101
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Zhu W, Dong C, Wei L, Wang BZ. Promising Adjuvants and Platforms for Influenza Vaccine Development. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010068. [PMID: 33430259 PMCID: PMC7825707 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is one of the major threats to public health. Current influenza vaccines cannot provide effective protection against drifted or shifted influenza strains. Researchers have considered two important strategies to develop novel influenza vaccines with improved immunogenicity and broader protective efficacy. One is applying fewer variable viral antigens, such as the haemagglutinin stalk domain. The other is including adjuvants in vaccine formulations. Adjuvants are promising and helpful boosters to promote more rapid and stronger immune responses with a dose-sparing effect. However, few adjuvants are currently licensed for human influenza vaccines, although many potential candidates are in different trials. While many advantages have been observed using adjuvants in influenza vaccine formulations, an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying viral infection and vaccination-induced immune responses will help to develop new adjuvant candidates. In this review, we summarize the works related to adjuvants in influenza vaccine research that have been used in our studies and other laboratories. The review will provide perspectives for the utilization of adjuvants in developing next-generation and universal influenza vaccines.
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Kim D, Wu Y, Li Q, Oh YK. Nanoparticle-Mediated Lipid Metabolic Reprogramming of T Cells in Tumor Microenvironments for Immunometabolic Therapy. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:31. [PMID: 34138236 PMCID: PMC8006499 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
aCD3/F/AN, anti-CD3e f(ab')2 fragment-modified and fenofibrate-encapsulated amphiphilic nanoparticle, reprogrammed mitochondrial lipid metabolism of T cells. aCD3/F/AN specifically activated T cells in glucose-deficient conditions mimicking tumor microenvironment, and exerted an effector killing effect against tumor cells. In vivo treatment with aCD3/F/AN increased T cell infiltration, cytokine production, and prevented tumor growth. We report the activation of anticancer effector functions of T cells through nanoparticle-induced lipid metabolic reprogramming. Fenofibrate was encapsulated in amphiphilic polygamma glutamic acid-based nanoparticles (F/ANs), and the surfaces of F/ANs were modified with an anti-CD3e f(ab')2 fragment, yielding aCD3/F/ANs. An in vitro study reveals enhanced delivery of aCD3/F/ANs to T cells compared with plain F/ANs. aCD3/F/AN-treated T cells exhibited clear mitochondrial cristae, a higher membrane potential, and a greater mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate under glucose-deficient conditions compared with T cells treated with other nanoparticle preparations. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and downstream fatty acid metabolism-related genes are expressed to a greater extent in aCD3/F/AN-treated T cells. Activation of fatty acid metabolism by aCD3/F/ANs supports the proliferation of T cells in a glucose-deficient environment mimicking the tumor microenvironment. Real-time video recordings show that aCD3/F/AN-treated T cells exerted an effector killing effect against B16F10 melanoma cells. In vivo administration of aCD3/F/ANs can increase infiltration of T cells into tumor tissues. The treatment of tumor-bearing mice with aCD3/F/ANs enhances production of various cytokines in tumor tissues and prevented tumor growth. Our findings suggest the potential of nanotechnology-enabled reprogramming of lipid metabolism in T cells as a new modality of immunometabolic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yina Wu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiaoyun Li
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Pahal S, Badnikar K, Ghate V, Bhutani U, Nayak MM, Subramanyam DN, Vemula PK. Microneedles for Extended Transdermal Therapeutics: A Route to Advanced Healthcare. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 159:151-169. [PMID: 33388372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sustained release of drugs over a pre-determined period is required to maintain an effective therapeutic dose for variety of drug delivery applications. Transdermal devices such as polymeric microneedle patches and other microneedle-based devices have been utilized for sustained release of their payload. Swift clearing of drugs can be prevented either by designing a slow-degrading polymeric matrix or by providing physiochemical triggers to different microneedle-based devices for on-demand release. These long-acting transdermal devices prevent the burst release of drugs. This review highlights the recent advances of microneedle-based devices for sustained release of vaccines, hormones, and antiretrovirals with their prospective safe clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Pahal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India.
| | - Kedar Badnikar
- Department of Electronics Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Vivek Ghate
- Department of Electronics Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Utkarsh Bhutani
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Mangalore Manjunatha Nayak
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | | | - Praveen Kumar Vemula
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India.
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104
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Idris F, Ting DHR, Alonso S. An update on dengue vaccine development, challenges, and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1811675
expr 880867630 + 907120263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fakhriedzwan Idris
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Donald Heng Rong Ting
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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105
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Al Zamane S, Nobel FA, Jebin RA, Amin MB, Somadder PD, Antora NJ, Hossain MI, Islam MJ, Ahmed K, Moni MA. Development of an in silico multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-COV-2 by précised immune-informatics approaches. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021; 27:100781. [PMID: 34746365 PMCID: PMC8563510 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus family has been infecting the human population for the past two decades, but the ongoing coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 has posed an enigmatic challenge to global public health security. Since last year, the mutagenic quality of this virus is causing changes to its genetic material. To prevent those situations, the FDA approved some emergency vaccines but there is no assurance that these will function properly in the complex human body system. In point of view, a short but efficient effort has made in this study to develop an immune epitope-based therapy for the rapid exploitation of SARS-CoV-2 by applying in silico structural biology and advancing immune information strategies. The antigenic epitopes were screened from the Surface, Membrane, Envelope proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and passed through several immunological filters to determine the best possible one. According to this, 7CD4+, 10CD8+ and 5 B-cell epitopes were found to be prominent, antigenic, immunogenic, and most importantly, highly conserved among 128 Bangladeshi and 110 other infected countries SARS-CoV-2 variants. After that, the selected epitopes and adjuvant were linked to finalize the multi-epitope vaccine by appropriate linkers. The immune simulation disclosed that the engineered vaccine could activate both humoral and innate immune responses. For the prediction of an effective binding, molecular docking was carried out between the vaccine and immunological receptors (TLRs). Strong binding affinity and good docking scores clarified the stringency of the vaccines. Furthermore, MD simulation was performed within the highest binding affinity complex to observe the stability. Codon optimization and other physicochemical properties revealed that the vaccine would be suitable for a higher expression at cloning level. So, monitoring the overall in silico assessment, we anticipated that our engineered vaccine would be a plausible prevention against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Al Zamane
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Fahim Alam Nobel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Ruksana Akter Jebin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Badrul Amin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Pratul Dipta Somadder
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Jahan Antora
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, East West University, Aftabnagar, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Imam Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammod Johirul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Kawsar Ahmed
- Group of Biophotomatiχ, Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, 6600, Bangladesh
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106
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Davoodi S, Bolhassani A, Namazi F. In vivo delivery of a multiepitope peptide and Nef protein using novel cell-penetrating peptides for development of HIV-1 vaccine candidate. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:547-559. [PMID: 33386500 PMCID: PMC7775797 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A potent HIV vaccine should overcome some limitations such as polymorphism of human HLA, the diversity of HIV-1 virus, and the lack of an effective delivery system. In this study, a DNA construct encoding Nef60-84, Nef126-144, Vpr34-47, Vpr60-75, Gp16030-53, Gp160308-323, and P248-151 epitopes was designed using bioinformatics tools. The pcDNA3.1-nef-vpr-gp160-p24 and pcDNA3.1-nef constructs were prepared in large scale as endotoxin-free form. Moreover, the recombinant Nef-Vpr-Gp160-p24 polypeptide and Nef protein were generated inE. coli. These constructs were delivered using cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) in vivo, and immune responses were assessed for different modalities in BALB/c mice. RESULTS The recombinant DNA constructs were confirmed as the ~ 867 bp and ~ 648 bp bands related tonef-vpr-gp160-p24 andnef genes on agarose gel. Moreover, the purified Nef-Vpr-Gp160-p24 polypeptide and Nef protein showed the ~ 32 kDa and ~ 30 kDa bands on SDS-PAGE, respectively. The results of immune responses indicated that the heterologous prime/boost regimens using both Nef-Vpr-Gp160-P24 and Nef antigens induced significantly the secretion of IgG2a, IgG2b, IFN-γ and Granzyme B compared to other groups. The levels of Granzyme B in mice immunized with Nef antigen were higher than those immunized with Nef-Vpr-Gp160-P24 antigen. The CPPs showed the same potency with Montanide adjuvant for eliciting immune responses. CONCLUSIONS The heterologous prime/boost regimens for both antigens could significantly direct immune responses toward Th1 and CTL activity compared to other regimens. Comparing the efficiency of Nef-Vpr-Gp160-P24 and Nef constructs, the Nef-Vpr-Gp160-P24 constructs delivered by CPPs showed promising results as an HIV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Davoodi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Namazi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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107
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Patil V, Renu S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Han Y, Ramesh A, Schrock J, Dhakal S, HogenEsch H, Renukaradhya GJ. Intranasal Delivery of Inactivated Influenza Virus and Poly(I:C) Adsorbed Corn-Based Nanoparticle Vaccine Elicited Robust Antigen-Specific Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Maternal Antibody Positive Nursery Pigs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:596964. [PMID: 33391267 PMCID: PMC7772411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed the killed swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) H1N2 antigen (KAg) with polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid [(Poly(I:C)] adsorbed corn-derived Nano-11 particle based nanovaccine called Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C), and evaluated its immune correlates in maternally derived antibody (MDA)-positive pigs against a heterologous H1N1 SwIAV infection. Immunologically, in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) detected enhanced H1N2-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates, and in commercial vaccinates detected CTLs with mainly IL-17A+ and early effector phenotypes specific to both H1N2 and H1N1 SwAIV. In commercial vaccinates, activated H1N2- and H1N1-specific IFNγ+&TNFα+, IL-17A+ and central memory T-helper/Memory cells, and in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates H1N2-specific central memory, IFNγ+ and IFNγ+&TNFα+, and H1N1-specific IL-17A+ T-helper/Memory cells were observed. Systemically, Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine augmented H1N2-specific IFNγ+ CTLs and H1N1-specific IFNγ+ T-helper/Memory cells, and commercial vaccine boosted H1N2- specific early effector CTLs and H1N1-specific IFNγ+&TNFα+ CTLs, as well as H1N2- and H1N1-specific T-helper/Memory cells with central memory, IFNγ+&TNFα+, and IL-17A+ phenotypes. Remarkably, commercial vaccine induced an increase in H1N1-specific T-helper cells in TBLN and naive T-helper cells in both TBLN and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), while H1N1- and H1N2-specific only T-helper cells were augmented in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates in both TBLN and PBMCs. Furthermore, the Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine stimulated robust cross-reactive IgG and secretory IgA (SIgA) responses in lungs, while the commercial vaccine elicited high levels of serum and lung IgG and serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers. In conclusion, despite vast genetic difference (77% in HA gene identity) between the vaccine H1N2 and H1N1 challenge viruses in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates, compared to over 95% identity between H1N1 of commercial vaccine and challenge viruses, the virus load and macroscopic lesions in the lungs of both types of vaccinates were comparable, but the Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine cleared the virus from the nasal passage better. These data suggested the important role played by Nano-11 and Poly(I:C) in the induction of polyfunctional, cross-protective cell-mediated immunity against SwIAV in MDA-positive pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yi Han
