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Adenovirus Reveals New Pathway for Cholesterol Egress from the Endolysosomal System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165808. [PMID: 32823559 PMCID: PMC7460884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to providing invaluable insights to the host response to viral infection, adenovirus continues to be an important model system for discovering basic aspects of cell biology. This is especially true for products of early region three (E3), which have provided the foundation for understanding many new mechanisms regulating intracellular trafficking of host cell proteins involved in the host immune response. Cholesterol homeostasis is vital for proper cellular physiology, and disturbances in cholesterol balance are increasingly recognized as important factors in human disease. Despite its central role in numerous aspects of cellular functions, the mechanisms responsible for delivery of dietary cholesterol to the endoplasmic reticulum, where the lipid metabolic and regulatory machinery reside, remain poorly understood. In this review, we describe a novel intracellular pathway for cholesterol trafficking that has been co-opted by an adenovirus E3 gene product. We describe what is known about the molecular regulation of this pathway, how it might benefit viral replication, and its potential involvement in normal cell physiology. Finally, we make a case that adenovirus has co-opted a cellular pathway that may be dysregulated in various human diseases.
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Butler LM, Perone Y, Dehairs J, Lupien LE, de Laat V, Talebi A, Loda M, Kinlaw WB, Swinnen JV. Lipids and cancer: Emerging roles in pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:245-293. [PMID: 32711004 PMCID: PMC7736102 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of effective tools to study lipids, including mass spectrometry-based lipidomics, lipids are emerging as central players in cancer biology. Lipids function as essential building blocks for membranes, serve as fuel to drive energy-demanding processes and play a key role as signaling molecules and as regulators of numerous cellular functions. Not unexpectedly, cancer cells, as well as other cell types in the tumor microenvironment, exploit various ways to acquire lipids and extensively rewire their metabolism as part of a plastic and context-dependent metabolic reprogramming that is driven by both oncogenic and environmental cues. The resulting changes in the fate and composition of lipids help cancer cells to thrive in a changing microenvironment by supporting key oncogenic functions and cancer hallmarks, including cellular energetics, promoting feedforward oncogenic signaling, resisting oxidative and other stresses, regulating intercellular communication and immune responses. Supported by the close connection between altered lipid metabolism and the pathogenic process, specific lipid profiles are emerging as unique disease biomarkers, with diagnostic, prognostic and predictive potential. Multiple preclinical studies illustrate the translational promise of exploiting lipid metabolism in cancer, and critically, have shown context dependent actionable vulnerabilities that can be rationally targeted, particularly in combinatorial approaches. Moreover, lipids themselves can be used as membrane disrupting agents or as key components of nanocarriers of various therapeutics. With a number of preclinical compounds and strategies that are approaching clinical trials, we are at the doorstep of exploiting a hitherto underappreciated hallmark of cancer and promising target in the oncologist's strategy to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Ylenia Perone
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jonas Dehairs
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, KU Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leslie E Lupien
- Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 037560, USA
| | - Vincent de Laat
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, KU Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ali Talebi
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, KU Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Massimo Loda
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William B Kinlaw
- The Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, KU Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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103
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Amirani E, Hallajzadeh J, Asemi Z, Mansournia MA, Yousefi B. Effects of chitosan and oligochitosans on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT pathway in cancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:456-467. [PMID: 32693135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway is one of the most important kinase signaling networks in the context of cancer development and treatment. Aberrant activation of AKT, the central mediator of this pathway, has been implicated in numerous malignancies including endometrial, hepatocellular, breast, colorectal, prostate, and, cervical cancer. Thus regulation and blockage of this kinase and its key target nodes is an attractive approach in cancer therapy and diverse efforts have been done to achieve this aim. Chitosan is a carbohydrate with multiple interesting applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment strategies. This bioactive polymer and its derivative oligomers commonly used in drug/DNA delivery methods due to their functional properties which improve efficiency of delivery systems. Further, these compounds exert anti-tumor roles through the stimulation of apoptosis, immune enhancing potency, anti-oxidative features and anti-angiogenic roles. Due to the importance of PI3K-AKT signaling in cancer targeting and treatment resistance, this review discusses the involvement of chitosan, oligochitosaccharides and carriers based on these chemicals in the regulation of this pathway in different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Amirani
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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104
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Chua NK, Coates HW, Brown AJ. Squalene monooxygenase: a journey to the heart of cholesterol synthesis. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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105
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Feng H, He Y, La L, Hou C, Song L, Yang Q, Wu F, Liu W, Hou L, Li Y, Wang C, Li Y. The flavonoid-enriched extract from the root of Smilax china L. inhibits inflammatory responses via the TLR-4-mediated signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 256:112785. [PMID: 32222576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Smilax china L. has been used clinically to treat various inflammatory disorders with a long history. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory action of the extract from the herb. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extract was identified and quantified using the Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array-Mass Spectrometer method. The anti-inflammatory activities were examined in xylene-induced mouse ear edema and cotton ball-induced rat granuloma. The inflammatory mediators, pro-inflammatory cytokines and TLR-4-mediated signals in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were determined using ELISA, real-time PCR, Western blot and/or immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS The extract was found to enrich flavonoids (44.3%, mainly astilbin, engeletin, isoastilbin, cinchonain Ia, quercetin-3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside and chlorogenic acid). The flavonoid-enriched extract (FEE) inhibited xylene-induced mouse ear edema and cotton ball-induced rat granuloma, and suppressed LPS-induced over-release and/or overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in RAW264.7 macrophages. Mechanistically, FEE suppressed protein overexpression of TLR-4 and its downstream signals, MyD88 protein, phosphorylated inhibitory κB-α, NF-κB-P65 and MAPK p38, as well as phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) p85α at Tyr607 and Akt at Ser473 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. The mode of the anti-inflammatory action of FEE was similar to that of TAK-242 (a selective TLR-4 inhibitor). CONCLUSIONS The present results demonstrate that FEE inhibit inflammatory responses via the TLR-4-mediated signaling pathway. Our findings go a new insight into the mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory action of the herb, and provide a better understanding of its use for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixing Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yanling He
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
| | - Lei La
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Chuqi Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Luyao Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Fuling Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Wenqin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Lianbing Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
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106
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Kourounakis AP, Bavavea E. New applications of squalene synthase inhibitors: Membrane cholesterol as a therapeutic target. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000085. [PMID: 32557793 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Squalene synthase (SQS) inhibitors, mostly known as antihyperlipidemic agents for controlling blood cholesterol levels, have been increasingly used to study alterations of the cholesterol content in cell membranes. As such, SQS inhibitors have been demonstrated to control cellular activities related to cancer cell proliferation and migration, neuron degeneration, and parasite growth. While the mechanisms behind the effects of cellular cholesterol are still being revealed in detail, the evidence for SQS as a therapeutic target for several seemingly unrelated diseases is increasing. SQS inhibitors may be the next promising candidates targeting the three remaining primary therapeutic areas, beyond cardiovascular disease, which still need to be addressed; their application as anticancer, antimicrobial, and antineurodegenerative agents appears promising for new drug discovery projects underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eugenia Bavavea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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107
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Hepsin enhances liver metabolism and inhibits adipocyte browning in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12359-12367. [PMID: 32404422 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918445117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepsin is a transmembrane serine protease primarily expressed in the liver. To date, the physiological function of hepsin remains poorly defined. Here we report that hepsin-deficient mice have low levels of blood glucose and lipids and liver glycogen, but increased adipose tissue browning and basal metabolic rates. The phenotype is caused by reduced hepatocyte growth factor activation and impaired Met signaling, resulting in decreased liver glucose and lipid metabolism and enhanced adipocyte browning. Hepsin-deficient mice exhibit marked resistance to high-fat diet-induced obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. In db/db mice, hepsin deficiency ameliorates obesity and diabetes. These data indicate that hepsin is a key regulator in liver metabolism and energy homeostasis, suggesting that hepsin could be a therapeutic target for treating obesity and diabetes.
