread occurrence and persistence in the environments (i.e., in water, soil and sediment) and potential toxicology even at very low concentration. The main focus of this review is on the PFASs in soil and sediments. More specifically, this review systematically examines the occurrence and toxicological effects with associated risks, fate (i.e., PFASs adsorption by soil and sediment, transportation and transformation, and bioaccumulation), and remediation practices of PFASs in soil and sediment. Various models and equations such as fugacity-based multimedia fate and hydrodynamic models are used to study the fate, transport, and transformation of PFASs. Among different remediation practices, sorption is the dominant process for the removal of PFASs from soil and sediments. Results also indicate that PFASs adsorption onto activated carbon decrease with the increase of carbon chain length in the PFASs. The longer-chain PFASs have larger partition coefficient values than shorter-chained PFASs. Sorption of PFASs to soil and sediments are mainly governed by different electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds formation, hydrophobic interactions, organic content in soil and sediments, and ligand exchange. Other technology such as thermal treatment might be potential in the removal of PAFSs, but need further study to elucidate a conclusion. Finally, the associated challenges and future outlook have been included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Ahmed
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - M A H Johir
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Robert McLaughlan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Luong N Nguyen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bentuo Xu
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Long D Nghiem
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Chen XT, Yu PF, Xiang L, Zhao HM, Li YW, Li H, Zhang XY, Cai QY, Mo CH, Wong MH. Dynamics, thermodynamics, and mechanism of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) sorption to various soil particle-size fractions of paddy soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111105. [PMID: 32866887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil is an important sink for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) that is a typical persistent organic pollutant with high toxicity. Understanding of PFOS sorption to various particle-size fractions of soil provides an insight into the mobility and bioavailability of PFOS in soil. This study evaluated kinetics, isotherms, and mechanisms of PFOS sorption to six soil particle-size fractions of paddy soil at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.01-1 μg/mL). The used soil particle-size fractions included coarse sand (120.4-724.4 mm), fine sand (45.7-316.2 mm), coarse silt (17.3-79.4 mm), fine silt (1.9-39.8 mm), clay (0.5-4.4 mm), and humic acid fractions (8.2-83.7 mm) labeled as F1~F6, respectively. PFOS sorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics related to film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion, with speed-limiting phase acted by the latter. PFOS sorption isotherm data followed Freundlich model, with generally convex isotherms in larger size fractions (F1~F3) but concave isotherms in smaller size fractions (F4 and F5) and humic acid fraction (F6). Increasing organic matter content, Brunner-Emmet-Teller surface area, and smaller size fractions were conducive to PFOS sorption. Hydrophobic force, divalent metal ion-bridging effect, ligand exchange, hydrogen bonding, and protein-like interaction played roles in PFOS sorption. But hydrophobic force controlled the PFOS sorption, because its relevant organic matter governed the contribution of the soil fractions to the overall PFOS sorption. The larger size fractions dominated the PFOS sorption to the original soil because of their high mass percentages (~80%). This likely caused greater potential risks of PFOS migration into groundwater and bioaccumulation in crops at higher temperatures and ce values, based on their convex isotherms with an exothermic physical process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Peng-Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiang-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Wang W, Rhodes G, Ge J, Yu X, Li H. Uptake and accumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127584. [PMID: 32717507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of persistent organic contaminants that are ubiquitous in the environment and have been found to be accumulated in agricultural products. Consumption of PFAS-contaminated agricultural products represents a feasible pathway for the trophic transfer of these toxic chemicals along food chains/webs, leading to risks associated with human and animal health. Recently, studies on plant uptake and accumulation of PFASs have rapidly increased; consequently, a review to summarize the current knowledge and highlight future research is needed. Analysis of the publications indicates that a large variety of plant species can take up PFASs from the environment. Vegetables and grains are the most commonly investigated crops, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) as the most studied PFASs. The potential sources of PFASs for plant uptake include industrial emissions, irrigation with contaminated water, land application of biosolids, leachates from landfill sites, and pesticide application. Root uptake is the predominant pathway for the accumulation of PFASs in agricultural crops, and uptake by plant aboveground portions from the ambient atmosphere could play a minor role in the overall PFAS accumulation. PFAS uptake by plants is influenced by physicochemical properties of compounds (e.g., perfluorocarbon chain length, head group functionality, water solubility, and volatility), plant physiology (e.g., transpiration rate, lipid and protein content), and abiotic factors (e.g., soil organic matters, pH, salinity, and temperature). Based on literature analysis, the current knowledge gaps are identified, and future research prospects are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Geoff Rhodes
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jing Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xiangyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Olatunde OC, Kuvarega AT, Onwudiwe DC. Photo enhanced degradation of polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05614. [PMID: 33305052 PMCID: PMC7718166 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the presence of highly recalcitrant poly- and per- fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment, plant tissues and animals continues to pose serious health concerns. Several treatment methods such as physical, biological and chemical processes have been explored to deal with these compounds. Current trends have shown that the destructive treatment processes, which offer degradation and mineralization of PFASs, are the most desirable process among researchers and policy makers. This article, therefore, reviews the degradation and defluorination processes, their efficiencies and the degradation mechanism of photon-based processes. It shows that high degradation and defluorination efficiency of PFASs could be achieved by photon driven processes such as photolysis, photochemical, photocatalysis and photoreduction. The efficiency of these processes is greatly influenced by the nature of light and the reactive radical generated in the system. The limitation of these processes, however, include the long reaction time required and the use of anoxic reaction conditions, which are not obtainable at ambient conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan C. Olatunde
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Alex T. Kuvarega
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida 1709, South Africa
| | - Damian C. Onwudiwe
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Xiang L, Chen XT, Yu PF, Li XH, Zhao HM, Feng NX, Li YW, Li H, Cai QY, Mo CH, Li QX. Oxalic Acid in Root Exudates Enhances Accumulation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid in Lettuce. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13046-13055. [PMID: 33030897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is bioaccumulative in crops. PFOA bioaccumulation potential varies largely among crop varieties. Root exudates are found to be associated with such variations. Concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) in root exudates from a PFOA-high-accumulation lettuce variety are observed significantly higher than those from PFOA-low-accumulation lettuce variety (p < 0.05). Root exudates and their LMWOAs components exert great influences on the linear sorption-desorption isotherms of PFOA in soils, thus activating PFOA and enhancing its bioavailability. Among root exudate components, oxalic acid is identified to play a key role in activating PFOA uptake, with >80% attribution. Oxalic acid at rhizospheric concentrations (0.02-0.5 mM) can effectively inhibit PFOA sorption to soils by decreasing hydrophobic force, electrostatic attraction, ligand exchange, and cation-bridge effect. Oxalic acid enhances dissolution of metallic ions, iron/aluminum oxides, and organic matters from soils and forms oxalate-metal complexes, based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, ultraviolet spectra, and analyses of metal ions, iron/aluminum organometallic complexes, and dissolved organic carbon. The findings not only reveal the activation process of PFOA in soils by root exudates, particularly oxalic acid at rhizospheric concentrations, but also give an insight into the mechanism of enhancing PFOA accumulation in lettuce varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Xiao-Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peng-Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin-Hong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nai-Xian Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Langberg HA, Breedveld GD, Slinde GA, Grønning HM, Høisæter Å, Jartun M, Rundberget T, Jenssen BM, Hale SE. Fluorinated Precursor Compounds in Sediments as a Source of Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids (PFAA) to Biota. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13077-13089. [PMID: 32986950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The environmental behavior of perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAA) and their precursors was investigated in lake Tyrifjorden, downstream a factory producing paper products coated with per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS). Low water concentrations (max 0.18 ng L-1 linear perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, L-PFOS) compared to biota (mean 149 μg kg-1 L-PFOS in perch livers) resulted in high bioaccumulation factors (L-PFOS BAFPerch liver: 8.05 × 105-5.14 × 106). Sediment concentrations were high, particularly for the PFOS precursor SAmPAP diester (max 1 872 μg kg-1). Biota-sediment accumulation factors (L-PFOS BSAFPerch liver: 22-559) were comparable to elsewhere, and concentrations of PFAA precursors and long chained PFAA in biota were positively correlated to the ratio of carbon isotopes (13C/12C), indicating positive correlations to dietary intake of benthic organisms. The sum fluorine from targeted analyses accounted for 54% of the extractable organic fluorine in sediment, and 9-108% in biota. This, and high trophic magnification factors (TMF, 3.7-9.3 for L-PFOS), suggests that hydrophobic precursors in sediments undergo transformation and are a main source of PFAA accumulation in top predator fish. Due to the combination of water exchange and dilution, transformation of larger hydrophobic precursors in sediments can be a source to PFAA, some of which are normally associated with uptake from water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Håkon A Langberg
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7010, Norway
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo 0855, Norway
| | - Gøril Aa Slinde
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
| | - Hege M Grønning
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
- DMR Miljø og Geoteknikk, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åse Høisæter
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo 0855, Norway
| | - Morten Jartun
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo 0349, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7010, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Abstract
The HYDRUS unsaturated flow and transport model was modified to simulate the effects of non-linear air-water interfacial (AWI) adsorption, solution surface tension-induced flow, and variable solution viscosity on the unsaturated transport of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) within the vadose zone. These modifications were made and completed between March 2019 and May 2019, and were implemented into both the one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) versions of HYDRUS. Herein, the model modifications are described and validated against the available literature-derived PFAS transport data (i.e., 1D experimental column transport data). The results of both 1D and 2D example simulations are presented to highlight the function and utility of the model to capture the dynamic and transient nature of the temporally and spatially variable interfacial area of the AWI (Aaw) as it changes with soil moisture content (Θw) and how it affects PFAS unsaturated transport. Specifically, the simulated examples show that while AWI adsorption of PFAS can be a significant source of retention within the vadose zone, it is not always the dominant source of retention. The contribution of solid-phase sorption can be considerable in many PFAS-contaminated vadose zones. How the selection of an appropriate Aaw(Θw) function can impact PFAS transport and how both mechanisms contribute to PFAS mass flux to an underlying groundwater source is also demonstrated. Finally, the effects of soil textural heterogeneities on PFAS unsaturated transport are demonstrated in the results of both 1D and 2D example simulations.