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anikethana Ramesh
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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108
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Kurashova SS, Ishmukhametov AA, Dzagurova TK, Egorova MS, Balovneva MV, Nikitin NA, Evtushenko EA, Karpova OV, Markina AA, Aparin PG, Tkachenko PE, L Vov VL, Tkachenko EA. Various Adjuvants Effect on Immunogenicity of Puumala Virus Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:545371. [PMID: 33194793 PMCID: PMC7649337 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.545371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various adjuvant effects on the immunogenicity of the candidate inactivated Puumala virus vaccine were detected in BALB/c mice. Adjuvants under study were: aluminum hydroxide, spherical particles of Tobacco mosaic virus coat protein, B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, and low endotoxic lipopolysaccharide of Shigella sonnei. Aluminum hydroxide (1 mg/ml) did not affect neutralizing antibodies’ induction and vaccine stability during storage compared to immunization with the vaccine without adjuvant. B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin (0.2 µg/ml), low endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (50 µg/ml), and plant virus-based spherical particles (300 µg/ml) significantly enhance the humoral immune response of vaccine (p < 0.0001). Pronounced stimulation of IL-12 and IFN-ɣ was observed when mice were immunized with vaccines both with adjuvants (except of aluminum hydroxide) and without adjuvants. It has been shown that low endotoxic lipopolysaccharide contributes not only to enhance the immune response but also to stabilize vaccine immunogenicity during at least 1 year storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S Kurashova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aidar A Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Translatonal Medicine and Bionechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tamara K Dzagurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria S Egorova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Balovneva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai A Nikitin
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Olga V Karpova
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Markina
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter G Aparin
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr E Tkachenko
- Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyatcheslav L L Vov
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy A Tkachenko
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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109
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Sun H, Fei L, Zhu B, Shi M. Quick and improved immune responses to inactivated H9N2 avian influenza vaccine by purified active fraction of Albizia julibrissin saponins. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:427. [PMID: 33160337 PMCID: PMC7648552 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background H9N2 Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) raises public health concerns and its eradication in poultry becomes even more important in preventing influenza. AJSAF is a purified active saponin fraction from the stem bark of Albizzia julibrissin. In this study, AJSAF was evaluated for the adjuvant potentials on immune responses to inactivated H9N2 avian influenza virus vaccine (IH9V) in mice and chicken in comparison with commercially oil-adjuvant. Results AJSAF significantly induced faster and higher H9 subtype avian influenza virus antigen (H9–Ag)-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b antibody titers in mice and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and IgY antibody levels in chicken immunized with IH9V. AJSAF also markedly promoted Con A-, LPS- and H9–Ag-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity. Furthermore, AJSAF significantly induced the production of both Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-10) cytokines, and up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and transcription factors in splenocytes from the IH9V-immunized mice. Although oil-formulated inactivated H9N2 avian influenza vaccine (CH9V) also elicited higher H9–Ag-specific IgG and IgG1 in mice and HI antibody titer in chicken, this robust humoral response was later produced. Moreover, serum IgG2a and IgG2b antibody titers in CH9V-immunized mice were significantly lower than those of IH9V alone group. Conclusions AJSAF could improve antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, and simultaneously trigger a Th1/Th2 response to IH9V. AJSAF might be a safe and efficacious adjuvant candidate for H9N2 avian influenza vaccine. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-020-02648-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Liyan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Binnian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Minghua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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110
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Mirzaei R, Mohammadzadeh R, Mahdavi F, Badrzadeh F, Kazemi S, Ebrahimi M, Soltani F, Kazemi S, Jeda AS, Darvishmotevalli M, Yousefimashouf R, Keyvani H, Karampoor S. Overview of the current promising approaches for the development of an effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106928. [PMID: 32862110 PMCID: PMC7444935 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. There is a gap in our understanding regarding the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. However, many clinical trials are underway across the world for screening effective drugs against COVID-19. Nevertheless, currently, no proven effective therapies for this virus exists. The vaccines are deemed as a significant part of disease prevention for emerging viral diseases, since, in several cases, other therapeutic choices are limited or non-existent, or that diseases result in such an accelerated clinical worsening that the efficacy of treatments is restricted. Therefore, effective vaccines against COVID-19 are urgently required to overcome the tremendous burden of mortality and morbidity correlated with SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we will describe the latest evidence regarding outstanding vaccine approaches and the challenges for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Rokhsareh Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Mahdavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariba Badrzadeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Sheida Kazemi
- Students' Seientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ebrahimi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Soltani
- Health Safety and Environment Management Department, Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sima Kazemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Salimi Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Darvishmotevalli
- Research Center For Health, Safety And Environment (RCHSE), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Goedegebuure RSA, Wentink MQ, van der Vliet HJ, Timmerman P, Griffioen AW, de Gruijl TD, Verheul HMW. A Phase I Open-Label Clinical Trial Evaluating the Therapeutic Vaccine hVEGF26-104/RFASE in Patients with Advanced Solid Malignancies. Oncologist 2020; 26:e218-e229. [PMID: 33105058 PMCID: PMC7873342 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
LESSONS LEARNED The novel therapeutic vaccine hVEGF26-104 /RFASE was found to be safe and well tolerated in patients with cancer. hVEGF26-104 /RFASE failed to induce seroconversion against native hVEGF165 and, accordingly, neither a decrease in circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels nor clinical benefit was observed. Remarkably, hVEGF26-104 /RFASE induced VEGF165 -neutralizing antibodies in a nonhuman primate model. The absence of seroconversion in human calls for caution in the interpretation of efficacy of human vaccines in nonhuman primates. BACKGROUND Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) is a well-established anticancer therapy. We designed a first-in-human clinical trial to investigate the safety and immunogenicity of the novel vaccine hVEGF26-104 /RFASE. METHODS Patients with advanced solid malignancies with no standard treatment options available were eligible for this phase I study with a 3+3 dose-escalation design. On days 0, 14, and 28, patients received intramuscular hVEGF26-104 , a truncated synthetic three-dimensional (3D)-structured peptide mimic covering the amino acids 26-104 of the human VEGF165 isoform, emulsified in the novel adjuvant Raffinose Fatty Acid Sulphate Ester (RFASE), a sulpholipopolysaccharide. Objectives were to determine safety, induction of VEGF-neutralizing antibodies, and the maximum tolerated dose. Blood was sampled to measure VEGF levels and antibody titers. RESULTS Eighteen of 27 enrolled patients received three immunizations in six different dose-levels up to 1,000 μg hVEGF26-104 and 40 mg RFASE. No dose-limiting toxicity was observed. Although in four patients an antibody titer against hVEGF26-104 was induced (highest titer: 2.77 10 log), neither a reduction in VEGF levels nor neutralizing antibodies against native VEGF165 were detected. CONCLUSION Despite having an attractive safety profile, hVEGF26-104 /RFASE was not able to elicit seroconversions against native VEGF165 and, consequently, did not decrease circulating VEGF levels. Deficient RFASE adjuvant activity, as well as dominant immunoreactivity toward neoepitopes, may have impeded hVEGF26-104 /RFASE's efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben S A Goedegebuure
- Amsterdam UMC, VUmc location, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon Q Wentink
- Amsterdam UMC, VUmc location, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Amsterdam UMC, VUmc location, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Lava Therapeutics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Amsterdam UMC, VUmc location, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Amsterdam UMC, VUmc location, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk M W Verheul
- Radboud UMC, Department of Medical Oncology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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112
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Paris S, Chapat L, Martin-Cagnon N, Durand PY, Piney L, Cariou C, Bergamo P, Bonnet JM, Poulet H, Freyburger L, De Luca K. β-Glucan as Trained Immunity-Based Adjuvants for Rabies Vaccines in Dogs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:564497. [PMID: 33162977 PMCID: PMC7580252 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.564497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of trained immunity have been extensively described in vitro and the beneficial effects are starting to be deciphered in in vivo settings. Prototypical compounds inducing trained immunity, such as β-glucans, act through epigenetic reprogramming and metabolic changes of innate immune cells. The recent advances in this field have opened new areas for the development of Trained immunity-based adjuvants (TIbAs). In this study, we assessed in dogs the potential immune training effects of β-glucans as well as their capacity to enhance the adaptive immune response of an inactivated rabies vaccine (Rabisin®). Injection of β-glucan from Euglena gracilis was performed 1 month before vaccination with Rabisin® supplemented or not with the same β-glucan used as adjuvant. Trained innate immunity parameters were assessed during the first month of the trial. The second phase of the study was focused on the ability of β-glucan to enhance adaptive immune responses measured by multiple immunological parameters. B and T-cell specific responses were monitored to evaluate the immunogenicity of the rabies vaccine adjuvanted with β-glucan or not. Our preliminary results support that adjuvantation of Rabisin® vaccine with β-glucan elicit a higher B-lymphocyte immune response, the prevailing factor of protection against rabies. β-glucan also tend to stimulate the T cell response as shown by the cytokine secretion profile of PBMCs re-stimulated ex vivo. Our data are providing new insights on the impact of trained immunity on the adaptive immune response to vaccines in dogs. The administration of β-glucan, 1 month before or simultaneously to Rabisin® vaccination give promising results for the generation of new TIbA candidates and their potential to provide increased immunogenicity of specific vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Paris
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, R&D, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, APCSe, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Agression in Sepsis, VetAgro Sup-Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- Département Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Carine Cariou
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, R&D, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jeanne-Marie Bonnet
- Université de Lyon, APCSe, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Agression in Sepsis, VetAgro Sup-Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Hervé Poulet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, R&D, Lyon, France
| | - Ludovic Freyburger
- Université de Lyon, APCSe, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Agression in Sepsis, VetAgro Sup-Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
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113
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Challenges for the Newborn Immune Response to Respiratory Virus Infection and Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040558. [PMID: 32987691 PMCID: PMC7712002 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial months of life reflect an extremely challenging time for newborns as a naïve immune system is bombarded with a large array of pathogens, commensals, and other foreign entities. In many instances, the immune response of young infants is dampened or altered, resulting in increased susceptibility and disease following infection. This is the result of both qualitative and quantitative changes in the response of multiple cell types across the immune system. Here we provide a review of the challenges associated with the newborn response to respiratory viral pathogens as well as the hurdles and advances for vaccine-mediated protection.