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108
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Zhao H, Zhang F, Sun D, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Yan F, Huang C, Xie H, Lin C, Liu Y, Fan M, Yan W, Chen Y, Lian K, Li Y, Zhang L, Wang S, Tao L. Branched-Chain Amino Acids Exacerbate Obesity-Related Hepatic Glucose and Lipid Metabolic Disorders via Attenuating Akt2 Signaling. Diabetes 2020; 69:1164-1177. [PMID: 32184272 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with the progression of obesity-related metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, whether BCAAs disrupt the homeostasis of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism remains unknown. In this study, we observed that BCAAs supplementation significantly reduced high-fat (HF) diet-induced hepatic lipid accumulation while increasing the plasma lipid levels and promoting muscular and renal lipid accumulation. Further studies demonstrated that BCAAs supplementation significantly increased hepatic gluconeogenesis and suppressed hepatic lipogenesis in HF diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. These phenotypes resulted from severe attenuation of Akt2 signaling via mTORC1- and mTORC2-dependent pathways. BCAAs/branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs) chronically suppressed Akt2 activation through mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling and promoted Akt2 ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation through the mTORC2 pathway. Moreover, the E3 ligase Mul1 played an essential role in BCAAs/BCKAs-mTORC2-induced Akt2 ubiquitin-dependent degradation. We also demonstrated that BCAAs inhibited hepatic lipogenesis by blocking Akt2/SREBP1/INSIG2a signaling and increased hepatic glycogenesis by regulating Akt2/Foxo1 signaling. Collectively, these data demonstrate that in DIO mice, BCAAs supplementation resulted in serious hepatic metabolic disorder and severe liver insulin resistance: insulin failed to not only suppress gluconeogenesis but also activate lipogenesis. Intervening BCAA metabolism is a potential therapeutic target for severe insulin-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishou Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Assisted Reproduction Center, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinglong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chong Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huaning Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Miaomiao Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Youhu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Lian
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yueyang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Zheng ZG, Zhu ST, Cheng HM, Zhang X, Cheng G, Thu PM, Wang SP, Li HJ, Ding M, Qiang L, Chen XW, Zhong Q, Li P, Xu X. Discovery of a potent SCAP degrader that ameliorates HFD-induced obesity, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance via an autophagy-independent lysosomal pathway. Autophagy 2020; 17:1592-1613. [PMID: 32432943 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1757955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SCAP (SREBF chaperone) regulates SREBFs (sterol regulatory element binding transcription factors) processing and stability, and, thus, becomes an emerging drug target to treat dyslipidemia and fatty liver disease. However, the current known SCAP inhibitors, such as oxysterols, induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and NR1H3/LXRα (nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3)-SREBF1/SREBP-1 c-mediated hepatic steatosis, which severely limited the clinical application of this inhibitor. In this study, we identified a small molecule, lycorine, which binds to SCAP, which suppressed the SREBF pathway without inducing ER stress or activating NR1H3. Mechanistically, lycorine promotes SCAP lysosomal degradation in a macroautophagy/autophagy-independent pathway, a mechanism completely distinct from current SCAP inhibitors. Furthermore, we determined that SQSTM1 captured SCAP after its exit from the ER. The interaction of SCAP and SQSTM1 requires the WD40 domain of SCAP and the TB domain of SQSTM1. Interestingly, lycorine triggers the lysosome translocation of SCAP independent of autophagy. We termed this novel protein degradation pathway as the SQSTM1-mediated autophagy-independent lysosomal degradation (SMAILD) pathway. In vivo, lycorine ameliorates high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance in mice. Our study demonstrated that the inhibition of SCAP through the SMAILD pathway could be employed as a useful therapeutic strategy for treating metabolic diseases.Abbreviation: 25-OHD: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ABCG5: ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 5; ABCG8: ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 8; ACACA: acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha; AEBSF: 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride; AHI: anhydroicaritin; AKT/protein kinase B: AKT serine/threonine kinase; APOE: apolipoprotein E; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; ATG: autophagy-related; BAT: brown adipose tissue; CD274/PD-L1: CD274 molecule; CETSA: cellular thermal shift assay; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; COPII: cytoplasmic coat protein complex-II; CQ: chloroquine; DDIT3/CHOP: DNA damage inducible transcript 3; DNL: de novo lipogenesis; EE: energy expenditure; EGFR: epithelial growth factor receptor; eMI: endosomal microautophagy; ERN1/IRE1α: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; FADS2: fatty acid desaturase 2; FASN: fatty acid synthase; GOT1/AST: glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1; GPT/ALT: glutamic-pyruvate transaminase; HMGCR: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; HMGCS1: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1; HSP90B1/GRP94: heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1; HSPA5/GRP78: heat hock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5; HSPA8/HSC70: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8; INSIG1: insulin induced gene 1; LAMP2A: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A; LDLR: low density lipoprotein receptor; LyTACs: lysosome targeting chimeras; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MBTPS1: membrane bound transcription factor peptidase, site 1; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; MST: microscale thermophoresis; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MVK: mevalonate kinase; PROTAC: proteolysis targeting chimera; RQ: respiratory quotient; SCAP: SREBF chaperone; SCD1: stearoyl-coenzemy A desaturase 1; SMAILD: sequestosome 1 mediated autophagy-independent lysosomal degradation; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; SREBF: sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor; TNFRSF10B/DR5: TNF receptor superfamily member 10b; TRAF6: TNF receptor associated factor 6; UPR: unfolded protein response; WAT: white adipose tissue; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Guo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Si-Tong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui-Min Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Beijing Kanglisheng Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Pyone Myat Thu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Center for Life Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhong
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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110
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De Jesus DF, Orime K, Kaminska D, Kimura T, Basile G, Wang CH, Haertle L, Riemens R, Brown NK, Hu J, Männistö V, Silva AM, Dirice E, Tseng YH, Haaf T, Pihlajamäki J, Kulkarni RN. Parental metabolic syndrome epigenetically reprograms offspring hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2391-2407. [PMID: 32250344 PMCID: PMC7190992 DOI: 10.1172/jci127502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide. Although gene-environment interactions have been implicated in the etiology of several disorders, the impact of paternal and/or maternal metabolic syndrome on the clinical phenotypes of offspring and the underlying genetic and epigenetic contributors of NAFLD have not been fully explored. To this end, we used the liver-specific insulin receptor knockout (LIRKO) mouse, a unique nondietary model manifesting 3 hallmarks that confer high risk for the development of NAFLD: hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. We report that parental metabolic syndrome epigenetically reprograms members of the TGF-β family, including neuronal regeneration-related protein (NREP) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). NREP and GDF15 modulate the expression of several genes involved in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. In particular, NREP downregulation increases the protein abundance of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) in a TGF-β receptor/PI3K/protein kinase B-dependent manner, to regulate hepatic acetyl-CoA and cholesterol synthesis. Reduced hepatic expression of NREP in patients with NAFLD and substantial correlations between low serum NREP levels and the presence of steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis highlight the clinical translational relevance of our findings in the context of recent preclinical trials implicating ACLY in NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario F. De Jesus
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kazuki Orime
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorota Kaminska
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomohiko Kimura
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Giorgio Basile
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Wang
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Larissa Haertle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Renzo Riemens
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Natalie K. Brown
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiang Hu
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ville Männistö
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, and
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ercument Dirice
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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111
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Feng WW, Kurokawa M. Lipid metabolic reprogramming as an emerging mechanism of resistance to kinase inhibitors in breast cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3. [PMID: 32226926 PMCID: PMC7100881 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women in the United States. In general, patients with breast cancer undergo surgical resection of the tumor and/or receive drug treatment to kill or suppress the growth of cancer cells. In this regard, small molecule kinase inhibitors serve as an important class of drugs used in clinical and research settings. However, the development of resistance to these compounds, in particular HER2 and CDK4/6 inhibitors, often limits durable clinical responses to therapy. Emerging evidence indicates that PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway hyperactivation is one of the most prominent mechanisms of resistance to many small molecule inhibitors as it bypasses upstream growth factor receptor inhibition. Importantly, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway also plays a pertinent role in regulating various aspects of cancer metabolism. Recent studies from our lab and others have demonstrated that altered lipid metabolism mediates the development of acquired drug resistance to HER2-targeted therapies in breast cancer, raising an interesting link between reprogrammed kinase signaling and lipid metabolism. It appears that, upon development of resistance to HER2 inhibitors, breast cancer cells rewire lipid metabolism to somehow circumvent the inhibition of kinase signaling. Here, we review various mechanisms of resistance observed for kinase inhibitors and discuss lipid metabolism as a potential therapeutic target to overcome acquired drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Feng
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Manabu Kurokawa
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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112
