101
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Giovannone AJ, Reales E, Bhattaram P, Fraile-Ramos A, Weimbs T. Monoubiquitination of syntaxin 3 leads to retrieval from the basolateral plasma membrane and facilitates cargo recruitment to exosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2843-2853. [PMID: 28814500 PMCID: PMC5638587 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-07-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoubiquitination of Stx3 leads to efficient endocytosis from the basolateral plasma membrane and trafficking into the multivesicular body/exosomal pathway. Stx3 plays a role in cargo recruitment into exosomes. This pathway is exploited by HCMV for virion excretion. Syntaxin 3 (Stx3), a SNARE protein located and functioning at the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells, is required for epithelial polarity. A fraction of Stx3 is localized to late endosomes/lysosomes, although how it traffics there and its function in these organelles is unknown. Here we report that Stx3 undergoes monoubiquitination in a conserved polybasic domain. Stx3 present at the basolateral—but not the apical—plasma membrane is rapidly endocytosed, targeted to endosomes, internalized into intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), and excreted in exosomes. A nonubiquitinatable mutant of Stx3 (Stx3-5R) fails to enter this pathway and leads to the inability of the apical exosomal cargo protein GPRC5B to enter the ILV/exosomal pathway. This suggests that ubiquitination of Stx3 leads to removal from the basolateral membrane to achieve apical polarity, that Stx3 plays a role in the recruitment of cargo to exosomes, and that the Stx3-5R mutant acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) acquires its membrane in an intracellular compartment and we show that Stx3-5R strongly reduces the number of excreted infectious viral particles. Altogether these results suggest that Stx3 functions in the transport of specific proteins to apical exosomes and that HCMV exploits this pathway for virion excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Giovannone
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Elena Reales
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Pallavi Bhattaram
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Alberto Fraile-Ramos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Weimbs
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
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102
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Lefebvre FA, Cody NA, Bouvrette LPB, Bergalet J, Wang X, Lécuyer E. CeFra-seq: Systematic mapping of RNA subcellular distribution properties through cell fractionation coupled to deep-sequencing. Methods 2017; 126:138-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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103
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Bilen MA, Pan T, Lee YC, Lin SC, Yu G, Pan J, Hawke D, Pan BF, Vykoukal J, Gray K, Satcher RL, Gallick GE, Yu-Lee LY, Lin SH. Proteomics Profiling of Exosomes from Primary Mouse Osteoblasts under Proliferation versus Mineralization Conditions and Characterization of Their Uptake into Prostate Cancer Cells. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:2709-2728. [PMID: 28675788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts communicate both with normal cells in the bone marrow and with tumor cells that metastasized to bone. Here we show that osteoblasts release exosomes, we termed osteosomes, which may be a novel mechanism by which osteoblasts communicate with cells in their environment. We have isolated exosomes from undifferentiated/proliferating (D0 osteosomes) and differentiated/mineralizing (D24 osteosomes) primary mouse calvarial osteoblasts. The D0 and D24 osteosomes were found to be vesicles of 130-140 nm by dynamic light scattering analysis. Proteomics profiling using tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified 206 proteins in D0 osteosomes and 336 in D24 osteosomes. The proteins in osteosomes are mainly derived from the cytoplasm (∼47%) and plasma membrane (∼31%). About 69% of proteins in osteosomes are also found in Vesiclepedia, and these canonical exosomal proteins include tetraspanins and Rab family proteins. We found that there are differences in both protein content and levels in exosomes isolated from undifferentiated and differentiated osteoblasts. Among the proteins that are unique to osteosomes, 169 proteins are present in both D0 and D24 osteosomes, 37 are unique to D0, and 167 are unique to D24. Among those 169 proteins present in both D0 and D24 osteosomes, 10 proteins are likely present at higher levels in D24 than D0 osteosomes based on emPAI ratios of >5. These results suggest that osteosomes released from different cellular state of osteoblasts may mediate distinct functions. Using live-cell imaging, we measured the uptake of PKH26-labeled osteosomes into C4-2B4 and PC3-mm2 prostate cancer cells. In addition, we showed that cadherin-11, a cell adhesion molecule, plays a role in the uptake of osteosomes into PC3-mm2 cells as osteosome uptake was delayed by neutralizing antibody against cadherin-11. Together, our studies suggest that osteosomes could have a unique role in the bone microenvironment under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Pan
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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104
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Lu J, Li J, Liu S, Wang T, Ianni A, Bober E, Braun T, Xiang R, Yue S. Exosomal tetraspanins mediate cancer metastasis by altering host microenvironment. Oncotarget 2017; 8:62803-62815. [PMID: 28977990 PMCID: PMC5617550 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastases of malignant tumors develop through a cascade of events. The establishment of a pre-metastatic micro-environment is initiated by communication between tumors and host. Exosomes come into focus as the most potent intercellular communicators playing a pivotal role in this process. Cancer cells release exosomes into the extracellular environment prior to metastasis. Tetraspanin is a type of 4 times transmembrane proteins. It may be involved in cell motility, adhesion, morphogenesis, as well as cell and vesicular membrane fusion. The exosomal tetraspanin network is a molecular scaffold connecting various proteins for signaling transduction. The complex of tetraspanin-integrin determines the recruiting cancer exosomes to pre-metastatic sites. Tetraspanin is a key element for the target cell selection of exosomes uptake that may lead to the reprogramming of target cells. Reprogrammed target cells assist pre-metastatic niche formation. Previous reviews have described the biogenesis, secretion and intercellular interaction of exosomes in various tumors. However, there is a lack of reviews on the topic of exosomal tetraspanin in the context of cancer. In this review, we will describe the main characteristics of exosomal tetraspanin in cancer cells. We will also discuss how the cancer exosomal tetraspanin alters extracellular environment and regulates cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Hefei Second People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The State International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Tumor Immunology and Biological Vaccines, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The State International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Tumor Immunology and Biological Vaccines, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Teng Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The State International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Tumor Immunology and Biological Vaccines, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Alessandro Ianni
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Eva Bober
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rong Xiang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The State International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Tumor Immunology and Biological Vaccines, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shijing Yue
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The State International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Tumor Immunology and Biological Vaccines, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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105
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Klingeborn M, Dismuke WM, Skiba NP, Kelly U, Stamer WD, Bowes Rickman C. Directional Exosome Proteomes Reflect Polarity-Specific Functions in Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Monolayers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4901. [PMID: 28687758 PMCID: PMC5501811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) forms the outer blood-retinal barrier in the eye and its polarity is responsible for directional secretion and uptake of proteins, lipoprotein particles and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Such a secretional division dictates directed interactions between the systemic circulation (basolateral) and the retina (apical). Our goal is to define the polarized proteomes and physical characteristics of EVs released from the RPE. Primary cultures of porcine RPE cells were differentiated into polarized RPE monolayers on permeable supports. EVs were isolated from media bathing either apical or basolateral RPE surfaces, and two subpopulations of small EVs including exosomes, and dense EVs, were purified and processed for proteomic profiling. In parallel, EV size distribution and concentration were determined. Using protein correlation profiling mass spectrometry, a total of 631 proteins were identified in exosome preparations, 299 of which were uniquely released apically, and 94 uniquely released basolaterally. Selected proteins were validated by Western blot. The proteomes of these exosome and dense EVs preparations suggest that epithelial polarity impacts directional release. These data serve as a foundation for comparative studies aimed at elucidating the role of exosomes in the molecular pathophysiology of retinal diseases and help identify potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Klingeborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - W Michael Dismuke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Nikolai P Skiba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Una Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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106
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107
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Erb U, Zhao K, Wang Z, Xiao L, Zöller M. Murine and human pancreatic tumor exosome recovery in mouse serum: Diagnostic and prognostic potential and target cell delivery. Cancer Lett 2017; 403:1-12. [PMID: 28619525 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes (Exo), powerful intercellular communicators, are recovered in all body fluids, suggesting suitability for diagnosis and prognosis. Easy in vitro manipulation recommends Exo as drug vehicles. Aiming to consolidate diagnostic and therapeutic potential of Exo, we evaluated recovery and fate of tumor (TEX) and exogenous Exo in syngeneic and xenogeneic mice bearing a murine or a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. A significant increase in serum (S)-TEX was observed 2 weeks after tumor cell application. Instead, S-TEX declined within 3-6 days after tumor excision. Intravenously injected dye-labeled TEX were rapidly cleared from the serum. Partly being degraded in the liver, the majority is taken-up by PBL, liver, bone marrow and lung cells. In the tumor-bearing host TEX persisted longer becoming enriched in tumor cells and metastatic organs. Accordingly, an antibody blockade of a TEX marker hampered disseminated tumor cell settlement in selected organs. In brief, a tumor marker panel appears suited for S-TEX recovery. In murine models, S-TEX are qualified for therapy control and follow-up studies. Despite rapid clearance from the serum, Exo uptake by host cells is most promising for tailored Exo as drug transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Erb
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kun Zhao
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhe Wang
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Li Xiao
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margot Zöller
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany.
