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Evidence for a Novel Antiviral Mechanism of Teleost Fish: Serum-Derived Exosomes Inhibit Virus Replication through Incorporating Mx1 Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910346. [PMID: 34638687 PMCID: PMC8508709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are associated with cancer progression, pregnancy, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system-related diseases, immune responses and viral pathogenicity. However, study on the role of exosomes in the immune response of teleost fish, especially antiviral immunity, is limited. Herein, serum-derived exosomes from mandarin fish were used to investigate the antiviral effect on the exosomes of teleost fish. Exosomes isolated from mandarin fish serum by ultra-centrifugation were internalized by mandarin fish fry cells and were able to inhibit Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infection. To further investigate the underlying mechanisms of exosomes in inhibiting ISKNV infection, the protein composition of serum-derived exosomes was analyzed by mass spectrometry. It was found that myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1) was incorporated by exosomes. Furthermore, the mandarin fish Mx1 protein was proven to be transferred into the recipient cells though exosomes. Our results showed that the serum-derived exosomes from mandarin fish could inhibit ISKNV replication, which suggested an underlying mechanism of the exosome antivirus in that it incorporates Mx1 protein and delivery into recipient cells. This study provided evidence for the important antiviral role of exosomes in the immune system of teleost fish.
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102
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Ouyang T, Yang Z, Wan J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Kong L, Wang T, Li Y. Transcriptome analysis of host response to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus nsp15 in IPEC-J2 cells. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105195. [PMID: 34571150 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enveloped positive-sense ssRNA virus which is highly lethal to piglets, causing enormous economic losses to swine industry worldwide. Nsp15 protein is an endoribonuclease of PEDV and plays an indispensable role in the viral proliferation. We reported the transcription files of nsp15 transfected IPEC-J2 cells for the first time to broaden our understanding of PEDV pathogenesis. METHODS RNA-seq was performed to compare gene expression profiles between pCAGGS-HA-nsp15 transfected IPEC-J2 cells and pCAGGS-HA (empty vector) transfected IPEC-J2 cells. Immune-related genes and pathways were identified and analyzed to deepen our understanding of nsp15 for PEDV pathogenicity. IPEC-J2 cells transfected with pCAGGS-HA-CCL5/CXCL8/CXCL10 were infected with CV777 and the virus load of PEDV was detected by qRT-PCR. RESULTS A total of 21,654 genes were obtained by RNA-Seq and 415 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 136 up-regulated and 279 down-regulated genes. A number of effect genes involved in immune responses and inflammation were differentially expressed. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that 32 GO terms were significantly enriched and the DEGs were mainly enriched in immune-related pathways such as TNF signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway and Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. qRT-PCR results indicated the overexpression of selected chemokines, CCL5/CXCL8/CXCL10, can inhibit PEDV proliferation in IPEC-J2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our transcriptome profile illustrated a number of genes involving in immune responses and inflammation were inhibited by nsp15, such as CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL10, OAS, MXs, STAT1 and IRF9. The results suggested that nsp15 can antagonize IFNs and block chemokine system to provide an adequate intracellular environment for viral proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ouyang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zibing Yang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiawu Wan
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lingbao Kong
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Yihan Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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103
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Shaldzhyan A, Zabrodskaya Y, Yolshin N, Kudling T, Lozhkov A, Plotnikova M, Ramsay E, Taraskin A, Nekrasov P, Grudinin M, Vasin A. Clean and folded: Production of active, high quality recombinant human interferon-λ1. Process Biochem 2021; 111:32-39. [PMID: 34493923 PMCID: PMC8411590 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Type III interferons exhibit antiviral activity against influenza viruses, coronaviruses, rotaviruses, and others. In addition, this type of interferon theoretically has therapeutic advantages, in comparison with type I interferons, due to its ability to activate a narrower group of genes in a relatively small group of target cells. Hence, it can elicit more targeted antiviral or immunomodulatory responses. Obtaining biologically-active interferon lambda (hIFN-λ1) is fraught with difficulties at the stage of expression in soluble form or, in the case of expression in the form of inclusion bodies, at the stage of refolding. In this work, hIFN-λ1 was expressed in the form of inclusion bodies, and a simple, effective refolding method was developed. Efficient and scalable methods for chromatographic purification of recombinant hIFN-λ1 were also developed. High-yield, high-purity product was obtained through optimization of several processes including: recombinant protein expression; metal affinity chromatography; cation exchange chromatography; and an intermediate protein refolding stage. The obtained protein was shown to feature expected specific biological activity in line with published effects: induction of MxA gene expression in A549 cells and antiviral activity against influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Shaldzhyan
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Yana Zabrodskaya
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.,Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Polytechnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.,Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", mkr. Orlova roshcha 1, Gatchina, 188300, Russia
| | - Nikita Yolshin
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kudling
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexey Lozhkov
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.,Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Polytechnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Marina Plotnikova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Edward Ramsay
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Taraskin
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.,Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Polytechnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Peter Nekrasov
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Mikhail Grudinin
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Andrey Vasin
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.,Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Polytechnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
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104
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Yi F, Hu J, Zhu X, Wang Y, Yu Q, Deng J, Huang X, Ma Y, Xie Y. Transcriptional Profiling of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Stimulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE57 Identifies Characteristic Genes Associated With Type I Interferon Signaling. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:716809. [PMID: 34490145 PMCID: PMC8416891 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.716809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proline-glutamic acid (PE)- and proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE)-containing proteins are exclusive to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the leading cause of tuberculosis (TB). In this study, we performed global transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) on PPE57-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and control samples to quantitatively measure the expression level of key transcripts of interest. A total of 1367 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in response to a 6 h exposure to PPE57, with 685 being up-regulated and 682 down-regulated. Immune-related gene functions and pathways associated with these genes were evaluated, revealing that the type I IFN signaling pathway was the most significantly enriched pathway in our RNA-seq dataset, with 14 DEGs identified therein including ISG15, MX2, IRF9, IFIT3, IFIT2, OAS3, IFIT1, IFI6, OAS2, OASL, RSAD2, OAS1, IRF7, and MX1. These PPE57-related transcriptomic profiles have implications for a better understanding of host global immune mechanisms underlying MTB infection outcomes. However, more studies regarding these DEGs and type I IFN signaling in this infectious context are necessary to more fully clarify the underlying mechanisms that arise in response to PPE57 during MTB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanli Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuju Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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105
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Zheng HY, He XY, Li W, Song TZ, Han JB, Yang X, Liu FL, Luo RH, Tian RR, Feng XL, Ma YH, Liu C, Li MH, Zheng YT. Pro-inflammatory microenvironment and systemic accumulation of CXCR3+ cell exacerbate lung pathology of old rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:328. [PMID: 34471088 PMCID: PMC8409077 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathological features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in an animal model is crucial for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we compared immunopathological changes in young and old rhesus macaques (RMs) before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection at the tissue level. Quantitative analysis of multiplex immunofluorescence staining images of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection specifically induced elevated levels of apoptosis, autophagy, and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)+ cells, and increased interferon α (IFN-α)- and interleukin 6 (IL-6)-secreting cells and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)+ cells in lung tissue of old RMs. This pathological pattern, which may be related to the age-related pro-inflammatory microenvironment in both lungs and spleens, was significantly correlated with the systemic accumulation of CXCR3+ cells in lungs, spleens, and peripheral blood. Furthermore, the ratio of CXCR3+ to T-box protein expression in T cell (T-bet)+ (CXCR3+/T-bet+ ratio) in CD8+ cells may be used as a predictor of severe COVID-19. These findings uncovered the impact of aging on the immunopathology of early SARS-CoV-2 infection and demonstrated the potential application of CXCR3+ cells in predicting severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian-Bao Han
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng-Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ren-Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Li Feng
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Hua Ma
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming-Hua Li
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.