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114
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Inflammasome-Mediated Immunogenicity of Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030554. [PMID: 32971761 PMCID: PMC7565252 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In modern vaccines, adjuvants can be sophisticated immunological tools to promote robust and long-lasting protection against prevalent diseases. However, there is an urgent need to improve immunogenicity of vaccines in order to protect mankind from life-threatening diseases such as AIDS, malaria or, most recently, COVID-19. Therefore, it is important to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of vaccine adjuvants, which generally trigger the innate immune system to enhance signal transition to adaptive immunity, resulting in pathogen-specific protection. Thus, improved understanding of vaccine adjuvant mechanisms may aid in the design of “intelligent” vaccines to provide robust protection from pathogens. Various commonly used clinical adjuvants, such as aluminium salts, saponins or emulsions, have been identified as activators of inflammasomes - multiprotein signalling platforms that drive activation of inflammatory caspases, resulting in secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines of the IL-1 family. Importantly, these cytokines affect the cellular and humoral arms of adaptive immunity, which indicates that inflammasomes represent a valuable target of vaccine adjuvants. In this review, we highlight the impact of different inflammasomes on vaccine adjuvant-induced immune responses regarding their mechanisms and immunogenicity. In this context, we focus on clinically relevant adjuvants that have been shown to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and also present various experimental adjuvants that activate the NLRP3-, NLRC4-, AIM2-, pyrin-, or non-canonical inflammasomes and could have the potential to improve future vaccines. Together, we provide a comprehensive overview on vaccine adjuvants that are known, or suggested, to promote immunogenicity through inflammasome-mediated signalling.
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115
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Yang Y, Wang D, Li Q, He J, Wang B, Li J, Zhang A. Immune-Enhancing Activity of Aqueous Extracts from Artemisia rupestris L. via MAPK and NF-kB Pathways of TLR4/TLR2 Downstream in Dendritic Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030525. [PMID: 32933167 PMCID: PMC7565461 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisia rupestris L. has long been used as a traditional herbal medicine owing to its immunomodulatory activity. Aqueous extracts of Artemisia rupestris L. (AEAR) contain the main functional component and can activate the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and enhance the adaptive immunity as the adjuvant against infections. To explore the underlying mechanism of immunomodulatory activities of AEAR, DCs were produced from bone-marrow cells of mice and the effects of AEAR on cell viability were assessed by the Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) method and annexin V/propidium iodide staining assays. Then, the effects of AEAR on the morphology, maturation, and function of DCs were detected using a microscope, flow cytometry-based surface receptor characterization, and endocytosis assays. The secretion levels of cytokines were then analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The activation state of DCs was evaluated by the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). The activity of MAPKs and NF-κB pathways, which were involved in the regulation of AEAR on DCs, was further detected by Western blot. AEAR did not have a cytotoxic effect on DCs or mouse splenocytes. AEAR remarkably enhanced the phenotypic maturation of DCs and promoted the expression of costimulatory molecules and the secretion of cytokines in DCs. AEAR also significantly decreased the phagocytic ability of DCs and augmented the abilities of DCs to present antigens and stimulate allogeneic T-cell proliferation. Simultaneously, AEAR potently activated toll-like receptor (TLR)4-/TLR2-related MAPKs and induced the degradation of IκB and the translocation of NF-κB. In short, AEAR can profoundly enhance the immune-modulating activities of DCs via TLR4-/TLR2-mediated activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways and is a promising candidate immunopotentiator for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - DanYang Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - QuanXiao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiang He
- Key Laboratory of Uighur Medicine, Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang 830004, China;
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Ailian Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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116
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Martins LS, Duarte EL, Lamy MT, Rozenfeld JHK. Supramolecular organization of α-galactosylceramide in pure dispersions and in cationic DODAB bilayers. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 232:104963. [PMID: 32882224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer; KRN7000) strongly stimulates NKT cells. The structures of α-GalCer assemblies and of cationic DODAB bilayers containing α-GalCer were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Assemblies of α-GalCer have a very tightly packed gel phase, causing spin labels to cluster and display spin exchange interactions. An endothermic phase transition is observed by DSC, leading to a fluid phase. This phase transition peak disappears upon mixing with DODAB, showing that up to 9 mol% α-GalCer is miscible with the cationic lipid. ESR spectra show that α-GalCer decreases DODAB gel phase packing, resulting in a decrease of gel-fluid transition temperature and cooperativity in DSC thermograms of mixed bilayers. In contrast, α-GalCer increases the rigidity of the fluid phase. These effects are probably due to the conformation of the rigid amide bond that connects the phytosphingosine base of α-GalCer to its long and saturated acyl chain. Possibly, α-GalCer adopts a V-shaped conformation because of the perpendicular orientation of the amide bond towards the axes of the hydrocarbon chains. Apparently, the effect of the amide bond configuration is a key structural feature for the interaction between ceramide-based glycolipids and DODAB molecules, since we have previously reported a similar decrease of gel phase packing and increase in fluid phase rigidity for DODAB bilayers containing C24:1β-glucosylceramide. Since the structure of delivery systems is critical to the biological activity of α-GalCer, this work certainly contributes to the planning and development of novel immunotherapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia S Martins
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu 862, 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Evandro L Duarte
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, 05508090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Teresa Lamy
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, 05508090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio H K Rozenfeld
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu 862, 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Gupta T, Gupta SK. Potential adjuvants for the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on experimental results from similar coronaviruses. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 86:106717. [PMID: 32585611 PMCID: PMC7301105 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extensive efforts around the globe are being made to develop a suitable vaccine against COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2). An effective vaccine should be able to induce high titers of neutralizing antibodies to prevent the virus from attaching to the host cell receptors. However, to elicit the protective levels of antibodies, a vaccine may require multiple doses or assistance from other immunostimulatory molecules. Further, the vaccine should be able to induce protective levels of antibodies rapidly with the least amount of antigen used. This decreases the cost of a vaccine and makes it affordable. As the pandemic has hit most countries across the globe, there will be an overwhelming demand for the vaccine in a quick time. Incorporating a suitable adjuvant in a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may address these requirements. This review paper will discuss the experimental results of the adjuvanted vaccine studies with similar coronaviruses (CoVs) which might be useful to select an appropriate adjuvant for a vaccine against rapidly emergingSARS-CoV-2. We also discuss the current progress in the development of adjuvanted vaccines against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Gupta
- Dr GC Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Palampur 176062, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Shishir K Gupta
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Idris F, Ting DHR, Alonso S. An update on dengue vaccine development, challenges, and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:47-58. [PMID: 32838577 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1811675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION From both a public health and economic perspective, vaccination is arguably the most effective approach to combat endemic and pandemic infectious diseases. Dengue affects more than 100 countries in the tropical and subtropical world, with 100-400 million infections every year. In the wake of the recent setback faced by Dengvaxia, the only FDA-approved dengue vaccine, safer and more effective dengue vaccines candidates are moving along the clinical pipeline. AREA COVERED This review provides an update of the latest outcomes of dengue vaccine clinical trials. In the light of recent progress made in our understanding of dengue pathogenesis and immune correlates of protection, novel vaccine strategies have emerged with promising second-generation dengue vaccine candidates. Finally, the authors discuss the dengue-specific challenges that remain to be addressed and overcome. EXPERT OPINION The authors propose to explore various adjuvants and delivery systems that may help improve the design of safe, effective, and affordable vaccines against dengue. They also challenge the concept of a 'universal' dengue vaccine as increasing evidence support that DENV strains have evolved different virulence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhriedzwan Idris
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Donald Heng Rong Ting
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
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119
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Bhuiyan MA, Quayum ST, Ahammad F, Alam R, Samad A, Nain Z. Discovery of potential immune epitopes and peptide vaccine design - a prophylactic strategy against Rift Valley fever virus. F1000Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.24975.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging arbovirus infecting both animals and humans. Any form of direct contact with body fluids, blood or tissue of infected animals is the mode of transmission of this pathogen. Despite being an emerging virus, no proper vaccinations are yet available for the public. Our objective is to compose a multiepitope vaccine utilizing immuno-bioinformatics as a strategy against RVFV. Methods: To identify immunodominant epitopes and design a potent vaccine candidate, we applied a series of immunoinformatic approaches with molecular dynamics and immune response simulation frameworks. Results: A glycoprotein with the highest antigenicity was selected and employed for determining promising epitopes. We selected T cell epitopes based on their immunological potencies and cytokine inducing properties, while B cell epitopes were selected based on their antigenic features. Finally, we selected four cytotoxic T-lymphocyte, two helper T-lymphocyte, and three linear B-lymphocyte epitopes that were arranged into a vaccine construct with appropriate adjuvants and linkers. The chimera protein was modeled, refined, and validated prior to docking against toll-like receptor 4. Docking studies suggest strong binding interactions while dynamics simulation revealed the stable nature of the docked complex. Furthermore, the immune simulation showed robust and prolonged immune responses with rapid antigen clearance. Finally, codon optimization and cloning conducted with Escherichia coli K12 suggests high translation efficiency within the host system. Conclusion: We believe that our designed multiepitope vaccine is a promising prophylactic candidate against RVFV pathogenesis.