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Zhang W, Xia Y, Ling Y, Yang W, Dong ZX, Wang DA, Fan C. A Transcriptome Sequencing Study on Genome-Wide Gene Expression Differences of 3D Cultured Chondrocytes in Hydrogel Scaffolds with Different Gel Density. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000028. [PMID: 32187455 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel is considered as a promising cell delivery vehicle in cartilage tissue engineering, whose tunable microenvironments may influence the function and fate of encapsulated chondrocytes. Here, the transcriptomes of chondrocytes that are encapsulated and cultured in hydrogel constructs respectively made of 0.8% and 4% alginate solution are investigated. Differences in chondrocyte transcriptome are detected via RNA-sequencing from these two cultural conditions. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are reflected in extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion, cell cycle, proliferation, cartilage development, and so on. Significantly, the expression of DEGs associated with cartilage ECM and cell proliferation are upregulated in 0.8% constructs; whilst the expressions of DEGs involved in cell cycle and matrix degradation are upregulated in 4% constructs. Moreover, interestingly, the expressions of chondrocyte hypertrophy markers are upregulated in 0.8% constructs; while 4% constructs seemingly favor the long-term maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype. Taken together, this study confirms on transcriptomic level that gel density affects gene expression and phenotype of the encapsulated chondrocytes; therefore, it may provide guidance for future design and fabrication of cartilage tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yujun Xia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yang Ling
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, P. R. China
| | - Zuo-Xiang Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, P. R. China
| | - Dong-An Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Changjiang Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.,Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, P. R. China
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113
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Keshavarz M, Solaymani-Mohammadi F, Namdari H, Arjeini Y, Mousavi MJ, Rezaei F. Metabolic host response and therapeutic approaches to influenza infection. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:15. [PMID: 32161622 PMCID: PMC7059726 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on available metabolomic studies, influenza infection affects a variety of cellular metabolic pathways to ensure an optimal environment for its replication and production of viral particles. Following infection, glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis increase in infected cells continually, which results in higher glucose consumption. The pentose phosphate shunt, as another glucose-consuming pathway, is enhanced by influenza infection to help produce more nucleotides, especially ATP. Regarding lipid species, following infection, levels of triglycerides, phospholipids, and several lipid derivatives undergo perturbations, some of which are associated with inflammatory responses. Also, mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation decreases significantly simultaneously with an increase in biosynthesis of fatty acids and membrane lipids. Moreover, essential amino acids are demonstrated to decline in infected tissues due to the production of large amounts of viral and cellular proteins. Immune responses against influenza infection, on the other hand, could significantly affect metabolic pathways. Mainly, interferon (IFN) production following viral infection affects cell function via alteration in amino acid synthesis, membrane composition, and lipid metabolism. Understanding metabolic alterations required for influenza virus replication has revealed novel therapeutic methods based on targeted inhibition of these cellular metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Keshavarz
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Haideh Namdari
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Arjeini
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- National Influenza Center, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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114
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Tan S, Liu H, Ke B, Jiang J, Wu B. The peripheral CB 1 receptor antagonist JD5037 attenuates liver fibrosis via a CB 1 receptor/β-arrestin1/Akt pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2830-2847. [PMID: 32017042 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Liver fibrosis is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and has no adequate treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that cannabinoid CB1 receptors regulate a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the liver, and blockage of CB1 receptor signalling shows promise as a new therapy for several liver diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of CB1 receptors and a peripheral CB1 receptor antagonist JD5037 in liver fibrogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Liver samples from both humans and mouse models were investigated. The peripheral CB1 receptor antagonist JD5037, β-arr1 wild type (β-arr1-WT) and β-arr1 knockout (β-arr1-KO) littermate models, and primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were also used. The mechanisms underlying CB1 receptor-regulated HSCs activation in fibrosis and the therapeutic potential of JD5037 were further analysed. KEY RESULTS CB1 receptors were induced in samples from patients with liver fibrosis and from mouse models. These receptors promoted activation of HSCs in liver fibrosis via recruiting β-arrestin1 and Akt signalling, while blockage of CB1 receptors with JD5037 attenuated CB1 receptor-regulated HSCs activation and liver fibrosis by suppressing β-arrestin1/Akt signalling. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CB1 receptors promote the activation of HSCs and liver fibrosis via the β-arrestin1/Akt signalling pathway. The peripheral CB1 receptor antagonist JD5037 blocked this pathway, the activation of HSCs and liver fibrosis. This compound and the associated pathway may be a novel approach to the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bilun Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
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115
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Li D, Li S, Xue AZ, Smith Callahan LA, Liu Y. Expression of SREBP2 and cholesterol metabolism related genes in TCGA glioma cohorts. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e18815. [PMID: 32195924 PMCID: PMC7220679 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database provides correlative evidence between altered molecular pathways and gliomas. Dysregulated cholesterol homeostasis emerges as a potential indicator of the pathogenesis of gliomas.Mining large cohorts from the TCGA together with database from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) for confirmation, we compared gene expression of cholesterol synthesis master regulator SREBP2 and its regulatory networks in low grade glioma (LGG) and glioblastoma (GBM).Our analysis shows that expression of SREBP2 and related genes is lower in GBM than in LGG, indicating that cholesterol metabolism processes, including de novo synthesis, cholesterol uptakes, and cholesterol conversion and efflux, are suppressed in GBM.Overall, our data suggests that SREBP2 transcript could serve as a potential prognosis marker or therapeutic target in diffuse glioma including GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Li
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Shenglan Li
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Allen Z. Xue
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura A. Smith Callahan
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying Liu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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116
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Dietary Platycodon grandiflorus Attenuates Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Oxidative Stress in High-Fat-Diet Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020480. [PMID: 32074961 PMCID: PMC7071327 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The root of Platycodon grandiflorus (PG), with hepatoprotective and anti-oxidation effects, has a long history of being used as food and herbal medicine in Asia. However, the mechanism of PG against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is still not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of PG suppressing the development of NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with either a standard chow diet or a HFD, either supplemented with or without PG, for 16 weeks. Serum lipids, liver steatosis, oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity were determined. Expressions or activities of hepatic enzymes in the related pathways were analyzed to investigate the mechanisms. PG significantly reduced HFD-induced hepatic injury and hyperlipidemia, as well as hepatic steatosis via regulating phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC) and expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS). In addition, PG ameliorated oxidative stress by restoring glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidant activities, and improved insulin sensitivity by regulating the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. Our data showed that dietary PG have profound effects on hepatic insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress, two key factors in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, demonstrating the potential of PG as a therapeutic strategy for NAFLD.
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117
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Zhang Y, Gu M, Wang R, Li M, Li D, Xie Z. Dietary supplement of Yunkang 10 green tea and treadmill exercise ameliorate high fat diet induced metabolic syndrome of C57BL/6 J mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:14. [PMID: 32042300 PMCID: PMC7001212 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-0433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diet and exercise play important roles in ameliorating metabolic syndrome. Yunkang 10 (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) is a most cultivated tea variety for making tea in the Southwestern China. Currently, there is no report of healthy effects of Yunkang 10 green tea (YKGT) and treadmill exercise (Ex) on high fat diet induced metabolic syndrome (MetS). We aimed to investigate the beneficial effects and molecular mechanism of YKGT and Ex using high fat diet induced MetS of C57BL/6 mice. Methods Catechins and caffeine in water extract of YKGT were measured via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 10-week old mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks to induce obese mice. Then the obese mice were fed with continuous high fat diet (HFD), HFD with YKGT, HFD with Ex, and HFD with both YKGT and Ex for 8 weeks, respectively. The another group of 10-week old mice fed with low fat diet (LFD) were used as control. Results HPLC data revealed that YKGT has abundantly high concentration of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and caffeine compared to Longjing 43 (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis) green tea. YKGT and Ex significantly decreased the level of blood glucose, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), insulin, and alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT) when compared to HFD group. The fatty liver and hepatic pro-inflammatory gene expression in the YKGT, Ex and YKGT+Ex groups was mitigated significantly compared with HFD group, respectively. The phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase α/β (IKKα/β) and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B α (IkBα) protein in the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) signaling pathway was also decreased in YKGT or YKGT+Ex groups. The combination of YKGT and Ex prevented gene expression for lipid synthesis in the liver tissue, and significantly upregulated mRNA level of glucose transport genes in the skeletal muscles, when compared to the HFD group. Conclusions This study demonstrated that YKGT supplement or exercise appeared to reverse preexisting metabolic syndrome, and effectively relieved the fatty liver and hepatic inflammatory response induced by high fat diet. YKGT supplement and treadmill exercise together had better beneficial effects than only one intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhong Zhang
- 1Department of Sports Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui People's Republic of China.,2State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxing Gu
- 2State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruru Wang
- 2State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036 People's Republic of China
| | - Menwan Li
- 2State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036 People's Republic of China
| | - Daxiang Li
- 2State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwen Xie
- 2State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036 People's Republic of China
