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Schaefer EL, Zopyrus N, Zielinski ZAM, Facey GA, Pratt DA. On the Products of Cholesterol Autoxidation in Phospholipid Bilayers and the Formation of Secosterols Derived Therefrom. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Nadia Zopyrus
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Zosia A. M. Zielinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Glenn A. Facey
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Derek A. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
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102
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Sottero B, Rossin D, Staurenghi E, Gamba P, Poli G, Testa G. Omics analysis of oxysterols to better understand their pathophysiological role. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:55-71. [PMID: 31141713 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High amounts of cholesterol have been definitely associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. In all these pathologies the exacerbation of pro-oxidant and inflammatory responses is a consistent feature. In this scenario, species derived from enzymatic and non-enzymatic cholesterol oxidation, namely oxysterols, are strongly suspected to play a primary role. The consideration of these bioactive lipids is therefore helpful in investigating pathological mechanisms and may also acquire clinical value for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. For this purpose and considering that a great number of oxysterols may be present together in the body, the employment of lipidomics technology certainly represents a powerful strategy for the simultaneous detection and characterization of these compounds in biological specimens. In this review, we will discuss the applicability of the lipidomics approach in the study of the association between oxysterols and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sottero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Daniela Rossin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Staurenghi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Italy
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103
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Griffiths WJ, Yutuc E, Abdel-Khalik J, Crick PJ, Hearn T, Dickson A, Bigger BW, Hoi-Yee Wu T, Goenka A, Ghosh A, Jones SA, Covey DF, Ory DS, Wang Y. Metabolism of Non-Enzymatically Derived Oxysterols: Clues from sterol metabolic disorders. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:124-133. [PMID: 31009661 PMCID: PMC6863434 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (3β,5α,6β-triol) is formed from cholestan-5,6-epoxide (5,6-EC) in a reaction catalysed by cholesterol epoxide hydrolase, following formation of 5,6-EC through free radical oxidation of cholesterol. 7-Oxocholesterol (7-OC) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-HC) can also be formed by free radical oxidation of cholesterol. Here we investigate how 3β,5α,6β-triol, 7-OC and 7β-HC are metabolised to bile acids. We show, by monitoring oxysterol metabolites in plasma samples rich in 3β,5α,6β-triol, 7-OC and 7β-HC, that these three oxysterols fall into novel branches of the acidic pathway of bile acid biosynthesis becoming (25R)26-hydroxylated then carboxylated, 24-hydroxylated and side-chain shortened to give the final products 3β,5α,6β-trihydroxycholanoic, 3β-hydroxy-7-oxochol-5-enoic and 3β,7β-dihydroxychol-5-enoic acids, respectively. The intermediates in these pathways may be causative of some phenotypical features of, and/or have diagnostic value for, the lysosomal storage diseases, Niemann Pick types C and B and lysosomal acid lipase deficiency. Free radical derived oxysterols are metabolised in human to unusual bile acids via novel branches of the acidic pathway, intermediates in these pathways are observed in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Thomas Hearn
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Alison Dickson
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Teresa Hoi-Yee Wu
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, 6th Floor, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Anu Goenka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, 6th Floor, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Arunabha Ghosh
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, 6th Floor, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Simon A Jones
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, 6th Floor, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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104
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Asghari A, Ishikawa T, Hiramitsu S, Lee WR, Umetani J, Bui L, Korach KS, Umetani M. 27-Hydroxycholesterol Promotes Adiposity and Mimics Adipogenic Diet-Induced Inflammatory Signaling. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2485-2494. [PMID: 31386147 PMCID: PMC6760292 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
27-Hydroxycholesterol (27HC) is an abundant cholesterol metabolite and has detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system, whereas its impact on adiposity is not well known. In this study, we found that elevations in 27HC cause increased body weight gain in mice fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet in an estrogen receptor α-dependent manner. Regardless of diet type, body fat mass was increased by 27HC without changes in food intake or fat absorption. 27HC did not alter energy expenditure in mice fed a normal chow diet and increased visceral white adipose mass by inducing hyperplasia but not hypertrophy. Although 27HC did not augment adipocyte terminal differentiation, it increased the adipose cell population that differentiates to mature adipocytes. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that 27HC treatment of mice fed a normal chow diet induces inflammatory gene sets similar to those seen after high-fat/high-cholesterol diet feeding, whereas there was no overlap in inflammatory gene expression among any other 27HC administration/diet change combination. Histological analysis showed that 27HC treatment increased the number of total and M1-type macrophages in white adipose tissues. Thus, 27HC promotes adiposity by directly affecting white adipose tissues and by increasing adipose inflammatory responses. Lowering serum 27HC levels may lead to an approach targeting cholesterol to prevent diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvand Asghari
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Tomonori Ishikawa
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Shiro Hiramitsu
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Wan-Ru Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Junko Umetani
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Linh Bui
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Michihisa Umetani