Collapse
|
108
|
Bao J, Li CL, Liu Y, Wang X, Yu WJ, Liu ZQ, Shao LX, Jin YH. Bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances in greenhouse vegetables with long-term groundwater irrigation near fluorochemical plants in Fuxin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109751. [PMID: 32531525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The levels of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been growing progressively in the groundwater beneath a fluorochemical industrial park (FIP) in Fuxin of China recently, however, little information is available about whether long-term irrigation with local groundwater could have a potential effect on the bioaccumulation of PFASs in greenhouse vegetables near the FIP. In the present study, groundwater, soil, and vegetable samples were collected from Fuxin with five sampling campaigns during a period of 40 days, and ten target analytes of PFASs in all the samples were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). As the dominant PFAS contaminants, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) in groundwater samples were determined with the maximum levels of 2.47 and 32.4 μg L-1, respectively. Furthermore, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), PFOA, and PFBS were the major PFASs in greenhouse samples of soil (up to 6.1, 6.8, and 46 ng g dry weight (dw)-1), tomato (up to 87, 1.7, and 13 ng g dw-1), and cucumber (up to 63, 2.6, and 15 ng g dw-1), which were significantly correlated with those in groundwater samples, indicating PFAS contaminations could be introduced into soil and vegetables in the greenhouse through long-term groundwater irrigation. In addition, all the levels of three main PFAS analytes in soil and vegetables presented an overall increasing trend over the period of vegetable growth. The bioaccumulation efficiencies for PFAS contaminants from soil to vegetables were negatively associated with the carbon chain length in PFASs. According to the reference dose (RfD) for PFBA, PFOA, and PFBS from the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH), daily intakes of those three analytes by rural residents in Fuxin were lower than the respective RfD via consumption of greenhouse tomatoes and cucumbers so far. However, long-term surveillance would be focused on greenhouse vegetables near the Fuxin FIP to prevent potential health risks of local residents from increasing PFAS contaminations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Bao
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China.
| | - Cheng-Long Li
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yu
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Zhi-Qun Liu
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Li-Xin Shao
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Yi-He Jin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Gao L, Liu J, Bao K, Chen N, Meng B. Multicompartment occurrence and partitioning of alternative and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in an impacted river in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138753. [PMID: 32375068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging global environmental contaminants. Exploring the occurrence and environmental behavior of PFASs in the aquatic environment is a key step in solving global fluorine chemical pollution problems. In this study, surface water, pore water, and sediment were collected from the main tributary and the middle and lower reaches of the Daling River, adjacent to the Fuxin fluorochemical manufacturing facilities in Liaoning Province in China, to elucidate the occurrence and partition behavior of PFASs. The total concentrations of PFASs ranged from 48.4 to 4578 ng/L in the overlying water, from 173 to 9952 ng/L in the pore water, and from 2.16 to 40.3 ng/g dw in the sediment fraction. Generally, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were the predominant congeners in the samples, with the mean relative content fractions being almost consistently >40% in the dissolved phase and >25% in the sediment. Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) and chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA) were detected, albeit at low levels. In addition, the detection frequency and the contribution of legacy long-chain PFASs in sediment were higher than those in the overlying water and pore water. Except for perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), the concentrations of the alternative PFASs in the pore water were higher than in the overlying water. The organic carbon fraction was a more important controlling factor for PFAS sediment levels than cations content. As with legacy long-chain PFASs, HFPO-DA and 6:2 Cl-PFESA tended to partition into the solid phase, whereas short-chain PFASs were readily distributed in the aqueous phase. Such research results will be helpful in modeling the transport and fate of PFASs released by point sources into coastal waters through rivers and in developing effective risk assessment and management strategies for the control of PFAS pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Gao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jingling Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Kun Bao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Nannan Chen
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bo Meng
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Askeland M, Clarke BO, Cheema SA, Mendez A, Gasco G, Paz-Ferreiro J. Biochar sorption of PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS and PFHxA in two soils with contrasting texture. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126072. [PMID: 32045751 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to immobilise PFAS in soil may be an essential interim tool while technologies are developed for effective long-term treatment of PFAS contaminated soils. Serial sorption experiments were undertaken using a pine derived biochar produced at 750 °C (P750). All experiments were carried out either in individual mode (solution with one PFAS at 5 μg/L) or mix mode (solution with 5 μg/L of each: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS and PFHxA), and carried out in 2:1 water to soil solutions. Soils had biochar added in the range 0-5% w/w. Kinetic data were fitted to the pseudo-second order model for both amended soils, with equilibrium times ranging 0.5-96 h for all congeners. PFOS sorption was 11.1 ± 4.5% in the loamy sand compared to 69.8 ± 4.9% in the sandy clay loam. While total sorption was higher in the unamended loamy sand than sandy clay loam for PFHxA, PFOA and PFOS, the effect of biochar amendment for each compound was found to be significantly higher in amended sandy clay loam than in amended loamy sand. Application of biochar reduced the desorbed PFAS fraction of all soils. Soil type and experimental mode played a significant role in influencing desorption. Overall, the relationship between sorbent and congener was demonstrated to be highly impacted by soil type, however the unique physiochemical properties of each PFAS congener greatly influenced its unique equilibrium, sorption and desorption behaviour for each amended soil and mode tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Askeland
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Sardar Alam Cheema
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Ana Mendez
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gasco
- Department of Agricultural Production, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Gredelj A, Polesel F, Trapp S. Model-based analysis of the uptake of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from soil into plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125534. [PMID: 32050335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) bioaccumulate in crops, with uptake being particularly high for short-chain PFAAs that are constantly transported with transpiration water to aerial plant parts. Due to their amphiphilic surfactant nature and ionized state at environmental pH, predicting the partitioning behavior of PFAAs is difficult and subject to considerable uncertainty, making experimental data highly desirable. Here, we applied a plant uptake model that combines advective flux with measured partition coefficients to reproduce the set of empirically derived plant uptake and soil-partitioning data for nine PFAAs in red chicory, in order to improve the mechanistic understanding and provide new insights into the complex uptake processes. We introduced a new parameter for retarded uptake (R) to explain the slow transfer of PFAA across biomembranes of the root epidermis, which has led to low transpiration stream concentration factors (TSCFs) presented in literature so far. We estimated R values for PFAAs using experimental data derived for red chicory and used the modified plant uptake model to simulate uptake of PFAA into other crops. Results show that this semi-empirical model predicted PFAAs transport to shoots and fruits with good accuracy based on experimental root to soil concentration factors (RCFdw) and soil to water partition coefficients (Kd) as well as estimated R values and plant-specific data for growth and transpiration. It can be concluded that the combination of rather low Kd with high RCFdw and the absence of any relevant loss are the reason for the observed excellent plant uptake of PFAAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gredelj
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet 115, DK-2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Fabio Polesel
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet 115, DK-2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark; DHI A/S, Agern Allé 5, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet 115, DK-2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Lu D, Sha S, Luo J, Huang Z, Zhang Jackie X. Treatment train approaches for the remediation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 386:121963. [PMID: 31896004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have recently drawn great attention due to their ubiquitous presence in aquatic environments and potential toxicity to human health and the environment. A number of recent studies have demonstrated that "passive" removal approaches, such as adsorption, filtration, and reverse osmosis or "active" degradation technologies, such as enhanced photolysis, electrochemical oxidation, and sonochemical destruction, are all able to individually conduct remedial measures for PFAS contamination at some level. However, drawbacks, specifically high energy consumption, low cost-efficiency, and extreme operating conditions, are commonly observed from these studies which significantly suppress the future for commercialization of these innovative technologies. Since 2015, a new trend of PFAS remediation has emerged that uses multiple synergetic technologies simultaneously (known as treatment train processes) to effectively achieve in-situ remediation of PFAS. This paper provides new insight of the recently reported treatment train studies selected from approximately 150 different publications with regards to the remediation of PFAS and discusses their innovative designs, remediation performances, present limits, and possible improvements. Based on a comprehensive review of the current treatment train studies, this review work proposes a new design that consists of three individual technologies, namely, nanofiltration, electrochemical anodic oxidation, and electro-Fenton degradation, to maximize economic and environmental benefits of PFAS remedial measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dingnan Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, United States.
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, United States.
| | - Jiayue Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, United States.
| | - Zhuangrong Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, United States.