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108
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Bagnell CA, Ho TY, George AF, Wiley AA, Miller DJ, Bartol FF. Maternal lactocrine programming of porcine reproductive tract development. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:957-968. [PMID: 28407326 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The lactocrine hypothesis for maternal programming of female reproductive tract development is based on the idea that non-nutritive, milk-borne bioactive factors (MbFs), delivered from mother to offspring during nursing, play a role in determining the trajectory of development with long-term consequences in the adult. Porcine female reproductive tract development is completed postnatally, and the period during which maternal support of neonatal growth derives exclusively from colostrum/milk defines a window of opportunity for lactocrine programming of reproductive tissues. Beyond nutrition, milk serves as a delivery system for a variety of bioactive factors. Porcine relaxin is a prototypical MbF. Present in colostrum at highest concentrations at birth, relaxin is transmitted into the circulation of nursing piglets where it can act on Relaxin receptors found in neonatal female reproductive tract tissues. This process is facilitated by the physiology of the maternal-neonatal dyad and the fact that the neonatal gastrointestinal tract is open to absorb macromolecules for a period of time postnatally. Age at first nursing and duration of nursing from birth are also important for porcine female reproductive tract development. These parameters affect both the quality and quantity of colostrum consumed. Disruption of lactocrine signaling by feeding milk replacer from birth altered porcine uterine, cervical, and testicular development by postnatal Day 2. Moreover, insufficient colostrum consumption in nursing piglets can impair uterine capacity to support viable litters of optimal size in adulthood. In the pig, lactocrine signaling supports neonatal organizational events associated with normal reproductive development and may program adult uterine capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Bagnell
- Department of Animal Sciences, Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Program, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Teh-Yuan Ho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Program, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Ashley F George
- Department of Animal Sciences, Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Program, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Anne A Wiley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Cellular and Molecular Biosciences Program, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Dori J Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Cellular and Molecular Biosciences Program, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Frank F Bartol
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Cellular and Molecular Biosciences Program, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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109
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Vallabhajosyula P, Korutla L, Habertheuer A, Reddy S, Schaufler C, Lasky J, Diamond J, Cantu E. Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion Model to Study Pulmonary Tissue Extracellular Microvesicle Profiles. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 103:1758-1766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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110
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Zhou Y, Tian T, Zhu Y, Jaffar Ali D, Hu F, Qi Y, Sun B, Xiao Z. Exosomes Transfer Among Different Species Cells and Mediating miRNAs Delivery. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4267-4274. [PMID: 28422319 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, the natural vehicles of intercellular communication, transfer proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs) and mediate many physiological and pathological processes. It is not clear that whether exosomal miRNAs could regulate gene expression across species, though some studies suggest interactions of exosomal miRNAs between cells. In this report, we have isolated exosomes from rat PC12 cells and assessed their internalization by human cancer Hela cells. The internalized exosomes were located in Hela lysosomes. Human PTEN expression was significantly deregulated due to miR-21 delivered by rat cell exosomes. Our results prove that exosomes could incorporate between cells of different species and could regulate the protein expressions in the recipient cells by delivering the enclosed miRNAs. Thus our study foreshadows a futuristic treatment approach of utilizing miRNA enclosed exosome vehicles sans species concerns in combating various diseases/ regulating abnormal proteins. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4267-4274, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenu, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yanliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Doulathunnisa Jaffar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Feihu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuhua Qi
- Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Microbiological Laboratory, Jiangsu Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), 172 Jiangsu Rd, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhongdang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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111
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Rezaie J, Ajezi S, Avci ÇB, Karimipour M, Geranmayeh MH, Nourazarian A, Sokullu E, Rezabakhsh A, Rahbarghazi R. Exosomes and their Application in Biomedical Field: Difficulties and Advantages. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3372-3393. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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112
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Lin CC, Abemayor E, Wang MB, Wong DTW. The emerging landscape of salivary diagnostics. Periodontol 2000 2017; 70:38-52. [PMID: 26662481 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Saliva contains a variety of biomolecules, including DNA, coding and noncoding RNA, proteins, metabolites and microbiota. The changes in the salivary levels of these molecular constituents can be used to develop markers for disease detection and risk assessment. Use of saliva as an early-detection tool is a promising approach because collection of saliva is easy and noninvasive. Here, we review recent developments in salivary diagnostics, accomplished using salivaomics approaches, including genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and microbiomic technologies. Additionally, we illustrate the mechanisms of how diseases distal from the oral cavity can lead to the appearance of discriminatory biomarkers in saliva, and discuss the relevance of these markers for translational and clinical applications.
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113
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Levy E. Exosomes in the Diseased Brain: First Insights from In vivo Studies. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:142. [PMID: 28386213 PMCID: PMC5362612 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale size vesicles secreted by cells and are important mediators of intercellular communication and genetic exchange. Exosomes, EVs generated in endosomal multivesicular bodies, have been the focus of numerous publications as they have emerged as clinically valuable markers of disease states. Exosomes have been mostly studied from conditioned culture media and body fluids, with the difficulty of isolating exosomes from tissues having delayed their study in vivo. The implementation of a method designed to isolate exosomes from tissues, however, has yielded the first insights into characteristics of exosomes in the brain. It has been observed that brain exosomes from murine models of neurodegenerative diseases and human postmortem brains tend to mirror the protein content of the cells of origin, and interestingly, they are enriched with toxic proteins. Whether this enrichment with neurotoxic proteins is beneficial by relieving neurons of accumulated toxic material or detrimental to the brain by propagating pathogenicity throughout the brain remains to be answered. Here is summarized the first group of studies describing exosomes isolated from brain, results that demonstrate that exosomes in vivo reflect complex multicellular pathogenic processes in neurodegenerative disorders and the brain's response to injury and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Levy
- Departments of Psychiatry, Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburg, NY, USA
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114
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Vallabhajosyula P, Korutla L, Habertheuer A, Yu M, Rostami S, Yuan CX, Reddy S, Liu C, Korutla V, Koeberlein B, Trofe-Clark J, Rickels MR, Naji A. Tissue-specific exosome biomarkers for noninvasively monitoring immunologic rejection of transplanted tissue. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1375-1391. [PMID: 28319051 DOI: 10.1172/jci87993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In transplantation, there is a critical need for noninvasive biomarker platforms for monitoring immunologic rejection. We hypothesized that transplanted tissues release donor-specific exosomes into recipient circulation and that the quantitation and profiling of donor intra-exosomal cargoes may constitute a biomarker platform for monitoring rejection. Here, we have tested this hypothesis in a human-into-mouse xenogeneic islet transplant model and validated the concept in clinical settings of islet and renal transplantation. In the xenogeneic model, we quantified islet transplant exosomes in recipient blood over long-term follow-up using anti-HLA antibody, which was detectable only in xenoislet recipients of human islets. Transplant islet exosomes were purified using anti-HLA antibody-conjugated beads, and their cargoes contained the islet endocrine hormone markers insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Rejection led to a marked decrease in transplant islet exosome signal along with distinct changes in exosomal microRNA and proteomic profiles prior to appearance of hyperglycemia. In the clinical settings of islet and renal transplantation, donor exosomes with respective tissue specificity for islet β cells and renal epithelial cells were reliably characterized in recipient plasma over follow-up periods of up to 5 years. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the biomarker potential of transplant exosome characterization for providing a noninvasive window into the conditional state of transplant tissue.