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Ceylan D, Tufekci KU, Keskinoglu P, Genc S, Özerdem A. Circulating exosomal microRNAs in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2020; 262:99-107. [PMID: 31726266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging evidence suggests central roles of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD). Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles acting as "biological cargo carriers" of various types of molecules including microRNAs. In this study, we aimed to investigate circulating exosomal microRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers for BD. METHODS The exosomes were precipitated from plasma samples of patients with BD (n = 69; 15 depressed, 27 manic, 27 euthymic) and healthy controls (n = 41). Total RNA was extracted from the exosomes and the levels of miRNAs were assayed by qPCR. Dysregulated miRNAs were subjected to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes" (KEGG) pathway analysis by DIANA-miRPath v3.0 to identify the predicted targets and the related pathways. RESULTS Thirteen miRNAs showed significant differences between patients with BD and healthy individuals; among these, MiR-484, -652-3p, -142-3p remained significantly downregulated and miR-185-5p remained significantly upregulated after accounting for multiple comparisons and adjustments for potential confounders. There were no significant alterations among different states of BD. The KEEG analysis of four dysregulated miRNAs highlighted several target pathways including PI3K/Akt signaling, fatty acid biosynthesis/metabolism, extracellular matrix and adhesion pathways. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that dysregulation of miRNAs might be involved in the underlying pathophysiology of BD through several biological pathways; and highlight the importance of the exosomal miRNAs for biomarker research in BD. Further longitudinal studies may clarify the roles of exosomal miRNAs and their targets in the neurobiology of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Ceylan
- Izmir University of Economics, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kemal Ugur Tufekci
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Pembe Keskinoglu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sermin Genc
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Özerdem
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
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119
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Teixeira GR, Mendes LO, Veras ASC, Thorpe HHA, Fávaro WJ, de Almeida Chuffa LG, Pinheiro PFF, Martinez FE. Physical resistance training-induced changes in lipids metabolism pathways and apoptosis in prostate. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:14. [PMID: 31996229 PMCID: PMC6990525 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-1195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered lipid metabolism is an important characteristic of neoplastic cells, with androgens and growth factors being major regulatory agents of the lipid metabolism process. We investigated the effect of physical resistance training on lipid metabolism and apoptosis in the adult Wistar rat prostate. METHODS Two experimental groups represented sedentary and physical resistance training. Three days per week for 13 weeks, rats performed jumps in water carrying a weight load strapped to their chests as part of a physical resistance exercise protocol. Two days after the last training session, rats were anesthetized and sacrificed for blood and prostate analysis. RESULTS Physical exercise improved feeding efficiency, decreased weight gain, regulated the serum-lipid profile, and modulated insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and free testosterone concentration. Furthermore, upregulation of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), and reduced lysosome membrane protein (LIMPII) expression were also observed in the blood and prostates of trained rats. Consistent with these results, caspase-3 expression was upregulating and the BCL-2/Bax index ratio was decreased in trained rats relative to sedentary animals. CONCLUSIONS In this work, physical resistance training can alter lipid metabolism and increase markers of apoptosis in the prostate, suggesting physical resistance training as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for treating prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Rampazzo Teixeira
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Technology and Sciences, UNESP, campus of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Mendes
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science and Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences University of Western São Paulo-UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Allice Santos Cruz Veras
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner José Fávaro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Institute of Biology, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Francisco Eduardo Martinez
- Department of Anatomy, São Paulo State University, UNESP - Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Balachandiran M, Bobby Z, Dorairajan G, Jacob SE, Gladwin V, Vinayagam V, Packirisamy RM. Placental Accumulation of Triacylglycerols in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Its Association with Altered Fetal Growth are Related to the Differential Expressions of Proteins of Lipid Metabolism. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 129:803-812. [PMID: 31968385 DOI: 10.1055/a-1017-3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) exhibit altered placental lipid metabolism. The molecular basis of this altered metabolism is not clear. Altered placental expression of proteins of lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation may be involved in the placental accumulation of triacylglycerols (TG). The present study was aimed at investigating the differential expressions of placental proteins related to lipid metabolism among GDM women in comparison with control pregnant women (CPW) and to correlate them with maternal and fetal lipid parameters as well as altered fetal growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Maternal blood, cord blood, and placental samples were collected from GDM and CPW. The biochemical parameters, glucose, lipid profile and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured. The placental TG content was measured. Differential placental expressions of proteins; phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) p85α, PI3K p110α,liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), sterol regulatory element binding protein1(SREBP1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearyl CoA desaturase1 (SCD1), lipoprotein lipase (LPL),Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and PPARγ were analysed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Placental protein expressions of PI3K p110α, LXRα, FAS, SCD1, and LPL were found to be significantly higher, whereas PPARα and PPARγ were lower in GDM women compared with CPW. The placental TG content and cord plasma FFA were increased in GDM women compared with CPW. The placental TG content positively correlated with Ponderal index of GDM new-borns. CONCLUSION Differential expressions of placental proteins related to lipid metabolism in GDM might have led to placental TG accumulation. This might have contributed to the fetal overgrowth in GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoharan Balachandiran
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Zachariah Bobby
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Gowri Dorairajan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Sajini Elizabeth Jacob
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Victorraj Gladwin
- Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Vickneshwaran Vinayagam
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Rajaa Muthu Packirisamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
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Zhao J, Zhang X, Gao T, Wang S, Hou Y, Yuan P, Yang Y, Yang T, Xing J, Li J, Liu S. SIK2 enhances synthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol in ovarian cancer cells and tumor growth through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:25. [PMID: 31932581 PMCID: PMC6957524 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) has been established as a regulator of diverse biological processes including cell metabolism. A recent study has reported that SIK2 is required for adipocyte-induced ovarian cancer (OC) survival through facilitating fatty acid oxidation. However, whether SIK2 also plays a role in the lipid synthesis in OC cells remains elusive. Here, we showed that SIK2 significantly promoted the lipid synthesis in OC cells. On the one hand, SIK2 enhanced fatty acid synthesis through upregulating the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and thus the transcription of major lipogenic enzyme FASN. On the other hand, SIK2 promoted cholesterol synthesis through upregulating the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and thus the transcription of major cholesterol synthesis enzymes HMGCR. Moreover, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was found to be involved in the upregulation of SREBP1c and SREBP2 in OC cells. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo assays indicated that the SIK2-regulated fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis played a critical role in the growth of OC cells. Our findings demonstrate that SIK2 is a critical regulator of lipid synthesis in OC cells and thus promotes OC growth, which provides a strong line of evidence for this molecule to be used as a therapeutic target in the treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Tian Gao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Shanci Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastorenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiran Hou
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, China
| | - Peng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- Department of Pain Treatment, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pain Treatment, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Pain Treatment, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China
| | - Jinliang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Jibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
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122
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Therapeutic potential of ginsenosides on diabetes: From hypoglycemic mechanism to clinical trials. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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123
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Chua NK, Coates HW, Brown AJ. Cholesterol, cancer, and rebooting a treatment for athlete's foot. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/437/eaat3741. [PMID: 29669852 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis is placed firmly on the oncogenic map and demonstrated to be a potential therapeutic target in liver cancer by repurposing a common antifungal agent (Liu et al, this issue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngee Kiat Chua
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Hudson W Coates
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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124
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Wu JC, Chen R, Luo X, Li ZH, Luo SZ, Xu MY. MicroRNA-194 inactivates hepatic stellate cells and alleviates liver fibrosis by inhibiting AKT2. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4468-4480. [PMID: 31496625 PMCID: PMC6710173 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i31.4468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a pivotal event in the onset and progression of liver fibrosis. Loss of microRNA-194 (miR-194) has been reported in activated HSCs, but the actual role of miR-194 in liver fibrosis remains uncertain.
AIM To explore the role and potential mechanism of miR-194-mediated regulation of liver fibrosis in vitro and in vivo.
METHODS The expression of miR-194 was examined in human fibrotic liver tissues, activated HSCs, and a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) mouse model by qPCR. The effects of AKT2 regulation by miR-194 on the activation and proliferation of HSCs were assessed in vitro. For in vivo experiments, we reintroduced miR-194 in mice using a miR-194 agomir to investigate the functions of miR-194 in liver fibrosis.
RESULTS MiR-194 expression was notably lacking in activated HSCs from both humans and mice. Overexpression of miR-194 (OV-miR-194) inhibited α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type I collagen (Col I) expression and suppressed cell proliferation in HSCs by causing cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. AKT2 was predicted to be a target of miR-194. Notably, the effects of miR-194 knockdown in HSCs were almost blocked by AKT2 deletion, indicating that miR-194 plays a role in HSCs via regulation of AKT2. Finally, miR-194 agomir treatment dramatically ameliorated liver fibrosis in CCl4-treated mice.