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: Michihisa Umetani, PhD, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204. E-mail:
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105
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Civra A, Leoni V, Caccia C, Sottemano S, Tonetto P, Coscia A, Peila C, Moro GE, Gaglioti P, Bertino E, Poli G, Lembo D. Antiviral oxysterols are present in human milk at diverse stages of lactation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105424. [PMID: 31302219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol oxidation derivatives. Those containing an additional hydroxyl group on the side chain of the cholesterol molecule result from a physiological enzymatic synthesis and include the majority of oxysterols present in the circulation. Among these, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OHC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) are characterized by a broad antiviral activity and are now considered involved in the innate immune response against viruses. Despite the emerging role of these sterols in the innate antiviral defences, no data are available on their presence in human breast milk (BM) to date. In this study, we investigated the content of oxysterols of enzymatic synthesis in BM of twelve donor mothers at different stages of lactation (i.e. in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The side-chain oxysterols 25OHC, 27OHC, and 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24SOHC) were actually present in BM in all stages of lactation, but the concentration of 27OHC showed a remarkable peak in colostrum. Antiviral assays revealed that all the colostrum samples contained 27OHC concentrations that were active in vitro against two relevant pediatric viral pathogens: the human rotavirus and the human rhinovirus. Overall, this study discloses new antiviral components of BM and suggests a passive transfer of these protective factors to the infant via breastfeeding, especially in the first few days of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- School of Medicine, University of Milano Bicocca, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Desiolab, Hospital of Desio, ASST-Monza, Italy
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Carlo Besta, Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Stefano Sottemano
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido E Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Gaglioti
- SC2U, Città della Salute e della Scienza-O.I.R.M., Sant'Anna Hospital, 10100, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
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106
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Serum Concentration of Plant Sterol Oxidation Products (POP) Compared to Cholesterol Oxidation Products (COP) after Intake of Oxidized Plant Sterols: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Dose‒Response Pilot Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102319. [PMID: 31575059 PMCID: PMC6835335 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols (PS) are oxidized to PS oxidation products (POP). This study quantified the change in serum POP compared to cholesterol oxidation products (COP) after the intake of increasing POP doses. This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose‒response pilot study with healthy individuals in four groups (15 per group). The control group received products with no added PS or POP and treatment groups received daily 20–25 g margarine with added PS (mean 3 g/d) and two cookies (~28 g) for six weeks. Cookies delivered 8.7 (low-dose), 15.2 (medium-dose), or 37.2 (high-dose) mg/d POP. Fasting serum POP and COP were measured at the baseline, days 14, 28, and 42 in all participants and days 7, 21, and 35 in a subset. Sixty individuals completed the study; 52 were included in per protocol analysis. Serum POP increased with increasing POP intake and plateaued at dose >15 mg/d. Stabilized POP concentrations were (mean ± SD) 38.9 ± 6.9, 91.0 ± 27.9, 144.4 ± 37.9 and 203.0 ± 63.7 nmol/L, for control, low-, medium-, and high-dose POP groups, respectively. For all groups, the serum COP ranged from 213 to 262 nmol/L and the average POP/COP ratio was <1. Serum POP concentrations increased non-linearly, reaching stabilized concentrations in <7 days, and remained below COP concentrations after the intake of increasing POP doses.
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107
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Melton EM, Li H, Benson J, Sohn P, Huang LH, Song BL, Li BL, Chang CCY, Chang TY. Myeloid Acat1/ Soat1 KO attenuates pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages and protects against atherosclerosis in a model of advanced lesions. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15836-15849. [PMID: 31495784 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol esters are a key ingredient of foamy cells in atherosclerotic lesions; their formation is catalyzed by two enzymes: acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferases (ACATs; also called sterol O-acyltransferases, or SOATs) ACAT1 and ACAT2. ACAT1 is present in all body cells and is the major isoenzyme in macrophages. Whether blocking ACAT1 benefits atherosclerosis has been under debate for more than a decade. Previously, our laboratory developed a myeloid-specific Acat1 knockout (KO) mouse (Acat1 -M/-M), devoid of ACAT1 only in macrophages, microglia, and neutrophils. In previous work using the ApoE KO (ApoE -/-) mouse model for early lesions, Acat1 -M/-M significantly reduced lesion macrophage content and suppressed atherosclerosis progression. In advanced lesions, cholesterol crystals become a prominent feature. Here we evaluated the effects of Acat1 -M/-M in the ApoE KO mouse model for more advanced lesions and found that mice lacking myeloid Acat1 had significantly reduced lesion cholesterol crystal contents. Acat1 -M/-M also significantly reduced lesion size and macrophage content without increasing apoptotic cell death. Cell culture studies showed that inhibiting ACAT1 in macrophages caused cells to produce less proinflammatory responses upon cholesterol loading by acetyl low-density lipoprotein. In advanced lesions, Acat1 -M/-M reduced but did not eliminate foamy cells. In advanced plaques isolated from ApoE -/- mice, immunostainings showed that both ACAT1 and ACAT2 are present. In cell culture, both enzymes are present in macrophages and smooth muscle cells and contribute to cholesterol ester biosynthesis. Overall, our results support the notion that targeting ACAT1 or targeting both ACAT1 and ACAT2 in macrophages is a novel strategy to treat advanced lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaina M Melton
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | | | - Paul Sohn