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115
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Mateescu B, Kowal EJK, van Balkom BWM, Bartel S, Bhattacharyya SN, Buzás EI, Buck AH, de Candia P, Chow FWN, Das S, Driedonks TAP, Fernández-Messina L, Haderk F, Hill AF, Jones JC, Van Keuren-Jensen KR, Lai CP, Lässer C, Liegro ID, Lunavat TR, Lorenowicz MJ, Maas SLN, Mäger I, Mittelbrunn M, Momma S, Mukherjee K, Nawaz M, Pegtel DM, Pfaffl MW, Schiffelers RM, Tahara H, Théry C, Tosar JP, Wauben MHM, Witwer KW, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM. Obstacles and opportunities in the functional analysis of extracellular vesicle RNA - an ISEV position paper. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1286095. [PMID: 28326170 PMCID: PMC5345583 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1286095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of RNA-containing extracellular vesicles (EV) into the extracellular milieu has been demonstrated in a multitude of different in vitro cell systems and in a variety of body fluids. RNA-containing EV are in the limelight for their capacity to communicate genetically encoded messages to other cells, their suitability as candidate biomarkers for diseases, and their use as therapeutic agents. Although EV-RNA has attracted enormous interest from basic researchers, clinicians, and industry, we currently have limited knowledge on which mechanisms drive and regulate RNA incorporation into EV and on how RNA-encoded messages affect signalling processes in EV-targeted cells. Moreover, EV-RNA research faces various technical challenges, such as standardisation of EV isolation methods, optimisation of methodologies to isolate and characterise minute quantities of RNA found in EV, and development of approaches to demonstrate functional transfer of EV-RNA in vivo. These topics were discussed at the 2015 EV-RNA workshop of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. This position paper was written by the participants of the workshop not only to give an overview of the current state of knowledge in the field, but also to clarify that our incomplete knowledge – of the nature of EV(-RNA)s and of how to effectively and reliably study them – currently prohibits the implementation of gold standards in EV-RNA research. In addition, this paper creates awareness of possibilities and limitations of currently used strategies to investigate EV-RNA and calls for caution in interpretation of the obtained data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Mateescu
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zürich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Emma J K Kowal
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bas W M van Balkom
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, UMC Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Bartel
- Experimental Asthma Research, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Borstel , Germany
| | - Suvendra N Bhattacharyya
- Department of Science and Technology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata , India
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Amy H Buck
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | | | - Franklin W N Chow
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Tom A P Driedonks
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | | | - Franziska Haderk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Molecular Immunogenetics & Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | | | - Charles P Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Italia di Liegro
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BIONEC), University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Taral R Lunavat
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magdalena J Lorenowicz
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht & Regenerative Medicine Center , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Sybren L N Maas
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Imre Mäger
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Mittelbrunn
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain
| | - Stefan Momma
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Frankfurt University Medical School , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Kamalika Mukherjee
- Department of Science and Technology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata , India
| | - Muhammed Nawaz
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - D Michiel Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Exosomes Research Group, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM) Weihenstephan , Freising , Germany
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Laboratory Clinical Chemistry & Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932 , Paris , France
| | - Juan Pablo Tosar
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Nuclear Research Center, Faculty of Science, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology and Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
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116
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Palmini G, Marini F, Brandi ML. What Is New in the miRNA World Regarding Osteosarcoma and Chondrosarcoma? Molecules 2017; 22:E417. [PMID: 28272374 PMCID: PMC6155266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of multimodal and aggressive therapies, currently patients with skeletal sarcomas, including osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma, often have a poor prognosis. In recent decades, advances in sequencing technology have revealed the presence of RNAs without coding potential known as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which provides evidence that protein-coding genes account for only a small percentage of the entire genome. This has suggested the influence of ncRNAs during development, apoptosis and cell proliferation. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in 1993 underscored the importance of these molecules in pathological diseases such as cancer. Increasing interest in this field has allowed researchers to study the role of miRNAs in cancer progression. Regarding skeletal sarcomas, the research surrounding which miRNAs are involved in the tumourigenesis of osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma has rapidly gained traction, including the identification of which miRNAs act as tumour suppressors and which act as oncogenes. In this review, we will summarize what is new regarding the roles of miRNAs in chondrosarcoma as well as the latest discoveries of identified miRNAs in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Palmini
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy.
| | - Francesca Marini
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy.
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117
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Abstract
The spread of cancer from a primary tumor to distant organ sites is the most devastating aspect of malignancy. Dissemination to specific organs depends upon blood flow patterns and characteristics of the distant organ environment, such as the vascular architecture, stromal cell content, and the biochemical milieu of growth factors, signaling molecules, and metabolic substrates, which can be permissive or antagonistic to metastatic colonization. Metastatic tumor cells possess intrinsic cellular properties selected for adaptation to specific organ environments, where they co-opt growth and survival signals, undergo metabolic reprogramming, and subvert resident stromal cell activities to promote extravasation, immune evasion, angiogenesis, and overt metastatic growth. Recent work and new experimental models of metastatic organotropism are uncovering crucial details of how malignant cells metastasize to specific tissues, revealing key mediators that prepare metastatic niches in specific organs and identifying new targets that offer attractive options for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath A. Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
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118
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H Rashed M, Bayraktar E, K Helal G, Abd-Ellah MF, Amero P, Chavez-Reyes A, Rodriguez-Aguayo C. Exosomes: From Garbage Bins to Promising Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030538. [PMID: 28257101 PMCID: PMC5372554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication via cell-released vesicles is a very important process for both normal and tumor cells. Cell communication may involve exosomes, small vesicles of endocytic origin that are released by all types of cells and are found in abundance in body fluids, including blood, saliva, urine, and breast milk. Exosomes have been shown to carry lipids, proteins, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, and even DNA out of cells. They are more than simply molecular garbage bins, however, in that the molecules they carry can be taken up by other cells. Thus, exosomes transfer biological information to neighboring cells and through this cell-to-cell communication are involved not only in physiological functions such as cell-to-cell communication, but also in the pathogenesis of some diseases, including tumors and neurodegenerative conditions. Our increasing understanding of why cells release exosomes and their role in intercellular communication has revealed the very complex and sophisticated contribution of exosomes to health and disease. The aim of this review is to reveal the emerging roles of exosomes in normal and pathological conditions and describe the controversial biological role of exosomes, as it is now understood, in carcinogenesis. We also summarize what is known about exosome biogenesis, composition, functions, and pathways and discuss the potential clinical applications of exosomes, especially as biomarkers and novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H Rashed
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Al-Azhar, Cairo 11754, Egypt.
| | - Emine Bayraktar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey.
| | - Gouda K Helal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Al-Azhar, Cairo 11754, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed F Abd-Ellah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Al-Azhar, Cairo 11754, Egypt.
| | - Paola Amero
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Arturo Chavez-Reyes
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Monterrey, Apodaca NL CP 66600, Mexico.
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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119
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Abstract
Migration of cells toward chemical cues, or chemotaxis, is important for many biologic processes such as immune defense, wound healing and cancer metastasis. Although chemotaxis is thought to occur in cancer cells, it is less well characterized than chemotaxis of professional immune cells such as neutrophils. Here, we show that cancer cell chemotaxis relies on secretion of exosome-type extracellular vesicles. Migration of fibrosarcoma cells toward a gradient of exosome-depleted serum was diminished by knockdown of the exosome secretion regulator Rab27a. Rescue experiments in which chemotaxis chambers were coated with purified extracellular vesicles demonstrate that exosomes but not microvesicles affect both speed and directionality of migrating cells. Chamber coating with purified fibronectin and fibronectin-depleted exosomes demonstrates that the exosome cargo fibronectin promotes cell speed but cannot account for the role of exosomes in promoting directionality of fibrosarcoma cell movement during chemotaxis. These experiments indicate that exosomes contain multiple motility-promoting cargoes that contribute to different aspects of cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Hwan Sung
- a Department of Cancer Biology, School of Medicine , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- a Department of Cancer Biology, School of Medicine , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,c Department of Pathology , Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
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120
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Exosomal microRNAs in liquid biopsies: future biomarkers for prostate cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 19:651-657. [PMID: 28054319 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-016-1599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer in males in the world. Plasma quantification of prostate-specific antigen substantially improved the early detection of prostate cancer, but still lacks the required specificity. Clinical management of prostate cancer needs advances in the development of new non-invasive biomarkers, ameliorating current diagnosis and prognosis and guiding therapeutic decisions. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. These miRNAs are expressed in the cells and are also present in cell-derived extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. Exosomes have been shown to act as mediators for cell to cell communication because of the regulatory functions of their content. High levels of exosomes are found in several body fluids from cancer patients and could be a potential source of non-invasive biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the diagnostic and prognostic utility of exosomal miRNAs in prostate cancer.