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106
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Lažetić V, Troemel ER. Conservation lost: host-pathogen battles drive diversification and expansion of gene families. FEBS J 2021; 288:5289-5299. [PMID: 33190369 PMCID: PMC10901648 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the strongest drivers in evolution is the struggle to survive a host-pathogen battle. This pressure selects for diversity among the factors directly involved in this battle, including virulence factors deployed by pathogens, their corresponding host targets, and host immune factors. A logical outcome of this diversification is that over time, the sequence of many immune factors will not be evolutionarily conserved across a broad range of species. Thus, while universal sequence conservation is often hailed as the hallmark of the importance of a particular gene, the immune system does not necessarily play by these rules when defending against co-evolving pathogens. This loss of sequence conservation is in contrast to many signaling pathways in development and basic cell biology that are not targeted by pathogens. In addition to diversification, another consequence of host-pathogen battles can be an amplification in gene number, thus leading to large gene families that have sequence relatively specific to a particular strain, species, or clade. Here we highlight this general theme across a variety of pathogen virulence factors and host immune factors. We summarize the wide range and number across species of these expanded, lineage-specific host-pathogen factors including ubiquitin ligases, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors, GTPases, and proteins without obvious biochemical function but that nonetheless play key roles in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lažetić
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emily R Troemel
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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107
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Spiri AM, Novacco M, Meli ML, Stirn M, Riond B, Fogle JE, Boretti FS, Herbert I, Hosie MJ, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Modified-Live Feline Calicivirus Vaccination Elicits Cellular Immunity against a Current Feline Calicivirus Field Strain in an Experimental Feline Challenge Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091736. [PMID: 34578316 PMCID: PMC8473420 DOI: 10.3390/v13091736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common cat virus associated with oral ulcerations and virulent-systemic disease. Efficacious FCV vaccines protect against severe disease but not against infection. The high genetic diversity of FCV poses a challenge in vaccine design. Protection against FCV has been related to humoral and cellular immunity; the latter has not been studied in detail. This study investigates the cellular and humoral immune response of specified pathogen-free (SPF) cats after modified-live FCV F9 vaccinations and two heterologous FCV challenges by the analysis of lymphocyte subsets, cytokine mRNA transcription levels, interferon (IFN)-γ release assays in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), anti-FCV antibodies, and neutralisation activity. Vaccinated cats developed a Th1 cytokine response after vaccination. Vaccination resulted in antibodies with neutralising activity against the vaccine but not the challenge viruses. Remarkably, IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs were detected in vaccinated cats upon stimulation with the vaccine strain and the first heterologous FCV challenge strain. After the first experimental infection, the mRNA transcription levels of perforin, granzyme B, INF-γ, and antiviral factor MX1 and the number of IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs when stimulated with the first challenge virus were higher in vaccinated cats compared to control cats. The first FCV challenge induced crossneutralising antibodies in all cats against the second challenge virus. Before the second challenge, vaccinated cats had a higher number of IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs when stimulated with the second challenge virus than control cats. After the second FCV challenge, there were less significant differences detected between the groups regarding lymphocyte subsets and cytokine mRNA transcription levels. In conclusion, modified-live FCV vaccination induced cellular but not humoral crossimmunity in SPF cats; innate immune mechanisms, secretory and membranolytic pathways, and IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs seem to be important in the host immune defence against FCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-44-635-83-78
| | - Marilisa Novacco
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Martina Stirn
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Jonathan E. Fogle
- Comparative Immunology Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Felicitas S. Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Imogen Herbert
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow, Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (I.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow, Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (I.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
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108
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Andreev-Andrievskiy AA, Zinovkin RA, Mashkin MA, Frolova OY, Kazaishvili YG, Scherbakova VS, Rudoy BA, Nesterenko VG. Gene Expression Pattern of Peyer's Patch Lymphocytes Exposed to Kagocel Suggests Pattern-Recognition Receptors Mediate Its Action. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:679511. [PMID: 34413772 PMCID: PMC8369352 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.679511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kagocel is a synthetic carboxymethylcellulose derivative copolymerized with gossypol. Clinical data evidence its safety and efficiency for the treatment of flu and other viral infections via enhancement of interferon production. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue seems a likely site of kagocel action. The study was aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of its action using murine Peyer’s patches lymphocytes as a test system and the cytokines production and gene expression patterns as the primary outcomes. The Peyer’s patches lymphocytes isolated from BALB/c mice were stimulated with concanavalin A, or, to mimic viral infection, with a combination of concanavalin A and TLR3 ligand poly I:C. After 24 h of stimulation the cells were treated with saline, 30, 100, or 300 μg/ml of kagocel, or, as positive controls, 300 μg/ml oats b-D-glucan or 300 μg/ml lentinan. After 24 and 72 h of incubation with these drugs cytokines production was analyzed with ELISA and gene expression pattern was investigated using nCounter Inflammation panel chips followed by bioinformatics analysis. Expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response, antiviral defense, lymphocytes survival and proliferation (C1qa, C2, C3, Ccl21a, Il11, Il1b, Il23a, Il5, Ltb4r2, Alox15, Pla2g4a, Ptger1, Mapkapk5, Hras, Ifna1, Tlr2, Mrc1, Mx2) was upregulated in kagocel-treated Peyer’s patches lymphocytes. A list of plausible transcription factors (CEBPs, IRF, NFκB, RXR, Stat, Tead4, and ZSCAN) and master-regulators has been identified (cIAP, CIKS, dock9, MEKK1, FXR, IKK, IRAK, TRAF, dsRNA:TLR3:TRIF). The changes in gene expression pattern and the outcomes of bioinformatics analysis suggest that pattern recognition receptors, TLRs and dectin-1, are the key mediators of kagocel immunomodulatory action, with the possible involvement of interferon autocrine loop. The genes upregulated with kagocel include diverse components of the innate immune defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Andreev-Andrievskiy
- Biology Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,MSU Institute for Mitoengineering, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman A Zinovkin
- MSU Institute for Mitoengineering, Moscow, Russia.,A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Mashkin
- MSU Institute for Mitoengineering, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Yuriy G Kazaishvili
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Boris A Rudoy
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Nesterenko
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
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109
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Chen Y, Graf L, Chen T, Liao Q, Bai T, Petric PP, Zhu W, Yang L, Dong J, Lu J, Chen Y, Shen J, Haller O, Staeheli P, Kochs G, Wang D, Schwemmle M, Shu Y. Rare variant MX1 alleles increase human susceptibility to zoonotic H7N9 influenza virus. Science 2021; 373:918-922. [PMID: 34413236 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic avian influenza A virus (IAV) infections are rare. Sustained transmission of these IAVs between humans has not been observed, suggesting a role for host genes. We used whole-genome sequencing to compare avian IAV H7N9 patients with healthy controls and observed a strong association between H7N9 infection and rare, heterozygous single-nucleotide variants in the MX1 gene. MX1 codes for myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA), an interferon-induced antiviral guanosine triphosphatase known to control IAV infections in transgenic mice. Most of the MxA variants identified lost the ability to inhibit avian IAVs, including H7N9, in transfected human cell lines. Nearly all of the inactive MxA variants exerted a dominant-negative effect on the antiviral function of wild-type MxA, suggesting an MxA null phenotype in heterozygous carriers. Our study provides genetic evidence for a crucial role of the MX1-based antiviral defense in controlling zoonotic IAV infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Laura Graf
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tao Chen
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qijun Liao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tian Bai
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Philipp P Petric
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Otto Haller
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China. .,Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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110
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Russo M, Humes ST, Figueroa AM, Tagmount A, Zhang P, Loguinov A, Lednicky JA, Sabo-Attwood T, Vulpe CD, Liu B. Organochlorine Pesticide Dieldrin Suppresses Cellular Interferon-Related Antiviral Gene Expression. Toxicol Sci 2021; 182:260-274. [PMID: 34051100 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent pollutants linked to diverse adverse health outcomes. Environmental exposure to OCPs has been suggested to negatively impact the immune system but their effects on cellular antiviral responses remain unknown. Transcriptomic analysis of N27 rat dopaminergic neuronal cells unexpectedly detected high level expression of genes in the interferon (IFN)-related antiviral response pathways including the IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 and 2 (Ifit1/2) and the MX Dynamin Like GTPases Mx1 and Mx2. Interestingly, treatment of N27 cells with dieldrin markedly downregulated the expression of many of these genes. Dieldrin exterted a similar effect in inhibiting IFIT2 and MX1 gene expression in human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells induced by an RNA viral mimic, polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and IFIT2/3 gene expression in human pulmonary epithelial cells exposed to human influenza H1N1 virus. Mechanistically, dieldrin induced a rapid rise in levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) and a decrease in intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels in SH-SY5Y cells. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant and GSH biosynthesis precursor, effectively blocked both dieldrin-induced increases in iROS and its inhibition of poly I:C-induced upregulation of IFIT and MX gene expression, suggesting a role for intracellular oxidative status in dieldrin's modulation of antiviral gene expression. This study demonstrates that dieldrin modulates key genes of the cellular innate immune responses that are normally involved in the host's cellular defense against viral infections. Our findings have potential relevance to understanding the organismal effects of environmentally persistent organochlorine contaminants on the mammalian cellular immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Russo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Sara T Humes
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, College of Public Health and Health Professions, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Ariana M Figueroa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Abderrahmane Tagmount
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Alex Loguinov
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, College of Public Health and Health Professions, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, College of Public Health and Health Professions, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Chris D Vulpe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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111
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Binder F, Gallo G, Bendl E, Eckerle I, Ermonval M, Luttermann C, Ulrich RG. Inhibition of interferon I induction by non-structural protein NSs of Puumala virus and other vole-associated orthohantaviruses: phenotypic plasticity of the protein and potential functional domains. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2999-3012. [PMID: 34389893 PMCID: PMC8362652 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The orthohantavirus Puumala virus (PUUV), which is transmitted by bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), and other vole-borne hantaviruses contain in their small (S) genome segment two overlapping open reading frames, coding for the nucleocapsid protein and the non-structural protein NSs, a putative type I interferon (IFN-I) antagonist. To investigate the role of NSs of PUUV and other orthohantaviruses, the expression pattern of recombinant NSs constructs and their ability to inhibit human IFN-I promoter activity were investigated. The NSs proteins of PUUV and related cricetid-borne orthohantaviruses showed strong inhibition of IFN-I promoter induction. We identified protein products originating from three and two methionine initiation codons in the NSs ORF of PUUV during transfection and infection, respectively. The three putative start codons are conserved in all PUUV strains analysed. Translation initiation at these start codons influenced the inhibitory activity of the NSs products, with the wild-type (wt) construct expressing two proteins starting at the first and second methionine and showing strong inhibition activity. Analysis of in vitro-generated variants and naturally occurring PUUV NSs proteins indicated that amino acid variation in the NSs protein is well tolerated, suggesting its phenotypic plasticity. The N-terminal 20-amino-acid region of the NSs protein was found to be associated with strong inhibition and to be highly vulnerable to amino acid exchanges and tag fusions. Infection studies using human, bank vole, and Vero E6 cells did not show obvious differences in the replication capacity of PUUV Sotkamo wt and a strain with a truncated NSs protein (NSs21Stop), showing that the lack of a full-length NSs might be compensated by its N-terminal peptide, as seen in transfection experiments. These results contribute to our understanding of virus-host interactions and highlight the importance of future innate immunity studies in reservoir hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Binder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Giulia Gallo
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Strategies, Paris, France
| | - Elias Bendl
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,University Hospital Freiburg, Institute of Virology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- University of Bonn, Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.,Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Ermonval
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Strategies, Paris, France
| | - Christine Luttermann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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112
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Metastable biomolecular condensates of interferon-inducible antiviral Mx-family GTPases: A paradigm shift in the last three years. J Biosci 2021. [PMID: 34323222 PMCID: PMC8319588 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Membraneless organelles (MLOs) in the cytoplasm and nucleus in the form of phase-separated biomolecular condensates are increasingly viewed as critical in regulating diverse cellular functions. We summarize a paradigm shift over the last 3 years in the field of interferon (IFN)-inducible antiviral Mx-family GTPases. Expression of the ‘myxovirus resistance proteins’ MxA in human cells and its ortholog Mx1 in murine cells is increased 50- to 100-fold by Type I (IFN-α and -β) and III IFNs (IFN-λ). Human MxA forms cytoplasmic structures, while murine Mx1 forms nuclear bodies. Since 2002, it has been widely thought that human (Hu) MxA is associated with the membraneous smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In a paradigm shift, our recent data showed that HuMxA formed membraneless phase-separated biomolecular condensates in the cytoplasm. Some of the HuMxA condensates adhered to intermediate filaments generating a reticular pattern. Murine (Mu) Mx1, which was predominantly nuclear, was also confirmed to be in phase-separated nuclear biomolecular condensates. A subset of Huh7 cells showed association of GFP-MuMx1 with intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm. While cells with cytoplasmic GFP-HuMxA condensates and cytoplasmic GFP-MuMx1 filaments showed an antiviral phenotype towards vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), those with only nuclear GFP-MuMx1 bodies did not. The new data bring forward the paradigm that both human MxA and murine Mx1 give rise to phase-separated biomolecular condensates, albeit in different subcellular compartments, and that differences in the subcellular localization of condensates of different Mx proteins determines the spectrum of their antiviral activity.