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120
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Shores LS, Kelly SH, Hainline KM, Suwanpradid J, MacLeod AS, Collier JH. Multifactorial Design of a Supramolecular Peptide Anti-IL-17 Vaccine Toward the Treatment of Psoriasis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1855. [PMID: 32973764 PMCID: PMC7461889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for chronic immune-mediated diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, or Crohn's disease commonly rely on cytokine neutralization using monoclonal antibodies; however, such approaches have drawbacks. Frequent repeated dosing can lead to the formation of anti-drug antibodies and patient compliance issues, and it is difficult to identify a single antibody that is broadly efficacious across diverse patient populations. As an alternative to monoclonal antibody therapy, anti-cytokine immunization is a potential means for long-term therapeutic control of chronic inflammatory diseases. Here we report a supramolecular peptide-based approach for raising antibodies against IL-17 and demonstrate its efficacy in a murine model of psoriasis. B-cell epitopes from IL-17 were co-assembled with the universal T-cell epitope PADRE using the Q11 self-assembling peptide nanofiber system. These materials, with or without adjuvants, raised antibody responses against IL-17. Exploiting the modularity of the system, multifactorial experimental designs were used to select formulations maximizing titer and avidity. In a mouse model of psoriasis induced by imiquimod, unadjuvanted nanofibers had therapeutic efficacy, which could be enhanced with alum adjuvant but reversed with CpG adjuvant. Measurements of antibody subclass induced by adjuvanted and unadjuvanted formulations revealed strong correlations between therapeutic efficacy and titers of IgG1 (improved efficacy) or IgG2b (worsened efficacy). These findings have important implications for the development of anti-cytokine active immunotherapies and suggest that immune phenotype is an important metric for eliciting therapeutic anti-cytokine antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas S Shores
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sean H Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kelly M Hainline
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jutamas Suwanpradid
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Joel H Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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121
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Malburet C, Leclercq L, Cotte JF, Thiebaud J, Cottet H. Study of Interactions between Antigens and Polymeric Adjuvants in Vaccines by Frontal Analysis Continuous Capillary Electrophoresis. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3364-3373. [PMID: 32609507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants are used to enhance the immune response induced by antigens that have insufficient immunostimulatory capabilities. The present work aims at developing a frontal analysis continuous capillary electrophoresis (FACCE) methodology for the study of antigen-adjuvant interactions in vaccine products. After method optimization using three cationic model proteins, namely lysozyme, cytochrome c, and ribonuclease A, FACCE was successfully implemented to quantify the free antigen and thus to determine the interaction parameters (stoichiometry and binding constant) between an anionic polymeric adjuvant (polyacrylic acid, SPA09) and a cationic vaccine antigen in development for the treatment for Staphylococcus aureus. The influence of the ionic strength of the medium on the interactions was investigated. A strong dependence of the binding parameters with the ionic strength was observed. The concentration of the polymeric adjuvant was also found to significantly modify the ionic strength of the formulation, the extent of which could be estimated and corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Malburet
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.,Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile 69280, France
| | - Laurent Leclercq
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Cotte
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile 69280, France
| | - Jérôme Thiebaud
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile 69280, France
| | - Hervé Cottet
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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Eichinger KM, Kosanovich JL, Gidwani SV, Zomback A, Lipp MA, Perkins TN, Oury TD, Petrovsky N, Marshall CP, Yondola MA, Empey KM. Prefusion RSV F Immunization Elicits Th2-Mediated Lung Pathology in Mice When Formulated With a Th2 (but Not a Th1/Th2-Balanced) Adjuvant Despite Complete Viral Protection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1673. [PMID: 32849580 PMCID: PMC7403488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. Development of a vaccine has been hindered by the risk of developing enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) upon natural exposure to the virus. Generation of higher quality neutralizing antibodies with stabilized pre-fusion F protein antigens has been proposed as a strategy to prevent ERD. We sought to test whether there was evidence of ERD in naïve BALB/c mice immunized with an unadjuvanted, stabilized pre-fusion F protein, and challenged with RSV line 19. We further sought to determine the extent to which formulation with a Th2-biased (alum) or a more Th1/Th2-balanced (Advax-SM) adjuvant influenced cellular responses and lung pathology. When exposed to RSV, mice immunized with pre-fusion F protein alone (PreF) exhibited increased airway eosinophilia and mucus accumulation. This was further exacerbated by formulation of PreF with Alum (aluminum hydroxide). Conversely, formulation of PreF with a Th1/Th2-balanced adjuvant, Advax-SM, not only suppressed RSV viral replication, but also inhibited airway eosinophilia and mucus accumulation. This was associated with lower numbers of lung innate lymphocyte cells (ILC2s) and CD4+ T cells producing IL-5+ or IL-13+ and increased IFNγ+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in addition to RSV F-specific CD8+ T cells. These data suggest that in the absence of preimmunity, stabilized PreF antigens may still be associated with aberrant Th2 responses that induce lung pathology in response to RSV infection, and can be prevented by formulation with more Th1/Th2-balanced adjuvants that enhance CD4+ and CD8+ IFNγ+ T cell responses. This may support the use of stabilized PreF antigens with Th1/Th2-balanced adjuvants like, Advax-SM, as safer alternatives to alum in RSV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Eichinger
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jessica L Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Aaron Zomback
- Calder Biosciences, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Madeline A Lipp
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Timothy N Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tim D Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Kerry M Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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123
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Sunflower seed oil containing ginseng stem-leaf saponins (E515-D) is a safe adjuvant for Newcastle disease vaccine. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4795-4803. [PMID: 32988514 PMCID: PMC7598328 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective method to prevent Newcastle disease (ND) in chickens. Marcol 52 and #10 white oil are mineral-based adjuvants and can be found in commercial inactivated ND virus vaccines. The present study demonstrated that a vegetable origin oil E515-D had lower polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and higher flash point than the commercial products Marcol 52 and #10 white oil. E515-D could be mixed with an aqueous phase containing ND virus antigen to form a stable water-in-oil vaccine emulsion and exhibited more potent adjuvant effects on the immune response than Marcol 52 and #10 white oil. Moreover, the absorption of E515-D-adjuvanted vaccine was faster than absorption of Marcol 52- and #10 white oil-adjuvanted vaccines when ND virus vaccines were injected in broilers. Therefore, E515-D was safe and could be a suitable adjuvant used in vaccines for food animals. In addition,E515-D is not easy to be flammable during shipping and storage owing to its higher flash point.