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121
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Abstract
Precision medicine has emerged as an approach to tailor therapies for an individual at the time of diagnosis and/or treatment. This emergence has been fueled by the ability to profile nucleic acids, along with proteins and lipids isolated from biofluids, a method called "liquid biopsy ," either by or in combination of one of the following components: circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), and/or extracellular vesicles (EVs) . EVs are membrane-surrounded structures released by cells in an evolutionarily conserved manner. EVs have gained much attention from both the basic and clinical research areas, as EVs appear to play a role in many diseases; however, the well-known case is cancer. The hallmark of EVs in cancer is their role as mediators of communication between cells both at physiological and pathophysiological levels; hence, EVs are thought to contribute to the creation of a microenvironmental niche that promotes cancer cell survival, as well as reprogramming distant tissue for invasion. It is important to understand the mechanistic and functional aspects at the basic science level of EVs to get a better grasp on their role in healthy and disease states. EVs range from 30-1000 nm membrane-enclosed vesicles that are released by many mammalian cell types and present in a variety of biofluids. EVs have emerged as an area of clinical interest in the era of Precision Medicine, from their role in liquid biopsy (tissue biopsy free) approach for screening, assessing tumor heterogeneity, monitoring therapeutic responses, and minimal residual disease detection to EV-based therapeutics . EVs' diagnostic and therapeutic exploitation is under intense investigation in various indications. This chapter highlights EV biogenesis , composition of EVs, and their potential role in liquid biopsy diagnostics and therapeutics in the area of cancer.
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122
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Blair HC, Larrouture QC, Li Y, Lin H, Beer-Stoltz D, Liu L, Tuan RS, Robinson LJ, Schlesinger PH, Nelson DJ. Osteoblast Differentiation and Bone Matrix Formation In Vivo and In Vitro. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 23:268-280. [PMID: 27846781 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We review the characteristics of osteoblast differentiation and bone matrix synthesis. Bone in air breathing vertebrates is a specialized tissue that developmentally replaces simpler solid tissues, usually cartilage. Bone is a living organ bounded by a layer of osteoblasts that, because of transport and compartmentalization requirements, produce bone matrix exclusively as an organized tight epithelium. With matrix growth, osteoblasts are reorganized and incorporated into the matrix as living cells, osteocytes, which communicate with each other and surface epithelium by cell processes within canaliculi in the matrix. The osteoblasts secrete the organic matrix, which are dense collagen layers that alternate parallel and orthogonal to the axis of stress loading. Into this matrix is deposited extremely dense hydroxyapatite-based mineral driven by both active and passive transport and pH control. As the matrix matures, hydroxyapatite microcrystals are organized into a sophisticated composite in the collagen layer by nucleation in the protein lattice. Recent studies on differentiating osteoblast precursors revealed a sophisticated proton export network driving mineralization, a gene expression program organized with the compartmentalization of the osteoblast epithelium that produces the mature bone matrix composite, despite varying serum calcium and phosphate. Key issues not well defined include how new osteoblasts are incorporated in the epithelial layer, replacing those incorporated in the accumulating matrix. Development of bone in vitro is the subject of numerous projects using various matrices and mesenchymal stem cell-derived preparations in bioreactors. These preparations reflect the structure of bone to variable extents, and include cells at many different stages of differentiation. Major challenges are production of bone matrix approaching the in vivo density and support for trabecular bone formation. In vitro differentiation is limited by the organization and density of osteoblasts and by endogenous and exogenous inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Blair
- 1 Veteran's Affairs Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Yanan Li
- 3 Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Hang Lin
- 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna Beer-Stoltz
- 2 Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Li Liu
- 2 Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa J Robinson
- 5 Department of Pathology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia.,6 Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Paul H Schlesinger
- 7 Department of Cell Biology, Washington University , Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Deborah J Nelson
- 8 Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
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123
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Yang M, Song D, Cao X, Wu R, Liu B, Ye W, Wu J, Yue X. Comparative proteomic analysis of milk-derived exosomes in human and bovine colostrum and mature milk samples by iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS/MS. Food Res Int 2016; 92:17-25. [PMID: 28290293 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous vesicles found in biological fluids with important functions. However, milk-derived exosome proteins from humans and bovines have not been studied in detail. The advanced iTRAQ proteomic approach was used to analyze milk-derived exosomes in human and bovine colostrum and mature milk samples. A total of 920 milk exosome proteins were identified and quantified. Among these, 575 differentially expressed exosome proteins (P<0.05) were found. Multivariate analysis, gene ontology (GO) annotation and the KEGG pathway were used to interpret the identified proteins. The major biological processes involved were: response to stimulus (22%), localization (16%), establishment of localization (14%), and cellular component organization (14%). Cellular components engaged in intracellular (31%) and intracellular part (31%). The most prevalent molecular function mainly touched upon binding (52%). Milk exosome proteins participated in several KEGG pathways containing ribosome, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, leukocyte transendothelial migration, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, galactose metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. These results provide important information on human and bovine milk exosomes, and increase knowledge on the proteomes of these exosomes across different lactation stages, which could provide potential directions for newborn milk powder, biological markers and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dahe Song
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xueyan Cao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Biao Liu
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Company Limited, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wenhui Ye
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Company Limited, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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124
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Becker A, Thakur BK, Weiss JM, Kim HS, Peinado H, Lyden D. Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: Cell-to-Cell Mediators of Metastasis. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:836-848. [PMID: 27960084 PMCID: PMC5157696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1331] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical mediators of intercellular communication between tumor cells and stromal cells in local and distant microenvironments. Accordingly, EVs play an essential role in both primary tumor growth and metastatic evolution. EVs orchestrate multiple systemic pathophysiological processes, such as coagulation, vascular leakiness, and reprogramming of stromal recipient cells to support pre-metastatic niche formation and subsequent metastasis. Clinically, EVs may be biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for cancer progression, particularly for predicting and preventing future metastatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Becker
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Pediatric Clinic III, University Clinic of Essen, Hufelandstrasse-55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Joshua Mitchell Weiss
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Han Sang Kim
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Departments of Internal Medicine, and Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hector Peinado
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
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125
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Mathews PM, Levy E. Cystatin C in aging and in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:38-50. [PMID: 27333827 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Under normal conditions, the function of catalytically active proteases is regulated, in part, by their endogenous inhibitors, and any change in the synthesis and/or function of a protease or its endogenous inhibitors may result in inappropriate protease activity. Altered proteolysis as a result of an imbalance between active proteases and their endogenous inhibitors can occur during normal aging, and such changes have also been associated with multiple neuronal diseases, including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), rare heritable neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia, some forms of epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the most extensively studied endogenous inhibitor is the cysteine-protease inhibitor cystatin C (CysC). Changes in the expression and secretion of CysC in the brain have been described in various neurological disorders and in animal models of neurodegeneration, underscoring a role for CysC in these conditions. In the brain, multiple in vitro and in vivo findings have demonstrated that CysC plays protective roles via pathways that depend upon the inhibition of endosomal-lysosomal pathway cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin B (Cat B), via the induction of cellular autophagy, via the induction of cell proliferation, or via the inhibition of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation. We review the data demonstrating the protective roles of CysC under conditions of neuronal challenge and the protective pathways induced by CysC under various conditions. Beyond highlighting the essential role that balanced proteolytic activity plays in supporting normal brain aging, these findings suggest that CysC is a therapeutic candidate that can potentially prevent brain damage and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Mathews
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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126