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang Jackie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Gredelj A, Nicoletto C, Valsecchi S, Ferrario C, Polesello S, Lava R, Zanon F, Barausse A, Palmeri L, Guidolin L, Bonato M. Uptake and translocation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) in red chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) under various treatments with pre-contaminated soil and irrigation water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134766. [PMID: 31791778 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), particularly short-chained ones, have high potential for crop uptake, posing a threat to human health in contaminated areas. There is a scarcity of studies using contaminated water as the medium for PFAAs delivery to crops, and a lack of data on the partitioning of PFAA mixtures in growing media. In this context, a controlled experimental study was carried out in a greenhouse to investigate the uptake of a PFAA mixture into red chicory, a typical crop from a major PFAA contamination hot-spot in northern Italy, under treatments with environmentally relevant concentrations in spiked irrigation water and soil, separately and simultaneously. To our knowledge, this is the first study involving multiple exposure media and laboratory adsorption/desorption batch tests as a way of assessing the decrease in the bioavailability of PFAAs from soil. Exposure concentrations for each of the 9 utilized PFAAs were 0, 1, 10 and 80 µg/L in irrigation water and 0, 100 and 200 ng/gdw in soil, combined into 12 treatments. The highest bioaccumulation was measured for PFBA in roots (maximum of 43 µg/gdw), followed by leaves and heads of the chicory plants in all treatments, with the concentrations exponentially decreasing with an increasing PFAA chain length in all plant compartments. The use of irrigation water as the delivery medium increased the transport of PFAAs to the aerial chicory parts, long-chain substances in particular. Additionally, the distribution of PFAAs in the soil was assessed by depth and compared with laboratory measured soil-water equilibrium partition coefficients, revealing only partial dependency of PFAAs bioavailability on the adsorption in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gredelj
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Carlo Nicoletto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Claudia Ferrario
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Stefano Polesello
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Roberto Lava
- ARPAV (Regional Environmental Agency of Veneto), Via Lissa 6, 30174 Venezia, Mestre, Italy
| | - Francesca Zanon
- ARPAV (Regional Environmental Agency of Veneto), Via Lissa 6, 30174 Venezia, Mestre, Italy
| | - Alberto Barausse
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Palmeri
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Guidolin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Bonato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Agbaogun BK, Fischer K. Adsorption of phenylurea herbicides by tropical soils. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:212. [PMID: 32133572 PMCID: PMC7056688 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-8160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of pesticides in soils with consequences for their mobility, bioavailability and water contamination is mainly ruled by sorption processes. Such processes are seldom investigated in tropical soils. Thus, specific interactions between tropical soils and most pesticides are widely unknown. Furthermore, the question arises whether the same factors govern adsorption in tropical and temperate soils. Thus, the sorption behaviour of five phenylurea herbicides (PUHs) was studied in eighteen differently composed soils originating from southwestern Nigeria. Sorption data were obtained by equilibrating the soil samples with 0.01 M CaCl2 solutions spiked with increasing concentrations of the target PUHs. The equilibrium data fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm equation (R2 ≥ 0.96), delivering the corresponding parameters (Kf and n). Linear distribution coefficients (Kd) were also calculated. The Pearson correlation was used to identify the specific soil and herbicide properties that have statistically significant correlations with sorption parameters. High correlations were established for various soil properties (pH, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon content, content of amorphous Fe and Mn oxides, clay/silt mass proportions) as well as molecular descriptors (octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) and molecular mass (Mw)) of the moderately hydrophobic herbicides. Monuron, chlorotoluron and isoproturon showed higher affinities for soil than previously reported. The gathered knowledge might assist in the assessment and in the precautionary avoidance of potential risks generated by these compounds in tropical soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Department of Analytical and Ecological Chemistry, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Oliver DP, Li Y, Orr R, Nelson P, Barnes M, McLaughlin MJ, Kookana RS. Sorption behaviour of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in tropical soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113726. [PMID: 32006795 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The sorption behaviour of three perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), namely perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), was determined on 28 tropical soils. Tropical soils are often highly weathered, richer in sesquioxides than temperate soils and may contain variable charge minerals. There are little data on sorption of PFASs in tropical soils. The highest Kd values were found for PFOS with mean values ranging from 0 to 31.6 L/kg. The Kd values for PFOA and PFHxS ranged from 0 to 4.9 L/kg and from 0 to 5.6 L/kg, respectively. While these values are in the range of literature sorption data, the average Kd values for PFOS and PFOA from the literature were 3.7 times and 3.6 times higher, respectively, than those measured in this study. Stepwise regression analysis did explain some of the variance, but with different explanatory variables for the different PFASs. The main soil properties explaining sorption for PFOS and PFOA were oxalate-extractable Al and pH, and for PFHxS was pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle P Oliver
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, 5064, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Yasong Li
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, 5064, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Ryan Orr
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, 4878, Qld, Australia.
| | - Paul Nelson
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, 4878, Qld, Australia.
| | - Mary Barnes
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Michael J McLaughlin
- Soil Science, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, 5064, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Rai S Kookana
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, 5064, South Australia, Australia; Soil Science, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, 5064, South Australia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Liu B, Zhang H, Yu Y, Xie L, Li J, Wang X, Dong W. Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) in Soil of the Pearl River Delta, China: Spatial Distribution, Sources, and Ecological Risk Assessment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:182-189. [PMID: 31655873 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the levels, spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risks of 16 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in 68 surface soil samples (0-20 cm) from 7 cities in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. Sixteen target PFCs, including perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs, C5-C14, C16, and C18) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs, C4, C6, C8, and C10), were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS). Concentrations of total PFCs (∑PFCs) ranged from 2.19 to 98.5 μg kg-1 (dry weight, dw), with an average of 5.97 μg kg-1 dw. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the dominant PFC, accounting for 23.9% of ∑PFCs. The highest ∑PFCs was found in the soil sample collected from Dongguan with a large number of manufacturing industries. There were no significant differences of ∑PFCs among unban, industrial, and agricultural soils, indicating similar pollution sources in soil of the PRD. More than 70% of ∑PFCs in soil of the PRD could be attributed to the four principal components, represented by PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA). Ecological risk assessment indicated that PFOA had low risk to soil plants and animals. However, the risk of PFOS to soil plants was relatively high in some studied regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Liu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Liuwei Xie
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Juying Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xinxuan Wang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Weihua Dong
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Zhang DQ, Wang M, He Q, Niu X, Liang Y. Distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in aquatic plant-based systems: From soil adsorption and plant uptake to effects on microbial community. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113575. [PMID: 31733970 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically explored the distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) through soil adsorption and plant bioaccumulation in aquatic plant-based systems, derived from a surface flow constructed wetland (CW) planted with Typha angustifolia. The water-soil-plant systems were fortified with eight perfluoroalkyl subsntances (PFASs) at different concentrations. The potential for individual PFAS adsorption onto soil substrate and bioaccumulation in the plants increased with the increasing PFAS initial concentrations. Longer-chain PFASs exhibited higher affinity to soil substrate compared to shorter-chain PFASs. The highest concentration in the soil was observed for PFOS (51.3 ng g-1), followed by PFHxS (9.39 ng g-1), and PFOA (5.53 ng g-1) at low PFAS level. The perfluoroalkyl chain length dependent trend was also seen in the roots with the highest individual PFAS concentration for PFOS (68.9 ng g-1), followed by PFOA (18.5 ng g-1) and PFHxS (13.4 ng g-1). By contrast, shorter-chain PFASs were preferentially translocated from roots to shoots in Typha angustifolia. A significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation between bioaccumulation factor (BAFplant/water) (whole plant) and perfluoroalkyl chain length was observed. PFASs content in the plant compartments increased with increasing PFAS concentrations in the soil. Mass balance analysis indicates that approximately 40.7-99.6% of PFAS mass added to the system was adsorbed onto the soil and bioaccumulated in the plant tissues of T. angustifolia. Soil adsorption played a vital role in PFAS mass distribution. The results of Illumina high-throughput sequencing show that the bacterial diversity decreased upon PFAS exposure. The most predominant phyla retrieved were Proteobacteria (24.7-39.3%), followed by Actinobacteria (4.2-41.1%), Verrucomicrobia (7.9-25.1%), Bacteroidetes (10.2-20.4%), Cyanobacteria (0.4-16.5%), and Firmicutes (1.1-6.4%). The PFAS enrichment caused the changes (p > 0.05) in the structure and composition of bacterial community. This study helps to gain insight into a better understanding of the potential for PFASs distribution in an aquatic plant-based system and the impact on dynamic of microbial community exposed to PFASs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qing Zhang
- Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China.
| | - Mo Wang
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Qiaochong He
- College of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Xiaojun Niu
- Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China.