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124
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Garinot M, Piras-Douce F, Probeck P, Chambon V, Varghese K, Liu Y, Luna E, Drake D, Haensler J. A potent novel vaccine adjuvant based on straight polyacrylate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2020; 2:100054. [PMID: 32776001 PMCID: PMC7398942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A structure-activity study was conducted to identify the structural characteristics underlying the adjuvant activity of straight (i.e. non-crosslinked) polyacrylate polymers (PAAs) in order to select a new PAA adjuvant candidate for future clinical development. The study revealed that the adjuvant effect of PAA was mainly influenced by polymer size (Mw) and dose. Maximal effects were obtained with large PAAs above 350 kDa and doses above 100 μg in mice. Small PAAs below 10 kDa had virtually no adjuvant effect. HPSEC analysis revealed that PAA polydispersity index and ramification had less impact on adjuvanticity. Heat stability studies indicated that residual persulfate could be detrimental to PAA stability. Hence, this impurity was systematically eliminated by diafiltration along with small Mw PAAs and residual acrylic acid that could potentially affect product safety, potency and stability. The selected PAA, termed SPA09, displayed an adjuvant effect that was superior to that of a standard emulsion adjuvant when tested with CMV-gB in mice, even in the absence of binding to the antigen. The induced immune response was dominated by strong IFNγ, IgG2c and virus neutralizing titers. The activity of SPA09 was then confirmed on human cells via the innate immune module of the human MIMIC® system. Straight polyacrylate (350 kDa < Mw < 650 kDa; termed SPA09) is a strong adjuvant easy to formulate with vaccine antigens SPA09 induces Th-1 type immune responses in mice, dominated by strong IFN-γ, IgG2c and virus neutralizing titers SPA09 can activate human antigen presenting cells when tested via the innate immune module (PTE) of the human MIMIC® system SPA09 constitutes a straightforward new adjuvant candidate for future clinical development
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Garinot
- Research and External Innovation, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | | | | | | | - Kucku Varghese
- Global Clinical Immunology, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, USA
| | - Yuanqing Liu
- Research and External Innovation, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Jean Haensler
- Research and External Innovation, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
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125
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An J, Kim S, Shrinidhi A, Kim J, Banna H, Sung G, Park KM, Kim K. Purification of protein therapeutics via high-affinity supramolecular host-guest interactions. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:1044-1052. [PMID: 32690883 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-0589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient purification is crucial to providing large quantities of recombinant therapeutic proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies and cytokines. However, affinity techniques for manufacturing protein therapeutics that use biomolecule-conjugated agarose beads that harness specific biomolecular interactions suffer from issues related to protein denaturation, contamination and the need to maintain biomolecule-specific conditions for efficient protein capture. Here, we report a versatile and scalable method for the purification of recombinant protein therapeutics. The method exploits the high-affinity and controllable host-guest interactions between cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and selected guests such as adamantylammonium. We show that the Herceptin (the brand name of trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody drug used to treat breast cancer) and the much smaller cytokine interferon α-2a can be purified by site-specifically tagging them with adamantylammonium using the enzyme sortase A, followed by high-affinity binding with CB[7]-conjugated agarose beads and the recovery of the protein using a guest with a stronger affinity for CB[7]. The thermal and chemical stability of CB[7] beads and their scalability, recyclability and low cost may also make them advantageous for the manufacturing of biosimilars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyeon An
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwan Kim
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Annadka Shrinidhi
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hasanul Banna
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyun Sung
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeng Min Park
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea. .,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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126
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Samad A, Ahammad F, Nain Z, Alam R, Imon RR, Hasan M, Rahman MS. Designing a multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: an immunoinformatics approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:14-30. [PMID: 32677533 PMCID: PMC7441805 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1792347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing COVID-19 outbreak has raised a drastic challenge to global public health
security. Most of the patients with COVID-19 suffer from mild flu-like illnesses such as
cold and fever; however, few percentages of the patients progress from severe illness to
death, mostly in an immunocompromised individual. The causative agent of COVID-19 is an
RNA virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite
these debilitating conditions, no medication to stop the disease progression or
vaccination is available till now. Therefore, we aimed to formulate a multi-epitope
vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 by utilizing an immunoinformatics approach. For this purpose,
we used the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein to determine the immunodominant T- and B-cell
epitopes. After rigorous assessment, we designed a vaccine construct using four potential
epitopes from each of the three epitope classes such as cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, helper
T-lymphocyte, and linear B-lymphocyte epitopes. The designed vaccine was antigenic,
immunogenic, and non-allergenic with suitable physicochemical properties and has higher
solubility. More importantly, the predicted vaccine structure was similar to the native
protein. Further investigations indicated a strong and stable binding interaction between
the vaccine and the toll-like receptor (TLR4). Strong binding stability and structural
compactness were also evident in molecular dynamics simulation. Furthermore, the
computer-generated immune simulation showed that the vaccine could trigger real-life-like
immune responses upon administration into humans. Finally, codon optimization based on
Escherichia coli K12 resulted in optimal GC content and
higher CAI value followed by incorporating it into the cloning vector pET28+(a). Overall,
these results suggest that the designed peptide vaccine can serve as an excellent
prophylactic candidate against SARS-CoV-2. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdus Samad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Foysal Ahammad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh.,Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zulkar Nain
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Rahat Alam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Raihan Rahman Imon
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Mahadi Hasan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahedur Rahman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
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127
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Romerio A, Peri F. Increasing the Chemical Variety of Small-Molecule-Based TLR4 Modulators: An Overview. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1210. [PMID: 32765484 PMCID: PMC7381287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is one of the receptors of innate immunity. It is activated by Pathogen- and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) and triggers pro-inflammatory responses that belong to the repertoire of innate immune responses, consequently protecting against infectious challenges and boosting adaptive immunity. Mild TLR4 stimulation by non-toxic molecules resembling its natural agonist (lipid A) provided efficient vaccine adjuvants. The non-toxic TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) has been approved for clinical use. This suggests the development of other TLR4 agonists as adjuvants or drugs for cancer immunotherapy. TLR4 excessive activation by a Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to sepsis, while TLR4 stimulation by DAMPs is a common mechanism in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. TLR4 inhibition by small molecules and antibodies could therefore provide access to innovative therapeutics targeting sepsis as well as acute and chronic inflammations. The potential use of TLR4 antagonists as anti-inflammatory drugs with unique selectivity and a new mechanism of action compared to corticosteroids or other non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs fueled the search for compounds of natural or synthetic origin able to block or inhibit TLR4 activation and signaling. The wide spectrum of clinical settings to which TLR4 inhibitors can be applied include autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases), vascular inflammation, neuroinflammations, and neurodegenerative diseases. The last advances (from 2017) in TLR4 activation or inhibition by small molecules (molecular weight <2 kDa) are reviewed here. Studies on pre-clinical validation of new chemical entities (drug hits) on cellular or animal models as well as new clinical studies on previously developed TLR4 modulators are reported. Innovative TLR4 modulators discovered by computer-assisted drug design and an artificial intelligence approach are described. Some "old" TLR4 agonists or antagonists such as MPLA or Eritoran are under study for repositioning in different pharmacological contexts. The mechanism of action of the molecules and the level of TLR4 involvement in their biological activity are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Romerio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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128
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Simón-Vázquez R, Peleteiro M, González-Fernández Á. Polymeric nanostructure vaccines: applications and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1007-1023. [PMID: 32476491 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1776259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of biocompatible polymers, from natural or synthetic sources, opened the door for a new era in vaccine research. These polymers offer the possibility to develop nanostructured antigen carriers that can be easily internalized by antigen-presenting cells, due to their nanometric size. Besides, the incorporation of an adjuvant allows increasing and modulating the immune response for both, polymers with or without self-adjuvant properties. AREAS COVERED The historical background and the state-of-the-art in the use of polymers as antigen carriers are addressed in the first part of this review. Then, an overview of the immunology of vaccination is provided. Finally, the main advances in the field, based on the prototypes that are licensed or undergoing clinical trials, but also the challenges that limit the translation of many polymer-based nanostructure vaccines with promising preclinical results, are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Polymeric nanostructured vaccines have a great potential in modern vaccinology. However, the translation into the market is hampered due to several limitations. Studies on correlates of protection to provide suitable biomarkers, new and better methods of synthesis to produce more reproducible nanovaccines, a deeper knowledge in the immune system and in the physiopathology of the infectious diseases will surely improve and boost the field in the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Simón-Vázquez
- Immunology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas Marcosende , Vigo, Spain.,Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Estrada Clara Campoamor , Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Mercedes Peleteiro
- Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Estrada Clara Campoamor , Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,Flow Cytometry Core Facility, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- Immunology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas Marcosende , Vigo, Spain.,Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Estrada Clara Campoamor , Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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129
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Yang X, Yu T, Zeng Y, Lian K, Zhou X, Ke J, Li Y, Yuan H, Hu F. pH-Responsive Biomimetic Polymeric Micelles as Lymph Node-Targeting Vaccines for Enhanced Antitumor Immune Responses. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2818-2828. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiqin Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tong Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingping Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Keke Lian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueqing Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia Ke
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yinghong Li
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fuqiang Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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130
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Xing X, Bi S, Fan X, Jin M, Liu W, Wang B. Intranasal Vaccination With Multiple Virulence Factors Promotes Mucosal Clearance of Streptococcus suis Across Serotypes and Protects Against Meningitis in Mice. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1679-1687. [PMID: 31287878 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic agent. Its natural habitat is the tonsils, which are the main portals of S. suis entry into the bloodstream of pigs. The remarkable variability of the bacteria and complex pathogenic mechanisms make the development of a vaccine a difficult task. METHOD Five conserved virulence factors involved in critical events of S. suis pathogenesis were combined and used as an intranasal vaccine (V5). The effect of V5 was investigated with intranasal and systemic challenge models. RESULTS V5 induced antibody and T-cell responses at the mucosal site and systemically. The immunity promoted clearance of S. suis from the nasopharynx independent of S. suis serotypes and reduced lethality after systemic challenge with S. suis serotype 2. Moreover, mice that survived sepsis from intravenous infection developed meningitis, whereas none of these mice showed neuropathological symptoms after V5 receipt. CONCLUSION Intranasal immunization with multiple conserved virulence factors decreases S. suis colonization at the nasopharynx across serotypes and inhibits the dissemination of the bacteria in the host. The protective mucosal immunity effects would potentially reduce the S. suis reservoir and prevent S. suis disease in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Xing
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
| | - Shuai Bi
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Meilin Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Beinan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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131
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Gore MM. Vaccines Against Dengue and West Nile Viruses in India: The Need of the Hour. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:423-433. [PMID: 32320353 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulation of flaviviruses, dengue (DEN), Japanese encephalitis (JE) and West Nile (WN) viruses, and others, is generating a major concern in many countries. Both JE along with DEN have been endemic in large regions of India. WN virus infection, although circulating in southern regions for many years, in recent years, WN encephalitis patients have been demonstrated. While vaccines against JE have been developed and decrease outbreaks, in case of DEN and WN, vaccines are still in developing level, especially, it has been difficult to achieve the long-term protective immune response. The first licensed DEN vaccine, which is a live attenuated vaccine, was administered in countries where the virus is endemic, and has a potential to cause serious side effects, especially when administered to younger population as observed in the Philippines vaccination drive. In the case of WN, although the purified inactivated virion-based vaccine worked effectively as a veterinary vaccine for horses, no effective vaccine has yet been licensed for humans. The induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses is essential to complete protection by these viruses, as evidenced by responses to asymptomatic infections. Many studies have shown that neutralizing antibody (NAb) response is against surface structural proteins; CD4+ and CD8+ responses are mainly directed against nonstructural proteins rather than NAb response. New data suggest that encapsulating virus vaccines in nanoparticles (NPs) will direct antigen in cytoplasmic compartment by antigen-presenting cells, which will improve presentation to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Since tissue culture-derived, purified inactivated viruses are easier to manufacture and safer than developing live virus vaccines, inclusion of NP provides an attractive alternative for generating robust flaviviral vaccines that are affordable with long-lived protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind M Gore