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Osada-Oka M, Shiota M, Izumi Y, Nishiyama M, Tanaka M, Yamaguchi T, Sakurai E, Miura K, Iwao H. Macrophage-derived exosomes induce inflammatory factors in endothelial cells under hypertensive conditions. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:353-360. [PMID: 27881852 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors and results in macrophage infiltration of blood vessels. However, how macrophages coordinate inflammatory responses with endothelial cells (ECs) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether exosomes upregulate the expression of inflammatory factors in ECs under hypertensive conditions. Hypertension was induced in rats by continuous infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II). Exosomes were purified from rat serum by density gradient and ultracentrifugation and used to stimulate human coronary artery ECs (HCAECs). Moreover, the interactions between HCAECs and exosomes from human THP-1-derived macrophages were analyzed. Administration of Ang II enhanced the expression of CD68, a macrophage marker, in rat hearts, suggesting enhanced infiltration of macrophages. In addition, the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a proinflammatory factor, was increased in hypertensive rat hearts compared with control rats. CD68 protein expression and an increase in the expression of some exosome markers were detected in exosomes from hypertensive rat serum. Moreover, the exosomes upregulated the expression levels of ICAM1 and PAI-1 in HCAECs. The level of miR-17, a negative regulator of ICAM1 expression, was markedly decreased in exosomes from hypertensive rat serum compared with exosomes from control rats. Interestingly, Ang II-stimulated THP-1-derived exosomes also enhanced the expression of ICAM1 and PAI-1 and contained reduced levels of miR-17 compared with exosomes from unstimulated cells. These results suggest that inflammation of ECs under hypertensive conditions is caused, at least in part, by macrophage-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Osada-Oka
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shiota
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasukatsu Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masako Tanaka
- Applied Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Emi Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.,Applied Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.,Applied Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwao
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Education, Shitennoji University, Habikino, Japan
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127
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control cellular gene expression via primarily binding to 3' or 5' untranslated region of the target transcript leading to translational repression or mRNA degradation. In most cases, miRNAs have been observed to fine-tune the cellular responses and, therefore, act as a rheostat rather than an on/off switch. Transcription factor PU.1 is a master switch that controls monocyte/macrophage development from hematopoietic stem cells. Recent Advances: PU.1 induces a specific set of miRNAs while suppressing the miR17-92 cluster to regulate monocyte/macrophage development. In addition to development, miRNAs tightly control the macrophage polarization continuum from proinflammatory M1 or proreparative M2 by regulating expression of key transcription factors involved in the process of polarization. CRITICAL ISSUES miRNAs are intricately involved with fine-tuning fundamental macrophage functions such as phagocytosis, efferocytosis, inflammation, tissue repair, and tumor promotion. Macrophages are secretory cells that participate in intercellular communication by releasing regulatory molecules and microvesicles (MVs). MVs are bilayered lipid membranes packaging a hydrophilic cargo, including proteins and nucleic acids. Macrophage-derived MVs carry functionally active miRNAs that suppress gene expression in target cells via post-transcriptional gene silencing, thus regulating cell function. In summary, miRNAs fine-tune several major facets of macrophage development and function. Such fine-tuning is critical in preventing exaggerated macrophage response to endogenous or exogenous stimuli. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A critical role of miRNAs in the regulation of innate immune response and macrophage biology, including development, differentiation, and activation, has emerged. A clear understanding of such regulation on macrophage function remains to be elucidated. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 795-804.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies and Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, Ohio
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128
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Abstract
Stem cells are critical to maintaining steady-state organ homeostasis and regenerating injured tissues. Recent intriguing reports implicate extracellular vesicles (EVs) as carriers for the distribution of morphogens and growth and differentiation factors from tissue parenchymal cells to stem cells, and conversely, stem cell-derived EVs carrying certain proteins and nucleic acids can support healing of injured tissues. We describe approaches to make use of engineered EVs as technology platforms in therapeutics and diagnostics in the context of stem cells. For some regenerative therapies, natural and engineered EVs from stem cells may be superior to single-molecule drugs, biologics, whole cells, and synthetic liposome or nanoparticle formulations because of the ease of bioengineering with multiple factors while retaining superior biocompatibility and biostability and posing fewer risks for abnormal differentiation or neoplastic transformation. Finally, we provide an overview of current challenges and future directions of EVs as potential therapeutic alternatives to cells for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Riazifar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697; .,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California 92868.,Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Egest J Pone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697; .,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California 92868.,Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.,Codiak BioSciences Inc., Woburn, Massachusetts 01801
| | - Weian Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697; .,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California 92868.,Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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129
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Abstract
Cancer diagnosis and therapy is steadily improving. Still, diagnosis is frequently late and diagnosis and follow-up procedures mostly are time-consuming and expensive. Searching for tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) in body fluids may provide an alternative, minimally invasive, yet highly reliable diagnostic tool. Beyond this, there is strong evidence that TEX could become a potent therapeutics. Exosomes, small vesicles delivered by many cells of the organism, are found in all body fluids. Exosomes are characterized by lipid composition, common and donor cell specific proteins, mRNA, small non-coding RNA including miRNA and DNA. Particularly the protein and miRNA markers received much attention as they may allow for highly specific diagnosis and can provide hints toward tumor aggressiveness and progression, where exosome-based diagnosis and follow-up is greatly facilitated by the recovery of exosomes in body fluids, particularly the peripheral blood. Beyond this, exosomes are the most important intercellular communicators that modulate, instruct, and reprogram their surrounding as well as distant organs. In concern about TEX this includes message transfer from tumor cells toward the tumor stroma, the premetastatic niche, the hematopoietic system and, last but not least, the instruction of non-cancer stem cells by cancer-initiating cells (CIC). Taking this into account, it becomes obvious that "tailored" exosomes offer themselves as potent therapeutic delivery system. In brief, during the last 4-5 years there is an ever-increasing, overwhelming interest in exosome research. This boom appears fully justified provided the content of the exosomes becomes most thoroughly analyzed and their mode of intercellular interaction can be unraveled in detail as this knowledge will open new doors toward cancer diagnosis and therapy including immunotherapy and CIC reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Zöller
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, im Neuenheimer Feld 365, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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130
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Chen C, Zong S, Wang Z, Lu J, Zhu D, Zhang Y, Cui Y. Imaging and Intracellular Tracking of Cancer-Derived Exosomes Using Single-Molecule Localization-Based Super-Resolution Microscope. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:25825-25833. [PMID: 27617891 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted by cells and enriched with plenty of proteins. Considering their significant roles in different physical activities and potential value for diagnostic drug delivery, researchers have put great efforts in in vitro tracking and content analysis of exosomes. Recently, the emergence of different kinds of super-resolution microscopy provides powerful tools for exosome study. Here, we demonstrate the application of single-molecule localization based super-resolution imaging technique in the imaging and tracking of cancer-derived exosomes. In the experiment, first, cancer-derived exosomes are extracted from the culture media of tumor cells. Then the exosome membrane receptors are labeled with photoswitchable probes, which allow super-resolution imaging of these membrane receptors via photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) or stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). By using human breast cancer cell-derived exosomes, we demonstrated simultaneous dual-color PALM/STORM imaging of two kinds of membrane receptors on the exosome membrane. Moreover, the successful labeling and imaging of exosomes make it possible to observe the interaction between cancer-derived exosomes and normal cells. Meanwhile, we realized the colocalization of cancer-derived exosomes and lysosomes in recipient cells with PALM/STORM imaging. Since exosomes play a vital role in intercellular communications, we anticipate that the presented PALM/STORM-based imaging and tracking of exosomes holds a great potential in the investigation of the mechanism of exosome-mediated cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shenfei Zong
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhuyuan Wang
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ju Lu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yiping Cui
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
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131
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Zhao Y, Chen K, Li H, Wu H. Effect of pH on the isolation of urinary exosome. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 49:165-169. [PMID: 27677479 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Urinary exosome is an ideal noninvasive, low-cost source of kidney diseases biomarkers. However, many factors effect the isolation of urine-derived exosome. The effect of pH on the yield of exosome isolation under different pH was explored. METHODS The pH was adjusted for 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 with hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. All samples were incubated for 30 min before differential ultracentrifugation. Exosome-associated protein markers TSG101, ALIX and total concentration of RNA were evaluated by Western-blotting and micro-amount ultraviolet spectrophotometer, respectively. RESULTS A major loss of urinary exosome was received at pH 8 compared with alkali medium or control group. There was no difference whether or not added EDTA-Na2. CONCLUSIONS Acidic environment was likely to conducive to the isolation of exosome and maintain its stability and integrity that suggest pH medium needs to be carefully considered and also provide a methodology for future separation exosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- Medical Technology Institute of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Kaiyong Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Guanyun, Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Haining Li
- Center of Research Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College, 182 Tongguan Road, Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Huiyi Wu
- Center of Research Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College, 182 Tongguan Road, Lianyungang, 222001, China.