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany NY 12222, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Li J, He J, Niu Z, Zhang Y. Legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and alternatives (short-chain analogues, F-53B, GenX and FC-98) in residential soils of China: Present implications of replacing legacy PFASs. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105419. [PMID: 31874352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the worldwide regulation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the alternatives (short chain analogues and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs) have gradually attracted global attention. This study analysed the replacing of legacy PFASs in China using PFASs data from residential soils, which might be good environmental indicators of their present usage. The total concentrations of 21 PFASs ranged from 244 to 13564 pg/g, and PFOA was the dominant compound among the studied PFASs, with a concentration of 354 ± 439 pg/g. Serious PFASs pollution in residential soils mainly occurred in Eastern Coastal China as a result of locally developed industry and economies. Weak but significant correlations were found between PFASs and environmental and socioeconomic factors, suggesting that various factors determine PFASs contamination in residential soils. The concentration and detection frequency (DF) of short-chain analogues (C < 8) (375 ± 509 pg/g and 100%), and F-53B (216 ± 306 pg/g and 98.9%) were higher than those for PFOS (193 ± 502 pg/g and 85.4%), indicating that these compounds have been widely used as PFOS alternatives and their consumption has already exceeded that of PFOS in China. In addition, GenX (the PFOA alternative) had a concentration and DF of 19.1 ± 104 pg/g and 40.5%, respectively. These values were much lower than those for PFOA (354 ± 439 pg/g and 96.6%), indicating GenX consumption is still limited at the national scale of China, despite its use as a PFOA replacement. Moreover, the low concentration and DF of FC-98 (2.31 ± 11.1 pg/g and 27.0%) indicate that its consumption might be negligible. Our study demonstrated that short chain analogues and emerging alternatives have become the dominant PFAS pollutants in Chinese residential soils, and further studies need to be conducted to understand their toxicity and environmental risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiahui He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Groffen T, Rijnders J, Verbrigghe N, Verbruggen E, Prinsen E, Eens M, Bervoets L. Influence of soil physicochemical properties on the depth profiles of perfluoroalkylated acids (PFAAs) in soil along a distance gradient from a fluorochemical plant and associations with soil microbial parameters. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124407. [PMID: 31545204 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of perfluoroalkylated acids (PFAAs) has led to a global presence in the environment, in which they accumulate and may cause detrimental effects. Although soils are known sinks for many persistent organic pollutants, still little is known on the behaviour of PFAAs in soils. Furthermore, studies that examine the relationships between PFAA concentrations and soil microbial parameters are scarce. The 3 M fluorochemical plant near Antwerp has been characterized as a PFAAs hotspot. In the present study, we examined the vertical distribution of 15 PFAAs and their associations with multiple physicochemical soil properties along a distance gradient from this hotspot. Additionally, we tested the relationships between PFAA concentrations in the top soil with soil respiration, microbial activity and microbial biomass. Our results show that both perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations were elevated in the subsurface layer (up to 50 cm), after which concentrations decreased again, suggesting a downward migration of both analytes in the soil. This downward movement might pose a potential threat for the contamination of the groundwater and, consequently, organisms that rely on this water for consumption. The soil concentrations were influenced by multiple physicochemical properties of the soil, which suggests differences in bioavailability and sorption/desorption capacities between different soil types. We did not observe any influence of PFAA contamination in the top soil on microbial activity and biomass nor soil respiration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Groffen
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicologal Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium; Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group (BECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Jet Rijnders
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicologal Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Niel Verbrigghe
- Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Erik Verbruggen
- Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group (BECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicologal Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Sorengard M, Kleja DB, Ahrens L. Stabilization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) with colloidal activated carbon (PlumeStop®) as a function of soil clay and organic matter content. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 249:109345. [PMID: 31487666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The global problem of contamination of drinking water sources and the aquatic environment with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) originating from highly contaminated soils is addressed in this study. For the first time, a colloidal activated carbon (AC) product (PlumeStop®) was systematically assessed for PFASs stabilization in soil. Colloidal (particle size 0.1-1.1 μm) AC has the advantage that field application is non-intrusive, comprising injection under high pressure in situ at PFAS-contaminated soil hotspots. In the assessment, 10 different soil mixtures with gradually increasing organic carbon and clay fractions were spiked with 18 different PFASs of varying perfluorocarbon chain length and four different functional groups and aged for one year. Equilibrium leaching tests showed that the ability of colloidal AC to increase sorption of PFASs to soil was highly dependent on PFAS perfluorocarbon chain length. The best treatment efficiency was observed for perfluorocarbon chain lengths 6-7 at which colloidal AC resulted in sorption of 81%, 85%, and 86% for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTSA) and perfluorohexane sulfonate, (PFHxS), respectively. Sorption of individual PFASs decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing organic carbon content in soil treated with colloidal AC indicating stearic hindrance of the ACs pore structure. On the other hand, the sorption of the majority of PFASs increased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing clay content in colloidal AC-treated soil, which can be explained by increase in surface area that colloidal AC can sorb to. Overall, the results indicate that the colloidal AC product tested can be useful in remediation approaches for certain PFASs under specific field conditions and PFAS contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sorengard
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dan Berggren Kleja
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Kornhamnstorg 61, Stockholm, 111 27 , Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Lasee S, Subbiah S, Thompson WA, Karnjanapiboonwong A, Jordan J, Payton P, Anderson TA. Plant Uptake of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Acids under a Maximum Bioavailability Scenario. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2497-2502. [PMID: 31408228 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have evaluated the fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in aquatic environments, few have observed their fate in terrestrial environments. It has been proposed that ingestion could be a major PFAA exposure route for humans. We determined PFAA uptake in radish, carrot, and alfalfa under a maximum bioavailability scenario. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were determined in the edible tissue of radish (perfluorobutanesulfonate [PFBS] = 72; perfluorohexanesulfonate [PFHxS] = 13; perfluoroheptanoate [PFHpA] = 65; perfluorooctanoate [PFOA] = 18; perfluorooctanesulfonate [PFOS] = 2.9; and perfluorononanoate [PFNA] = 9.6), carrot (PFBS = 5.9; PFHxS = 1.1; PFHpA = 29; PFOA = 3.1; PFOS = 1; and PFNA = 1.4), and alfalfa (PFBS = 107; PFHxS = 12; PFHpA = 91; PFOA = 10; PFOS = 1.4; and PFNA = 1.7). Some of these PFAA BCFs are as much as 2 orders of magnitude higher than those measured previously in plants grown in biosolid-amended soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2497-2502. © 2019 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lasee
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Seenivasan Subbiah
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - William A Thompson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Juliette Jordan
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Paxton Payton
- Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Todd A Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Brusseau ML. Estimating the relative magnitudes of adsorption to solid-water and air/oil-water interfaces for per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113102. [PMID: 31491699 PMCID: PMC6800169 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have attracted considerable concern due to their widespread occurrence in the environment and potential human health risks. Given the complexity of PFAS retention in multi-phase systems, it would be useful for characterization and modeling purposes to be able to readily determine the relative significance of the individual retention processes for a given PFAS and set of subsurface conditions. A quantitative-structure/property-relationship (QSPR) analysis was conducted for adsorption of PFAS by soils, sediments, and granular activated carbon (GAC), and integrated with a prior analysis conducted for adsorption to air-water and oil-water interfaces. The results demonstrated that a model employing molar volume provided reasonable predictions of organic-carbon normalized soil/sediment adsorption coefficients (log Koc), GAC-adsorption coefficients (log Kd), and air/oil-water interfacial adsorption coefficients (log Ki) for PFAS. The relative magnitudes of solid-water and air/oil-water interfacial adsorption were compared as a function of controlling variables. A nomograph was developed that provides a first-order determination of the relative significance of these interfacial adsorption processes in multi-phase porous-media systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Brusseau
- Environmental Science Department, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences Department, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Xiao F, Jin B, Golovko SA, Golovko MY, Xing B. Sorption and Desorption Mechanisms of Cationic and Zwitterionic Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Natural Soils: Thermodynamics and Hysteresis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11818-11827. [PMID: 31553179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sorption linearity and reversibility are implicit in models for the fate and transport of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In this study, however, we found that the sorption of cationic and zwitterionic PFAS in natural soils was highly nonlinear. The nonlinearity was so severe that it led to a variation in the coefficient of sorption by several orders of magnitude over the experimental concentration range. This implies a considerable increase in sorption as concentration falls in the natural environment. Sorption of cationic PFAS correlated strongly with the soil organic matter (SOM) content and was reversible in all soils. Sorption of zwitterionic PFAS, on the other hand, displayed concentration-dependent hysteresis in soils with a low SOM content. The irreversibility, which was associated with neither SOM, pore deformation, nor surface complexation, was likely caused by the entrapment of molecules in porous structures within inorganic components of soil aggregates. Furthermore, electrostatic interactions with negatively charged soil constituents and the hydrophobic effect were found to be major sorption driving forces for cationic/zwitterionic PFAS at low and high concentrations, respectively. The maximum electrostatic potential of PFAS ions, computed using density functional theory, was found to be a useful predictor of the sorption of ionic PFAS species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil Engineering , University of North Dakota , 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115 , Grand Forks , North Dakota 58202 , United States
| | - Bosen Jin
- Department of Civil Engineering , University of North Dakota , 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115 , Grand Forks , North Dakota 58202 , United States
| | - Svetlana A Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of North Dakota , 1301 Columbia Road North Stop 9037 , Grand Forks , North Dakota 58202 , United States
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of North Dakota , 1301 Columbia Road North Stop 9037 , Grand Forks , North Dakota 58202 , United States
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Knight ER, Janik LJ, Navarro DA, Kookana RS, McLaughlin MJ. Predicting partitioning of radiolabelled 14C-PFOA in a range of soils using diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:505-513. [PMID: 31185399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish partitioning coefficients (Kd) of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a wide range of soils and determine if those values can be predicted from soil properties using multiple linear regression (MLR) and from infrared spectra of soils using partial least squares regression (PLSR). For 100 different soils, the Kd values of spiked radiolabelled 14C-PFOA ranged from 0.6 to 14.8 L/kg and significantly decreased with soil depth (p < 0.05) due to soil properties that change with depth. The MLR modelling revealed that PFOA sorption was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced, in decreasing order, by organic carbon (OC) content, silt-plus-clay content and soil pH. Soils were partitioned into all soils and surface soils alone. The MLR models using OC, silt-plus-clay content and pH together explained most of the variation in sorption in all soils as well as surface soils alone (0-15 cm). However, correlations between soil properties and Kd values in some soils could not be explained by the MLR model. Modelling of Kd prediction in soils with PLSR and diffuse reflectance (mid) infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT) showed comparable success in explaining the predictions of Kd values, including some of the outliers identified in the MLR model. The PLSR loading weights suggested that quartz, and possibly pyrophyllite minerals, were inversely correlated with the Kd values. Given that MLR requires a-priori characterisation of a range of soil properties and PLSR-DRIFT is a method based on the direct relationship between spectra and soil components, mid-infrared spectroscopy may be a more economical and rapid technique to predict the solid-liquid partitioning of PFOA in soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Knight