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113
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Pagani I, Poli G, Vicenzi E. TRIM22. A Multitasking Antiviral Factor. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081864. [PMID: 34440633 PMCID: PMC8391480 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral invasion of target cells triggers an immediate intracellular host defense system aimed at preventing further propagation of the virus. Viral genomes or early products of viral replication are sensed by a number of pattern recognition receptors, leading to the synthesis and production of type I interferons (IFNs) that, in turn, activate a cascade of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) with antiviral functions. Among these, several members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family are antiviral executors. This article will focus, in particular, on TRIM22 as an example of a multitarget antiviral member of the TRIM family. The antiviral activities of TRIM22 against different DNA and RNA viruses, particularly human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and influenza A virus (IAV), will be discussed. TRIM22 restriction of virus replication can involve either direct interaction of TRIM22 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity with viral proteins, or indirect protein–protein interactions resulting in control of viral gene transcription, but also epigenetic effects exerted at the chromatin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pagani
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Guido Poli
- Human Immuno-Virology Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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114
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Madany E, Okwan-Duodu D, Balbuena-Merle R, Hendrickson JE, Gibb DR. Potential Implications of a Type 1 Interferon Gene Signature on COVID-19 Severity and Chronic Inflammation in Sickle Cell Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:679030. [PMID: 34368185 PMCID: PMC8339405 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.679030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At the onset of the corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, there were concerns that patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) might be especially vulnerable to severe sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. While two reports support this conclusion, multiple studies have reported unexpectedly favorable outcomes in patients with SCD. However, mechanisms explaining these disparate conclusions are lacking. Here, we review recent studies indicating that the majority of patients with SCD express elevated levels of anti-viral type 1 interferons (IFNα/β) and interferon stimulated genes, independent of COVID-19, during their baseline state of health. We also present our data from the pre-COVID-19 era, illustrating elevated expression of a well-characterized interferon stimulated gene in a cohort of patients with SCD, compared to race-matched controls. These type 1 interferons and interferon stimulated genes have the potential to contribute to the variable progression of COVID-19 and other viral infections in patients with SCD. While the majority of evidence supports a protective role, the role of IFNα/β in COVID-19 severity in the general population remains an area of current investigation. We conclude that type 1 interferon responses in patients with SCD may contribute to the variable COVID-19 responses reported in prior studies. Additional studies investigating the mechanisms underlying IFNα/β production and other clinical consequences of IFNα/β-mediated inflammation in SCD disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emaan Madany
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Raisa Balbuena-Merle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - David R Gibb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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115
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Maras JS, Sharma S, Bhat A, Rooge S, aggrawal R, Gupta E, Sarin SK. Multi-omics analysis of respiratory specimen characterizes baseline molecular determinants associated with SARS-CoV-2 outcome. iScience 2021; 24:102823. [PMID: 34308298 PMCID: PMC8268673 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection still remains a major challenge. A multi-omic approach was adopted to analyze the respiratory specimens of 20 SARS-CoV-2-positive, 20 negative and 15 H1N1 pdm 2009 positive cases. Increased basal level of MX1 (MX dynamin-like GTPase 1) and WARS (tryptophan-tRNA ligase) correlated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and its outcome. These markers were further validated in 200 suspects. MX1>30pg/ml and WARS>25ng/ml segregated virus positives [AUC = 94% CI: (0.91–0.97)] and severe patients [AUC>0.85%]. Our results documented significant increase in immune activation; metabolic reprograming and decrease in oxygen transport, wound healing and others linked proteins and metabolites in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Multi-omics profiling correlated with viremia and segregated asymptomatic patients with COVID-19. Additionally, we identified increased respiratory pathogens (Burkholderiales, Klebsiella pneumonia) and decreased lactobacillus salivarius (FDR<0.05) in COVID-19 specimens. In conclusion, increased basal MX1 and WARS levels correlates with SARS-CoV-2 infection and could aid in the identification of patient's predisposed to higher severity. Multi-omics analysis of respiratory specimen is distinct in SARS-CoV-2 infection Change in oropharyngeal metaproteome correlates with SARS-CoV-2 infection Multi-omics analysis reveals various process regulated by SARS-CoV-2 infection Increased basal MX1 and WARS could segregate patients with severe and positive SARS-CoV-2
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaswinder Singh Maras
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Shvetank Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Adil Bhat
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Sheetalnath Rooge
- Department of Virology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Reshu aggrawal
- Department of Virology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Department of Virology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv K. Sarin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Corresponding author
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116
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Wei Y, Chen X, Ren X, Wang B, Zhang Q, Bu H, Qian J, Shao P. Identification of MX2 as a Novel Prognostic Biomarker for Sunitinib Resistance in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:680369. [PMID: 34306023 PMCID: PMC8299280 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.680369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antiangiogenic agents that specifically target vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), such as sunitinib, have been utilized as the standard therapy for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients. However, most patients eventually show no responses to the targeted drugs, and the mechanisms for the resistance remain unclear. This study is aimed to identify pivotal molecules and to uncover their potential functions involved in this adverse event in ccRCC treatment. Methods Two datasets, GSE64052 and GSE76068, were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the limma package in R software. The gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted using clusterProfiler package. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was built using the STRING database and Cytoscape software. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted using R software. qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the MX2 and pathway expression in RCC cell lines. Sunitinib-resistant cell lines were constructed, and loss-of-function experiments were conducted by knocking down MX2. All statistical analyses were performed using R version 3.6.1 and SPSS 23.0. Results A total of 760 DEGs were derived from two datasets in GEO database, and five hub genes were identified, among which high-level MX2 exhibited a pronounced correlation with poor overall survival (OS) in sunitinib-resistant ccRCC patients. Clinical correlation analysis and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) on MX2 showed that the upregulation of MX2 was significantly related to the malignant phenotype of ccRCC, and it was involved in several pathways and biological processes associated with anticancer drug resistance. qRT-PCR and Western blotting revealed that MX2 was distinctly upregulated in sunitinib-resistant RCC cell lines. Colony formation assay and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay showed that MX2 strongly promoted resistant capability to sunitinib of ccRCC cells. Conclusion MX2 is a potent indicator for sunitinib resistance and a therapeutic target in ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuang Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinglin Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohan Ren
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hengtao Bu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Qian
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Shao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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117
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Gu X, Zhang J, Li J, Wang Z, Feng J, Li J, Pan K, Ni X, Zeng D, Jing B, Zhang D. Effects of Bacillus cereus PAS38 on Immune-Related Differentially Expressed Genes of Spleen in Broilers. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:425-438. [PMID: 31243733 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study mainly explored the immunomodulatory mechanisms of the probiotic Bacillus cereus PAS38 (PB) on broiler spleen. A total of 120 avian white feather broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups (N = 30), as follows: control (CNTL, fed with basal diet), PB (fed with diet supplemented with probiotic B. cereus PAS38), vaccine (VAC, fed with basal diet and injected with Newcastle disease virus vaccine), and vaccine + PB group (PBVAC, fed with basal diet supplemented with B. cereus PAS38 and injected with NDV vaccine). The experiment was conducted for 42 days. Twelve spleens were collected from four different groups, weighed, and cut into histological sections, and transcriptome analysis was performed using RNA-seq. Results of the spleen and histological section relative weights showed that feeding with probiotic B. cereus PAS38 and vaccination had a similar tendency to promote spleen development. Compared with the CNTL group, 21 immune-related genes were significantly downregulated in the PB and PBVAC groups. These genes were mainly involved in attenuating inflammatory response. The upregulated antimicrobial peptide NK-lysin and guanylate-binding protein 1 expression levels indicated that this strain enhanced the body's antimicrobial capacity. B. cereus PAS38 also amplified the broilers' immune response to the vaccine, which mainly reflected on nonspecific immunity. Hence, probiotic B. cereus PAS38 can regulate and promote the immune function of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wengjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wengjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wengjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Chengdu Vocational College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chengdu, 611100, China
| | - Jie Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wengjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wengjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Chengdu Vocational College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chengdu, 611100, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wengjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueqin Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wengjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wengjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wengjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wengjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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118
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Transcriptome and Proteomic Analysis Reveals Up-Regulation of Innate Immunity-Related Genes Expression in Caprine Herpesvirus 1 Infected Madin Darby Bovine Kidney Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071293. [PMID: 34372499 PMCID: PMC8310103 DOI: 10.3390/v13071293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) is a member of the alpha subfamily of herpesviruses, which is responsible for genital lesions and latent infections in goat populations worldwide. In this study, for the first time, the transcriptome and proteomics of CpHV-1 infected Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells were explored using RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS) technology, respectively. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 81 up-regulated and 19 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between infected and mock-infected MDBK cells. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that most of these DEGs were mainly involved in the innate immune response, especially the interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis results indicated that the identified DEGs were significantly mainly enriched for response to virus, defense response to virus, response to biotic stimulus and regulation of innate immune response. Viral carcinogenesis, the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, the cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway and pathways associated with several viral infections were found to be significantly enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database. Eleven selected DEGs (Mx1, RSAD2, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT5, IFIH1, IFITM3, IRF7, IRF9, OAS1X and OAS1Y) associated with immune responses were selected, and they exhibited a concordant direction both in RNA-Seq and quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Proteomic analysis also showed significant up-regulation of innate immunity-related proteins. GO analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins were mostly enriched in defense response and response to virus, and the pathways associated with viral infection were enriched under KEGG analysis. Protein-protein interaction network analysis indicated most of the DEGs related to innate immune responses, as DDX58(RIG-I), IFIH1(MDA5), IRF7, Mx1, RSAD2, OAS1 and IFIT1, were located in the core of the network and highly connected with other DGEs. Our findings support the notion that CpHV-1 infection induced the transcription and protein expression alterations of a series of genes related to host innate immune response, which helps to elucidate the resistance of host cells to viral infection and to clarify the pathogenesis of CpHV-1.