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132
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Exosomes derived from human adipose mensenchymal stem cells accelerates cutaneous wound healing via optimizing the characteristics of fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32993. [PMID: 27615560 PMCID: PMC5018733 DOI: 10.1038/srep32993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged healing and scar formation are two major challenges in the treatment of soft tissue trauma. Adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) play an important role in tissue regeneration, and recent studies have suggested that exosomes secreted by stem cells may contribute to paracrine signaling. In this study, we investigated the roles of ASCs-derived exosomes (ASCs-Exos) in cutaneous wound healing. We found that ASCs-Exos could be taken up and internalized by fibroblasts to stimulate cell migration, proliferation and collagen synthesis in a dose-dependent manner, with increased genes expression of N-cadherin, cyclin-1, PCNA and collagen I, III. In vivo tracing experiments demonstrated that ASCs-Exos can be recruited to soft tissue wound area in a mouse skin incision model and significantly accelerated cutaneous wound healing. Histological analysis showed increased collagen I and III production by systemic administration of exosomes in the early stage of wound healing, while in the late stage, exosomes might inhibit collagen expression to reduce scar formation. Collectively, our findings indicate that ASCs-Exos can facilitate cutaneous wound healing via optimizing the characteristics of fibroblasts. Our results provide a new perspective and therapeutic strategy for the use of ASCs-Exos in soft tissue repair.
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133
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Hood JL. Melanoma exosome induction of endothelial cell GM-CSF in pre-metastatic lymph nodes may result in different M1 and M2 macrophage mediated angiogenic processes. Med Hypotheses 2016; 94:118-22. [PMID: 27515216 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key process in the preparation of lymph nodes for melanoma metastasis. Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induces hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) in M1 or HIF-2α in M2 polarized macrophages. HIF-1α promotes neoangiogenesis while HIF-2α facilitates morphogenic normalization of neovasculature. Melanoma exosomes induce GM-CSF expression by endothelial cells in vitro and HIF-1α expression in pre-metastatic lymph nodes in vivo. This suggest a relationship between melanoma exosome induced endothelial GM-CSF and macrophage mediated angiogenesis in lymph nodes. Theoretically, induction of endothelial cell derived GM-CSF by melanoma exosomes mediates different angiogenic functions in pre-metastatic lymph nodes depending on subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophage polarity. To explore this hypothesis, experiments utilizing melanoma exosomes in a lymph node model are outlined. Despite their opposing immune functions, indirect melanoma exosome stimulation of M1 or M2 SCS macrophages via endothelial derived GM-CSF in lymph nodes may induce different although complementary pro-tumor angiogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hood
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and The James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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134
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Hood JL. Post isolation modification of exosomes for nanomedicine applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1745-56. [PMID: 27348448 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles. They innately possess ideal structural and biocompatible nanocarrier properties. Exosome components can be engineered at the cellular level. Alternatively, when exosome source cells are unavailable for customized exosome production, exosomes derived from a variety of biological origins can be modified post isolation which is the focus of this article. Modification of exosome surface structures allows for exosome imaging and tracking in vivo. Exosome membranes can be loaded with hydrophobic therapeutics to increase drug stability and efficacy. Hydrophilic therapeutics such as RNA can be encapsulated in exosomes to improve cellular delivery. Despite advances in post isolation exosome modification strategies, many challenges to effectively harnessing their therapeutic potential remain. Future topics of exploration include: matching exosome subtypes with nanomedicine applications, optimizing exosomal nanocarrier formulation and investigating how modified exosomes interface with the immune system. Research into these areas will greatly facilitate personalized exosome-based nanomedicine endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hood
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology & the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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135
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Microvesicles provide a mechanism for intercellular communication by embryonic stem cells during embryo implantation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11958. [PMID: 27302045 PMCID: PMC4912619 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst is known to occur, but its functional consequences on early developmental events is unclear. Here we demonstrate that embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from the ICM generate and shed microvesicles (MVs), a major class of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which influence trophoblast behaviour during the implantation process. The MV cargo proteins laminin and fibronectin interact with integrins along the surfaces of the trophoblasts, triggering the activation of two signalling kinases, JNK and FAK, and stimulating trophoblast migration. We further show that injecting MVs isolated from ES cells into blastocysts results in an increase in their implantation efficiency. Thus, these findings highlight a unique mechanism by which ES cells communicate with trophoblasts within the blastocyst to increase their ability to migrate into the uterus, thereby promoting one of the earliest and most important steps during pregnancy. It is unclear how embryonic stem cells (ESC) communicate with surrounding cells during implantation. Here, the authors show that microvesicles (MV) are shed from ESCs, activating integrin and JNK/FAK kinases in trophoblasts, stimulating migration in vitro, and injecting MVs enhances blastocyst implantation.
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136
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Citrus limon-derived nanovesicles inhibit cancer cell proliferation and suppress CML xenograft growth by inducing TRAIL-mediated cell death. Oncotarget 2016; 6:19514-27. [PMID: 26098775 PMCID: PMC4637302 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanosized vesicles are considered key players in cell to cell communication, thus influencing physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. Nanovesicles have also been found in edible-plants and have shown therapeutic activity in inflammatory bowel diseases; however information on their role in affecting cancer progression is missing. Our study identify for the first time a fraction of vesicles from lemon juice (Citrus limon L.), obtained as a result of different ultracentrifugation, with density ranging from 1,15 to 1,19 g/ml and specific proteomic profile. By using an in vitro approach, we show that isolated nanovesicles inhibit cancer cell proliferation in different tumor cell lines, by activating a TRAIL-mediated apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, we demonstrate that lemon nanovesicles suppress CML tumor growth in vivo by specifically reaching tumor site and by activating TRAIL-mediated apoptotic cell processes. Overall, this study suggests the possible use of plant-edible nanovesicles as a feasible approach in cancer treatment.