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Leslie J Janik
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Divina A Navarro
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Rai S Kookana
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Michael J McLaughlin
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Uwayezu JN, Yeung LWY, Bäckström M. Sorption of PFOS isomers on goethite as a function of pH, dissolved organic matter (humic and fulvic acid) and sulfate. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:896-904. [PMID: 31340417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the distribution of PFOS isomers between the aqueous phase and goethite is crucial, since it is an abundant sorbent and thus may have a large influence on the mobility of PFOS. This study was conducted to understand the effects of pH, humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA) and sulfate on sorption of PFOS isomers. The results will increase the understanding about what parameters may control the fate and transport of PFOS in surface and ground water. The study was conducted by adding PFOS spiked water to a goethite slurry with different aqueous chemistry. Levels of total PFOS and PFOS isomers were quantified using an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatograph coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Results showed that sorption of PFOS was mainly dependent on pH; sorption decreased as pH increased. Presence of HA increased log Kd from 1.29 to 2.03, 1.76 to 1.92 and 1.51 to 1.96 at pH 5.50-7.50 for 3-/4-/4-PFOS, 6-/2-PFOS and L-PFOS, respectively. Changes in the aqueous chemistry also affected the behaviour of PFOS as the addition of Na2SO4 enhanced the sorption of PFOS. Results showed that L-PFOS was more readily sorbed to goethite at pH < 4.35 both in the presence and in the absence of humic or fulvic acids. At pH > 4.5 the 3-/4-/5-PFOS isomer group was more associated to goethite. Besides electrostatic interactions, which controlled the sorption of PFOS, this study indicate that the presence of dissolved humic substances in the aqueous phase enhances the sorption via hydrophobic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Noel Uwayezu
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mattias Bäckström
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Brusseau ML, Khan N, Wang Y, Yan N, Van Glubt S, Carroll KC. Nonideal Transport and Extended Elution Tailing of PFOS in Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10654-10664. [PMID: 31464435 PMCID: PMC6830724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to examine the influence of nonideal sorption/desorption on the transport of polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in soil, with a specific focus on characterizing and quantifying potential extended, mass-transfer-limited elution behavior. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was used as a representative PFAS, and miscible-displacement experiments were conducted with two soils comprising contrasting geochemical properties. The influence of nonlinear, rate-limited, hysteretic, and irreversible sorption/desorption on transport was investigated through experiments and model simulations. The breakthrough curves measured for PFOS transport in the two soils were asymmetrical and exhibited extensive elution tailing, indicating that sorption/desorption was significantly nonideal. The widely used two-domain sorption kinetics model could not fully simulate the observed transport behavior, whereas a multirate model employing a continuous distribution of sorption domains was successful. The overall results indicated that sorption/desorption was significantly rate-limited and that nonlinear, hysteretic, and irreversible sorption/desorption had minimal impact on PFOS transport. Comparison of PFOS transport data to data reported for two hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) showed that the HOCs exhibited much more extensive elution tailing, likely reflecting differences in sorption/desorption mechanisms. The projected influence of rate-limited sorption/desorption on PFOS transport at the field scale was investigated through simulation. The results of the study suggest that rate-limited sorption/desorption may affect the field-scale transport of PFOS and other PFAS for systems influenced by transient or short-residence-time conditions and in some cases could possibly increase the amount of flushing required to reduce PFOS concentrations to levels below those associated with human-health concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Brusseau
- Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
- Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
- Corresponding author:
| | - Naima Khan
- Department of Plant &Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States
| | - Yake Wang
- Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Ni Yan
- Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
- Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Sarah Van Glubt
- Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Kenneth C. Carroll
- Department of Plant &Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Langberg HA, Breedveld GD, Grønning HM, Kvennås M, Jenssen BM, Hale SE. Bioaccumulation of Fluorotelomer Sulfonates and Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Marine Organisms Living in Aqueous Film-Forming Foam Impacted Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10951-10960. [PMID: 31353899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) has resulted in hot spots polluted with poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). The phase out of long-chained perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from AFFFs resulted in the necessity for alternatives, and short-chained PFAAs and fluorotelomer-based surfactants have been used. Here, the distribution of PFAS contamination in the marine environment surrounding a military site in Norway was investigated. Up to 30 PFASs were analyzed in storm, leachate, and fjord water; marine sediments; marine invertebrates (snails, green shore crab, great spider crab, and edible crab); and teleost fish (Atlantic cod, European place, and Lemon sole). Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most abundantly detected PFAS. Differences in PFAS accumulation levels were observed among species, likely reflecting different exposure routes among trophic levels and different capabilities for depuration and/or enzymatic degradation. In agreement with previous literature, almost no 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) was detected in teleost fish. However, this study is one of the first to report considerable concentrations of 6:2 FTS in marine invertebrates, suggesting bioaccumulation. Biota monitoring and risk assessments of sites contaminated with fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSs) and related compounds should not be limited to fish, but should also include invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Håkon A Langberg
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
- Department of Geosciences , University of Oslo (UiO) , 0371 Oslo , Norway
| | - Hege M Grønning
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
| | - Marianne Kvennås
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Zhi Y, Liu J. Column chromatography approach to determine mobility of fluorotelomer sulfonates and polyfluoroalkyl betaines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:480-488. [PMID: 31141749 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Betaine-based polyfluoroalkyl surfactants are major perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl surfactants (PFASs) found in many aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) impacted sites, while the transport behavior (i.e., mobility and adsorption) of PFAS-based betaines in groundwater and natural geosorbents interfaces remains unclear. To fill the knowledge gap, partitioning between of 15 AFFF-relevant PFASs, including 3 fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSAs) and 3 polyfluoroalkyl betaines, and a model soil organic matter (SOM) were systematically assessed using a modified column chromatography approach. Results show that the retention of FTSAs (perfluoroalkyl chain-length of 4, 6, and 8) to SOM are similar to that of corresponding legacy perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) with the same chain length; FTSAs also respond to changes in solution chemistry similarly as PFSAs. At a solution pH of 5.9, based on the equilibrium speciation of the betaine-PFASs together with the experimental observations, the predominance of the neutral species over zwitterions gives rise to the relatively higher retention of polyfluoroalkyl betaines than perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) of equivalent chain-length. Sorption edges (minimal and maximal logKoc values over a defined pH range) determined for three polyfluoroalkyl betaines are: 1.90-3.81 for perfluorooctaneamide betaine (PFOAB), 2.03-2.65 for perfluoroctane sulfonamide betaine (PFOSB), and < 3.04 for 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide betaine (6:2 FTAB). Moreover, the increase in pH reduces the sorption of all PFASs to SOM. Increasing calcium ion (concentration ranges from 0.5 to 50 mM) has enhanced the sorption of anionic PFASs to SOM but decreased the sorption of the polyfluoroalkyl betaines. These findings are expected to improve the ability to anticipate and predict the possible subsurface locations (i.e., predominantly in groundwater or sorbed to soil) of both novel and legacy PFASs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhi
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Lyu X, Liu X, Sun Y, Ji R, Gao B, Wu J. Transport and retention of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in natural soils: Importance of soil organic matter and mineral contents, and solution ionic strength. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2019; 225:103477. [PMID: 31077878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Effects of soil organic matter and mineral contents, and solution ionic strength on the transport of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in different types of soils (i.e., desert soil, black soil, and red soil) were systematically investigated with a set of laboratory column experiments. The retention of PFOA in the soils under two solution ionic strengths conditions (1.0 mM and 10.0 mM CaCl2) followed an order of red soil > black soil > desert soil (expect red soil in 10 mM CaCl2). PFOA retention in the black soil (soil organic carbon content: 2.57%) was higher than that in the desert soil (soil organic carbon content: 0.05%). In addition, PFOA also showed higher mobility in treated black soils with lower organic carbon contents. These results suggest that the hydrophobic interaction is a key mechanism governing PFOA retention and transport in soils. Besides, more PFOA retention in the red soil (zeta potential: 7.25 ± 0.10 mV and 14.80 ± 0.20 mV) than the desert soil (-15.70 ± 0.10 mV and - 9.11 ± 0.10 mV) was observed, suggesting that electrostatic interaction may be another important mechanism for PFOA retention and transport in soils. Increasing ionic strength slightly increased the retention of PFOA in negatively charged desert and black soils, but significantly decreased the retention of PFOA in the positively charged red soil. Findings of this study point to the importance of soil physiochemical properties to the fate and transport of PFOA in natural soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Oliver DP, Li Y, Orr R, Nelson P, Barnes M, McLaughlin MJ, Kookana RS. The role of surface charge and pH changes in tropical soils on sorption behaviour of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 673:197-206. [PMID: 30986679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of surface charge on the sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) onto 7 tropical soils as a function of pH. The net surface charge became less negative with decreasing pH (from 7.5 to 3.5) in all soils. The rate of change in net surface charge varied from -0.6 to -2.8 (cmol/kg)/pH unit. The effect on sorption behaviour of PFASs was variable among soils. For two soils, the average sorption increased 54- and 45-fold for PFOS, 33- and 9-fold for PFOA, and 39- and 400-fold for PFHxS, across the pH range 7.5 to 3.5. Sorption in another sandier soil showed negligible change with decreasing pH. Sorption in the other soils did not change significantly until the pH decreased to approximately 5.5. The soils with high contents of sesquioxides (Fe and Al oxides) showed the most marked increase in sorption with decreasing pH. This study demonstrated that in addition to hydrophobic interactions with OC and other processes, electrostatic interactions are also important in the sorption process for these chemicals in soils. In acidic, variably charged tropical soils there is the possibility that any PFOS, PFOA or PFHxS sorbed to the soils may become desorbed if management practices (e.g. liming) raised soil pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle P Oliver
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond 5064, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Yasong Li
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond 5064, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Ryan Orr
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns 4878, Qld, Australia.
| | - Paul Nelson
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns 4878, Qld, Australia.