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Li-Hao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bo-Liang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Catherine C Y Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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108
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Beck KR, Inderbinen SG, Kanagaratnam S, Kratschmar DV, Jetten AM, Yamaguchi H, Odermatt A. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases control access of 7β,27-dihydroxycholesterol to retinoid-related orphan receptor γ. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1535-1546. [PMID: 31273032 PMCID: PMC6718442 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m092908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols previously were considered intermediates of bile acid and steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways. However, recent research has emphasized the roles of oxysterols in essential physiologic processes and in various diseases. Despite these discoveries, the metabolic pathways leading to the different oxysterols are still largely unknown and the biosynthetic origin of several oxysterols remains unidentified. Earlier studies demonstrated that the glucocorticoid metabolizing enzymes, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) types 1 and 2, interconvert 7-ketocholesterol (7kC) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7βOHC). We examined the role of 11β-HSDs in the enzymatic control of the intracellular availability of 7β,27-dihydroxycholesterol (7β27OHC), a retinoid-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ) ligand. We used microsomal preparations of cells expressing recombinant 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 to assess whether 7β27OHC and 7-keto,27-hydroxycholesterol (7k27OHC) are substrates of these enzymes. Binding of 7β27OHC and 7k27OHC to 11β-HSDs was studied by molecular modeling. To our knowledge, the stereospecific oxoreduction of 7k27OHC to 7β27OHC by human 11β-HSD1 and the reverse oxidation reaction of 7β27OHC to 7k27OHC by human 11β-HSD2 were demonstrated for the first time. Apparent enzyme affinities of 11β-HSDs for these novel substrates were equal to or higher than those of the glucocorticoids. This is supported by the fact that 7k27OHC and 7β27OHC are potent inhibitors of the 11β-HSD1-dependent oxoreduction of cortisone and the 11β-HSD2-dependent oxidation of cortisol, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking calculations explained stereospecific enzyme activities. Finally, using an inducible RORγ reporter system, we showed that 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 controlled RORγ activity. These findings revealed a novel glucocorticoid-independent prereceptor regulation mechanism by 11β-HSDs that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia G Inderbinen
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sharavan Kanagaratnam
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Hideaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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109
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Keles ME, Samadi A, Isikhan SY, Sener YZ, Sezgin A, Keles E, Lay I, Canpolat U. The Effect of Effort Test on the Levels of Ischemia Modified Albumin, 7-ketocholesterol and Cholestan-3β , 5α , 6β -triol and their Role in the Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease. J Med Biochem 2019; 38:249-255. [PMID: 31156334 PMCID: PMC6534955 DOI: 10.2478/jomb-2018-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxysterols have been shown to play a role in plaque formation while ischemia modified albumin (IMA) is widely accepted as an acute marker for ischemia. The effort test is one of the methods used to identify the presence of coronary artery disease. Thus, there may be a relationship between effort test result and the levels of IMA, 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) and cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (C-triol). METHODS Thirty patients who underwent effort test and 30 healthy subjects were included in the study. IMA levels were determined with the albumin-cobalt binding test, 7-KC and C-triol levels were determined with LC-MS/MS. Among the patients, two subgroups were identified according to the results of the effort test, group 1 consisted of patients with a positive effort test (n = 12), and group 2 consisted of patients who had a negative effort test (n = 18). RESULTS 7-KC levels of patients were significantly higher compared to healthy subjects (39.87 ± 2.13 ng/mL, 20.26 ± 1.35 ng/mL; p=0.001). In patients, post-test 7-KC levels were significantly lower than pre-test levels (post-test vs. pre-test: 37.73 ± 2.44 ng/mL vs. 41.07 ± 2.18 ng/mL; p<0.001). There was a significant difference in post-test 7-KC levels among all study groups (negative, positive and healthy: 37.73 ± 2.44 ng/mL, 39.87 ± 2.13 ng/mL, 20.26 ± 1.35 ng/mL, respectively). There was no significant difference in IMA levels. CONCLUSIONS Patients with positive effort test had significantly higher levels of 7-KC. Additionally, after the effort test, the 7-KC value was reduced. 7-KC is a biomarker of oxidative damage and its value or changes before and after the effort test may be used as a biomarker in the diagnosis and follow-up of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Emin Keles
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Afshin Samadi
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selen Yilmaz Isikhan
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ziya Sener
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Sezgin
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Keles
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Incilay Lay
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Uğur Canpolat
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Ankara, Turkey
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Pandak WM, Kakiyama G. The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway ☆. LIVER RESEARCH 2019; 3:88-98. [PMID: 32015930 PMCID: PMC6996149 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased. Bile acids play a major role in the digestion, absorption of nutrients, and the body's redistribution of absorbed lipids as a function of their chemistry and signaling properties. As a result, a renewed interest has developed in the bile acid metabolic pathways with the challenge of gaining insight into novel treatment approaches for this rapidly growing healthcare problem. Of the two major pathways of bile acid synthesis in the liver, the foremost role of the acidic (alternative) pathway is to generate and control the levels of regulatory oxysterols that help control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. Cholesterol transport to mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1), and the subsequent 7α-hydroxylation of oxysterols by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) are the key regulatory steps of the pathway. Recent observations suggest CYP7B1 to be the ultimate controller of cellular oxysterol levels. This review discusses the acidic pathway and its contribution to lipid, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and energy homeostasis. Additionally, discussed is how the acidic pathway's dysregulation not only leads to a loss in its ability to control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, but leads to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA. (G. Kakiyama)