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137
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138
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Navakanitworakul R, Hung WT, Gunewardena S, Davis JS, Chotigeat W, Christenson LK. Characterization and Small RNA Content of Extracellular Vesicles in Follicular Fluid of Developing Bovine Antral Follicles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25486. [PMID: 27158133 PMCID: PMC4860563 DOI: 10.1038/srep25486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and microvesicles (i.e., extracellular vesicles: EVs) have been identified within ovarian follicular fluid and recent evidence suggests that EVs are able to elicit profound effects on ovarian cell function. While existence of miRNA within EVs has been reported, whether EV size and concentration as well as their cargos (i.e., proteins and RNA) change during antral follicle growth remains unknown. Extracellular vesicles isolated from follicular fluid of small, medium and large bovine follicles were similar in size, while concentration of EVs decreased progressively as follicle size increased. Electron microscopy indicated a highly purified population of the lipid bilayer enclosed vesicles that were enriched in exosome biomarkers including CD81 and Alix. Small RNA sequencing identified a large number of known and novel miRNAs that changed in the EVs of different size follicles. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) indicated that miRNA abundant in small follicle EV preparations were associated with cell proliferation pathways, while those miRNA abundant in large follicle preparations were related to inflammatory response pathways. These studies are the first to demonstrate that EVs change in their levels and makeup during antral follicle development and point to the potential for a unique vesicle-mediated cell-to-cell communication network within the ovarian follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphatphorn Navakanitworakul
- Department Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 USA.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
| | - Wei-Ting Hung
- Department Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 USA
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 USA
| | - John S Davis
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Wilaiwan Chotigeat
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand.,Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
| | - Lane K Christenson
- Department Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 USA
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139
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Zhang L, Wang W, Bai J, Xu YF, Li LQ, Hua L, Deng L, Jia HL. Proteomic analysis associated with coronary artery dilatation caused by Kawasaki disease using serum exosomes. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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140
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Zhang L, Wang W, Bai J, Xu YF, Li LQ, Hua L, Deng L, Jia HL. Proteomic analysis associated with coronary artery dilatation caused by Kawasaki disease using serum exosomes. Rev Port Cardiol 2016; 35:265-73. [PMID: 27118092 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the serum exosome proteome profile of coronary artery dilatation (CAD) caused by Kawasaki disease (KD). METHODS Two-dimensional electrophoresis was implemented on proteins of serum exosomes obtained from children with CAD caused by KD and from healthy controls. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS We identified 38 differentially expressed proteins (13 up-regulated and 25 down-regulated) from serum exosomes of patients with CAD caused by KD compared with healthy controls. Expression levels of three differentially expressed proteins (leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein, sex hormone-binding globulin, and serotransferrin) were validated using western blot analysis. Classification and protein-protein network analysis showed that they are associated with multiple functional groups involved in the acute inflammatory response, defense response, complement activation, humoral immune response, and response to wounding. The majority of the proteins are involved in the inflammation and coagulation cascades. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish a comprehensive proteome profile of CAD caused by KD and increase our knowledge of scientific insight into its mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Maternal and Children Hospital, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Fen Xu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Lai-Qing Li
- Guangzhou Youdi Biotechnology Company, Guangzhou 510663, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Hua
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Deng
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Ling Jia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
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141
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Mohan A, Singh RS, Kumari M, Garg D, Upadhyay A, Ecelbarger CM, Tripathy S, Tiwari S. Urinary Exosomal microRNA-451-5p Is a Potential Early Biomarker of Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154055. [PMID: 27101382 PMCID: PMC4839711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive renal signatures can help in serial monitoring of diabetic patients. We tested whether urinary exosomal (UE) microRNA (miR) analysis could non-invasively predict renal pathology in diabetic rats during the course of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced in male Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg body weight). Non-diabetic control (CTRL) rats were injected with vehicle. Insulin (INS) treatment (5U/d, s.c.) was provided to 50% of the DM rats. Urine samples were collected at weeks 3, 6, and 9 following injections and UE prepared. An increase in miR-451-5p and miR-16, observed by pilot small RNA sequencing of UE RNA, was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and selected for further study. Subsets of rats were euthanized after 3, 6, and 9 weeks of diabetes for renal pathology analysis, including determination of the tubulointerstitial fibrotic index (TFI) and glomerulosclerotic index (GI) scores. qPCR showed a substantial rise in miR-451-5p in UE from DM rats during the course of diabetes, with a significant rise (median fold change >1000) between 3 and 6 weeks. Moreover, UE miR-451-5p at 6 weeks predicted urine albumin at 9 weeks (r = 0.76). A delayed but significant rise was also observed for miR-16. In contrast, mean urine albumin only increased 21% between 3 and 6 weeks (non-significant rise), and renal TFI and GI were unchanged till 9 weeks. Renal expression of miR-451-5p and miR-16 (at 10 weeks) did not correlate with urine levels, and moreover, was negatively associated with indices of renal pathology (r≥-0.70, p = 0.005 for TFI and r≥-0.6, p≤0.02 for GI). Overall, a relative elevation in renal miR-451-5p and miR-16 in diabetes appeared protective against diabetes-induced kidney fibrosis; while UE miR-451-5p may hold prognostic value as an early and sensitive non-invasive indicator of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Mohan
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Shankar Singh
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manju Kumari
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devika Garg
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya Upadhyay
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Carolyn M. Ecelbarger
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Sucheta Tripathy
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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142
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Hood JL. Melanoma exosomes enable tumor tolerance in lymph nodes. Med Hypotheses 2016; 90:11-3. [PMID: 27063077 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma preferentially spreads via lymph nodes. Melanoma exosomes can induce angiogenesis and immune suppression. However, a role for melanoma exosomes in facilitating tumor tolerance in lymph nodes has not been considered. Herein, the hypothesis that melanoma exosome mediated induction of vascular endothelial cell (VEC) derived tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) results in lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) mediated tumor tolerance is explored. To support this hypothesis, experiments involving ex vivo lymph node associated VECs, LECs, dendritic cells and T lymphocytes are proposed based upon a previously established fluorescent exosome lymph node trafficking model. The implication of the hypothesis in the context of melanoma exosome mediated induction of tumor tolerance in lymph nodes is then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hood
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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143
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Merino-González C, Zuñiga FA, Escudero C, Ormazabal V, Reyes C, Nova-Lamperti E, Salomón C, Aguayo C. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Angiogenesis: Potencial Clinical Application. Front Physiol 2016; 7:24. [PMID: 26903875 PMCID: PMC4746282 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent stem cells that are able to differentiate into multiple specialized cell types including osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. MSCs exert different functions in the body and have recently been predicted to have a major clinical/therapeutic potential. However, the mechanisms of self-renewal and tissue regeneration are not completely understood. It has been shown that the biological effect depends mainly on its paracrine action. Furthermore, it has been reported that the secretion of soluble factors and the release of extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, could mediate the cellular communication to induce cell-differentiation/self-renewal. This review provides an overview of MSC-derived exosomes in promoting angiogenicity and of the clinical relevance in a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Merino-González
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe A Zuñiga
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (GIANT), Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Bío-BíoChillán, Chile; Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health)Chillán, Chile
| | - Valeska Ormazabal
- Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Camila Reyes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Carlos Salomón
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Claudio Aguayo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of ConcepciónConcepción, Chile; Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health)Chillán, Chile
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Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived small extracellular membrane vesicles (50-100 nm in diameter) actively secreted by a number of healthy and diseased cell types. Exosomes can mediate cellular, tissue, and organ level micro communication under normal and pathological conditions by shuttling proteins, mRNA, and microRNAs. Prior to vesicle molecular profiling, these exosomes can be isolated from conditioned cell media or bodily fluids such as urine and plasma in order to explore the contents and functional relevance. Exosome purification and analyses are a fast-growing research field. Regardless of several advances in exosome purification and analyses methods, research still faces several challenges. Despite tremendous interest in the role of extracellular vesicles, there is no general agreement on dependable isolation protocols. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish reliable protocol of exosome purification and analysis. Here, we report a simple cost-effective isolation and analysis of cardiac myocyte exosomes from conditioned media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar A Malik
- Molecular & Cellular Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Pharmacology Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tingting T Liu
- Molecular & Cellular Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anne A Knowlton
- Molecular & Cellular Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Pharmacology Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA. .,The Department of Veteran's Affairs, Northern California VA, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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145
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Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles of multivesicular bodies derived from the cell endosome. Molecules have a characteristic composition both in the membrane and in the carried load. These particles are located in the culture medium of cells in vitro and in vivo body fluids, being synthesized by almost all kind of cells. The most characteristic molecule transported within is the RNA with a large clinical potential. In this chapter, the methodology for isolation of exosomes and subsequent purification of the RNA is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Marqués-García
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58, Salamanca, 37007, Spain.
- Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
- Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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146
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Panfoli I, Ravera S, Podestà M, Cossu C, Santucci L, Bartolucci M, Bruschi M, Calzia D, Sabatini F, Bruschettini M, Ramenghi LA, Romantsik O, Marimpietri D, Pistoia V, Ghiggeri G, Frassoni F, Candiano G. Exosomes from human mesenchymal stem cells conduct aerobic metabolism in term and preterm newborn infants. FASEB J 2015; 30:1416-24. [PMID: 26655706 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-279679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted nanovesicles that are able to transfer RNA and proteins to target cells. The emerging role of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) exosomes as promoters of aerobic ATP synthesis restoration in damaged cells, prompted us to assess whether they contain an extramitochondrial aerobic respiration capacity. Exosomes were isolated from culture medium of human MSCs from umbilical cord of ≥37-wk-old newborns or between 28- to 30-wk-old newborns (i.e.,term or preterm infants). Characterization of samples was conducted by cytofluorometry. Oxidative phosphorylation capacity was assessed by Western blot analysis, oximetry, and luminometric and fluorometric analyses. MSC exosomes express functional respiratory complexes I, IV, and V, consuming oxygen. ATP synthesis was only detectable in exosomes from term newborns, suggestive of a specific mechanism that is not completed at an early gestational age. Activities are outward facing and comparable to those detected in mitochondria isolated from term MSCs. MSC exosomes display an unsuspected aerobic respiratory ability independent of whole mitochondria. This may be relevant for their ability to rescue cell bioenergetics. The differential oxidative metabolism of pretermvs.term exosomes sheds new light on the preterm newborn's clinical vulnerability. A reduced ability to repair damaged tissue and an increased capability to cope with anoxic environment for preterm infants can be envisaged.-Panfoli, I., Ravera, S., Podestà, M., Cossu, C., Santucci, L., Bartolucci, M., Bruschi, M., Calzia, D., Sabatini, F., Bruschettini, M., Ramenghi, L. A., Romantsik, O., Marimpietri, D., Pistoia, V., Ghiggeri, G., Frassoni, F., Candiano, G. Exosomes from human mesenchymal stem cells conduct aerobic metabolism in term and preterm newborn infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Panfoli
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Podestà
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Cossu
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Santucci
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolucci
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruschi
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Calzia
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Sabatini
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Bruschettini
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Antonio Ramenghi
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Olga Romantsik
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Danilo Marimpietri
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vito Pistoia
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Ghiggeri
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Frassoni
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- *Dipartimento di Farmacia, Laboratorio di Biochimica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; and Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Uremia, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Laboratorio Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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147
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Hwang DW, Choi H, Jang SC, Yoo MY, Park JY, Choi NE, Oh HJ, Ha S, Lee YS, Jeong JM, Gho YS, Lee DS. Noninvasive imaging of radiolabeled exosome-mimetic nanovesicle using (99m)Tc-HMPAO. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15636. [PMID: 26497063 PMCID: PMC4620485 DOI: 10.1038/srep15636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes known as nano-sized extracellular vesicles attracted recent interests due to their potential usefulness in drug delivery. Amid remarkable advances in biomedical applications of exosomes, it is crucial to understand in vivo distribution and behavior of exosomes. Here, we developed a simple method for radiolabeling of macrophage-derived exosome-mimetic nanovesicles (ENVs) with (99m)Tc-HMPAO under physiologic conditions and monitored in vivo distribution of (99m)Tc-HMPAO-ENVs using SPECT/CT in living mice. ENVs were produced from the mouse RAW264.7 macrophage cell line and labeled with (99m)Tc-HMPAO for 1 hr incubation, followed by removal of free (99m)Tc-HMPAO. SPECT/CT images were serially acquired after intravenous injection to BALB/c mouse. When ENVs were labeled with (99m)Tc-HMPAO, the radiochemical purity of (99m)Tc-HMPAO-ENVs was higher than 90% and the expression of exosome specific protein (CD63) did not change in (99m)Tc-HMPAO-ENVs. (99m)Tc-HMPAO-ENVs showed high serum stability (90%) which was similar to that in phosphate buffered saline until 5 hr. SPECT/CT images of the mice injected with (99m)Tc-HMPAO-ENVs exhibited higher uptake in liver and no uptake in brain, whereas mice injected with (99m)Tc-HMPAO showed high brain uptake until 5 hr. Our noninvasive imaging of radiolabeled-ENVs promises better understanding of the in vivo behavior of exosomes for upcoming biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Won Hwang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hongyoon Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Chul Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea.,Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Min Young Yoo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yong Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na Eun Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunggyun Ha
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Min Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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148
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Zamanian M, Fraser LM, Agbedanu PN, Harischandra H, Moorhead AR, Day TA, Bartholomay LC, Kimber MJ. Release of Small RNA-containing Exosome-like Vesicles from the Human Filarial Parasite Brugia malayi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004069. [PMID: 26401956 PMCID: PMC4581865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a socio-economically devastating mosquito-borne Neglected Tropical Disease caused by parasitic filarial nematodes. The interaction between the parasite and host, both mosquito and human, during infection, development and persistence is dynamic and delicately balanced. Manipulation of this interface to the detriment of the parasite is a promising potential avenue to develop disease therapies but is prevented by our very limited understanding of the host-parasite relationship. Exosomes are bioactive small vesicles (30-120 nm) secreted by a wide range of cell types and involved in a wide range of physiological processes. Here, we report the identification and partial characterization of exosome-like vesicles (ELVs) released from the infective L3 stage of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi. Exosome-like vesicles were isolated from parasites in culture media and electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis were used to confirm that vesicles produced by juvenile B. malayi are exosome-like based on size and morphology. We show that loss of parasite viability correlates with a time-dependent decay in vesicle size specificity and rate of release. The protein cargo of these vesicles is shown to include common exosomal protein markers and putative effector proteins. These Brugia-derived vesicles contain small RNA species that include microRNAs with host homology, suggesting a potential role in host manipulation. Confocal microscopy shows J774A.1, a murine macrophage cell line, internalize purified ELVs, and we demonstrate that these ELVs effectively stimulate a classically activated macrophage phenotype in J774A.1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of exosome-like vesicle release by a human parasitic nematode and our data suggest a novel mechanism by which human parasitic nematodes may actively direct the host responses to infection. Further interrogation of the makeup and function of these bioactive vesicles could seed new therapeutic strategies and unearth stage-specific diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Zamanian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lisa M Fraser
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Prince N Agbedanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hiruni Harischandra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Andrew R Moorhead
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tim A Day
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael J Kimber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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149
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Porro C, Trotta T, Panaro MA. Microvesicles in the brain: Biomarker, messenger or mediator? J Neuroimmunol 2015; 288:70-8. [PMID: 26531697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs) are cell-derived vesicles produced after membrane remodeling of eukaryotic cells during activation or apoptosis. MVs are considered a novel biomarker/messenger for many diseases. Neurons, astrocytes, microglia, as well as neural stem cells, have been described to release MVs, many studies have demonstrated the involvement of platelets and endothelial MVs in some central nervous diseases. This review is focused on understanding the role of MVs in the brain; new findings demonstrated that MVs can contribute to the onset and progression of some neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, as well as to the development and regeneration of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Teresa Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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150
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Ach T, Tolstik E, Messinger JD, Zarubina AV, Heintzmann R, Curcio CA. Lipofuscin redistribution and loss accompanied by cytoskeletal stress in retinal pigment epithelium of eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3242-52. [PMID: 25758814 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipofuscin (LF) and melanolipofuscin (MLF) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are the principal sources of autofluorescence (AF) signals in clinical fundus-AF imaging. Few details about the subcellular distribution of AF organelles in AMD are available. We describe the impact of aging and AMD on RPE morphology revealed by the distribution of AF LF/MLF granules and actin cytoskeleton in human tissues. METHODS Thirty-five RPE-Bruch's membrane flatmounts from 35 donors were prepared (postmortem: ≤4 hours). Ex vivo fundus examination at the time of accession revealed either absence of chorioretinal pathologies (10 tissues; mean age: 83.0 ± 2.6 years) or stages of AMD (25 tissues; 85.0 ± 5.8 years): early AMD, geographic atrophy, and late exudative AMD. Retinal pigment epithelium cytoskeleton was labeled with AlexaFluor647-Phalloidin. Tissues were imaged on a spinning-disk fluorescence microscope and a high-resolution structured illumination microscope. RESULTS Age-related macular degeneration impacts individual RPE cells by (1) lipofuscin redistribution by (i) degranulation (granule-by-granule loss) and/or (ii) aggregation and apparent shedding into the extracellular space; (2) enlarged RPE cell area and conversion from convex to irregular and sometimes concave polygons; and (3) cytoskeleton derangement including separations and breaks around subretinal deposits, thickening, and stress fibers. CONCLUSIONS We report an extensive and systematic en face analysis of LF/MLF-AF in AMD eyes. Redistribution and loss of AF granules are among the earliest AMD changes and could reduce fundus AF signal attributable to RPE at these locations. Data can enhance the interpretation of clinical fundus-AF and provide a basis for future quantitative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ach
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Ophthalmology, Birmingham, Alabama, United States 2University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elen Tolstik
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany 5King's College London, Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey D Messinger
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Ophthalmology, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Anna V Zarubina
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Ophthalmology, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany 5King's College London, Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine A Curcio
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Ophthalmology, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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