| | - Mary Barnes
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Michael J McLaughlin
- Soil Science, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond 5064, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Rai S Kookana
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond 5064, South Australia, Australia; Soil Science, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond 5064, South Australia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Martz M, Heil J, Marschner B, Stumpe B. Effects of soil organic carbon (SOC) content and accessibility in subsoils on the sorption processes of the model pollutants nonylphenol (4-n-NP) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:162-173. [PMID: 30954815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Subsoils control the release of hydrophobic pollutants to groundwater systems, but the role of subsoil soil organic carbon (SOC) in sorption processes of hydrophobic organic pollutants remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to understand the role of subsoil SOC in sorption processes of 4-n-nonylphenol (NP) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as model pollutants. To characterize the sorption behavior of NP and PFOA, 42 sub- and 54 topsoil samples were used for batch experiments. Differences in NP and PFOA sorption between sub- and topsoil samples and its mechanisms were identified using multiple regression analysis. Generally, the sorption of NP and PFOA was linear in all samples. The sorption of NP to soil samples (logKD = 1.78-3.68) was significantly higher and less variable than that of PFOA (logKD = -0.97-1.44). In topsoils, SOC content had the highest influence on NP and PFOA sorption. For NP, hydrophobic interactions between NP and SOC were identified as the most important sorption mechanism. For PFOA, hydrophobic as well as electrostatic interactions were determined depending on soil pH. In subsoils, the relevance of SOC content for pollutant sorption decreased drastically. For NP, not SOC content but rather SOC quality was relevant in SOC poor subsoils. For PFOA, clay and iron oxide content were found to be relevant for pollutant interactions with the solid phase. Thus, especially in SOC depleted subsoils, the sorption potential for PFOA remained unpredictable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Martz
- Department of Human & Environmental Research, Institute of Geography, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Jannis Heil
- Department of Human & Environmental Research, Institute of Geography, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bernd Marschner
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Institute of Geography, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Britta Stumpe
- Department of Human & Environmental Research, Institute of Geography, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Cao X, Wang C, Lu Y, Zhang M, Khan K, Song S, Wang P, Wang C. Occurrence, sources and health risk of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soil, water and sediment from a drinking water source area. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:208-217. [PMID: 30826547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) enter into environmental metric via various pathways in the process of manufacturing and consuming the products containing PFASs. Yuqiao reservoir (YQR) is a major drinking water source in Tianjin of China, where little attention was given to PFASs. To explore the occurrence, source and risk of 17 PFASs, multi-media environmental including soil, water, and sediment were sampled from this water source area. The ∑PFASs concentrations of surface water, groundwater, soil and sediment ranged from 5.839 to 120.885 ng/L, 1.426 to 17.138 ng/L, 0.622 to 5.089 μg/kg dw, and 0.240 to 1.210 μg/kg dw respectively. Some short-chained (C4-C8) PFASs were detected widely such as PFOA, PFBA, PFHxA, PFBS, PFHpA and PFPeA in surface water and groundwater, with the detection frequency of >78%, and PFBA and PFOA dominated in the 17 PFASs. In addition, the correlations between total PFASs and TOC were significant at 0.05 level, especially in surface water with R2 = 0.9165 (p = 0.011). In terms of vertical distribution characteristics of ∑PFASs, the ∑PFASs in four sediment cores showed a decreasing trend at first, and then an increasing trend from the bottom to the top associated with TOC. PFBA/PFOA and PFHpA/PFOA showed better linear correlations with R2 of 0.5541 (p = 0.039), and for PFNA/PFOA and PFHpA/PFOA with R2 of 0.6312 (p = 0.032) at the 0.05 level in the surface water, which indicated that sewage and atmospheric precipitation were the major sources. Though the RQ results based on the measured concentrations and reference values in environmental media revealed lower risks, the potential hazard may occur due to accumulation characteristics and long-distance transmission capability of PFASs. Hence, the corresponding management strategies should be taken, such as control over emission at source, product substitution and strengthening legislation, to eliminate potential risks to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Shuai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
McLachlan MS, Felizeter S, Klein M, Kotthoff M, De Voogt P. Fate of a perfluoroalkyl acid mixture in an agricultural soil studied in lysimeters. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:180-187. [PMID: 30776763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are environmental contaminants of concern in both food and drinking water. PFAA fate in agricultural soil is an important determinant of PFAA contamination of groundwater and crops. The fate of C4-C14 perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and two perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) in an agricultural soil was studied in a field lysimeter experiment. Soil was spiked with PFAAs at four different levels and crops were planted. PFAA concentrations in soil were measured at the beginning and end of the growing season. Lysimeter drainage water was collected and analysed. The concentrations of all PFAAs decreased in the surface soil during the growing season, with the decrease being negatively correlated with the number of fluorinated carbons in the PFAA molecule. PFAA transfer to the drainage water was also negatively correlated with the number of fluorinated carbons. For the C11-C14 PFCAs most of the decrease in soil concentration was attributed to the formation of non-extractable residues. For the remaining PFAAs leaching was the dominant removal process. Leaching was concentration dependent, with more rapid removal from the soils spiked with higher PFAA levels. Model simulations based on measured Kd values under-predicted removal by leaching. This was attributed to mixture effects that reduced PFAA sorption to soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S McLachlan
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Sweden.
| | - Sebastian Felizeter
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Klein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kotthoff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Pim De Voogt
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Ateia M, Maroli A, Tharayil N, Karanfil T. The overlooked short- and ultrashort-chain poly- and perfluorinated substances: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:866-882. [PMID: 33395808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluorinated substances (PFAS) comprise more than 3000 individual compounds; nevertheless, most studies to date have focused mainly on the fate, transport and remediation of long-chain PFAS (C > 7). The main objective of this article is to provide the first critical review of the peer-reviewed studies on the analytical methods, occurrence, mobility, and treatment for ultra-short-chain PFAS (C = 2-3) and short-chain PFAS (C = 4-7). Previous studies frequently detected ultra-short-chain and short-chain PFAS in various types of aqueous environments including seas, oceans, rivers, surface/urban runoffs, drinking waters, groundwaters, rain/snow, and deep polar seas. Besides, the recent regulations and restrictions on the use of long-chain PFAS has resulted in a significant shift in the industry towards short-chain alternatives. However, our understanding of the environmental fate and remediation of these ultra-short-chain and short-chain PFAS is still fragmentary. We have also covered the handful studies involving the removal of ultra-short and short-chain PFAS and identified the future research needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ateia
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA
| | - Amith Maroli
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Groffen T, Eens M, Bervoets L. Do concentrations of perfluoroalkylated acids (PFAAs) in isopods reflect concentrations in soil and songbirds? A study using a distance gradient from a fluorochemical plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:111-123. [PMID: 30537574 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkylated acids (PFAAs) are persistent chemicals that have been detected globally in the environment and in wildlife. Although it is known that PFAAs sorb to solid matrices, little is known on PFAA concentrations in soils. PFAA pollution has often been studied in aquatic invertebrates. However, this has rarely been done on terrestrial species. In the present study, we examined whether the concentrations of 15 PFAAs in isopods (Oniscidae), collected at a fluorochemical plant and in four other areas, representing a gradient in distance from the pollution source (1 km to 11 km), were related to those in the soil and in eggs of a songbird, the great tit (Parus major), collected in the same areas. Additionally, we examined the effect of physicochemical properties such as total organic carbon (TOC) and clay content on the relationship between the concentrations in soil and isopods. Finally, we examined the composition profile in the soil and isopods. Mean PFOS and PFOA concentrations of 1700 ng/g dw and 24 ng/g dw were detected in the soil at the plant. PFOS and PFPeA were the dominant PFAAs in isopods and were detected at mean concentrations of 253 and 108 ng/g ww, respectively. The great tit eggs showed elevated mean PFOS concentrations of 55,970 ng/g ww. In most cases, PFAA concentrations decreased with increasing distance from the plant. As PFAA concentrations in isopods were correlated with concentrations in the soils, isopods could serve as a bioindicator for PFAA concentrations in soils. Additionally, there were indications that isopods could also serve as a bioindicator for PFAA concentrations in eggs of great tits. However, these indications were only the case at two locations, showing the need to further monitor the possibilities of using isopods as a bioindicator for PFAA concentrations in song bird eggs. CAPSULE: Elevated PFAA concentrations in isopods reflected concentrations in songbird eggs and in soil, indicating that trophic transfer of PFAAs from soil, via isopods, to songbirds might play a role in the PFAA exposure of terrestrial songbirds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Groffen
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicologal Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group (BECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group (BECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicologal Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Zoboli O, Clara M, Gabriel O, Scheffknecht C, Humer M, Brielmann H, Kulcsar S, Trautvetter H, Kittlaus S, Amann A, Saracevic E, Krampe J, Zessner M. Occurrence and levels of micropollutants across environmental and engineered compartments in Austria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 232:636-653. [PMID: 30522069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence and concentration of a broad spectrum of micropollutants are investigated in Austrian river catchments, namely polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organotin compounds, perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and metals. The parallel analysis across multiple environmental and engineered compartments sheds light on the ratio of dissolved and particulate transport and on differences in concentration levels between point and diffuse emission pathways. It is found that some PAHs and organotins are present in rivers, groundwater and bulk deposition at higher concentrations than in municipal wastewater effluents. Among PFAAs and metals, highest concentrations were recorded either in atmospheric deposition or in discharges from wastewater treatment plants. The relevance of the analysis across compartments is best shown by the case of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Despite municipal wastewater effluents being the emission pathway with highest concentrations, this study reveals that not only rivers, but also atmospheric deposition and groundwater sometimes exceed the environmental quality standard for surface waters. Moreover, this work reveals partially counterintuitive patterns. In rivers with treated wastewater discharges, increasing levels of dissolved compounds were measured at rising flow conditions, whereas the opposite would be expected owing to the dilution effect. This might derive from the mobilisation from soil or suspended particulate matter or rather find its explanation in high concentrations in atmospheric deposition. These hypotheses require however being tested through targeted studies. Additional future research includes the analysis of how regional or catchment specific characteristics might alter the relative importance of different emission pathways, and the modelling of emission and river loads to assess their relative contribution to river pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Zoboli
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Manfred Clara