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111
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Wali H, Rehman FU, Umar A, Ahmed S. Cholesterol Degradation and Production of Extracellular Cholesterol Oxidase from Bacillus pumilus W1 and Serratia marcescens W8. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1359528. [PMID: 31183360 PMCID: PMC6512041 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1359528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a waxy substance present in all types of the body cells. The presence of higher concentration of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is characterized by abnormal cholesterol level and is associated with cardiovascular diseases which lead to the development of atheroma in arteries known as atherosclerosis. The transformation of cholesterol by bacterial cholesterol oxidase can provide a key solution for the treatment of diseases related to cholesterol and its oxidized derivatives. Previously isolated bacteria from oil-contaminated soil were screened for cholesterol degradation. Among fourteen, five isolates were able to utilize cholesterol. Two strains Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8 using cholesterol as only carbon and energy source were selected for degradation studies. Several parameters (incubation time, substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and different metal ions) for cholesterol decomposition by the selected bacterial strains were evaluated. Maximum cholesterol reduction was achieved on the 5th day of incubation, 1g/L of substrate concentration, pH 7, in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, and at 35°C. Cholesterol degradation was analyzed by enzymatic colorimetric method, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under optimized conditions 50% and 84% cholesterol reduction were recorded with Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8, respectively. Cholesterol oxidase activity was assayed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results revealed that Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8 have great potential for cholesterol degradation and would be regarded as a source for cholesterol oxidase (CHO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasina Wali
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Aiman Umar
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Safia Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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Cyclosporin A inhibits differentiation and activation of monocytic cells induced by 27-hydroxycholesterol. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:358-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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114
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Lee J, Kim BY, Son Y, Giang DH, Lee D, Eo SK, Kim K. 4'‑O‑Methylalpinumisoflavone inhibits the activation of monocytes/macrophages to an immunostimulatory phenotype induced by 27‑hydroxycholesterol. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2177-2186. [PMID: 30896858 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological, animal and cell effects of plant metabolites suggest versatile health benefits of flavonoids. However, whether flavonoids affect the deleterious biological activity of oxygenated cholesterol molecules remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated the effects of 4'‑O‑methylalpinumisoflavone (mAI) isolated from Maclura tricuspidata (Cudrania tricuspidata) on the 27‑hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol)‑induced activation of monocytes/macrophages using human THP‑1 cells. mAI dose‑dependently impaired the expression of C‑C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2 chemokine and the migration of monocytic cells enhanced by 27OHChol. mAI downregulated the surface and cellular levels of CD14 and inhibited the release of soluble CD14. This isoflavone significantly weakened the lipopolysaccharide responses that were enhanced in the presence of 27OHChol, and inhibited the transcription and secretion of the active gene product of matrix metalloproteinase‑9. mAI also suppressed the expression of C‑C motif chemokine receptor 5 ligands, including CL3 and CCL4, and M1‑phenotype markers induced by 27OHChol. Furthermore, mAI impaired phosphorylation of the nuclear factor‑κB p65 subunit without affecting the phosphorylation of Akt. These results indicate that mAI inhibits the activation of monocytes/macrophages to the immunostimulatory phenotype in a milieu rich in 27OHChol, suggesting potential benefits of the flavonoid for the treatment of diseases in which the pathogenesis is linked to 27OHChol‑induced inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonga Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hoang Giang
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio‑Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
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Ma L, Nelson ER. Oxysterols and nuclear receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:42-51. [PMID: 30660701 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are derivatives of cholesterol and an important regulator of cholesterol metabolism, in part due to their role as ligands for nuclear receptors, such as the liver X receptors. Oxysterols are also known to be ligands for the RAR-related orphan receptors, involved in normal T cell differentiation. However, increasing evidence supports a role for oxysterols in the progression of several diseases. Here, we review recent developments in oxysterol research, highlighting the biological functions that oxysterols exert through their target nuclear receptors: the liver X receptors, estrogen receptors, RAR-related orphan receptors and the glucocorticoid receptor. We also bring the regulation of the immune system into the context of interaction between oxysterols and nuclear receptors, discussing the effect of such interaction on the pro-inflammatory function of macrophages and the development of T cells. Finally, we examine the impact that oxysterols have on various disease models, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis, stressing the role of nuclear receptors if previously identified. This review underscores the need to consider the multifaceted roles of oxysterols in terms of multiple receptor engagements and selective modulation of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States.