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Kushima H, Tsunoda T, Matsumoto T, Kinoshita Y, Izumikawa K, Shirasawa S, Fujita M, Ishii H. Effects of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia on Apoptosis and Proliferation in an In Vitro Model of the Lung Microenvironment. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071435. [PMID: 34361872 PMCID: PMC8304463 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: Aspergillus is often detected in respiratory samples from patients with chronic respiratory diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting that it can easily colonize the airways. To determine the role of Aspergillus colonization in pulmonary fibrosis, we cultured human lung epithelial A549 cells or murine embryo fibroblast NIH/3T3 cells with Aspergillus conidia in 3D floating culture representing the microenvironment. Materials and Methods: Cells were cultured in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional floating (3DF) culture with heat-inactivated Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) 293 conidia at an effector-to-target cell ratio of 1:10 (early-phase model) and 1:100 (colonization model), and RNA-sequencing and Western blots (WB) were performed. Results: AF293 conidia reduced A549 cell growth in 2D and 3DF cultures and induced apoptosis in A549 spheroids in 3DF culture. RNA-sequencing revealed the increased expression of genes associated with interferon-mediated antiviral responses including MX dymamin-like GTPase 1 (MX1). Interestingly, the decreased expression of genes associated with the cell cycle was observed with a high concentration of AF293 conidia. WB revealed that epithelial-mesenchymal transition was not involved. Notably, AF293 conidia increased NIH/3T3 growth only in 3DF culture without inducing an apoptotic reaction. RNA-sequencing revealed the increased expression of genes associated with interferon signalling, including MX2; however, the decreased expression of genes associated with the cell cycle was not observed. Conclusions: AF affects both apoptosis of epithelial cells and the growth of fibroblasts. A deeper understanding of the detailed mechanisms underlying Aspergillus-mediated signaling pathway in epithelial cells and fibroblasts will help us to understand the lung microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Kushima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan;
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka 818-8502, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-92-921-1011; Fax: +81-92-928-3890
| | - Toshiyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (T.T.); (S.S.)
- Department of Central Research Institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Taichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Drug Informatics and Translational Research, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan;
| | - Yoshiaki Kinoshita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka 818-8502, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.I.)
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan;
| | - Senji Shirasawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (T.T.); (S.S.)
- Department of Central Research Institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka 818-8502, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.I.)
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Griffante G, Gugliesi F, Pasquero S, Dell'Oste V, Biolatti M, Salinger AJ, Mondal S, Thompson PR, Weerapana E, Lebbink RJ, Soppe JA, Stamminger T, Girault V, Pichlmair A, Oroszlán G, Coen DM, De Andrea M, Landolfo S. Human cytomegalovirus-induced host protein citrullination is crucial for viral replication. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3910. [PMID: 34162877 PMCID: PMC8222335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrullination is the conversion of arginine-to-citrulline by protein arginine deiminases (PADs), whose dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of various types of cancers and autoimmune diseases. Consistent with the ability of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to induce post-translational modifications of cellular proteins to gain a survival advantage, we show that HCMV infection of primary human fibroblasts triggers PAD-mediated citrullination of several host proteins, and that this activity promotes viral fitness. Citrullinome analysis reveals significant changes in deimination levels of both cellular and viral proteins, with interferon (IFN)-inducible protein IFIT1 being among the most heavily deiminated one. As genetic depletion of IFIT1 strongly enhances HCMV growth, and in vitro IFIT1 citrullination impairs its ability to bind to 5’-ppp-RNA, we propose that viral-induced IFIT1 citrullination is a mechanism of HCMV evasion from host antiviral resistance. Overall, our findings point to a crucial role of citrullination in subverting cellular responses to viral infection. Citrullination is a posttranslational modification of arginines. Here, the authors show that HCMV infection increases citrullination of host and virus proteins to promote infection and that citrullinated interferon-inducible protein IFIT1 is impaired in RNA binding, as a potential mechanism of evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Griffante
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Gugliesi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Selina Pasquero
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Dell'Oste
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ari J Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Robert J Lebbink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper A Soppe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Virginie Girault
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gábor Oroszlán
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald M Coen
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. .,CAAD Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Fan C, Su H, Liao Z, Su J, Yang C, Zhang Y, Su J. Teleost-Specific MxG, a Traitor in the Mx Family, Negatively Regulates Antiviral Responses by Targeting IPS-1 for Proteasomal Degradation and STING for Lysosomal Degradation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:281-295. [PMID: 34135063 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-β promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1)- and stimulator of IFN genes (STING)-mediated type I IFNs play a critical role in antiviral responses. Myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins are pivotal components of the antiviral effectors induced by IFNs in many species. An unprecedented expansion of Mx genes has occurred in fish. However, the functions and mechanisms of Mx family members remain largely unknown in fish. In this study, we found that grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) MxG, a teleost-specific Mx protein, is induced by IFNs and viruses, and it negatively regulates both IPS-1- and STING-mediated antiviral responses to facilitate grass carp reovirus, spring viremia of carp virus, and cyprinid herpesvirus-2 replication. MxG binds and degrades IPS-1 via the proteasomal pathway and STING through the lysosomal pathway, thereby negatively regulating IFN1 antiviral responses and NF-κB proinflammatory cytokines. MxG also suppresses the phosphorylation of STING IFN regulatory factor 3/7, and it subsequently downregulates IFN1 and NF-κB1 at the promoter, transcription, and protein levels. GTPase and GTPase effector domains of MxG contribute to the negative regulatory function. On the contrary, MxG knockdown weakens virus replication and cytopathic effect. Therefore, MxG can be an ISG molecule induced by IFNs and viruses, and degrade IPS-1 and STING proteins in a negative feedback manner to maintain homeostasis and avoid excessive immune responses after virus infection. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of a negative regulator in the Mx family, and our findings clarify a novel mechanism by which the IFN response is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Fan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hang Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiwei Liao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juanjuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ministry of Education), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; and
| | - Chunrong Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongan Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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122
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Chai K, Wang Z, Pan Q, Tan J, Qiao W, Liang C. Effect of Different Nuclear Localization Signals on the Subcellular Localization and Anti-HIV-1 Function of the MxB Protein. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:675201. [PMID: 34093497 PMCID: PMC8173038 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon exerts its antiviral activity by stimulating the expression of antiviral proteins. These interferon stimulate genes (ISGs) often target a group of viruses with unique molecular mechanisms. One such ISG is myxovirus resistance B (MxB) that has been reported to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by targeting viral capsid and impairing nuclear import of viral DNA. The antiviral specificity of MxB is determined by its N-terminal 25 amino acids sequence which has the nuclear localization activity, therefore functions as a nuclear localization signal (NLS). In this study, we report that the bipartite NLS, but not the classic NLS, the PY-NLS, nor the arginine-rich NLS, when used to replace the N-terminal sequence of MxB, drastically suppress HIV-1 gene expression and virus production, thus creates a new anti-HIV-1 mechanism. MxB preserves its anti-HIV-1 activity when its N-terminal sequence is replaced by the arginine-rich NLS. Interestingly, the arginine-rich NLS allows MxB to inhibit HIV-1 CA mutants that are otherwise resistant to wild type MxB, which suggests sequence specific targeting of viral capsid. Together, these data implicate that it is not the nuclear import function itself, but rather the sequence and the mechanism of action of the NLS which define the antiviral property of MxB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Chai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhen Wang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Qinghua Pan
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Wang Z, Chai K, Liu Q, Yi DR, Pan Q, Huang Y, Tan J, Qiao W, Guo F, Cen S, Liang C. HIV-1 resists MxB inhibition of viral Rev protein. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:2030-2045. [PMID: 32873191 PMCID: PMC7534208 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1818633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interferon-inducible myxovirus resistance B (MxB) protein has been reported to inhibit HIV-1 and herpesviruses by blocking the nuclear import of viral DNA. Here, we report a new antiviral mechanism in which MxB restricts the nuclear import of HIV-1 regulatory protein Rev, and as a result, diminishes Rev-dependent expression of HIV-1 Gag protein. Specifically, MxB disrupts the interaction of Rev with the nuclear transport receptor, transportin 1 (TNPO1). Supporting this, the TNPO1-independent Rev variants become less restricted by MxB. In addition, HIV-1 can overcome this inhibition by MxB through increasing the expression of multiply spliced viral RNA and hence Rev protein. Therefore, MxB exerts its anti-HIV-1 function through interfering with the nuclear import of both viral DNA and viral Rev protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Keli Chai
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Rong Yi
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Pan
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Morchang A, Malakar S, Poonudom K, Noisakran S, Yenchitsomanus PT, Limjindaporn T. Melatonin Inhibits Dengue Virus Infection via the Sirtuin 1-Mediated Interferon Pathway. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040659. [PMID: 33920458 PMCID: PMC8070382 DOI: 10.3390/v13040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the causative pathogen in the life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. DENV is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. Approximately 100 million people are infected annually worldwide, and most of those live in tropical and subtropical areas. There is still no effective drug or vaccine for treatment of DENV infection. In this study, we set forth to investigate the effect of melatonin, which is a natural hormone with multiple pharmacological functions, against DENV infection. Treatment with subtoxic doses of melatonin dose-dependently inhibited DENV production. Cross-protection across serotypes and various cell types was also observed. Time-of-addition assay suggested that melatonin exerts its influence during the post-entry step of viral infection. The antiviral activity of melatonin partly originates from activation of the sirtuin pathway since co-treatment with melatonin and the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibitor reversed the effect of melatonin treatment alone. Moreover, melatonin could modulate the transcription of antiviral genes that aid in suppression of DENV production. This antiviral mechanism of melatonin suggests a possible new strategy for treating DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atthapan Morchang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (A.M.); (P.-t.Y.)
| | - Shilu Malakar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (S.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Kanchanaphan Poonudom
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (S.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Sansanee Noisakran
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pa-thai Yenchitsomanus
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (A.M.); (P.-t.Y.)