CONCLUSION We revealed that miR-194 plays a protective role by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of HSCs via AKT2 suppression. Our results further propose miR-194 as a potential therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Cheng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Sheng-Zheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ming-Yi Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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125
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Mayer AE, Löffler MC, Loza Valdés AE, Schmitz W, El-Merahbi R, Viera JT, Erk M, Zhang T, Braun U, Heikenwalder M, Leitges M, Schulze A, Sumara G. The kinase PKD3 provides negative feedback on cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis by suppressing insulin signaling. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/593/eaav9150. [PMID: 31387939 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav9150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms by diacylglycerol (DAG) promotes insulin resistance and contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The closely related protein kinase D (PKD) isoforms act as effectors for DAG and PKC. Here, we showed that PKD3 was the predominant PKD isoform expressed in hepatocytes and was activated by lipid overload. PKD3 suppressed the activity of downstream insulin effectors including the kinase AKT and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2). Hepatic deletion of PKD3 in mice improved insulin-induced glucose tolerance. However, increased insulin signaling in the absence of PKD3 promoted lipogenesis mediated by SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein) and consequently increased triglyceride and cholesterol content in the livers of PKD3-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet. Conversely, hepatic-specific overexpression of a constitutively active PKD3 mutant suppressed insulin-induced signaling and caused insulin resistance. Our results indicate that PKD3 provides feedback on hepatic lipid production and suppresses insulin signaling. Therefore, manipulation of PKD3 activity could be used to decrease hepatic lipid content or improve hepatic insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Mayer
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mona C Löffler
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angel E Loza Valdés
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Werner Schmitz
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rabih El-Merahbi
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Trujillo Viera
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manuela Erk
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thianzhou Zhang
- Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ursula Braun
- Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Leitges
- Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Almut Schulze
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Sumara
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany. .,Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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126
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Zhu S, Dong Z, Ke X, Hou J, Zhao E, Zhang K, Wang F, Yang L, Xiang Z, Cui H. The roles of sirtuins family in cell metabolism during tumor development. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 57:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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127
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SREBP1-dependent de novo fatty acid synthesis gene expression is elevated in malignant melanoma and represents a cellular survival trait. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10369. [PMID: 31316083 PMCID: PMC6637239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
de novo fatty acid biosynthesis (DNFA) is a hallmark adaptation of many cancers that supports survival, proliferation, and metastasis. Here we elucidate previously unexplored aspects of transcription regulation and clinical relevance of DNFA in cancers. We show that elevated expression of DNFA genes is characteristic of many tumor types and correlates with poor prognosis, especially in melanomas. Elevated DNFA gene expression depends on the SREBP1 transcription factor in multiple melanoma cell lines. SREBP1 predominantly binds to the transcription start sites of DNFA genes, regulating their expression by recruiting RNA polymerase II to promoters for productive transcription elongation. We find that SREBP1-regulated DNFA represents a survival trait in melanoma cells, regardless of proliferative state and oncogenic mutation status. Indeed, malignant melanoma cells exhibit elevated DNFA gene expression after the BRAF/MEK signaling pathway is blocked (e.g. by BRAF inhibitors), and DNFA expression remains higher in melanoma cells resistant to vemurafenib treatment than in untreated cells. Accordingly, DNFA pathway inhibition, whether by direct targeting of SREBP1 with antisense oligonucleotides, or through combinatorial effects of multiple DNFA enzyme inhibitors, exerts potent cytotoxic effects on both BRAFi-sensitive and -resistant melanoma cells. Altogether, these results implicate SREBP1 and DNFA enzymes as enticing therapeutic targets in melanomas.
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128
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Bjune K, Wierød L, Naderi S. Inhibitors of AKT kinase increase LDL receptor mRNA expression by two different mechanisms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218537. [PMID: 31216345 PMCID: PMC6583949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase B (AKT) is a serine/threonine kinase that functions as an important downstream effector of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. We have recently shown that MK-2206 and triciribine, two highly selective AKT inhibitors increase the level of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mRNA which leads to increased amount of cell-surface LDLRs. However, whereas MK-2206 induces transcription of the LDLR gene, triciribine stabilizes LDLR mRNA, raising the possibility that the two inhibitors may actually affect other kinases than AKT. In this study, we aimed to ascertain the role of AKT in regulation of LDLR mRNA expression by examining the effect of five additional AKT inhibitors on LDLR mRNA levels. Here we show that in cultured HepG2 cells, AKT inhibitors ARQ-092, AKT inhibitor VIII, perifosine, AT7867 and CCT128930 increase LDLR mRNA levels by inducing the activity of LDLR promoter. CCT128930 also increased the stability of LDLR mRNA. To study the role of AKT isoforms on LDLR mRNA levels, we examined the effect of siRNA-mediated knockdown of AKT1 or AKT2 on LDLR promoter activity and LDLR mRNA stability. Whereas knockdown of either AKT1 or AKT2 led to upregulation of LDLR promoter activity, only knockdown of AKT2 had a stabilizing effect on LDLR mRNA. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence for involvement of AKT in regulation of LDLR mRNA expression, and point towards the AKT isoform specificity for upregulation of LDLR mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Bjune
- Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Lene Wierød
- Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Soheil Naderi
- Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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129
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Zhang G, Zhou J, Huang W, Fang M, Yu L, Wang H, Zhang Y. Prenatal ethanol exposure-induced a low level of foetal blood cholesterol and its mechanism of IGF1-related placental cholesterol transport dysfunction. Toxicology 2019; 424:152237. [PMID: 31226463 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinical researches showed that intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) foetus had decreased blood cholesterol levels. The present study aimed to confirm that prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) caused decreased blood cholesterol levels in IUGR foetal rats and elucidate its placental mechanism. Pregnant Wistar rats were intragastrically administrated with ethanol (4 g/kg.d) on gestational days 9-20 (GD9-20). in vivo, PEE increased the levels of total cholesterol (TCH), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in maternal serum, whereas decreased them in both female and male foetal serum. Moreover, the expression of cholesterol transport genes, scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SCARB1), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) and ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 1 (ABCG1) was reduced in female and male placentas in the PEE group. Meanwhile, the proliferation decreased and the apoptosis increased in female and male placentas, and the insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signal pathway was inhibited. in vitro, after being treated with ethanol (15, 30, 60, 120 mM) for 72 h, the expression of cholesterol transport genes was decreased, the apoptosis was increased, the proliferation was decreased and the IGF1 signal pathway was inhibited in BeWo cells, whereas exogenous IGF1 reversed these changes. In conclusion, by inhibiting the IGF1 signal pathway in placentas, PEE induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation, thus decreased the cholesterol transport in placentas, and eventually leading to low blood cholesterol levels in foetal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Man Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Luting Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Yuanzhen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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130
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Revathidevi S, Munirajan AK. Akt in cancer: Mediator and more. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:80-91. [PMID: 31173856 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Akt is a serine/threonine kinase and it participates in the key role of the PI3K signaling pathway. The Akt can be activated by a wide range of growth signals and the biochemical mechanisms leading to Akt activation are well defined. Once activated, Akt modulates the function of many downstream proteins involved in cellular survival, proliferation, migration, metabolism, and angiogenesis. The Akt is a central node of many signaling pathways and it is frequently deregulated in many types of human cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of Akt function and its role in the hallmarks of human cancer. We also discussed various mechanisms of Akt dysregulation in cancers, including epigenetic modifications like methylation, post-transcriptional non-coding RNAs-mediated regulation, and the overexpression and mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaramoorthy Revathidevi
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arasambattu Kannan Munirajan
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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131
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Alterations in IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ levels synergistically decrease lipid content and protein expression of FAS and mature SREBP-1 in human sebocytes. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 311:563-571. [PMID: 31127384 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-01932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
When anti-acne alternatives from dietary and plant sources are ingested, systemic alterations of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ, individually or simultaneously, are induced at a 0.1-10.0-fold (×) range of normal physiological concentrations (1×). However, little is known about the effects of these cytokines on excess sebum, a pathophysiological factor of acne development. In this study, human sebocytes were treated with 0.1-10.0× of IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-γ for 3 or 5 days to elucidate the effects on lipid content. Treatment with individual cytokines decreased the lipid content at specific concentrations rather than in a concentration-dependent manner. Specifically, 5.0× of IL-4, 5.0× of IFN-γ (5.0IFN), and 0.5×, 5.0× and 10.0× of IL-10 for 3 days, and 0.5× of IL-4 (0.5IL4) for 5 days decreased lipid content to 87.6-93.0% of the control. Treatment with other concentrations of IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ, and 0.1-10.0× of IL-12 did not alter lipid content. Combined treatment with 0.5IL4, 5.0IFN and 0.5× of IL-10 for 3 or 5 days decreased the lipid content more than each individual treatment. However, this effect was more evident after 3 days, in parallel with decreased levels of triglycerides, cholesterol esters and free fatty acids, the major lipid compositions of sebocytes, and decreased protein expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and mature sterol response element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), the lipogenesis-related factors, without altered cell proliferation. We demonstrated that suppressed IL-4 and IL-10 with enhanced IFN-γ synergistically decreased lipid content and protein expression of FAS and mature SREBP-1 in human sebocytes.