- Emeritus Scientist, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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132
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Wei CJ, Crank MC, Shiver J, Graham BS, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ. Next-generation influenza vaccines: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:239-252. [PMID: 32060419 PMCID: PMC7223957 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccines lack efficacy against drifted or pandemic influenza strains. Developing improved vaccines that elicit broader immunity remains a public health priority. Immune responses to current vaccines focus on the haemagglutinin head domain, whereas next-generation vaccines target less variable virus structures, including the haemagglutinin stem. Strategies employed to improve vaccine efficacy involve using structure-based design and nanoparticle display to optimize the antigenicity and immunogenicity of target antigens; increasing the antigen dose; using novel adjuvants; stimulating cellular immunity; and targeting other viral proteins, including neuraminidase, matrix protein 2 or nucleoprotein. Improved understanding of influenza antigen structure and immunobiology is advancing novel vaccine candidates into human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Wei
- Sanofi Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michelle C Crank
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Sanofi Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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133
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Kobari S, Kusakabe T, Momota M, Shibahara T, Hayashi T, Ozasa K, Morita H, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Ito S, Kuroda E, Ishii KJ. IL-33 Is Essential for Adjuvant Effect of Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodexrin on the Protective Intranasal Influenza Vaccination. Front Immunol 2020; 11:360. [PMID: 32210964 PMCID: PMC7069475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants are traditionally used to augment and modulate the immunogenicity of vaccines, although in many cases it is unclear which specific molecules contribute to their stimulatory activity. We previously reported that both subcutaneous and intranasal administration of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), a pharmaceutical excipient widely used to improve solubility, can act as an effective adjuvant for an influenza vaccine. However, the mechanisms by which mucosal immune pathway is critical for the intranasal adjuvant activity of HP-β-CD have not been fully delineated. Here, we show that intranasally administered HP-β-CD elicits a temporary release of IL-33 from alveolar epithelial type 2 cells in the lung; notably, IL-33 expression in these cells is not stimulated following the use of other vaccine adjuvants. The experiments using gene deficient mice suggested that IL-33/ST2 signaling is solely responsible for the adjuvant effect of HP-β-CD when it is administered intranasally. In contrast, the subcutaneous injection of HP-β-CD and the intranasal administration of alum, as a damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)-inducing adjuvant, or cholera toxin, as a mucosal adjuvant, enhanced humoral immunity in an IL-33-independent manner, suggesting that the IL-33/ST2 pathway is unique to the adjuvanticity of intranasally administered HP-β-CD. Furthermore, the release of IL-33 was involved in the protective immunity against influenza virus infection which is induced by the intranasal administration of HP-β-CD-adjuvanted influenza split vaccine. In conclusion, our results suggest that an understanding of administration route- and tissue-specific immune responses is crucial for the design of unique vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kobari
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takato Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Mock-up Vaccine Project, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Momota
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Mock-up Vaccine Project, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shibahara
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Mock-up Vaccine Project, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.,Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Ozasa
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morita
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Saito
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Mock-up Vaccine Project, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Mock-up Vaccine Project, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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134
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Song Y, Yang Y, Lin X, Li X, Zhang X, Ma G, Su Z, Zhang S. In-situ and sensitive stability study of emulsion and aluminum adjuvanted inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine by differential scanning fluorimetry analysis. Vaccine 2020; 38:2904-2912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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135
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Saylor K, Gillam F, Lohneis T, Zhang C. Designs of Antigen Structure and Composition for Improved Protein-Based Vaccine Efficacy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:283. [PMID: 32153587 PMCID: PMC7050619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, vaccinologists have come to understand that the hallmark of any protective immune response is the antigen. However, it is not the whole antigen that dictates the immune response, but rather the various parts comprising the whole that are capable of influencing immunogenicity. Protein-based antigens hold particular importance within this structural approach to understanding immunity because, though different molecules can serve as antigens, only proteins are capable of inducing both cellular and humoral immunity. This fact, coupled with the versatility and customizability of proteins when considering vaccine design applications, makes protein-based vaccines (PBVs) one of today's most promising technologies for artificially inducing immunity. In this review, we follow the development of PBV technologies through time and discuss the antigen-specific receptors that are most critical to any immune response: pattern recognition receptors, B cell receptors, and T cell receptors. Knowledge of these receptors and their ligands has become exceptionally valuable in the field of vaccinology, where today it is possible to make drastic modifications to PBV structure, from primary to quaternary, in order to promote recognition of target epitopes, potentiate vaccine immunogenicity, and prevent antigen-associated complications. Additionally, these modifications have made it possible to control immune responses by modulating stability and targeting PBV to key immune cells. Consequently, careful consideration should be given to protein structure when designing PBVs in the future in order to potentiate PBV efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Saylor
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Frank Gillam
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Locus Biosciences, Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Taylor Lohneis
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- BioPharmaceutical Technology Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Chenming Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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136
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Kashiwagi S. Laser adjuvant for vaccination. FASEB J 2020; 34:3485-3500. [PMID: 31994227 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902164r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of an immunologic adjuvant to augment the immune response is essential for modern vaccines which are relatively ineffective on their own. In the past decade, researchers have been consistently reporting that skin treatment with a physical parameter, namely laser light, augments the immune response to vaccine and functions as an immunologic adjuvant. This "laser adjuvant" has numerous advantages over the conventional chemical or biological agents; it is free from cold chain storage, hypodermic needles, biohazardous sharp waste, irreversible formulation with vaccine antigen, undesirable biodistribution in vital organs, or unknown long-term toxicity. Since vaccine formulations are given to healthy populations, these characteristics render the "laser adjuvant" significant advantages for clinical use and open a new developmental path for a safe and effective vaccine. In addition, laser technology has been used in the clinic for more than three decades and is therefore technically matured and has been proved to be safe. Currently, four classes of laser adjuvant have been reported; ultrashort pulsed, non-pulsed, non-ablative fractional, and ablative fractional lasers. Since each class of the laser adjuvant shows a distinct mechanism of action, a proper choice is necessary to craft an effective vaccine formulation toward a desired clinical benefit for a clinical vaccine to maximize protection. In addition, data also suggest that further improvement in the efficacy is possible when a laser adjuvant is combined with chemical or biological adjuvant(s). To realize these goals, further efforts to uncover the molecular mechanisms of action of the laser adjuvants is warranted. This review provides a summary and comments of the recent updates in the laser adjuvant technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kashiwagi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
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137
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Mauriello A, Manolio C, Cavalluzzo B, Avallone A, Borrelli M, Morabito A, Iovine E, Chambery A, Russo R, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Tagliamonte M, Buonaguro L. Immunological effects of adjuvants in subsets of antigen presenting cells of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. J Transl Med 2020; 18:34. [PMID: 31973714 PMCID: PMC6977281 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that HCC patients and healthy subjects are equally responsive to a RNAdjuvant®, a novel TLR-7/8/RIG-I agonist based on noncoding RNA developed by CureVac, by an ex vivo evaluation. However, the immunological effect of adjuvants on immune cells from cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy remains to be demonstrated. Different adjuvants currently used in cancer vaccine clinical trials were evaluated in the present study on immune cells from cancer patients before and after chemotherapy in an ex vivo setting. Methods PBMCs were obtained from 4 healthy volunteers and 23 patients affected by either colon (OMA) or lung cancer (OT). The effect of CpG, Poly I:C, Imiquimod and RNA-based adjuvant (RNAdjuvant®) was assessed using a multiparametric approach to analyze network dynamics of early immune responses. Evaluation of CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR expression as well as the downstream effect on CD4+ T cell phenotyping was performed by flow cytometry; cytokine and chemokine production was evaluated by Bio-Plex ProTM. Results Treatment with RNAdjuvant® induced the strongest response in cancer patients in terms of activation of innate and adoptive immunity. Indeed, CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR expression was found upregulated in circulating dendritic cells, which promoted a CD4+ T cell differentiation towards an effector phenotype. RNAdjuvant® was the only one to induce most of the cytokines/chemokines tested with a pronounced Th1 cytokine pattern. According to the different parameters evaluated in the study, no clear cut difference in immune response to adjuvants was observed between healthy subjects and cancer patients. Moreover, in the latter group, the chemotherapy treatment did not consistently correlate to a significant altered response in the different parameters. Conclusions The present study is the first analysis of immunological effects induced by adjuvants in cancer patients who undergo chemotherapy, who are enrolled in the currently ongoing cancer vaccine clinical trials. The results show that the RNAdjuvant® is a potent and Th1 driving adjuvant, compared to those tested in the present study. Most importantly, it is demonstrated that chemotherapy does not significantly impair the immune system, implying that cancer patients are likely to respond to a cancer vaccine even after a chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mauriello
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Manolio
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cavalluzzo
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Avallone
- GI Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Borrelli
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morabito
- Thoracic Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Iovine
- Thoracic Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Dept, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosita Russo
- Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Dept, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Franco M Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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138
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Card C, Wilson DS, Hirosue S, Rincon-Restrepo M, de Titta A, Güç E, Martin C, Bain O, Swartz MA, Kilarski WW. Adjuvant-free immunization with infective filarial larvae as lymphatic homing antigen carriers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1055. [PMID: 31974398 PMCID: PMC6978462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57995-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled infection with intestinal nematodes has therapeutic potential for preventing the symptoms of allergic and autoimmune diseases. Here, we engineered larvae of the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis as a vaccine strategy to induce adaptive immunity against a foreign, crosslinked protein, chicken egg ovalbumin (OVA), in the absence of an external adjuvant. The acylation of filarial proteins with fluorescent probes or biotin was not immediately detrimental to larval movement and survival, which died 3 to 5 days later. At least some of the labeled and skin-inoculated filariae migrated through lymphatic vessels to draining lymph nodes. The immunization potential of OVA-biotin-filariae was compared to that of an OVA-bound nanoparticulate carrier co-delivered with a CpG adjuvant in a typical vaccination scheme. Production of IFNγ and TNFα by restimulated CD4+ cells but not CD8+ confirmed the specific ability of filariae to stimulate CD4+ T cells. This alternative method of immunization exploits the intrinsic adjuvancy of the attenuated nematode carrier and has the potential to shift the vaccination immune response towards cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Card
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David S Wilson
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sachiko Hirosue
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcela Rincon-Restrepo
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre de Titta
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Esra Güç
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Martin
- UMR7245, MCAM, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Odile Bain
- UMR7245, MCAM, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Witold W Kilarski
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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139
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Nachman S. Influenza vaccine in pregnant women with HIV: are we there? Lancet HIV 2020; 7:e76-e77. [PMID: 31911144 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Nachman
- Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook University, New York, NY 11794-8111, USA.