| | - Thawornchai Limjindaporn
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (S.M.); (K.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-419-2754
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Wang K, Thomas C, Zhang S, Wathes DC, Cheng Z. Comparison of the Ability of High and Low Virulence Strains of Non-cytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-1 to Modulate Expression of Interferon Tau Stimulated Genes in Bovine Endometrium. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:659330. [PMID: 33898551 PMCID: PMC8062762 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.659330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus with a single-stranded, positive sense RNA genome. It is endemic in many cattle populations, causing major economic losses in part due to reduced fertility. BVDV exhibits great genetic diversity and is classified as type 1 or 2 (BVDV-1, BVDV-2) with either non-cytopathogenic (ncp) or cytopathogenic (cp) biotypes. Differing strains of ncpBVDV differ in virulence, affecting clinical outcome. BVDV replicates in the reproductive tract, affecting host immunity and embryo survival. This study used an in vitro model of primary bovine endometrial cell cultures to compare the effects of two BVDV ncp type 1a strains of differing virulence (termed HO and KY) on endometrial transcription of candidate interferon stimulated genes (ISG) using qPCR. Half the cultures were stimulated with interferon tau (IFNT, the conceptus produced pregnancy recognition factor) in the presence or absence of viral infection. Cultures were replicated on cells from 10 BVDV-free cows. IFNT treatment stimulated transcription of 10 candidate ISGs, whereas both ncpBVDV-1 strains alone inhibited transcription of 8/10 ISGs. In combined BVDV-1+IFNT cultures, the stimulatory effect of IFNT on expression of GBP4, ISG15, HERC5, RSAD2, IFIH1, IFIT3, and MX1 was significantly inhibited by HO, but only ISG15, RSAD2, IFI27, and IFIT3 were decreased by KY. Inhibition by HO was generally greater. The IFNT-induced expression of TRIM56 was, however, increased by HO. These data show that HO, the more virulent ncpBVDV-1 strain, has a greater capacity to inhibit key antiviral pathways. These differences need confirmation at the protein level but may influence immune tolerance of the host. They could also reduce fertility by increasing uterine susceptibility to bacterial infection and disrupting IFNT-mediated pregnancy recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Carole Thomas
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - D Claire Wathes
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Zhangrui Cheng
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Gil-Jaramillo N, Rocha AP, Raiol T, Motta FN, Favali C, Brigido MM, Bastos IMD, Santana JM. The First Contact of Human Dendritic Cells With Trypanosoma cruzi Reveals Response to Virus as an Unexplored Central Pathway. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638020. [PMID: 33897690 PMCID: PMC8062726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a debilitating and neglected disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Soon after infection, interactions among T. cruzi and host innate immunity cells can drive/contribute to disease outcome. Dendritic cells (DCs), present in all tissues, are one of the first immune cells to interact with Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes. Elucidating the immunological events triggered immediately after parasite-human DCs encounter may aid in understanding the role of DCs in the establishment of infection and in the course of the disease. Therefore, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of a 12 h interaction between T. cruzi and MoDCs (monocyte-derived DCs) from three human donors. Enrichment analyses of the 468 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed viral infection response as the most regulated pathway. Additionally, exogenous antigen processing and presentation through MHC-I, chemokine signaling, lymphocyte co-stimulation, metallothioneins, and inflammasome activation were found up-regulated. Notable, we were able to identify the increased gene expression of alternative inflammasome sensors such as AIM2, IFI16, and RIG-I for the first time in a T. cruzi infection. Both transcript and protein expression levels suggest proinflammatory cytokine production during early T. cruzi-DCs contact. Our transcriptome data unveil antiviral pathways as an unexplored process during T. cruzi-DC initial interaction, disclosing a new panorama for the study of Chagas disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gil-Jaramillo
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pereira Rocha
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tainá Raiol
- Fiocruz Brasília–Gerência Regional de Brasília (GEREB), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Flávia Nader Motta
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Cecília Favali
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M. Brigido
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Izabela M. D. Bastos
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jaime M. Santana
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Watzky M, de Dieuleveult M, Letessier A, Saint-Ruf C, Miotto B. Assessing the consequences of environmental exposures on the expression of the human receptor and proteases involved in SARS-CoV-2 cell-entry. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110317. [PMID: 33069705 PMCID: PMC7560643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of environmental condition on the infection by the novel pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 virus remains uncertain. In here, exploiting a large panel of publicly available genome-wide data, we investigated whether the human receptor ACE2 and human proteases TMPRSS2, FURIN and CATHEPSINs (B, L and V), which are involved in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, are transcriptionally regulated by environmental cues. We report that more than 50 chemicals modulate the expression of ACE2 or human proteases important for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. We further demonstrate that transcription factor AhR, which is commonly activated by pollutants, binds to the promoter of TMPRSS2 and enhancers and/or promoters of Cathepsin B, L and V encoding genes. Our exploratory study documents an influence of environmental exposures on the expression of genes involved in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. These results could be conceptually and medically relevant to our understanding of the COVID-19 disease, and should be further explored in laboratory and epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Watzky
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Maud de Dieuleveult
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Anne Letessier
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Claude Saint-Ruf
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Benoit Miotto
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France.
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128
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McKellar J, Rebendenne A, Wencker M, Moncorgé O, Goujon C. Mammalian and Avian Host Cell Influenza A Restriction Factors. Viruses 2021; 13:522. [PMID: 33810083 PMCID: PMC8005160 DOI: 10.3390/v13030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of a new influenza pandemic is real. With past pandemics claiming millions of lives, finding new ways to combat this virus is essential. Host cells have developed a multi-modular system to detect incoming pathogens, a phenomenon called sensing. The signaling cascade triggered by sensing subsequently induces protection for themselves and their surrounding neighbors, termed interferon (IFN) response. This response induces the upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including antiviral effectors, establishing an antiviral state. As well as the antiviral proteins induced through the IFN system, cells also possess a so-called intrinsic immunity, constituted of antiviral proteins that are constitutively expressed, creating a first barrier preceding the induction of the interferon system. All these combined antiviral effectors inhibit the virus at various stages of the viral lifecycle, using a wide array of mechanisms. Here, we provide a review of mammalian and avian influenza A restriction factors, detailing their mechanism of action and in vivo relevance, when known. Understanding their mode of action might help pave the way for the development of new influenza treatments, which are absolutely required if we want to be prepared to face a new pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe McKellar
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Antoine Rebendenne
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Mélanie Wencker
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM/CNRS/UCBL1/ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Olivier Moncorgé
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Caroline Goujon
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
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129
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Liou TG, Adler FR, Cahill BC, Cox DR, Cox JE, Grant GJ, Hanson KE, Hartsell SC, Hatton ND, Helms MN, Jensen JL, Kartsonaki C, Li Y, Leung DT, Marvin JE, Middleton EA, Osburn-Staker SM, Packer KA, Shakir SM, Sturrock AB, Tardif KD, Warren KJ, Waddoups LJ, Weaver LJ, Zimmerman E, Paine R. SARS-CoV-2 innate effector associations and viral load in early nasopharyngeal infection. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14761. [PMID: 33625796 PMCID: PMC7903990 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID‐19 causes severe disease with poor outcomes. We tested the hypothesis that early SARS‐CoV‐2 viral infection disrupts innate immune responses. These changes may be important for understanding subsequent clinical outcomes. We obtained residual nasopharyngeal swab samples from individuals who requested COVID‐19 testing for symptoms at drive‐through COVID‐19 clinical testing sites operated by the University of Utah. We applied multiplex immunoassays, real‐time polymerase chain reaction assays and quantitative proteomics to 20 virus‐positive and 20 virus‐negative samples. ACE‐2 transcripts increased with infection (OR =17.4, 95% CI [CI] =4.78–63.8) and increasing viral N1 protein transcript load (OR =1.16, CI =1.10–1.23). Transcripts for two interferons (IFN) were elevated, IFN‐λ1 (OR =71, CI =7.07–713) and IFN‐λ2 (OR =40.2, CI =3.86–419), and closely associated with viral N1 transcripts (OR =1.35, CI =1.23–1.49 and OR =1.33 CI =1.20–1.47, respectively). Only transcripts for IP‐10 were increased among systemic inflammatory cytokines that we examined (OR =131, CI =1.01–2620). We found widespread discrepancies between transcription and translation. IFN proteins were unchanged or decreased in infected samples (IFN‐γ OR =0.90 CI =0.33–0.79, IFN‐λ2,3 OR =0.60 CI =0.48–0.74) suggesting viral‐induced shut‐off of host antiviral protein responses. However, proteins for IP‐10 (OR =3.74 CI =2.07–6.77) and several interferon‐stimulated genes (ISG) increased with viral load (BST‐1 OR =25.1, CI =3.33–188; IFIT1 OR =19.5, CI =4.25–89.2; IFIT3 OR =245, CI =15–4020; MX‐1 OR =3.33, CI =1.44–7.70). Older age was associated with substantial modifications of some effects. Ambulatory symptomatic patients had an innate immune response with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection characterized by elevated IFN, proinflammatory cytokine and ISG transcripts, but there is evidence of a viral‐induced host shut‐off of antiviral responses. Our findings may characterize the disrupted immune landscape common in patients with early disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore G Liou
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Center for Quantitative Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Frederick R Adler
- Center for Quantitative Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Mathematics and School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Barbara C Cahill
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - James E Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Garett J Grant
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kimberly E Hanson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stephen C Hartsell
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nathan D Hatton
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - My N Helms
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Judy L Jensen
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Christiana Kartsonaki
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yanping Li
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Daniel T Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James E Marvin
- Flow Cytometry Core Laboratory, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Middleton
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sandra M Osburn-Staker
- Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kristyn A Packer
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Salika M Shakir
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anne B Sturrock
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Kristi J Warren
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lindsey J Waddoups
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa J Weaver
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zimmerman
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert Paine
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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130
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Intrinsic Immune Mechanisms Restricting Human Cytomegalovirus Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020179. [PMID: 33530304 PMCID: PMC7911179 DOI: 10.3390/v13020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular restriction factors (RFs) act as important constitutive innate immune barriers against viruses. In 2006, the promyelocytic leukemia protein was described as the first RF against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection which is antagonized by the viral immediate early protein IE1. Since then, at least 15 additional RFs against HCMV have been identified, including the chromatin regulatory protein SPOC1, the cytidine deaminase APOBEC3A and the dNTP triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1. These RFs affect distinct steps of the viral replication cycle such as viral entry, gene expression, the synthesis of progeny DNA or egress. This review summarizes our current knowledge on intrinsic immune mechanisms restricting HCMV replication as well as on the viral strategies to counteract the inhibitory effects of RFs. Detailed knowledge on the interplay between host RFs and antagonizing viral factors will be fundamental to develop new approaches to combat HCMV infection.