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132
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Vijayakumar P, Bakyaraj S, Singaravadivelan A, Vasanthakumar T, Suresh R. Meta-analysis of mammary RNA seq datasets reveals the molecular understanding of bovine lactation biology. Genome 2019; 62:489-501. [PMID: 31071269 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the biology of lactation, both in terms of gene expression and the identification of candidate genes for the production of milk and its components, is made possible by recent advances in RNA seq technology. The purpose of this study was to understand the synthesis of milk components and the molecular pathways involved, as well as to identify candidate genes for milk production traits within whole mammary transcriptomic datasets. We performed a meta-analysis of publically available RNA seq transcriptome datasets of mammary tissue/milk somatic cells. In total, 11 562 genes were commonly identified from all RNA seq based mammary gland transcriptomes. Functional annotation of commonly expressed genes revealed the molecular processes that contribute to the synthesis of fats, proteins, and lactose in mammary secretory cells and the molecular pathways responsible for milk synthesis. In addition, we identified several candidate genes responsible for milk production traits and constructed a gene regulatory network for RNA seq data. In conclusion, this study provides a basic understanding of the lactation biology of cows at the gene expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periyasamy Vijayakumar
- a Veterinary College and Research Institute, TANUVAS, Orathanadu-614 625, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanniyasi Bakyaraj
- b College of Poultry Production and Management, TANUVAS, Hosur-635 110, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Thangavelu Vasanthakumar
- a Veterinary College and Research Institute, TANUVAS, Orathanadu-614 625, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramalingam Suresh
- a Veterinary College and Research Institute, TANUVAS, Orathanadu-614 625, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zhu Q, Huang C, Meng X, Li J. CYP1A2 contributes to alcohol-induced abnormal lipid metabolism through the PTEN/AKT/SREBP-1c pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:509-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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134
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Xiao J, Bai XQ, Liao L, Zhou M, Peng J, Xiang Q, Ren Z, Wen HY, Jiang ZS, Tang ZH, Wang MM, Liu LS. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits PCSK9 expression through the PI3K/Akt‑SREBP‑2 signaling pathway to influence lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2055-2063. [PMID: 30864739 PMCID: PMC6443339 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gaseous signaling molecule that plays important roles in the cardiovascular system. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that H2S regulates lipid metabolism. In the present study, we aimed to explore the mechanisms through which H2 regulates lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells in vitro. Treatment of the HepG2 cells with H2S inhibited the expression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and increased the level of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The knockdown of PCSK9 by siRNA effectively increased the levels of LDLR and 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate-labeled LDL (DiI-LDL) uptake in the H2S-treated HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)-sterol regulatory element binding proteins 2 (SREBP-2) signaling pathway was confirmed to be involved in H2S-regulated PCSK9 expression. Notably, the HepG2 cells were incubated with 30% serum and DiI-LDL for 24 h, and the results revealed that H2S increased lipid uptake, but caused no increase in lipid accumulation. On the whole, the findings of this study demonstrate that H2S is involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells through the regulation of the expression of PCSK9 via the PI3K/Akt-SREBP-2 signaling pathway. To the very best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report that H2S can regulate the expression of PCSK9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xiao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Qin Bai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ling Liao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Juan Peng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Xiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Wen
- Medical College, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Mei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Shan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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135
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Triacylglycerol Metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2019; 210:1163-1184. [PMID: 30523167 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the most important caloric source with respect to energy homeostasis in animals. In addition to its evolutionarily conserved importance as an energy source, TAG turnover is crucial to the metabolism of structural and signaling lipids. These neutral lipids are also key players in development and disease. Here, we review the metabolism of TAG in the Drosophila model system. Recently, the fruit fly has attracted renewed attention in research due to the unique experimental approaches it affords in studying the tissue-autonomous and interorgan regulation of lipid metabolism in vivo Following an overview of the systemic control of fly body fat stores, we will cover lipid anabolic, enzymatic, and regulatory processes, which begin with the dietary lipid breakdown and de novo lipogenesis that results in lipid droplet storage. Next, we focus on lipolytic processes, which mobilize storage TAG to make it metabolically accessible as either an energy source or as a building block for biosynthesis of other lipid classes. Since the buildup and breakdown of fat involves various organs, we highlight avenues of lipid transport, which are at the heart of functional integration of organismic lipid metabolism. Finally, we draw attention to some "missing links" in basic neutral lipid metabolism and conclude with a perspective on how fly research can be exploited to study functional metabolic roles of diverse lipids.
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136
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Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Martinez Calejman C, Jung SM, Li H, Guertin DA. Brown fat organogenesis and maintenance requires AKT1 and AKT2. Mol Metab 2019; 23:60-74. [PMID: 30833219 PMCID: PMC6480051 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Understanding the signaling mechanisms that control brown adipose tissue (BAT) development is relevant to understanding energy homeostasis and obesity. The AKT kinases are insulin effectors with critical in vivo functions in adipocytes; however, their role in adipocyte development remains poorly understood. The goal of this study was to investigate AKT function in BAT development. Methods We conditionally deleted Akt1 and Akt2 either individually or together with Myf5-Cre, which targets early mesenchymal precursors that give rise to brown adipocytes. Because Myf5-Cre also targets skeletal muscle and some white adipocyte lineages, comparisons were made between AKT function in BAT versus white adipose tissue (WAT) and muscle development. We also deleted both Akt1 and Akt2 in mature brown adipocytes with Ucp1-Cre or Ucp1-CreER to investigate AKT1/2 signaling in BAT maintenance. Results AKT1 and AKT2 are individually dispensable in Myf5-Cre lineages in vivo for establishing brown and white adipocyte precursor cell pools and for their ability to differentiate (i.e. induce PPARγ). AKT1 and AKT2 are also dispensable for skeletal muscle development, and AKT3 does not compensate in either the adipocyte or muscle lineages. In contrast, AKT2 is required for adipocyte lipid filling and efficient downstream AKT substrate phosphorylation. Mice in which both Akt1 and Akt2 are deleted with Myf5-Cre lack BAT but have normal muscle mass, and doubly deleting Akt1 and Akt2 in mature brown adipocytes, either congenitally (with Ucp1-Cre), or inducibly in older mice (with Ucp1-CreER), also ablates BAT. Mechanistically, AKT signaling promotes adipogenesis in part by stimulating ChREBP activity. Conclusions AKT signaling is required in vivo for BAT development but dispensable for skeletal muscle development. AKT1 and AKT2 have both overlapping and distinct functions in BAT development with AKT2 being the most critical individual isoform. AKT1 and AKT2 also have distinct and complementary functions in BAT maintenance. AKT1 is dispensable for the differentiation of Myf5-lineage adipocytes. AKT2 regulates adipocyte cell size and body fat distribution. AKT1 and AKT2 exhibit some compensatory functions in BAT development and maintenance. AKT1 and AKT2 are dispensable in the Myf5-lineage for muscle development. ChREBP may function downstream of Akt1/Akt2 in brown adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Sanchez-Gurmaches
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Camila Martinez Calejman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Su Myung Jung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Huawei Li
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Lei Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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137
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Choung S, Kim JM, Joung KH, Lee ES, Kim HJ, Ku BJ. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210828. [PMID: 30735525 PMCID: PMC6368280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease. NAFLD begins with excessive lipid accumulation in the liver and progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. NAFLD is closely linked to dysregulated hepatic lipid metabolism. Although recent studies have reported that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling regulates lipid metabolism, the roles of EGFR and EGFR inhibitors as modulators of lipid metabolism are largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether inhibiting EGFR using the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) PD153035 improves NAFLD. Our results demonstrate that EGFR was activated in liver tissues from high fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mice. Inhibiting EGFR using PD153035 significantly reduced phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling and sterol responsive elementary binding protein 1 and 2 expression, which prevented HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia by reducing de novo lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis and enhancing fatty acid oxidation. Additionally, inhibiting EGFR improved HFD-induced glucose intolerance. In conclusion, these results indicate that EGFR plays an important role in NAFLD and is a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorim Choung
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyong Hye Joung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eaum Seok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Bon Jeong Ku
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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138
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Hussain G, Anwar H, Rasul A, Imran A, Qasim M, Zafar S, Imran M, Kamran SKS, Aziz N, Razzaq A, Ahmad W, Shabbir A, Iqbal J, Baig SM, Ali M, Gonzalez de Aguilar JL, Sun T, Muhammad A, Muhammad Umair A. Lipids as biomarkers of brain disorders. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:351-374. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1529653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Hussain
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haseeb Anwar
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shamaila Zafar
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Kashif Shahid Kamran
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nimra Aziz
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aroona Razzaq
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ahmad
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Shabbir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Neurology, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Jose-Luis Gonzalez de Aguilar
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Mécanismes Centraux et Péripheriques de la Neurodégénérescence, INSERM, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Atif Muhammad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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Wang L, Xie W, Zhang L, Li D, Yu H, Xiong J, Peng J, Qiu J, Sheng H, He X, Zhang K. CVB3 Nonstructural 2A Protein Modulates SREBP1a Signaling via the MEK/ERK Pathway. J Virol 2018; 92:e01060-18. [PMID: 30258014 PMCID: PMC6258932 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01060-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the predominant pathogen of viral myocarditis. In our previous study, we found that CVB3 caused abnormal lipid accumulation in host cells. However, the underlying mechanisms by which CVB3 disrupts and exploits the host lipid metabolism are not well understood. Sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) is the major transcriptional factor in lipogenic genes expression. In this study, we demonstrated that CVB3 infection and nonstructural 2A protein upregulated and activated SREBP1a at the transcriptional level. Deletion analysis of SREBP1a promoter revealed that two regions, -1821/-1490 and -312/+217, in this promoter were both required for its activation by 2A. These promoter regions possessed several binding motifs for transcription factor SP1. Next, we used SP1-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to confirm that SP1 might be the essential factor in SREBP1a upregulation by 2A. Furthermore, we showed that MEK/ERK pathway was involved in the activation of SREBP1a by 2A and that blocking this signaling pathway with the specific inhibitor U0126 attenuated SREBP1a activation and lipid accumulation by 2A. Finally, we showed that inhibition of SREBP1 with siRNAs attenuated lipid accumulation induced by CVB3 infection and reduced virus replication. Moreover, inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway also led to reduction of SREBP1a activation, lipid accumulation, and virus replication during CVB3 infection. Taken together, these data demonstrate that CVB3 nonstructural 2A protein activates SREBP1a at the transcription level through a mechanism involving MEK/ERK signaling pathway and SP1 transcription factor, which promotes cellular lipid accumulation and benefits virus replication.IMPORTANCE Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection is the leading cause of viral myocarditis, but effective vaccines and antiviral therapies against CVB3 infection are still lacking. It is important to understand the precise interactions between host and virus for the rational design of effective therapies. During infection, CVB3 disrupts and exploits host lipid metabolism to promote excessive lipid accumulation, which benefits virus replication. SREBP1 is the master regulator of cellular lipid metabolism. Here, we report that one of the viral nonstructural proteins, 2A, upregulates and activates SREBP1a. Furthermore, we find that inhibition of SREBP1 decreases CVB3 virus replication. These results reveal the regulation of SREBP1a expression by 2A and the roles of SREBP1 in lipid accumulation and viral replication during CVB3 infection. Our findings provide a new insight into CVB3 host interactions and inform a potential novel therapeutic target for this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Defeng Li