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140
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Kelly SM, Mitra A, Mathur S, Narasimhan B. Synthesis and Characterization of Rapidly Degrading Polyanhydrides as Vaccine Adjuvants. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:265-276. [PMID: 33463223 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a currently a need to develop adjuvants that are best suited to simultaneously enhance immune responses, induce immunologic memory, improve patient compliance (i.e., reduce doses and inflammation), and provide vaccine shelf stability for stockpiling and global deployment to challenging environments. Biodegradable polyanhydrides have been investigated extensively to overcome such challenges. It has been shown that controlling copolymer composition can result in chemistry-dependent immunomodulatory capabilities. These studies have revealed that copolymers rich in sebacic acid (SA) are highly internalized by antigen presenting cells and confer improved shelf stability of encapsulated proteins, while copolymers rich in 1,8-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG) also exhibit enhanced internalization by and activation of antigen presenting cells (APCs), in addition to providing superior retention of protein stability following encapsulation and release. However, to date, CPTEG:SA copolymers have not been synthesized and described. In this work, we hypothesized that new copolymers composed of CPTEG and SA would combine the advantages of both monomers in terms of enhanced thermal properties, maintaining antigenicity of encapsulated proteins following nanoparticle synthesis, and superior cellular internalization and activation by APCs, demonstrated by the upregulation of costimulatory markers CD80, CD86, and CD40, as well as the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Herein, we describe the synthesis and design of novel CPTEG:SA nanoparticles with improved thermal properties, payload stability, and internalization by antigen presenting cells for applications in vaccine delivery. The performance of these new CPTEG:SA formulations was compared to that of traditional polyanhydride copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Akash Mitra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Srishti Mathur
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States.,Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1098, United States
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141
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Sayed SB, Nain Z, Khan MSA, Abdulla F, Tasmin R, Adhikari UK. Exploring Lassa Virus Proteome to Design a Multi-epitope Vaccine Through Immunoinformatics and Immune Simulation Analyses. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020; 26:2089-2107. [PMID: 32421065 PMCID: PMC7223894 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-10003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is responsible for a type of acute viral haemorrhagic fever referred to as Lassa fever. Lack of adequate treatment and preventive measures against LASV resulted in a high mortality rate in its endemic regions. In this study, a multi-epitope vaccine was designed using immunoinformatics as a prophylactic agent against the virus. Following a rigorous assessment, the vaccine was built using T-cell (NCTL = 8 and NHTL = 6) and B-cell (NLBL = 4) epitopes from each LASV-derived protein in addition with suitable linkers and adjuvant. The physicochemistry, immunogenic potency and safeness of the designed vaccine (~ 68 kDa) were assessed. In addition, chosen CTL and HTL epitopes of our vaccine showed 97.37% worldwide population coverage. Besides, disulphide engineering also improved the stability of the chimeric vaccine. Molecular docking of our vaccine protein with toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) showed binding efficiency followed by dynamics simulation for stable interaction. Furthermore, higher levels of cell-mediated immunity and rapid antigen clearance were suggested by immune simulation and repeated-exposure simulation, respectively. Finally, the optimized codons were used in in silico cloning to ensure higher expression within E. coli K12 bacterium. With further assessment both in vitro and in vivo, we believe that our proposed peptide-vaccine would be potential immunogen against Lassa fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifat Bin Sayed
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003 Bangladesh
| | - Zulkar Nain
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003 Bangladesh
| | - Md Shakil Ahmed Khan
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003 Bangladesh
| | - Faruq Abdulla
- 2Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003 Bangladesh
| | - Rubaia Tasmin
- 3Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003 Bangladesh
| | - Utpal Kumar Adhikari
- 4School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560 Australia
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142
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Schmidt ST, Pedersen GK, Christensen D. Rational Design and In Vivo Characterization of Vaccine Adjuvants. ILAR J 2019; 59:309-322. [PMID: 30624655 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many different adjuvants are currently being developed for subunit vaccines against a number of pathogens and diseases. Rational design is increasingly used to develop novel vaccine adjuvants, which requires extensive knowledge of, for example, the desired immune responses, target antigen-presenting cell subsets, their localization, and expression of relevant pattern-recognition receptors. The adjuvant mechanism of action and efficacy are usually evaluated in animal models, where mice are by far the most used. In this review, we present methods for assessing adjuvant efficacy and function in animal models: (1) whole-body biodistribution evaluated by using fluorescently and radioactively labeled vaccine components; (2) association and activation of immune cell subsets at the injection site, in the draining lymph node, and the spleen; (4) adaptive immune responses, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, various T-helper cell subsets, and antibody responses, which may be quantitatively evaluated using ELISA, ELISPOT, and immunoplex assays and qualitatively evaluated using flow cytometric and single cell sequencing assays; and (5) effector responses, for example, antigen-specific cytotoxic potential of CD8+ T cells and antibody neutralization assays. While the vaccine-induced immune responses in mice often correlate with the responses induced in humans, there are instances where immune responses detected in mice are not translated to the human situation. We discuss some examples of correlation and discrepancy between mouse and human immune responses and how to understand them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Tandrup Schmidt
- Statens Serum Institut, Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Gabriel Kristian Pedersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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143
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Lee MJ, Jo H, Shin SH, Kim SM, Kim B, Shim HS, Park JH. Mincle and STING-Stimulating Adjuvants Elicit Robust Cellular Immunity and Drive Long-Lasting Memory Responses in a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2509. [PMID: 31736952 PMCID: PMC6828931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines exhibit several limitations, such as the slow induction of antibodies, short-term persistence of antibody titers, as well as low vaccine efficacy and safety, in pigs. Despite the importance of cellular immune response in host defense at the early stages of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection, most FMD vaccines focus on humoral immune response. Antibody response alone is insufficient to provide full protection against FMDV infection; cellular immunity is also required. Therefore, it is necessary to design a strategy for developing a novel FMD vaccine that induces a more potent, cellular immune response and a long-lasting humoral immune response that is also safe. Previously, we demonstrated the potential of various pattern recognition receptor (PRR) ligands and cytokines as adjuvants for the FMD vaccine. Based on these results, we investigated PRR ligands and cytokines adjuvant-mediated memory response in mice. Additionally, we also investigated cellular immune response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from cattle and pigs. We further evaluated target-specific adjuvants, including Mincle, STING, TLR-7/8, and Dectin-1/2 ligand, for their role in generating ligand-mediated and long-lasting memory responses in cattle and pigs. The combination of Mincle and STING-stimulating ligands, such as trehalose-6, 6′dibehenate (TDB), and bis-(3′-5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), induced high levels of antigen-specific and virus-neutralizing antibody titers at the early stages of vaccination and maintained a long-lasting immune memory response in pigs. These findings are expected to provide important clues for the development of a robust FMD vaccine that stimulates both cellular and humoral immune responses, which would elicit a long-lasting, effective immune response, and address the limitations seen in the current FMD vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ja Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Hyundong Jo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Sung Ho Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Hang Sub Shim
- Gyeonggi Veterinary Service Laboratory, Yangju-si, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
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144
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Louttit C, Park KS, Moon JJ. Bioinspired nucleic acid structures for immune modulation. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119287. [PMID: 31247511 PMCID: PMC6635102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids have both extensive physiological function and structural potential, rendering them quintessential engineering biomaterials. As carriers of precisely-tunable genetic information, both DNA and RNA can be synthetically generated to form a myriad of structures and to transmit specific genetic code. Importantly, recent studies have shown that DNA and RNA, both in their native and engineered forms, can function as potent regulators of innate immunity, capable of initiating and modulating immune responses. In this review, we highlight recent advances in biomaterials inspired by the various interactions of nucleic acids and the immune system. We discuss key advances in self-assembled structures based on exogenous nucleic acids and engineering approaches to apply endogenous nucleic acids as found in immunogenic cell death and extracellular traps. In addition, we discuss new strategies to control dinucleotide signaling and provide recent examples of biomaterials designed for cancer immunotherapy with STING agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Louttit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kyung Soo Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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145
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Horváti K, Pályi B, Henczkó J, Balka G, Szabó E, Farkas V, Biri-Kovács B, Szeder B, Fodor K. A Convenient Synthetic Method to Improve Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Related T-Cell Epitope Peptides. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030101. [PMID: 31461944 PMCID: PMC6789589 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitopes from different proteins expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Rv1886c, Rv0341, Rv3873) were selected based on previously reported antigenic properties. Relatively short linear T-cell epitope peptides generally have unordered structure, limited immunogenicity, and low in vivo stability. Therefore, they rely on proper formulation and on the addition of adjuvants. Here we report a convenient synthetic route to induce a more potent immune response by the formation of a trivalent conjugate in spatial arrangement. Chemical and structural characterization of the vaccine conjugates was followed by the study of cellular uptake and localization. Immune response was assayed by the measurement of splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production, while vaccine efficacy was studied in a murine model of tuberculosis. The conjugate showed higher tendency to fold and increased internalization rate into professional antigen presenting cells compared to free epitopes. Cellular uptake was further improved by the incorporation of a palmitoyl group to the conjugate and the resulted pal-A(P)I derivative possessed an internalization rate 10 times higher than the free epitope peptides. Vaccination of CB6F1 mice with free peptides resulted in low T-cell response. In contrast, significantly higher T-cell proliferation with prominent expression of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-10 cytokines was measured for the palmitoylated conjugate. Furthermore, the pal-A(P)I conjugate showed relevant vaccine efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Horváti
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Bernadett Pályi