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Wang Y, An Y, Zhang D, Yu H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Tao L, Xiao R. 27-Hydroxycholesterol Alters Synaptic Structural and Functional Plasticity in Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:238-247. [PMID: 30753597 PMCID: PMC7967841 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the neurotoxic effects of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC), a major circulating cholesterol active derivative in brain on synaptic structural and functional plasticity in primary hippocampal neurons. Newborn SD rat primary hippocampal neurons were treated with 0, 1, 3, 10, and 30 μM 27-OHC for 24 hours. MTT and CCK-8 assays were used to monitor the cell viability of neurons with different treatments. Neurite morphology was assessed by staining for microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2) and analyzed by immunofluorescence. Synaptic ultrastructure was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses were used to evaluate the expression of key synaptic proteins: synaptophysin (SYP), postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25), growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), MAP2, and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc). Treatment with 27-OHC at various doses stimulated cell death and resulted in significant decreases in neurite number and length, alteration of synaptic ultrastructure, and downregulated expression of synaptic proteins in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that 27-OHC is deleterious for synaptic structural and functional plasticity, which may partially account for its neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu An
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyan Yu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingwei Tao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Babashamsi MM, Koukhaloo SZ, Halalkhor S, Salimi A, Babashamsi M. ABCA1 and metabolic syndrome; a review of the ABCA1 role in HDL-VLDL production, insulin-glucose homeostasis, inflammation and obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1529-1534. [PMID: 31336517 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is an integral cell-membrane protein that mediates the rate-limiting step of high density lipoprotein (HDL) biogenesis and suppression of inflammation by triggering a number of signaling pathways via interacting with an apolipoprotein acceptor. The hepatic ABCA1 is involved in regulation of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) production by affecting the apolipoprotein B trafficking and lipidation of VLDL particles. This protein is involved in protecting the function of pancreatic β-cells and insulin secretion by cholesterol homeostasis. Adipose tissue lipolysis is associated with ABCA1 activity. This transporter is involved in controlling obesity and insulin sensitivity by regulating triglyceride (TG) lipolysis and influencing on adiponectin, visfatin, leptin, and GLUT4 genes expression. The ABCA1 of skeletal muscle cells play a role in increasing the glucose uptake by enhancing the Akt phosphorylation and transferring GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. Abnormal status of ABCA1-regulated phenotypes is observed in metabolic syndrome. This syndrome is associated with the occurrence of many diseases. This review is a summary of the role of ABCA1 in HDL and VLDL production, homeostasis of insulin and glucose, suppression of inflammation and obesity controlling to provide a better insight into the association of this protein with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sohrab Halalkhor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Salimi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Babashamsi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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118
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Oxysterols as a biomarker in diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 491:103-113. [PMID: 30685361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is one of the most important chemical substances as a structural element in human cells, and it is very susceptible to oxidation reactions that form oxysterol. Oxysterols exhibit almost the exact structure as cholesterol and a cholesterol precursor (7-dehydrocholesterol) with an additional hydroxyl, epoxy or ketone moiety. The oxidation reaction is performed via an enzymatic or non-enzymatic mechanism. The wide array of enzymatic oxysterols encountered in the human body varies in origin and function. Oxysterols establish a concentration equilibrium in human body fluids. Disease may alter the equilibrium, and oxysterols may be used as a diagnostic tool. The current review presents the possibility of using non-enzymatic oxysterols and disturbances in enzymatic oxysterol equilibrium in the human body as a potential biomarker for diagnosing and/or monitoring of the progression of various diseases.
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Conte G, Serra A, Casarosa L, Ciucci F, Cappucci A, Bulleri E, Corrales-Retana L, Buccioni A, Mele M. Effect of Linseed Supplementation on Total Longissimus Muscle Lipid Composition and Shelf-Life of Beef From Young Maremmana Bulls. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:326. [PMID: 30666306 PMCID: PMC6330289 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty young Maremmana bulls were randomly allotted to two dietary groups during a finishing period (~90 days): C diet (without lipid supplementation), and L diet (with linseed supplementation, 20% concentrate feed). The aim was to investigate the effects of dietary linseed supplementation on the intramuscular fat composition, and the shelf-life of minced beef. The L diet did not alter the dressing rate and daily weight gain, whereas the C18:3n-3 content in the intramuscular fat significantly increased (from 0.85 to 1.78 g/100 g of total fatty acid, +109%), leading to a reduction in a n-6/n-3 ratio below four and an increase in the overall proportion of long chain n-3 fatty acids in beef lipids. These effects were principally related to differences in the distribution of fatty acids between the neutral and polar lipids. The results demonstrated that linseed supplementation modified the lipid composition of beef, without negatively impacting overall productivity, in the period from weaning the bull until its slaughter. However, the total amount of n-3 fatty acids in the beef of young bulls on the L diet, was not sufficient for the aliquot of humans' n-3 fatty acid requirements. This was mainly related to the low levels of fat in the beef. Comparing beef samples from animals on the L diet, with samples from animals on the C diet, the higher levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids led to a significant reduction of shelf-life starting after 2 days of storage at 4°C, because of fatty acid and cholesterol oxidation. The L diet group samples showed a higher level of TBARS (+80%) and COPs (+73%), two important parameters to estimate the oxidation level of beef. This suggests that enriching beef with n-3 fatty acids should be coupled with packaging techniques that consider the higher susceptibility to lipid oxidation. In conclusion, dietary linseed supplementation led to a higher proportion of n-3 fatty acids in beef lipids, however, the natural content of antioxidant substances was not able to protect intramuscular fat from oxidation during storage at 4°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Research Center of Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Serra