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131
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Differential expression and correlation analysis of miRNA-mRNA profiles in swine testicular cells infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1868. [PMID: 33479333 PMCID: PMC7820490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The variant virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strain (YN15) can cause severe porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED); however, the attenuated vaccine-like PEDV strain (YN144) can induce immunity in piglets. To investigate the differences in pathogenesis and epigenetic mechanisms between the two strains, differential expression and correlation analyses of the microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA in swine testicular (ST) cells infected with YN15, YN144, and mock were performed on three comparison groups (YN15 vs Control, YN144 vs Control, and YN15 vs YN144). The mRNA and miRNA expression profiles were obtained using next-generation sequencing (NGS), and the differentially expressed (DE) (p-value < 0.05) mRNA and miRNA were obtained using DESeq R package. mRNAs targeted by DE miRNAs were predicted using the miRanda algortithm. 8039, 8631 and 3310 DE mRNAs, and 36, 36, and 22 DE miRNAs were identified in the three comparison groups, respectively. 14,140, 15,367 and 3771 DE miRNA-mRNA (targeted by DE miRNAs) interaction pairs with negatively correlated expression patterns were identified, and interaction networks were constructed using Cytoscape. Six DE miRNAs and six DE mRNAs were randomly selected to verify the sequencing data by real-time relative quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Based on bioinformatics analysis, we discovered the differences were mostly involved in host immune responses and viral pathogenicity, including NF-κB signaling pathway and bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, etc. This is the first comprehensive comparison of DE miRNA-mRNA pairs in YN15 and YN144 infection in vitro, which could provide novel strategies for the prevention and control of PED.
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132
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Sauter D, Kirchhoff F. Evolutionary conflicts and adverse effects of antiviral factors. eLife 2021; 10:e65243. [PMID: 33450175 PMCID: PMC7811402 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cells are equipped with a plethora of antiviral proteins protecting them against invading viral pathogens. In contrast to apoptotic or pyroptotic cell death, which serves as ultima ratio to combat viral infections, these cell-intrinsic restriction factors may prevent or at least slow down viral spread while allowing the host cell to survive. Nevertheless, their antiviral activity may also have detrimental effects on the host. While the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiviral activity of restriction factors are frequently well investigated, potential undesired effects of their antiviral functions on the host cell are hardly explored. With a focus on antiretroviral proteins, we summarize in this review how individual restriction factors may exert adverse effects as trade-off for efficient defense against attacking pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
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133
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Braegelmann C, Fetter T, Niebel D, Dietz L, Bieber T, Wenzel J. Immunostimulatory Endogenous Nucleic Acids Perpetuate Interface Dermatitis-Translation of Pathogenic Fundamentals Into an In Vitro Model. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622511. [PMID: 33505404 PMCID: PMC7831152 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interface dermatitis is a histopathological pattern mirroring a distinct cytotoxic immune response shared by a number of clinically diverse inflammatory skin diseases amongst which lichen planus and cutaneous lupus erythematosus are considered prototypic. Interface dermatitis is characterized by pronounced cytotoxic immune cell infiltration and necroptotic keratinocytes at the dermoepidermal junction. The initial inflammatory reaction is established by cytotoxic immune cells that express CXC chemokine receptor 3 and lesional keratinocytes that produce corresponding ligands, CXC motif ligands 9/10/11, recruiting the effector cells to the site of inflammation. During the resulting anti-epithelial attack, endogenous immune complexes and nucleic acids are released from perishing keratinocytes, which are then perceived by the innate immune system as danger signals. Keratinocytes express a distinct signature of pattern recognition receptors and binding of endogenous nucleic acid motifs to these receptors results in interferon-mediated immune responses and further enhancement of CXC chemokine receptor 3 ligand production. In this perspective article, we will discuss the role of innate nucleic acid sensing as a common mechanism in the perpetuation of clinically heterogeneous diseases featuring interface dermatitis based on own data and a review of the literature. Furthermore, we will introduce a keratinocyte-specific in vitro model of interface dermatitis as follows: Stimulation of human keratinocytes with endogenous nucleic acids alone and in combination with interferon gamma leads to pronounced production of distinct cytokines, which are essential in the pathogenesis of interface dermatitis. This experimental approach bears the capability to investigate potential therapeutics in this group of diseases with unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Fetter
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dennis Niebel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lara Dietz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joerg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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134
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Sehgal PB, Yuan H, Scott MF, Deng Y, Liang FX, Mackiewicz A. Murine GFP-Mx1 forms nuclear condensates and associates with cytoplasmic intermediate filaments: Novel antiviral activity against VSV. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18023-18035. [PMID: 33077519 PMCID: PMC7939456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I and III interferons induce expression of the "myxovirus resistance proteins" MxA in human cells and its ortholog Mx1 in murine cells. Human MxA forms cytoplasmic structures, whereas murine Mx1 forms nuclear bodies. Whereas both HuMxA and MuMx1 are antiviral toward influenza A virus (FLUAV) (an orthomyxovirus), only HuMxA is considered antiviral toward vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (a rhabdovirus). We previously reported that the cytoplasmic human GFP-MxA structures were phase-separated membraneless organelles ("biomolecular condensates"). In the present study, we investigated whether nuclear murine Mx1 structures might also represent phase-separated biomolecular condensates. The transient expression of murine GFP-Mx1 in human Huh7 hepatoma, human Mich-2H6 melanoma, and murine NIH 3T3 cells led to the appearance of Mx1 nuclear bodies. These GFP-MuMx1 nuclear bodies were rapidly disassembled by exposing cells to 1,6-hexanediol (5%, w/v), or to hypotonic buffer (40-50 mosm), consistent with properties of membraneless phase-separated condensates. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) assays revealed that the GFP-MuMx1 nuclear bodies upon photobleaching showed a slow partial recovery (mobile fraction: ∼18%) suggestive of a gel-like consistency. Surprisingly, expression of GFP-MuMx1 in Huh7 cells also led to the appearance of GFP-MuMx1 in 20-30% of transfected cells in a novel cytoplasmic giantin-based intermediate filament meshwork and in cytoplasmic bodies. Remarkably, Huh7 cells with cytoplasmic murine GFP-MuMx1 filaments, but not those with only nuclear bodies, showed antiviral activity toward VSV. Thus, GFP-MuMx1 nuclear bodies comprised phase-separated condensates. Unexpectedly, GFP-MuMx1 in Huh7 cells also associated with cytoplasmic giantin-based intermediate filaments, and such cells showed antiviral activity toward VSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin B Sehgal
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
| | - Huijuan Yuan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Mia F Scott
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Yan Deng
- Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrzej Mackiewicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University School of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland; Department of Diagnostics and Immunology of Cancer, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
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135
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Bansode YD, Chattopadhyay D, Saha B. Transcriptomic Analysis of Interferon Response in Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligand-Treated and Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Infected Neurons and Astrocytes. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:256-266. [PMID: 33351727 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection causes cold sores and keratitis. Upon infection, it forms lesions at the epithelium and enters neurons where it establishes a latent infection. Host innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 recognizes HSV by sensing its glycoproteins and induces an innate immune response. Upon activation, TLR2 forms a dimer with TLR1, TLR2, or TLR6 and signals inducing cytokines and interferons (IFNs). In this study, we checked the effect of differential activation of TLR2 by using different TLR2 dimer-specific ligands on the anti-HSV-1 innate immune response. We found that TLR2/2 ligand-induced IFN-β in neurons, while IFN-α in astrocytes and these IFNs subsequently induce the expression of IFN stimulatory genes like viperin, Ch25H, OAS2, latent RNase (RNase L), protein kinase R (PKR), and interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT) 1. These are the genes with antiviral functions such as blocking viral attachment, protein synthesis, and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, India.,ICMR-Virus Unit, Kolkata, India
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136
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Yang E, Li MMH. All About the RNA: Interferon-Stimulated Genes That Interfere With Viral RNA Processes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605024. [PMID: 33362792 PMCID: PMC7756014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) signaling induces the expression of a wide array of genes, collectively referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that generally function to inhibit viral replication. RNA viruses are frequently targeted by ISGs through recognition of viral replicative intermediates and molecular features associated with viral genomes, or the lack of molecular features associated with host mRNAs. The ISGs reviewed here primarily inhibit viral replication in an RNA-centric manner, working to sense, degrade, or repress expression of viral RNA. This review focuses on dissecting how these ISGs exhibit multiple antiviral mechanisms, often through use of varied co-factors, highlighting the complexity of the type I IFN response. Specifically, these ISGs can mediate antiviral effects through viral RNA degradation, viral translation inhibition, or both. While the OAS/RNase L pathway globally degrades RNA and arrests translation, ISG20 and ZAP employ targeted RNA degradation and translation inhibition to block viral replication. Meanwhile, SHFL targets translation by inhibiting -1 ribosomal frameshifting, which is required by many RNA viruses. Finally, a number of E3 ligases inhibit viral transcription, an attractive antiviral target during the lifecycle of negative-sense RNA viruses which must transcribe their genome prior to translation. Through this review, we aim to provide an updated perspective on how these ISGs work together to form a complex network of antiviral arsenals targeting viral RNA processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Yang
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Melody M. H. Li
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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137
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Advances in Transgenic Mouse Models to Study Infections by Human Pathogenic Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239289. [PMID: 33291453 PMCID: PMC7730764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical research is changing into direction of precision therapy, thus, sophisticated preclinical models are urgently needed. In human pathogenic virus research, the major technical hurdle is not only to translate discoveries from animals to treatments of humans, but also to overcome the problem of interspecies differences with regard to productive infections and comparable disease development. Transgenic mice provide a basis for research of disease pathogenesis after infection with human-specific viruses. Today, humanized mice can be found at the very heart of this forefront of medical research allowing for recapitulation of disease pathogenesis and drug mechanisms in humans. This review discusses progress in the development and use of transgenic mice for the study of virus-induced human diseases towards identification of new drug innovations to treat and control human pathogenic infectious diseases.
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138
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Host Cell Restriction Factors of Paramyxoviruses and Pneumoviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121381. [PMID: 33276587 PMCID: PMC7761617 DOI: 10.3390/v12121381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paramyxo- and pneumovirus family includes a wide range of viruses that can cause respiratory and/or systemic infections in humans and animals. The significant disease burden of these viruses is further exacerbated by the limited therapeutics that are currently available. Host cellular proteins that can antagonize or limit virus replication are therefore a promising area of research to identify candidate molecules with the potential for host-targeted therapies. Host proteins known as host cell restriction factors are constitutively expressed and/or induced in response to virus infection and include proteins from interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Many ISG proteins have been identified but relatively few have been characterized in detail and most studies have focused on studying their antiviral activities against particular viruses, such as influenza A viruses and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. This review summarizes current literature regarding host cell restriction factors against paramyxo- and pneumoviruses, on which there is more limited data. Alongside discussion of known restriction factors, this review also considers viral countermeasures in overcoming host restriction, the strengths and limitations in different experimental approaches in studies reported to date, and the challenges in reconciling differences between in vitro and in vivo data. Furthermore, this review provides an outlook regarding the landscape of emerging technologies and tools available to study host cell restriction factors, as well as the suitability of these proteins as targets for broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.