- National Biosafety Laboratory, National Public Health Center, Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Judit Henczkó
- National Biosafety Laboratory, National Public Health Center, Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Eleonóra Szabó
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Korányi National Institute for Tuberculosis and Respiratory Medicine, Budapest 1122, Hungary
| | - Viktor Farkas
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Beáta Biri-Kovács
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Bálint Szeder
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Kinga Fodor
- Department of Laboratory Animal and Animal Protection, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
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146
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Albin T, Tom JK, Manna S, Gilkes AP, Stetkevich SA, Katz BB, Supnet M, Felgner J, Jain A, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Zlotnik A, Pearlman E, Davies DH, Felgner PL, Burkhardt AM, Esser-Kahn AP. Linked Toll-Like Receptor Triagonists Stimulate Distinct, Combination-Dependent Innate Immune Responses. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1137-1145. [PMID: 31403067 PMCID: PMC6661867 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Traditional vaccination strategies have failed to generate effective vaccines for many infections like tuberculosis and HIV. New approaches are needed for each type of disease. The protective immunity and distinct responses of many successful vaccines come from activating multiple Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Vaccines with multiple TLRs as adjuvants have proven effective in preclinical studies, but current research has not explored two important elements. First, few multi-TLR systems explore spatial organization-a critical feature of whole-cell vaccines. Second, no multi-TLR systems to date provide systematic analysis of the combinatorial space of three TLR agonists. Here, we present the first examination of the combinatorial space of several spatially defined triple-TLR adjuvants, by synthesizing a series of five triple-TLR agonists and testing their innate activity both in vitro and in vivo. The combinations were evaluated by measuring activation of immune stimulatory genes (Nf-κB, ISGs), cytokine profiles (IL12-p70, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, CCL2, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ), and in vivo cytokine serum levels (IL-6, TNF-α, IL12-p40, IFN-α, IFN-β). We demonstrate that linking TLR agonists substantially alters the resulting immune response compared to their unlinked counterparts and that each combination results in a distinct immune response, particularly between linked combinations. We show that combinations containing a TLR9 agonist produce more Th1 biasing immune response profiles, and that the effect is amplified upon conjugation. However, combinations containing TLR2/6 agonist are skewed toward TH2 biasing profiles despite the presence of TLR9. These results demonstrate the profound effects that conjugation and combinatorial administration of TLR agonists can have on immune responses, a critical element of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler
J. Albin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Janine K. Tom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Saikat Manna
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Adrienne P. Gilkes
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Samuel A. Stetkevich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Benjamin B. Katz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Medalyn Supnet
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Aarti Jain
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Algis Jasinskas
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Albert Zlotnik
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - D. Huw Davies
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Phillip L. Felgner
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Amanda M. Burkhardt
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- E-mail:
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147
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Song C, Zheng XJ, Guo H, Cao Y, Zhang F, Li Q, Ye XS, Zhou Y. Fluorine-modified sialyl-Tn-CRM197 vaccine elicits a robust immune response. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:399-408. [PMID: 31267246 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Even though a vaccine that targets tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens on epithelial carcinoma cells presents an attractive therapeutic approach, relatively poor immunogenicity limits its development. In this study, we investigated the immunological activity of a fluoro-substituted Sialyl-Tn (F-STn) analogue coupled to the non-toxic cross-reactive material of diphtheria toxin197 (CRM197). Our results indicate that F-STn-CRM197 promotes a greater immunogenicity than non-fluorinated STn-CRM197. In the presence or absence of adjuvant, F-STn-CRM197 remarkably enhances both cellular and humoral immunity against STn by increasing antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and inducing a mixed Th1/Th2 response leading to production of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines, as well as STn-specific antibodies. Furthermore, antisera produced from F-STn-CRM197 immunization significantly recognizes STn-positive tumor cells and increases cancer cell lysis induced by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) pathways. Our data suggest that this F-STn vaccine may be useful for cancer immunotherapy and possibly for prophylactic prevention of cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/chemistry
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/pharmacology
- Cancer Vaccines/chemical synthesis
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Glycoconjugates/chemical synthesis
- Glycoconjugates/immunology
- Glycoconjugates/pharmacology
- Halogenation
- Humans
- Immune Sera/chemistry
- Immune Sera/pharmacology
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunization
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Th1-Th2 Balance
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Song
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiu-Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haili Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yafei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yifa Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
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148
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Bonam SR, Bhunia D, Muller S, Nerella SG, Alvala M, Halmuthur Mahabalarao SK. Novel trisaccharide based phospholipids as immunomodulators. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105684. [PMID: 31200340 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A focused library of novel mannosylated glycophospholipids was synthesized employing imidate coupling and H-phosphate phosphorylation methods. All novel glycophospholipids were evaluated for their receptor interactions by molecular docking studies. Docking studies revealed dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) specific interaction of the glycophospholipid ligand P4 acts, which was further confirmed by in vitro DC-SIGN expression on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). Further, in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activity among the six compounds (P1-P6) examined, compound P4 displayed good immunopotentiation and adjuvant properties as indicated by the induced cytokine expression and enhanced ovalbumin (OVA) specific antibody (IgG) titers. Phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) analogues in the present study enforced the immunomodulatory properties, truncating parent PIMs or tailor-made of PIMs may bring the novel efficacious molecules, which will be useful in vaccine preparation against different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IICT Campus, Hyderabad, 500007, India; UMR 7242 CNRS- Neuroimmunology & Peptide Therapy Team, University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and cell signaling, Illkirch, France/Laboratory of excellence Medalis, Institut de science et d'ingénierie supramoléculaire (ISIS), 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Debabrata Bhunia
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Sylviane Muller
- UMR 7242 CNRS- Neuroimmunology & Peptide Therapy Team, University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and cell signaling, Illkirch, France/Laboratory of excellence Medalis, Institut de science et d'ingénierie supramoléculaire (ISIS), 67000, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sridhar Goud Nerella
- Molecular Modeling Facility, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Mallika Alvala
- Molecular Modeling Facility, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Sampath Kumar Halmuthur Mahabalarao
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IICT Campus, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
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149
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Wang N, Chen M, Wang T. Liposomes used as a vaccine adjuvant-delivery system: From basics to clinical immunization. J Control Release 2019; 303:130-150. [PMID: 31022431 PMCID: PMC7111479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely utilized as a carrier to improve therapeutic efficacy of agents thanks to their merits of high loading capacity, targeting delivery, reliable protection of agents, good biocompatibility, versatile structure modification and adjustable characteristics, such as size, surface charge, membrane flexibility and the agent loading mode. In particular, in recent years, through modification with immunopotentiators and targeting molecules, and in combination with innovative immunization devices, liposomes are rapidly developed as a multifunctional vaccine adjuvant-delivery system (VADS) that has a high capability in inducing desired immunoresponses, as they can target immune cells and even cellular organelles, engender lysosome escape, and promote Ag cross-presentation, thus enormously enhancing vaccination efficacy. Moreover, after decades of development, several products developed on liposome VADS have already been authorized for clinical immunization and are showing great advantages over conventional vaccines. This article describes in depth some critical issues relevant to the development of liposomes as a VADS, including principles underlying immunization, physicochemical properties of liposomes as the immunity-influencing factors, functional material modification to enhance immunostimulatory functions, the state-of-the-art liposome VADSs, as well as the marketed vaccines based on a liposome VADS. Therefore, this article provides a comprehensive reference to the development of novel liposome vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tun Brook Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Minnan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Plum Hill Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Plum Hill Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China.
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150
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Li C, Lu Y, Chen Q, Hu H, Zhao X, Qiao M, Chen D. Tailored Polymers with Complement Activation Ability To Improve Antitumor Immunity. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2648-2660. [PMID: 31046290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The complement system plays an important role in host innate immunity, and its activation can be exploited as a potential strategy for vaccine adjuvants. Herein, a pH-responsive micellar vaccine platform (COOH-NPs) was developed using a carboxyl-modified diblock copolymer of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-poly(d,l-lactide) (COOH-PEOz-PLA). The copolymer self-assembled into micelles with hydroxyl groups shielding on the surface, which activated the complement system for the enhanced immune responses. Compared with the control nanoparticles (OCH3-NPs), COOH-NPs significantly enhanced lymph node-resident dendritic cell maturation, antigen-specific IgG production, antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation, and the amount of memory T-cell generation in vivo. Furthermore, immunization with COOH-NPs/OVA in E.G7-OVA tumor-bearing mice not only remarkably inhibited tumor growth but also prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. These results indicated that COOH-NPs with the capability of complement activation efficiently boosted the immune responses for the antitumor effect. The study demonstrated the significance of taking advantage of a complement-activating vaccine platform for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Yue Lu
- School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Qing Chen
- School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Mingxi Qiao
- School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Dawei Chen
- School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China.,School of Pharmacy , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
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