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Gabriel
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Scheffknecht
- Institute for Environment and Food Safety of Vorarlberg, Montfortstraße 4, 6901, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Monika Humer
- Institute for Environment and Food Safety of Vorarlberg, Montfortstraße 4, 6901, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Heike Brielmann
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Kulcsar
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene Trautvetter
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Steffen Kittlaus
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arabel Amann
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernis Saracevic
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Krampe
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Zessner
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Wei C, Song X, Wang Q, Liu Y, Lin N. Influence of coexisting Cr(VI) and sulfate anions and Cu(II) on the sorption of F-53B to soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:507-515. [PMID: 30388686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (trade name F-53B), a perfluorooctane sulfonate alternative used as a mist suppressant in the chromium plating industry, is environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative. In this study, the kinetic and equilibrium data of F-53B sorption onto soils were obtained to investigate the relationship between sorption parameters and soil attributes. The effects of potential coexisting Cu(II), anionic Cr(VI) and sulfate on F-53B sorption by soils were explored. This is the first report of the effects of F-53B sorption behavior on soils with coexisting contaminants of Cu(II) and Cr(VI). The results showed that sorption kinetics of F-53B on soils could be well-fitted by the pseudo-second-order model. The maximum F-53B sorption capacity ranged from 22.71 to 92.36 mg/kg on six different soils, and the correlation analysis indicated a positive relationship between the maximum sorption capacity and the soil organic content, Al2O3, and Fe2O3. The desorption percentages of F-53B in this study, defined as the proportion of sorbed F-53B on soils that was recovered upon desorption, were lower than 8.2%. Moreover, F-53B sorption capacities generally decreased in the presence of Cu(II), Cr(VI), and sulfate, indicating that these ions can facilitate the F-53B mobility in the subsurface. Taken together, these findings suggest that electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, ligand exchange, and surface complexation contributed to the F-53B sorption on soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Na Lin
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Li F, Fang X, Zhou Z, Liao X, Zou J, Yuan B, Sun W. Adsorption of perfluorinated acids onto soils: Kinetics, isotherms, and influences of soil properties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:504-514. [PMID: 30176462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of perfluorinated acids (PFAs) onto soils with different physicochemical properties was investigated in this study. The adsorption kinetics for all PFAs onto the soil with the highest contents of total organic carbon (TOC) and iron oxide were well described by a biexponential adsorption model, indicating that two types of binding sites characterized by a fast and a slow sorption rates were involved in the adsorption, and the time required for achieving adsorption equilibrium was <48 h for all PFAs. The adsorption isotherms were well represented by both of Freundlich equation (R2 = 0.9547-0.9977) and/or Virial equation (R2 = 0.8720-0.9995). The interfacial capacitances derived from the Virial isotherm were substantially low (in the range of 33.7 to 851 μF/m2) for all soils, but were not analyte-independent for all PFAs onto the same soil. The linear regression between distribution coefficient (Kd) and individual soil property as well as principle component analysis were conducted for determining the dominant soil physicochemical properties affecting the adsorption of PFAs onto soil in the present study. The results indicated that the content of protein rather than of total organic carbon (TOC) was the dominant property, and then followed by anion exchange capacity (AEC) and the content of iron oxides. For the other properties, the influences of fulvic acid (FA) and aluminum oxides were PFA-dependent, while there were no effects of saccharide, humic acid (HA), specific surface area (SSA) and cation exchange capacities (CEC) on the adsorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xinliang Fang
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Gobelius L, Persson C, Wiberg K, Ahrens L. Calibration and application of passive sampling for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a drinking water treatment plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 362:230-237. [PMID: 30240997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to calibrate and apply polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) to examine 26 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). As a first step, the sampling rates (Rs) of 14 PFASs were determined in a laboratory calibration study for POCIS-WAX (weak-anion exchange) and POCIS-HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) (each with a surface area per mass of sorbent ratio of 227 cm2 g-1). While most PFASs were still in the linear uptake phase during the 28-day calibration study, Rs ranged from 0.003 to 0.10 L d-1 for POCIS-WAX and 0.00052 to 0.13 for POCIS-HLB. It is important to note that POCIS-WAX had higher Rs for short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) with a perfluorocarbon chain length of C3-C6 and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) compared with POCIS-HLB. Furthermore, Rs was significantly positively correlated with the sorbent-water partition coefficient (Kpw) for POCIS-WAX and POCIS-HLB (p < 0.0001). Use of POCIS-WAX and POCIS-HLB in the DWTP showed good agreement with composite water sampling. No removal of PFASs was observed in the full-scale DWTP. Overall, this is the first study of PFAS monitoring in a DWTP using two types of POCIS. The results demonstrate high suitability for future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gobelius
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Persson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Zhang R, Jiang L, Zhong M, Han D, Zheng R, Fu Q, Zhou Y, Ma J. Applicability of Soil Concentration for VOC-Contaminated Site Assessments Explored Using Field Data from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:789-797. [PMID: 30532954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A total of 128 available soil-soil gas data pairs of benzene were collected from 5 contaminated sites in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. Soil gas concentrations predicted by the linear model and the dual equilibrium desorption (DED) model were compared with measured values. Although the immersion of soil samples in methanol during sampling and preservation was specified to minimize volatilization losses and biodegradation, the study still found that many points with high soil gas concentrations correspond to unreasonably low soil concentrations. Further analysis revealed that the soil matrices of these points are basically composed of sandy and silty soils, given that soil gas collected may migrate from more contaminated soils nearby due to the large porosity and soil benzene escapes more easily during sampling in the coarser soil particles. Therefore, for sandy and silty soil, collecting soil gas would be more reasonable for screening the vapor intrusion (VI) pathway. For clay, the combination of bulk soil concentration and the DED model will be more convenient. Defaulting f as 1, as recommended by previous studies in the DED, would not be suitable for all cases, and this value needs to be further explored to revise the DED model for future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihuan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites , Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection , Beijing 100037 , China
| | - Lin Jiang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites , Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection , Beijing 100037 , China
| | - Maosheng Zhong
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites , Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection , Beijing 100037 , China
| | - Dan Han
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites , Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection , Beijing 100037 , China
| | - Rui Zheng
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites , Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection , Beijing 100037 , China
| | - Quankai Fu
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites , Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection , Beijing 100037 , China
| | - Youya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment , China Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control , China University of Petroleum- Beijing , Beijing 102249 , China
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Hunter Anderson R, Adamson DT, Stroo HF. Partitioning of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances from soil to groundwater within aqueous film-forming foam source zones. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2019; 220:59-65. [PMID: 30527585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Metadata from on-going site investigations at U.S. Air Force sites impacted by Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) were used to evaluate primary factors that affect transport of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) within source zones. Soil-to-groundwater ratios (γSoil-GW) were calculated for each site and PFAS as an empirical transport metric and regressed against select soil chemical and physical properties, as well as relevant interactions thereof, using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Total organic carbon and percent total clay content were significant covariates and best fit log-transformed γSoil-GW with a parallel lines model. Regression parameters were used to derive apparent KOC estimates for 15 perfluoroalkyl acids, perfluorooctane sulfonamide, and the 6:2 and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonates, which were bimodal where significant differences were primarily observed between PFAS with fewer than 8 perfluorinated carbons (including perfluorooctoanoic acid; PFOA) and those with 8 or more (including perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFOS). Surprisingly, clay content was observed with a negative slope (i.e., γSoil-GW decreased with increasing clay content), which may reflect greater retardation at more permeable sites due to air-water interfacial partitioning. Further analysis demonstrated that γSoil-GW is also affected by the degree of flushing in a way that suggests mass transfer (as opposed to hysteretic desorption) primarily controls mass discharge at poorly flushed sites. Overall, this meta-analysis demonstrates that PFAS retention in soil is significant, but depends on a combination of fundamental partitioning mechanisms that may not be predictable in all cases based on transport models that assume an equilibrium condition.
Collapse
|
142
|
Brusseau ML, Yan N, Van Glubt S, Wang Y, Chen W, Lyu Y, Dungan B, Carroll KC, Holguin FO. Comprehensive retention model for PFAS transport in subsurface systems. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 148:41-50. [PMID: 30343197 PMCID: PMC6294326 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive compartment model is presented for PFAS retention that incorporates all potential processes relevant for transport in source zones. Miscible-displacement experiments were conducted to investigate separately the impact of adsorption at the air-water and decane-water interfaces on PFAS retention and transport. Two porous media were used, a quartz sand and a soil, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was used as the model PFAS. The breakthrough curves for transport under water-unsaturated conditions were shifted noticeably rightward (delayed arrival) compared to the breakthrough curves for saturated conditions, indicating greater retardation due to adsorption at the air-water or decane-water interface. The retardation factor was 7 for PFOS transport in the sand for the air-water system, compared to 1.8 for saturated conditions. PFOS retardation factors for transport in the soil were 7.3 and 3.6 for unsaturated (air-water) vs saturated conditions. Air-water interfacial adsorption is a significant source of retention for PFOS in these two systems, contributing more than 80% of total retention for the sand and 32% for the soil. For the experiments conducted with decane residual emplaced within the sand, adsorption at the decane-water interface contributed more than 70% to total retention for PFOS transport. Methods to determine or estimate key distribution variables are presented for parameterization of the model. Predicted retardation factors were similar to the measured values, indicating that the conceptual model provided adequate representation of the relevant retention processes and that the parameter estimation methods produced reasonable values. The results of this work indicate that adsorption by fluid-fluid interfaces in variably saturated porous media can be a significant retention process for PFAS that should be considered when characterizing their transport and fate behavior in source zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Brusseau
- Soil, Water, and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States; Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States.