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Research Center of Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Casarosa
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ciucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Cappucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Bulleri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Arianna Buccioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agro-alimentari e dell'Ambiente, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marcello Mele
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Research Center of Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Flavonoids Ability to Disrupt Inflammation Mediated by Lipid and Cholesterol Oxidation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:243-253. [PMID: 31562634 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that act as protectants against harmful effects of UV-B radiation inasmuch as biotic stress, conferring at the same time pigmentation of fruits and leaves [67]. The term "flavonoid" refers to phenolics having a basic skeleton of diphenylpropane (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two aromatic rings linked through three carbons that usually form an oxygenated heterocycle [25, 52]. Flavonoids are broken down into several different sub-categories based on their chemical structure. The main subclasses commonly found in food items are: flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins [44, 67]. Figure 19.1 depicts the major classification of flavonoids according to their chemical structure. Their occurrence in food matrices has been extensively reviewed [39, 44], and has been subject of extensive research in the last decades. Table 19.1 contains a few examples of compounds from each of the subcategory, with the fruit (berry) in which they are commonly found. The monomeric unit of flavonoids can dimerize and polymerize to form other important high molecular weight molecules; this is the case of proanthocyanidins, that are polymers of flavan-3-ols or flavanols. Not only do these compounds act as plant protectants, but they can also be very beneficial to human health. Cohorts studies performed in the early '90 have shown that dietary consumption of flavonoids was inversely associated with morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease [31, 32]. These findings have opened an intensive field of research on the effects of flavonoids and flavonoids-rich food extracts in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) progression, particularly in the modulating CVD-associated oxidative stress and inflammation. In this short review, we will summarize the current findings in flavonoids beneficial effects in preventing CVD through inhibition of initial stages of CVD progression. Given the magnitude of scientific literature in the field, we will focus on two strictly mechanistic aspects: inhibition of chemical-induced LDL oxidation, and the effect of flavonoids in the monocyte/macrophages activation pathways.
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The Oxysterol 7-Ketocholesterol Reduces Zika Virus Titers in Vero Cells and Human Neurons. Viruses 2018; 11:v11010020. [PMID: 30598036 PMCID: PMC6356585 DOI: 10.3390/v11010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus responsible for a major epidemic in the Americas beginning in 2015. ZIKV associated with maternal infection can lead to neurological disorders in newborns, including microcephaly. Although there is an abundance of research examining the neurotropism of ZIKV, we still do not completely understand the mechanism by which ZIKV targets neural cells or how to limit neural cell infection. Recent research suggests that flaviviruses, including ZIKV, may hijack the cellular autophagy pathway to benefit their replication. Therefore, we hypothesized that ZIKV replication would be impacted when infected cells were treated with compounds that target the autophagy pathway. We screened a library of 94 compounds known to affect autophagy in both mammalian and insect cell lines. A subset of compounds that inhibited ZIKV replication without affecting cellular viability were tested for their ability to limit ZIKV replication in human neurons. From this second screen, we identified one compound, 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC), which inhibited ZIKV replication in neurons without significantly affecting neuron viability. Interestingly, 7-KC induces autophagy, which would be hypothesized to increase ZIKV replication, yet it decreased virus production. Time-of-addition experiments suggest 7-KC inhibits ZIKV replication late in the replication cycle. While 7-KC did not inhibit RNA replication, it decreased the number of particles in the supernatant and the relative infectivity of the released particles, suggesting it interferes with particle budding, release from the host cell, and particle integrity.
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Fliesler SJ, Xu L. Oxysterols and Retinal Degeneration in a Rat Model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome: Implications for an Improved Therapeutic Intervention. Molecules 2018; 23:E2720. [PMID: 30360379 PMCID: PMC6222618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive human disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) reductase (DHCR7), resulting in abnormal accumulation of 7DHC and reduced levels of cholesterol in bodily tissues and fluids. A rat model of the disease has been created by treating normal rats with the DHCR7 inhibitor, AY9944, which causes progressive, irreversible retinal degeneration. Herein, we review the features of this disease model and the evidence linking 7DHC-derived oxysterols to the pathobiology of the disease, with particular emphasis on the associated retinal degeneration. A recent study has shown that treating the rat model with cholesterol plus suitable antioxidants completely prevents the retinal degeneration. These findings are discussed with regard to their translational implications for developing an improved therapeutic intervention for SLOS over the current standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Fliesler
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry and Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
- Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Fuhrmann A, Weingärtner O, Meyer S, Cremers B, Seiler-Mußler S, Schött HF, Kerksiek A, Friedrichs S, Ulbricht U, Zawada AM, Laufs U, Scheller B, Fliser D, Schulze PC, Böhm M, Heine GH, Lütjohann D. Plasma levels of the oxyphytosterol 7α-hydroxycampesterol are associated with cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis 2018; 279:17-22. [PMID: 30366187 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There are safety issues regarding plant sterol ester-enriched functional food. Oxidized plant sterols, also called oxyphytosterols, are supposed to contribute to plant sterol atherogenicity. This study aimed to analyze associations of plasma oxyphytosterol levels with cardiovascular events. METHODS Plasma cholesterol was measured by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Plasma campesterol and sitosterol and their 7-oxygenated metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detection. RESULTS In 376 patients admitted for elective coronary angiography, who were not on lipid-lowering drugs, 82 cardiovascular events occurred during a follow-up period of 4.2 ± 1.8 years. Patients with cardiovascular events had significantly higher 7α-hydroxycampesterol plasma levels (median, 0.46; [interquartile range (IQR) 0.22-0.81] nmol/L vs. median, 0.25 [IQR, 0.17-0.61] nmol/L; p = 0.003) and 7α-hydroxycampesterol-to-cholesterol ratios (median 0.08 [IQR, 0.04-0.14] nmol/mmol vs. median, 0.05 [IQR 0.03-0.11] nmol/mmol; p = 0.005) than controls without such events. Patients above the median were characterized by higher cumulative event rates in Kaplan-Meier-analysis (Logrank-test p = 0.084 and p = 0.025) for absolute and cholesterol corrected 7α-hydroxycampesterol, respectively. After adjustment for influencing factors and related lipids, the hazard ratios per one standard deviation of the log-transformed variables (HR) were 1.19 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.95-1.48], p = 0.132 for 7α-hydroxycampesterol and HR, 1.18 [95% CI, 0.94-1.48], p = 0.154 for 7α-hydroxycampesterol-to-cholesterol ratio. None of the other investigated oxyphytosterols showed an association with cardiovascular events. CONCLUSIONS In patients not on lipid-lowering drugs, absolute plasma levels of 7α-hydroxycampesterol and their ratios to cholesterol are associated with cardiovascular events. Further research is required to elucidate the role of OPS in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Fuhrmann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Germany; Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin - Kardiologie, Klinikum Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Germany
| | - Sven Meyer
- Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin - Kardiologie, Klinikum Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Germany
| | - Bodo Cremers
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Abteilung für Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sarah Seiler-Mußler
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Hans-F Schött
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Silvia Friedrichs
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Ursula Ulbricht
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Adam M Zawada
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Scheller
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Abteilung für Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Danilo Fliser
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Michael Böhm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Abteilung für Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gunnar H Heine
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Medizinische Klinik II, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany.
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Brahmi F, Vejux A, Sghaier R, Zarrouk A, Nury T, Meddeb W, Rezig L, Namsi A, Sassi K, Yammine A, Badreddine I, Vervandier-Fasseur D, Madani K, Boulekbache-Makhlouf L, Nasser B, Lizard G. Prevention of 7-ketocholesterol-induced side effects by natural compounds. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3179-3198. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1491828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Brahmi
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Lab. Biomathématique, Biochimie, Biophysique et Scientométrie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Anne Vejux
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Randa Sghaier
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Lab-NAFS ‘Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health’, LR12ES05, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lab. Biochemistry, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Lab-NAFS ‘Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health’, LR12ES05, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lab. Biochemistry, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Nury
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Wiem Meddeb
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- LMMA/IPEST, Faculty of Science, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Leila Rezig
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- ESIAT, Lab. Conservation et Valorisation des Aliments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amira Namsi
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Science of Tunis, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khouloud Sassi
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Lab. Onco-Hematology, Faculty de Medicine of Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aline Yammine
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Bioactive Molecules Research Lab, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Iham Badreddine
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Lab. ‘Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Environnement’, Université Ibn Zohr, Taroudant, Morocco
| | | | - Khodir Madani
- Lab. Biomathématique, Biochimie, Biophysique et Scientométrie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Lila Boulekbache-Makhlouf
- Lab. Biomathématique, Biochimie, Biophysique et Scientométrie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Lab. Neuroscience and Biochemistry, Université Hassan 1er, Settat, Morocco
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Figueroa Macca M, Lozada Castro JJ. Desarrollo de un método analítico de preparación de muestras de alimentos para determinar óxidos de colesterol (COP) mediante cromatografía. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE QUÍMICA 2018. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v47n3.72437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Las transformaciones surgidas durante los procesos de limpieza de los alimentos grasos para determinar productos de oxidación de colesterol (COP) limitan los resultados reales en un estudio. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los COP obtenidos por distintos métodos de extracción: fase sólida (SPE) y cromatografía líquida en fase normal y reversa, comparando sus perfiles de elución. Adicionalmente, se tuvo como objetivo optimizar los procesos de limpieza para reducir las transformaciones de COP. Se usaron muestras de lomo de cerdo crudo, jamón serrano y salmón ahumado. Las transformaciones de COP se determinaron por SPE y GC–FID y se optimizaron los métodos de limpieza con la técnica SPE. Los cartuchos apolares no mostraron transformación de COP durante el tratamiento de muestras y los cambios de pH generaron transformaciones del triol a 6 ceto epóxido. Debido a que la limpieza del cartucho suele ser deficiente y genera coelución de compuestos indeseables (ácidos grasos) implicados en la transformación de epóxidos α y β en triol, estas transformaciones se evitaron con la técnica SPE, uso de cartuchos C18, con ajuste del volumen de elución de MeOH y ajustes del pH. La reducción de los pasos de la limpieza de muestras optimizó el proceso en un 73%.