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Junzhi Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Peng
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Halei Sheng
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei He
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kebin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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140
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Ren L, Zhou X, Huang X, Wang C, Li Y. The IRS/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway mediates olanzapine-induced hepatic insulin resistance in male rats. Life Sci 2018; 217:229-236. [PMID: 30550886 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chronic treatment with antipsychotics, especially most of atypical ones, leads to development of metabolic abnormalities. Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The mechanisms underlying olanzapine-induced metabolic adverse effects in the liver, however, remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate olanzapine-induced insulin-desensitivity in the liver. MAIN METHODS Male rats were treated with olanzapine (5 mg/kg, by a gavage method, once daily for consecutive 8 weeks. Blood and liver variables were determined enzymatically or histologically. Gene/protein expression was analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blot. KEY FINDINGS Olanzapine treatment significantly increased fasting plasma insulin concentration, the index of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and hepatic triglyceride and fatty droplet accumulation in rats. Hepatic gene/protein expression profile revealed that olanzapine activated mRNA and protein expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, and mRNA levels of its downstream lipogenic enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1, fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1. More importantly, phosphorylated protein level of both Ser307 in insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and Ser731 in IRS-2 was increased. Furthermore, phosphorylation of Tyr607 in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) p85α, Ser473 in Akt and Ser2448 in mammalian target of rapamycin was also enhanced. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that the IRS/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway mediates olanzapine-induced hepatic insulin resistance in male rats. Our findings may provide better understanding of the antipsychotic-induced metabolic adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaoqian Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences, Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
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141
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Ebrahimi M, Fathi R, Pirsaraei ZA, Talebi-Garakani E, Najafi M. Expression of the key metabolic regulators in the white adipose tissue of rats; the role of high-fat diet and aerobic training. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/cep180008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism, especially in the white adipose tissue as an active metabolic organ, is tightly regulated by the key transcription factors, such as the sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR). We have studied the expression of these genes in the white adipose tissue to see how a high fat diet (HFD) and two intensities of aerobic training change the lipogenic and lipolytic pathways. 44 male Wistar rats randomly divided into the normal (12% calories from fat) and HFD (56% calories from fat) groups. Each group included control (n=6), moderate trained (n=8, ~65% Vo2max) and high intensity trained (n=8, ~75% Vo2max) rats. After 8 weeks of training, the weight changes, plasma insulin and lipid profile levels and the relative gene expression of SREBP-1c and FXR in the adipose tissue was measured. Data were analysed by 2-way ANOVA (P<0.05). HFD fed rats showed higher levels of insulin and dyslipidemia that was correlated with the higher weight gain. Also, the adipose expression of SREBP-1c was higher in the HFD fed rats that it was strongly correlated with the lower FXR expression. Trained rats independent of the intensity of the training showed lower SREBP-1c and higher FXR expression, but no change was observed in the lipid profile levels. HFD-induced dyslipidemia could occur via SREBP-1c activation in the adipose tissue while the aerobic training activates FXR and inhibits the lipogenic pathways. Despite the activation of lipolytic pathways in the trained rats, it seems that diet has more effect on the lipid profile than the aerobic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ebrahimi
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry and Metabolism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 1453754769, Iran
| | - R. Fathi
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry and Metabolism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 1453754769, Iran
| | - Z. Ansari Pirsaraei
- Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, 1453754769, Iran
| | - E. Talebi-Garakani
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry and Metabolism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 1453754769, Iran
| | - M. Najafi
- Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, 1453754769, Iran
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Pattanayak SP, Bose P, Sunita P, Siddique MUM, Lapenna A. Bergapten inhibits liver carcinogenesis by modulating LXR/PI3K/Akt and IDOL/LDLR pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:297-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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143
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Petersen MC, Shulman GI. Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2133-2223. [PMID: 30067154 PMCID: PMC6170977 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00063.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1412] [Impact Index Per Article: 235.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some discoveries have matured, coalescing into solid and fertile ground for clinical application; others remain incompletely investigated and scientifically controversial. Here, we attempt to synthesize this work to guide further mechanistic investigation and to inform the development of novel therapies for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The rational development of such therapies necessitates detailed knowledge of one of the key pathophysiological processes involved in T2D: insulin resistance. Understanding insulin resistance, in turn, requires knowledge of normal insulin action. In this review, both the physiology of insulin action and the pathophysiology of insulin resistance are described, focusing on three key insulin target tissues: skeletal muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue. We aim to develop an integrated physiological perspective, placing the intricate signaling effectors that carry out the cell-autonomous response to insulin in the context of the tissue-specific functions that generate the coordinated organismal response. First, in section II, the effectors and effects of direct, cell-autonomous insulin action in muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue are reviewed, beginning at the insulin receptor and working downstream. Section III considers the critical and underappreciated role of tissue crosstalk in whole body insulin action, especially the essential interaction between adipose lipolysis and hepatic gluconeogenesis. The pathophysiology of insulin resistance is then described in section IV. Special attention is given to which signaling pathways and functions become insulin resistant in the setting of chronic overnutrition, and an alternative explanation for the phenomenon of ‟selective hepatic insulin resistanceˮ is presented. Sections V, VI, and VII critically examine the evidence for and against several putative mediators of insulin resistance. Section V reviews work linking the bioactive lipids diacylglycerol, ceramide, and acylcarnitine to insulin resistance; section VI considers the impact of nutrient stresses in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria on insulin resistance; and section VII discusses non-cell autonomous factors proposed to induce insulin resistance, including inflammatory mediators, branched-chain amino acids, adipokines, and hepatokines. Finally, in section VIII, we propose an integrated model of insulin resistance that links these mediators to final common pathways of metabolite-driven gluconeogenesis and ectopic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Petersen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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144
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Huang X, Liu G, Guo J, Su Z. The PI3K/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1483-1496. [PMID: 30263000 PMCID: PMC6158718 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.27173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 835] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are complicated metabolic diseases that affect multiple organs and are characterized by hyperglycaemia. Currently, stable and effective treatments for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are not available. Therefore, the mechanisms leading to obesity and diabetes and more effective ways to treat obesity and diabetes should be identified. Based on accumulated evidences, the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is required for normal metabolism due to its characteristics, and its imbalance leads to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review focuses on the role of PI3K/AKT signalling in the skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, brain and pancreas, and discusses how this signalling pathway affects the development of the aforementioned diseases. We also summarize evidences for recently identified therapeutic targets of the PI3K/AKT pathway as treatments for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. PI3K/AKT pathway damaged in various tissues of the body leads to obesity and type 2 diabetes as the result of insulin resistance, and in turn, insulin resistance exacerbates the PI3K/AKT pathway, forming a vicious circle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Huang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.,Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen (518055), China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.,Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China
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145
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Marques-Oliveira GH, Silva TM, Lima WG, Valadares HMS, Chaves VE. Insulin as a hormone regulator of the synthesis and release of leptin by white adipose tissue. Peptides 2018; 106:49-58. [PMID: 29953915 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Leptin and its receptor are widely distributed in several tissues, mainly in white adipose tissue. The serum leptin is highly correlated with body mass index in rodents and humans, being documented that leptin levels reduces in the fasting state and increase during refeeding, similarly to insulin release by pancreatic islets. Insulin appears to increase leptin mRNA and protein expression and its release by adipocytes. Some studies have suggested that insulin acts through the activation of the transcription factors: sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), CCAAT enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBP-α) and specificity protein 1 (Sp1). Insulin stimulates the release of preformed and newly synthesized leptin by adipocytes through its signaling cascade. Its effects are blocked by inhibitors of the insulin signaling pathway, as well as by inhibitors of protein synthesis and agents that increase the intracellular cAMP. The literature data suggest that chronic hyperinsulinemia increases serum leptin levels in humans and rodents. In this review, we summarized the most updated knowledge on the effects of insulin on serum leptin levels, presenting the cell mechanisms that control leptin synthesis and release by the white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaís Marques Silva
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - William Gustavo Lima
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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146
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Role of RNF20 in cancer development and progression - a comprehensive review. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171287. [PMID: 29934362 PMCID: PMC6043722 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolving strategies to counter cancer initiation and progression rely on the identification of novel therapeutic targets that exploit the aberrant genetic changes driving oncogenesis. Several chromatin associated enzymes have been shown to influence post-translational modification (PTM) in DNA, histones, and non-histone proteins. Any deregulation of this core group of enzymes often leads to cancer development. Ubiquitylation of histone H2B in mammalian cells was identified over three decades ago. An exciting really interesting new gene (RING) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, known as RNF20 and RNF40, monoubiquitinates histone H2A at K119 or H2B at K120, is known to function in transcriptional elongation, DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair processes, maintenance of chromatin differentiation, and exerting tumor suppressor activity. RNF20 is somatically altered in breast, lung, prostate cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), and mixed lineage leukemia, and its reduced expression is a key factor in initiating genome instability; and it also functions as one of the significant driving factors of oncogenesis. Loss of RNF20/40 and H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) is found in several cancers and is linked to an aggressive phenotype, and is also an indicator of poor prognosis. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of RNF20 in chronic inflammation-driven cancers, DNA DSBs, and apoptosis, and its impact on chromatin structure beyond the single nucleosome level.