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Ahluwalia P, Ahluwalia M, Vaibhav K, Mondal A, Sahajpal N, Islam S, Fulzele S, Kota V, Dhandapani K, Baban B, Rojiani AM, Kolhe R. Infections of the lung: a predictive, preventive and personalized perspective through the lens of evolution, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and its pathogenesis. EPMA J 2020; 11:581-601. [PMID: 33204369 PMCID: PMC7661834 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-020-00230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The long evolutionary battle between humans and pathogens has played an important role in shaping the current network of host-pathogen interactions. Each organ brings new challenges from the perspective of a pathogen to establish a suitable niche for survival while subverting the protective mechanisms of the host. Lungs, the organ for oxygen exchange, have been an easy target for pathogens due to its accessibility. The organ has evolved diverse capabilities to provide the flexibility required for an organism's health and at the same time maintain protective functionality to prevent and resolve assault by pathogens. The pathogenic invasions are strongly challenged by healthy lung architecture which includes the presence and activity of the epithelium, mucous, antimicrobial proteins, surfactants, and immune cells. Competitively, the pathogens in the form of viruses, bacteria, and fungi have evolved an arsenal of strategies that can over-ride the host's protective mechanisms. While bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) can survive in dormant form for years before getting active in humans, novel pathogens can wreak havoc as they pose a high risk of morbidity and mortality in a very short duration of time. Recently, a coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2 has caused a pandemic which provides us an opportunity to look at the host manipulative strategies used by respiratory pathogens. Their ability to hide, modify, evade, and exploit cell's processes are key to their survival. While pathogens like M. tuberculosis have been infecting humans for thousands of years, SARS-CoV-2 has been the cause of the recent pandemic. Molecular understanding of the strategies used by these pathogens could greatly serve in design of predictive, preventive, personalized medicine (PPPM). In this article, we have emphasized on the clinically relevant evasive strategies of the pathogens in the lungs with emphasis on M. tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2. The molecular basis of these evasive strategies illuminated through advances in genomics, cell, and structural biology can assist in the mapping of vulnerable molecular networks which can be exploited translationally. These evolutionary approaches can further assist in generating screening and therapeutic options for susceptible populations and could be a promising approach for the prediction, prevention of disease, and the development of personalized medicines. Further, tailoring the clinical data of COVID-19 patients with their physiological responses in light of known host-respiratory pathogen interactions can provide opportunities to improve patient profiling and stratification according to identified therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Ahluwalia
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Meenakshi Ahluwalia
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Ashis Mondal
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Nikhil Sahajpal
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Shaheen Islam
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Vamsi Kota
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Krishnan Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Amyn M. Rojiani
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
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Jain A, Jain T, Chandrakar K, Singh M, Shakya S. Myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1) gene: Molecular characterization of complete coding sequence and expression profile in the endometrium of goat (Capra hircus). J Reprod Immunol 2020; 143:103247. [PMID: 33260042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1) gene plays an important role in uterine receptivity and conceptus development by creating a strong defense mechanism in the uterine environment. However, the specific role of Mx1 gene is not yet documented in the goat. Therefore, in the present study, full-length coding sequence (CDS) of the Mx1 gene was amplified, sequenced and characterized through various Bioinformatic tools. Temporal expression profile of Mx1 mRNA and protein was also examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blot, respectively, in the endometrium of cyclic stage (non-pregnant), pregnancy stage I (16-24 days of gestation) and pregnancy stage II (25-40 days of gestation) of caprine (cp). A fragment of the cpMx1 gene, 2144 bp in length, was amplified from complementary DNA (cDNA) with a 1965 bp open reading frame. Coding and deduced amino acid sequences of the cpMx1 were aligned with other species and it exhibited 98.8-81.5 % identities with different species. On phylogenetic analysis, sheep and goat were found belonging to the same clade but differing from large ruminants. The cpMx1 protein possess the conserved signature motif (LPRGTGIVTR) of dynamin superfamily and the tripartite guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) binding motif (GDQSSGKS, DLPG, TKPD) at the N-terminal end, and the leucine zipper motifs at the C-terminal end. Both cpMx1 mRNA and protein were found to be expressed maximally (P < 0.05) in the pregnancy stage I as compared to cyclic stage. It was concluded that the cpMx1 gene shares major structural and probably functional similarities with other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Jain
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, CGKV, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Tripti Jain
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, CGKV, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | - Mohan Singh
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, CGKV, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sanjay Shakya
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, CGKV, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
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Fuchs J, Oschwald A, Graf L, Kochs G. Tick-transmitted thogotovirus gains high virulence by a single MxA escape mutation in the viral nucleoprotein. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009038. [PMID: 33196685 PMCID: PMC7704052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with emerging and re-emerging arboviruses are of increasing concern for global health. Tick-transmitted RNA viruses of the genus Thogotovirus in the Orthomyxoviridae family have considerable zoonotic potential, as indicated by the recent emergence of Bourbon virus in the USA. To successfully infect humans, arboviruses have to escape the restrictive power of the interferon defense system. This is exemplified by the high sensitivity of thogotoviruses to the antiviral action of the interferon-induced myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) that inhibits the polymerase activity of incoming viral ribonucleoprotein complexes. Acquiring resistance to human MxA would be expected to enhance the zoonotic potential of these pathogens. Therefore, we screened a panel of 10 different thogotovirus isolates obtained from various parts of the world for their sensitivity to MxA. A single isolate from Nigeria, Jos virus, showed resistance to the antiviral action of MxA in cell culture and in MxA-transgenic mice, whereas the prototypic Sicilian isolate SiAr126 was fully MxA-sensitive. Further analysis identified two amino acid substitutions (G327R and R328V) in the viral nucleoprotein as determinants for MxA resistance. Importantly, when introduced into SiAr126, the R328V mutation resulted in complete MxA escape of the recombinant virus, without causing any viral fitness loss. The escape mutation abolished viral nucleoprotein recognition by MxA and allowed unhindered viral growth in MxA-expressing cells and in MxA-transgenic mice. These findings demonstrate that thogotoviruses can overcome the species barrier by escaping MxA restriction and reveal that these tick-transmitted viruses may have a greater zoonotic potential than previously suspected. Thogotovirus infections are known to cause isolated human fatalities, yet the zoonotic potential of these tick-transmitted pathogens is still largely unexplored. In the present study, we examined if these viruses are able to escape the interferon-induced human MxA, thereby overcoming the human innate antiviral defense. Mx proteins constitute a class of interferon-induced antiviral effector molecules that efficiently block the intracellular replication of many viruses. Here, we studied the MxA sensitivity of various thogotovirus isolates and identified two amino acid residues in the viral nucleoprotein that caused resistance to MxA. One of these exchanges was sufficient to enable an otherwise MxA-sensitive thogotovirus to fully escape MxA restriction without causing any fitness loss. Our study explores the interplay of thogotoviruses with the innate antiviral host defense and sheds light on their zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Fuchs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Oschwald
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Graf
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Saber MA, Okasha H, Khorshed F, Samir S. A Novel Cell-based In vitro Assay for Antiviral Activity of Interferons α, β, and γ by qPCR of MxA Gene Expression. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2020; 15:67-75. [PMID: 33183215 DOI: 10.2174/1872208314666201112105053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human MxA gene is related to the class of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) that plays a role in antiviral resistance. OBJECTIVE Implementation of standard curves obtained from designing a procedure for data processing in relative qPCR between MxA expression and interferon's antiviral activity (IU/ml). These standard curves can be used to detect the antiviral activity of any new compound rapidly and safely. METHODS To detect the optimum incubation time for maximum MxA gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), the isolated human PBMCs (1x106 cells) were incubated with a concentration of 1000 IU/ml of each IFN at different time intervals; 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, and 24 h post-treatment. A standard curve was performed for each IFN (α, β, and γ) at different concentrations (250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, and 2000 IU/ml). RESULTS As observed at 4 h incubation time of 1000 IU/ml concentration, IFN-γ provided a higher expression of MxA compared to IFN-α and IFN-β. Correlation analyses between IFN-α and IFN-β, IFN-β and IFN-γ were non-significant. However, there was a significant correlation between IFN-α and IFN-γ (p<0.01). Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that cut-off values of IFN- γ, IFN-β, and IFN-α were 58.14 > 7.31 and > 3.33, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The relative expression of MxA is a biomarker for IFN-α, β, and γ, especially IFN-α. It has compiled and validated a standard curve-based protocol for PCR data processing. It shows that the standard curve is an easy alternative tool to assess antiviral activity. We revised all patents relating to the antiviral assays of the used interferons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Saber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hend Okasha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatma Khorshed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Safia Samir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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Liou TG, Adler FR, Cahill BC, Cox DR, Cox JE, Grant GJ, Hanson KE, Hartsell SC, Hatton ND, Helms MN, Jensen JL, Kartsonaki C, Li Y, Leung DT, Marvin JE, Middleton EA, Osburn-Staker SM, Packer KA, Shakir SM, Sturrock AB, Tardif KD, Warren KJ, Waddoups LJ, Weaver LJ, Zimmerman E, Paine R. SARS-CoV-2 Innate Effector Associations and Viral Load in Early Nasopharyngeal Infection. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.10.30.20223545. [PMID: 33173878 PMCID: PMC7654861 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.30.20223545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
To examine innate immune responses in early SARS-CoV-2 infection that may change clinical outcomes, we compared nasopharyngeal swab data from 20 virus-positive and 20 virus-negative individuals. Multiple innate immune-related and ACE-2 transcripts increased with infection and were strongly associated with increasing viral load. We found widespread discrepancies between transcription and translation. Interferon proteins were unchanged or decreased in infected samples suggesting virally-induced shut-off of host anti-viral protein responses. However, IP-10 and several interferon-stimulated gene proteins increased with viral load. Older age was associated with modifications of some effects. Our findings may characterize the disrupted immune landscape of early disease.