| | - Ni Yan
- Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Sarah Van Glubt
- Soil, Water, and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Yake Wang
- Soil, Water, and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Soil, Water, and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Ying Lyu
- Soil, Water, and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130026, PR China
| | - Barry Dungan
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Kenneth C Carroll
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - F Omar Holguin
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Bräunig J, Baduel C, Barnes CM, Mueller JF. Leaching and bioavailability of selected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from soil contaminated by firefighting activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:471-479. [PMID: 30056234 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Historical usage of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) at firefighting training grounds (FTGs) is a potential source of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) to the surrounding environment. In this study the leaching of PFAAs from field contaminated soil and their uptake into biota was investigated. Soil was sampled from FTGs at two airports and the total as well as the leachable concentration of 12 PFAAs was determined. A greenhouse study was carried out to investigate the uptake of PFAAs from soils into earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and wheat grass (Elymus scaber). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were the most dominant PFAAs in all soils samples, with concentrations of PFOS reaching 13,400 ng/g. Leachable concentrations of PFOS and PFHxS reached up to 550 μg/L and 22 μg/L, respectively. In earthworms concentrations of PFOS reached 65,100 ng/g after a 28-day exposure period, while in wheat grass the highest concentration was measured for uptake of PFHxS (2,800 ng/g) after a 10-week growth-period. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for earthworms ranged from 0.1 for perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) to 23 for perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) and initially showed a decreasing trend with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length, followed by an increase with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length for perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). In wheat grass the highest BAF was found for perfluorobutanoic acid (BAF = 70), while the lowest was observed for perfluorononanoic acid (BAF = 0.06). BAFs in wheat grass decreased with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length for both PFCAs and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs). The results show that PFAAs readily leach from impacted soils and are bioaccumulated into earthworms and plants in an analyte dependent way. This shows considerable potential for PFAAs to move away from the original source either by leaching or uptake into ecological receptors, which may be a potential entry route into the terrestrial foodweb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Christine Baduel
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Craig M Barnes
- Airservices Australia, 25 Constitution Avenue, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Xiang L, Xiao T, Yu PF, Zhao HM, Mo CH, Li YW, Li H, Cai QY, Zhou DM, Wong MH. Mechanism and Implication of the Sorption of Perfluorooctanoic Acid by Varying Soil Size Fractions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11569-11579. [PMID: 30240199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sorption of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a toxic and persistent organic pollutant, by various size fractions of an agricultural soil at environmentally relevant concentrations was evaluated. PFOA sorption to all fractions involved both film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion with the rate-limiting step by the latter. PFOA isotherm data fitted a linear model. Organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity, pore volume, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller area played key roles in PFOA sorption. The sorption capacity followed the order of humic acid > clay (0.15-4.4 mm) > fine silt (1.9-39.8 mm) > coarse silt (17.3-79.4 mm) > fine sand (45.7-316.2 mm) > coarse sand (120-724.4 mm), opposite to their contributions to overall PFOA sorption due to the influence of their percentage weight in the original soil. Percentage OM content was the dominant factor controlling the fraction contributions to overall PFOA sorption, demonstrating influence of the hydrophobic force on sorption. PFOA should be highly mobile and bioavailable in soil-crop systems due to the low log Koc values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Tao Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Peng-Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation , Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008 , China
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies , The Education University of Hong Kong , Tai Po , Hong Kong , China
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Liu Y, Ma L, Yang Q, Li G, Zhang F. Occurrence and spatial distribution of perfluorinated compounds in groundwater receiving reclaimed water through river bank infiltration. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:1203-1211. [PMID: 30223336 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in groundwater are of widespread concern due to their potential toxicity to human health and ecological systems. PFCs in rivers can infiltrate into groundwater through riverbank infiltration, potentially endangering the safety of drinking water and causing a deterioration in the groundwater environment. This study investigated the occurrence of PFCs in rivers and riverside groundwater from 2014 to 2017 in a city in north China. PFCs were detected in most of the groundwater samples, ranging from not detected to 64.8 ng L-1. The predominant PFCs in both river and groundwater samples were perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorobutane sulfonate and perfluorobutanoic acid. The PFC concentrations and major compounds were consistent in both the river and riverside groundwater samples at each site, suggesting that the adjacent river was the source of the PFCs in the riverside groundwater. The spatial distribution of the PFCs in the riverside groundwater was affected by the hydraulic connection between the groundwater and the river, the lithology of the aquifer and the properties of the compounds. The results indicated that PFCs were attenuated during riverbank infiltration and the ability of different riverbank lithologies to remove PFCs was in the order sandy clay > fine sand > sandy gravel. Perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations decreased sharply with increasing distances from river, whereas perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorobutane sulfonate and perfluorobutanoic acid could by transported for greater distances in riverside groundwater. This study provides valuable information on PFCs in riverside groundwater affected by riverbank infiltration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Beijing 100195, China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Stahl T, Gassmann M, Falk S, Brunn H. Concentrations and Distribution Patterns of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Sewage Sludge and in Biowaste in Hesse, Germany. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10147-10153. [PMID: 30192140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A total of 201 sewage sludge and 45 biowaste samples were examined for 14 different perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA). For perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, maximum concentrations of 698 μg/kg dry weight were measured in sewage sludge and for perfluorohexanesulfonic acid 29.0 μg/kg dry weight were found in biowaste. Looking at the fingerprints of both these matrixes it can be see that long-chain PFAA make up 85.9% of the total concentration in sewage sludge whereas short-chain PFAA only account for 14.1%. In contrast, the trend in biowaste is just the opposite, with 53.2% long-chain and 46.8% short-chain PFAA. These results lead to the conclusion that sewage sludge functions as a sink for long-chain PFAA, and the plants preferentially take up short-chain PFAA from the sludge/soil, as seen by the concentrations found in biowaste. It can be calculated that the total yearly amount of PFAA spread onto agricultural lands amount to 15.3 kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Stahl
- Hessian State Laboratory , Am Versuchsfeld 11-13 , 34128 Kassel , Germany
| | - Matthias Gassmann
- Department of Water Quality Management-Modelling and Simulation , University of Kassel , Kurt-Wolters-Strasse 3 , 34125 Kassel , Germany
| | - Sandy Falk
- Hessian State Laboratory , Glarusstrasse 6 , 65203 Wiesbaden , Germany
| | - Hubertus Brunn
- Hessian State Laboratory , Schubertstrasse 60 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Princz J, Jatar M, Lemieux H, Scroggins R. Perfluorooctane sulfonate in surface soils: Effects on reproduction in the collembolan, Folsomia candida, and the oribatid mite, Oppia nitens. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:757-763. [PMID: 29902760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent organic pollutant, which has been detected at significant concentrations in soils at sites used for fire-fighting training operations. Recent ecotoxicological research has mainly focused on earthworms to assess the toxicity of PFOS in soil. However, the inclusion of other soil taxonomic groups allow for a more holistic estimate of contaminant risk, including the derivation of more comprehensive soil quality guidelines. The present study assessed the toxicity of PFOS using the collembolan, Folsomia candida, and the oribatid mite, Oppia nitens, in two types of soil: a coarse-textured sandy loam (VSL) and fine-textured clay loam (NRS). As a standard O. nitens reproduction test is being formalized, the results of the study were also used to compare sensitivity across test species. Effects were soil dependent, with test species being 2-4 times more susceptible to PFOS in VSL, relative to NRS, likely due to differences in organic matter and clay content. Oppia nitens was significantly more sensitive to PFOS, regardless of soil type, in comparison to F. candida. The IC50s for reproduction for O. nitens were 23 mg kg-1 (95% confidence interval: 17-32 mg kg-1) in the VSL and 95 mg kg-1 (69-134 mg kg-1) in the NRS, and for F. candida were 94 mg kg-1 (72-122 mg kg-1) in the VSL and 233 mg kg-1 (177-306 mg kg-1) in the NRS. The present study demonstrates the application and inclusion of the oribatid mite, O. nitens, for the risk assessment of contaminants in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliska Princz
- Biological Assessment and Standardization Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0H3.
| | - Muriel Jatar
- Biological Assessment and Standardization Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0H3
| | - Heather Lemieux
- Biological Assessment and Standardization Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0H3
| | - Rick Scroggins
- Biological Assessment and Standardization Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0H3
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Lv X, Sun Y, Ji R, Gao B, Wu J, Lu Q, Jiang H. Physicochemical factors controlling the retention and transport of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in saturated sand and limestone porous media. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 141:251-258. [PMID: 29800833 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensively understanding the fate and transport of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in subsurface environment is crucial to assess its environmental impacts. In this work, column experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of physicochemical factors on the retention and transport of 14C-labeled PFOA in saturated sand and limestone porous media. The retention of PFOA in limestone columns was higher than that in sand columns under the same solution chemistry conditions. This can be attributed to that the limestone had less negative zeta-potential and larger specific surface area than the sand. Changes in ionic strength (low to high) and cation type (Na+ to Ca2+) had little influences on the mobility of PFOA in sand porous media, but significantly enhanced the retention of PFOA in limestone porous media. Nearly no PFOA was retained in the sand columns, but relatively high levels of PFOA retention (28.7-48.4%) were achieved in the limestone columns. Higher input concentration resulted in lower PFOA retention in limestone porous media, reflecting the blocking effect of the sorption sites. The blocking effect was insignificant in sand porous media, probably because the experimental conditions were unfavorable for PFOA sorption on sand media. A two-site kinetic retention model effectively simulated both the breakthrough and retention behaviors of the PFOA in the sand and limestone porous media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Shandong Zhengyuan Construction Engineering Co. Ltd, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Qiusheng Lu
- Shandong Zhengyuan Construction Engineering Co. Ltd, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- Shandong Zhengyuan Construction Engineering Co. Ltd, Jinan 250100, China
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Xiang L, Chen L, Yu LY, Yu PF, Zhao HM, Mo CH, Li YW, Li H, Cai QY, Zhou DM, Wong MH. Genotypic variation and mechanism in uptake and translocation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars grown in PFOA-polluted soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:999-1008. [PMID: 29729517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of crop cultivars with low pollutant accumulation is an important strategy to reduce the potential health risks of food produced from polluted soils. In this study, we identified three loose-leaf lettuce cultivars with low accumulation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a highly toxic and persistent organic pollutant. PFOA concentrations in the shoots of low-PFOA cultivars were 3.7-5.5-fold lower than those of high-PFOA cultivars. The identification of low-PFOA cultivars could contribute to ensuring food safety despite cultivation in highly polluted soils (1 mg/kg) based on the tolerable daily PFOA intake (1.5 μg/kg/d). We detected lower desorbing fractions of PFOA in rhizosphere soil, lower bioconcentration factors, and higher distribution in the cell walls and organelles of roots in low-PFOA cultivars, all of which are key factors in limiting PFOA uptake and translocation from soil to shoots, than in high-PFOA cultivars. This study reveals the mechanism of PFOA uptake from soil to crop and lays a foundation for establishing a cost-effective strategy to plant crops in polluted soil and reduce exposure risk due to persistent organic pollutants in crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Le-Yi Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peng-Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Campos Pereira H, Ullberg M, Kleja DB, Gustafsson JP, Ahrens L. Sorption of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to an organic soil horizon - Effect of cation composition and pH. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:183-191. [PMID: 29793030 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of the sorption of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soils is essential for environmental risk assessment. We investigated the effect of solution pH and calculated soil organic matter (SOM) net charge on the sorption of 14 PFASs onto an organic soil as a function of pH and added concentrations of Al3+, Ca2+ and Na+. Often, the organic C-normalized partitioning coefficients (KOC) showed a negative relationship to both pH (Δlog KOC/ΔpH = -0.32 ± 0.11 log units) and the SOM bulk net negative charge (Δlog KOC = -1.41 ± 0.40 per log unit molc g-1). Moreover, perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) sorbed more strongly than perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and the PFAS sorption increased with increasing perfluorocarbon chain length with 0.60 and 0.83 log KOC units per CF2 moiety for C3-C10 PFCAs and C4, C6, and C8 PFSAs, respectively. The effects of cation treatment and SOM bulk net charge were evident for many PFASs with low to moderate sorption (C5-C8 PFCAs and C6 PFSA). However for the most strongly sorbing and most long-chained PFASs (C9-C11 and C13 PFCAs, C8 PFSA and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA)), smaller effects of cations were seen, and instead sorption was more strongly related to the pH value. This suggests that the most long-chained PFASs, similar to other hydrophobic organic compounds, are preferentially sorbed to the highly condensed domains of the humin fraction, while shorter-chained PFASs are bound to a larger extent to humic and fulvic acid, where cation effects are significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Campos Pereira
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Malin Ullberg
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Berggren Kleja
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Kornhamnstorg 61, SE-11127 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon Petter Gustafsson
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|