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147
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Feeding a slowly digestible carbohydrate diet during pregnancy of insulin-resistant rats prevents the excess of adipogenesis in their offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 61:183-196. [PMID: 30253280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An obesogenic environment during pregnancy has been shown to increase the risk of dysregulation on adipogenesis and insulin resistance in the offspring. Being essential for the growing fetus, glucose supply is guaranteed by a number of modifications in the mother's metabolism, and thus, glucose control during pregnancy especially among obese or diabetic women is paramount to prevent adverse consequences in their children. Besides the election of low-glycemic-index carbohydrates, the rate of carbohydrate digestion could be relevant to keep a good glucose control. In the present study, we compared the effects of two high-fat diets with similar glycemic load but different rates of carbohydrate digestion given to pregnant insulin-resistant rats. After birth, all animals were fed a standard diet until age 14 weeks. We analyzed offspring body composition, plasma and adipocyte lipidomics, lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and insulin sensitivity. Those animals whose mothers were fed the rapid-digesting carbohydrate diet exhibited an excessive adipogenesis. Thus, these animals showed a marked lipidemia, increased lipid synthesis in the adipose tissue and reduced glucose transporter amount in the adipose. On the contrary, those animals whose mothers were fed the slow-digesting carbohydrate diet showed a profile in the measured parameters closer to that of the offspring of healthy mothers. These results support the hypothesis that not only glycemic index but the rate of carbohydrate digestion during gestation may be critical to regulate the programming of adipogenesis in the offspring.
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148
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Huang L, Liu J, Zhang XO, Sibley K, Najjar SM, Lee MM, Wu Q. Inhibition of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 enhances hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10884-10894. [PMID: 29773653 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) regulates gene expression either transcriptionally by symmetric dimethylation of arginine residues on histones H4R3, H3R8, and H2AR3 or at the posttranslational level by methylation of nonhistone target proteins. Although emerging evidence suggests that PRMT5 functions as an oncogene, its role in metabolic diseases is not well-defined. We investigated the role of PRMT5 in promoting high-fat-induced hepatic steatosis. A high-fat diet up-regulated PRMT5 levels in the liver but not in other metabolically relevant tissues such as skeletal muscle or white and brown adipose tissue. This was associated with repression of master transcription regulators involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. In contrast, lentiviral short hairpin RNA-mediated reduction of PRMT5 significantly decreased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling in mouse AML12 liver cells. PRMT5 knockdown or knockout decreased basal AKT phosphorylation but boosted the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PGC-1α with a concomitant increase in mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, by overexpressing an exogenous WT or enzyme-dead mutant PRMT5 or by inhibiting PRMT5 enzymatic activity with a small-molecule inhibitor, we demonstrated that the enzymatic activity of PRMT5 is required for regulation of PPARα and PGC-1α expression and mitochondrial biogenesis. Our results suggest that targeting PRMT5 may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Jehnan Liu
- the Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Xiao-Ou Zhang
- the Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Katelyn Sibley
- the Department of Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, and
| | - Sonia M Najjar
- the Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606.,the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Mary M Lee
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655,
| | - Qiong Wu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655,
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149
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Dard L, Bellance N, Lacombe D, Rossignol R. RAS signalling in energy metabolism and rare human diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:845-867. [PMID: 29750912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The RAS pathway is a highly conserved cascade of protein-protein interactions and phosphorylation that is at the heart of signalling networks that govern proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Recent findings indicate that the RAS pathway plays a role in the regulation of energy metabolism via the control of mitochondrial form and function but little is known on the participation of this effect in RAS-related rare human genetic diseases. Germline mutations that hyperactivate the RAS pathway have been discovered and linked to human developmental disorders that are known as RASopathies. Individuals with RASopathies, which are estimated to affect approximately 1/1000 human birth, share many overlapping characteristics, including cardiac malformations, short stature, neurocognitive impairment, craniofacial dysmorphy, cutaneous, musculoskeletal, and ocular abnormalities, hypotonia and a predisposition to developing cancer. Since the identification of the first RASopathy, type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1), which is caused by the inactivation of neurofibromin 1, several other syndromes have been associated with mutations in the core components of the RAS-MAPK pathway. These syndromes include Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), which was formerly called LEOPARD syndrome, Costello syndrome (CS), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC), Legius syndrome (LS) and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM). Here, we review current knowledge about the bioenergetics of the RASopathies and discuss the molecular control of energy homeostasis and mitochondrial physiology by the RAS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dard
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - N Bellance
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - R Rossignol
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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150
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Huang L, Yue P, Wu X, Yu T, Wang Y, Zhou J, Kong D, Chen K. Combined intervention of swimming plus metformin ameliorates the insulin resistance and impaired lipid metabolism in murine gestational diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195609. [PMID: 29677194 PMCID: PMC5909919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has short- and long- term influence on pregnant women and fetus. Swimming, as an aerobic exercise, can effectively improve the blood glucose level in GDM, but the effect of mild swimming alone was not very substantial. Metformin, as an oral antidiabetic drug, has obvious hypoglycemic effect, and is economic also, but the long-term effect on pregnant women and fetus has not been completely clear. We hypothesize that combined intervention of mild swimming and low dose of metformin, may effectively reduce blood glucose, improve the pregnancy outcomes in GDM dams, but simultaneously avoiding the adverse effects caused by overdose of drug and impotence of mild swimming. The streptozotocin was used to stimulate C57BL/6J mice to develop GDM, by which serum glucose, TC, TG, LDL-C were increased significantly, meanwhile HDL-C was decreased significantly in the GDM control (DC) group compared with the normal control group. Swimming or metformin intervention slightly or moderately improves hyperglycemia, insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism both in liver and skeletal muscle from GDM mice, while combined therapy of swimming plus metformin markedly ameliorated hyperglycemia (FPG, decreased by 22.2–59.5% from G10 to G18 versus DC group), insulin sensitivity (2.1 and 2.8 fold increase, respectively, in AKT activity versus DC group) and de novo lipogenesis (3.2 and 7.0 fold decrease, respectively, in ACC activity, and 1.94 and 5.1 fold decrease, respectively, in SREBP2 level, versus DC group) both in liver and skeletal muscle from GDM mice. We conclude that the combined intervention by metformin plus swimming may be more effective than single action to ameliorate glucose and lipid metabolism via improving insulin sensitivity in GDM mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pingping Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuefei Wu
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Derun Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Keyang Chen
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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