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Yi W, Zhang X, Zeng K, Xie D, Song C, Tam K, Liu Z, Zhou T, Li W. Construction of a DNA vaccine and its protective effect on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) challenged with largemouth bass virus (LMBV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103-109. [PMID: 32721569 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Largemouth bass virus (LMBV) is the causative agent of a disease causing high mortality rates in largemouth bass during summer. However, there is little information available about the development of vaccines for LMBV disease. Hence, a DNA vaccine, named pCDNA3.1(+)-MCP-Flag, was constructed by inserting the cloned LMBV major capsid protein (MCP) gene into the pCDNA3.1(+)-Flag plasmid. The expression of the recombinant plasmid was confirmed by Western blot (WB) and RT-PCR. The WB result revealed that the MCP protein produced a band of approximately 53 kDa, consistent with the expected result. The RT-PCR results also confirmed that MCP was transcribed in the EPC cells transfected with the recombinant plasmid. The largemouth bass in the DNA vaccine group were immunized with the pCDNA3.1(+)-MCP-Flag plasmid by pectoral fin base injection, and the relative percent survival (RPS) of fish challenged with LMBV was 63%. The relative immunological analyses were as follows. Compared with the PBS and pCDNA3.1(+) groups, the DNA vaccine group showed significantly upregulated expression of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and Mx in the spleen, head kidney and liver. All largemouth bass immunized with the DNA vaccine produced a high titre of LMBV-specific neutralizing antibody during the immunization period. The titre was 1:375 ± 40 and peaked at 14 days post-vaccination. The expression of the recombinant plasmid was analysed in the tissues of the DNA vaccine group by RT-PCR. The recombinant plasmid was expressed in the spleen, head kidney and liver, and MCP protein was successfully expressed after vaccination. In conclusion, the recombinant plasmid expressing LMBV MCP induced significant immune responses in largemouth bass, and might represent a potential LMBV vaccine candidate for largemouth bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Yi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Zeng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - DaoFa Xie
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Kachon Tam
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - ZiJing Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianhong Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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145
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Subcellular Localization of MxB Determines Its Antiviral Potential against Influenza A Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00125-20. [PMID: 32907985 PMCID: PMC7592211 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00125-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon system plays a pivotal role in the defense against viral infections. The dynamin-related Mx proteins form a small family of interferon-induced effector proteins with distinct antiviral specificities and subcellular localizations. So far, it is not clear whether the different virus specificities of Mx proteins are the result of distinct mechanisms of action or are due rather to their different subcellular localization. We show here that the human MxB protein, normally localized to the outer membrane of the cell nucleus, acquires antiviral activity against IAV when redirected to the nucleus or cytoplasm, subcellular sites where other members of the Mx protein family efficiently interfere with IAV replication. Our findings thus strongly suggest that Mx proteins act primarily through a common mechanism and that their viral specificity is at least in part determined by their individual subcellular localization. Mx proteins are interferon (IFN) type I (α/β)- and type III (λ)-induced effector proteins with intrinsic antiviral activity. Mammalian Mx proteins show different subcellular localizations and distinct yet partially overlapping viral specificities. However, the precise mechanism(s) of antiviral action are still unresolved. Human MxA accumulates in the cytoplasm and inhibits a wide variety of RNA and DNA viruses, among them influenza A virus (IAV). In contrast, MxB, the second human Mx protein, localizes via its amino (N) terminus to the outer nuclear membrane at or near nuclear pores and inhibits the nuclear import of incoming human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and herpesviruses, but not that of IAV. Here, we evaluated whether the antiviral specificity of MxB is determined by its subcellular localization. For this purpose, we redirected MxB to the nucleus or cytoplasm by either attaching a nuclear localization signal to its N terminus or by exchanging the N terminus of MxB with that of MxA. Interestingly, ectopic expression of these MxB variants in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm rendered the host cells resistant to IAV, revealing that the capacity of MxB to block IAV replication critically depends on the site where the protein accumulates in the infected cell. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays demonstrated that MxB physically interacted with the nucleoprotein (NP) of IAV. Taken together, the data indicate that the subcellular localization of the MxB protein plays a pivotal role in determining its antiviral specificity. IMPORTANCE The interferon system plays a pivotal role in the defense against viral infections. The dynamin-related Mx proteins form a small family of interferon-induced effector proteins with distinct antiviral specificities and subcellular localizations. So far, it is not clear whether the different virus specificities of Mx proteins are the result of distinct mechanisms of action or are due rather to their different subcellular localization. We show here that the human MxB protein, normally localized to the outer membrane of the cell nucleus, acquires antiviral activity against IAV when redirected to the nucleus or cytoplasm, subcellular sites where other members of the Mx protein family efficiently interfere with IAV replication. Our findings thus strongly suggest that Mx proteins act primarily through a common mechanism and that their viral specificity is at least in part determined by their individual subcellular localization.
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Virus-Host Protein-Protein Interactions between Human Papillomavirus 16 E6 A1 and D2/D3 Sub-Lineages: Variances and Similarities. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217980. [PMID: 33121134 PMCID: PMC7663357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk strains of human papillomavirus are causative agents for cervical and other mucosal cancers, with type 16 being the most frequent. Compared to the European Prototype (EP; A1), the Asian-American (AA; D2/D3) sub-lineage seems to have increased abilities to promote carcinogenesis. Here, we studied protein–protein interactions (PPIs) between host proteins and sub-lineages of the key transforming E6 protein. We transduced human keratinocyte with EP or AA E6 genes and co-immunoprecipitated E6 proteins along with interacting cellular proteins to detect virus–host binding partners. AAE6 and EPE6 may have unique PPIs with host cellular proteins, conferring gain or loss of function and resulting in varied abilities to promote carcinogenesis. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and stringent interactor selection criteria based on the number of peptides, we identified 25 candidates: 6 unique to AAE6 and EPE6, along with 13 E6 targets common to both. A novel approach based on pathway selection discovered 171 target proteins: 90 unique AAE6 and 61 unique EPE6 along with 20 common E6 targets. Interpretations were made using databases, such as UniProt, BioGRID, and Reactome. Detected E6 targets were differentially implicated in important hallmarks of cancer: deregulating Notch signaling, energetics and hypoxia, DNA replication and repair, and immune response.
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147
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Bizzotto J, Sanchis P, Abbate M, Lage-Vickers S, Lavignolle R, Toro A, Olszevicki S, Sabater A, Cascardo F, Vazquez E, Cotignola J, Gueron G. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Boosts MX1 Antiviral Effector in COVID-19 Patients. iScience 2020; 23:101585. [PMID: 32989429 PMCID: PMC7510433 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In a published case-control study (GSE152075) from SARS-CoV-2-positive (n = 403) and -negative patients (n = 50), we analyzed the response to infection assessing gene expression of host cell receptors and antiviral proteins. The expression analysis associated with reported risk factors for COVID-19 was also assessed. SARS-CoV-2 cases had higher ACE2, but lower TMPRSS2, BSG/CD147, and CTSB expression compared with negative cases. COVID-19 patients' age negatively affected ACE2 expression. MX1 and MX2 were higher in COVID-19 patients. A negative trend for MX1 and MX2 was observed as patients' age increased. Principal-component analysis determined that ACE2, MX1, MX2, and BSG/CD147 expression was able to cluster non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 individuals. Multivariable regression showed that MX1 expression significantly increased for each unit of viral load increment. Altogether, these findings support differences in ACE2, MX1, MX2, and BSG/CD147 expression between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients and point out to MX1 as a critical responder in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bizzotto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Pablo Sanchis
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Abbate
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Sofía Lage-Vickers
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Rosario Lavignolle
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Ayelén Toro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Santiago Olszevicki
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Agustina Sabater
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Florencia Cascardo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Elba Vazquez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Javier Cotignola
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Geraldine Gueron
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
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148
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Ciminski K, Chase GP, Beer M, Schwemmle M. Influenza A Viruses: Understanding Human Host Determinants. Trends Mol Med 2020; 27:104-112. [PMID: 33097424 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics have invariably been caused by the introduction of an emergent IAV strain from an animal host into a human population with no or only little pre-existing immunity to the novel strain. Although zoonotic spillover of IAVs into humans can be associated with severe disease and a high fatality rate, these strains are typically poorly adapted to humans and are unable to establish sustained transmission between humans. Given the presumably very high degree of exposure to animal populations with endemic IAV, the number of pandemics remains surprisingly low. In this review, we provide an updated perspective on the molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptation of zoonotic IAV to human hosts, and discuss the implications for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geoffrey P Chase
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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149
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Gao S, Hu J. Mitochondrial Fusion: The Machineries In and Out. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 31:62-74. [PMID: 33092941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that constantly undergo fission and fusion. Disruption of mitochondrial dynamics undermines their function and causes several human diseases. The fusion of the outer (OMM) and inner mitochondrial membranes (IMM) is mediated by two classes of dynamin-like protein (DLP): mitofusin (MFN)/fuzzy onions 1 (Fzo1) and optic atrophy 1/mitochondria genome maintenance 1 (OPA1/Mgm1). Given the lack of structural information on these fusogens, the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial fusion remain unclear, even after 20 years. Here, we review recent advances in structural studies of the mitochondrial fusion machinery, discuss their implication for DLPs, and summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of disease-causing mutations in mitochondrial fusion DLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060 Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510530 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Junjie Hu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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150
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Zan J, Xu R, Tang X, Lu M, Xie S, Cai J, Huang Z, Zhang J. RNA helicase DDX5 suppresses IFN-I antiviral innate immune response by interacting with PP2A-Cβ to deactivate IRF3. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112332. [PMID: 33065113 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
DEAD-box (DDX) helicases are critical for recognizing viral nucleic acids to regulate antiviral innate immunity. Although DDX5 has been reported to participate in various virus infection, whether DDX5 regulates innate immune responses and its underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we report that DDX5 is a negative regulator of type I IFN (IFN-I) production in antiviral responses. DDX5 knockdown significantly promoted DNA or RNA virus infection-induced IFN-I production and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression, while ectopic expression of DDX5 inhibited IFN-I production and promoted viral replication. Furthermore, we found that DDX5 specifically interacted with serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2 A catalytic subunit beta (PP2A-Cβ) and viral infection enhanced the interaction between DDX5 and PP2A-Cβ. Besides, PP2A-Cβ interacted with IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and PP2A-Cβ knockdown promoted viral infection-induced IRF3 phosphorylation and IFN-I production. In addition, DDX5 knockdown rendered the mice more resistant to viral infection and enhanced antiviral innate immunity in vivo. Thus, DDX5 suppresses IFN-I antiviral innate immune response by interacting with PP2A-Cβ to deactivate IRF3. Together, these findings identify a negative role of DDX5 on regulating IFN-I signaling in innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ruixian Xu
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xialin Tang
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Minyi Lu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jun Cai
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Disease, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550002, China; The Infectious Disease Monitoring Laboratory of Guizhou International Travel Heathcare Center, Guiyang, 550002, China.
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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