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27-hydroxycholesterol decreases cell proliferation in colon cancer cell lines. Biochimie 2018; 153:171-180. [PMID: 30009860 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed cancer in the western world, affecting 1 out of approximately 22 people in their lifetime. Several epidemiological studies suggest a positive association between high plasma cholesterol levels and colorectal cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which cholesterol may alter the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) are ill-defined as the cholesterol lowering drugs statins do not appear to decrease a patient's risk of developing colorectal cancer. Cholesterol is metabolized to active derivatives including cholesterol oxidization products (COP), known as oxysterols, which have been shown to alter cellular proliferation. These metabolites and not cholesterol per se, may therefore affect the risk of developing colorectal cancer. The cholesterol metabolite or the oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is the most abundant oxysterol in the plasma and has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of several cancers including breast and prostate cancer. However, the role of 27-OHC in colorectal cancer has not been investigated. We treated Caco2 and SW620, two well characterized colon cancer cells with low, physiological and high concentrations of 27-OHC, and found that 27-OHC reduces cellular proliferation in these cells. We also found that the effects of 27-OHC on cell proliferation are not due to cellular cytotoxicity or apoptotic cellular death. Additionally, 27-OHC-induced reduction in cell proliferation is independent of actions on its target nuclear receptors, liver-X-receptors (LXR) and estrogen receptors (ER) activation. Instead, our study demonstrates that 27-OHC significantly decreases AKT activation, a major protein kinase involved in the pathogenesis of cancer as it regulates cell cycle progression, protein synthesis, and cellular survival. Our data shows that treatment with 27-OHC substantially decreases the activation of AKT by reducing levels of its active form, p-AKT, in Caco2 cells but not SW620 cells. All-together, our results show for the first time that the cholesterol metabolite 27-OHC reduces cell proliferation in colorectal cancer cells.
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128
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Lu SM, Fairn GD. 7-Ketocholesterol impairs phagocytosis and efferocytosis via dysregulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Traffic 2018; 19:591-604. [PMID: 29693767 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is inhomogeneously organized containing both highly ordered and disordered nanodomains. 7-Ketocholesterol (7KC), an oxysterol formed from the nonenzymatic oxidation of cholesterol, is a potent disruptor of membrane order. Importantly, 7KC is a component of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and accumulates in macrophage and foam cells found in arterial plaques. Using a murine macrophage cell line, J774, we report that both IgG-mediated and phosphatidylserine-mediated phagocytic pathways are inhibited by the accumulation of 7KC. Examination of the well-studied Fcγ receptor pathway revealed that the cell surface receptor abundance and ligand binding are unaltered while downstream signaling and activation of spleen tyrosine kinase is not affected. However, while the recruitment of phospholipase Cγ1 was unaffected its apparent enzymatic activity was compromised resulting in sustained phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2 ] levels and polymerized actin at the base of the phagocytic cup. Additionally, we found that 7KC prevented the activation of PLCβ downstream of the P2Y6 G-protein coupled receptor and that 7KC impaired PLCγ activity in response to a direct elevation of cytosolic calcium induced by ionomycin. Finally, we demonstrate that 7KC partly attenuates the activity of rapamycin recruitable constitutively active PLCβ3. Together, our results demonstrate that the accumulation of 7KC impairs macrophage function by altering PtdIns(4,5)P2 catabolism and, thus, impairing actin depolymerization required for the completion of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella M Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Li D, Long W, Huang R, Chen Y, Xia M. 27-Hydroxycholesterol Inhibits Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 1 Activation and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:713-722. [PMID: 29476609 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-HC) has been reported as a potent regulator of lipid homeostasis, its role in hepatic lipogenesis remains obscure. The present study was designed to investigate the impact of 27-HC on sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and hepatic steatosis. METHODS In this study, the 27-HC level in mice was upregulated by overexpressing CYP27A1 or treating primary hepatocytes with 27-HC, and then the hepatic lipid accumulation was detected. RESULTS 27-HC inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation and decreased the levels of the mature active form of SREBP-1. The expression of lipogenic genes, including acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1, and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, were also suppressed after 27-HC intervention. Furthermore, 27-HC induced expression of insulin-induced gene-2 (Insig-2), an endoplasmic reticulum protein that prevents SREBP activation, both in vivo and in vitro. The inhibitory effect of 27-HC on SREBP-1 activation was absent when Insig-2 was silenced. Finally, coimmunoprecipitation showed that 27-HC promoted the binding of Insig-2 to SREBP-1. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrated the suppressive effect of 27-HC on hepatic lipid accumulation and revealed a novel mechanism by which 27-HC regulates lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Li
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weiqing Long
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangdong Province, China
| | - Min Xia
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangdong Province, China
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Brassard D, Arsenault BJ, Boyer M, Bernic D, Tessier-Grenier M, Talbot D, Tremblay A, Levy E, Asztalos B, Jones PJH, Couture P, Lamarche B. Saturated Fats from Butter but Not from Cheese Increase HDL-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux Capacity from J774 Macrophages in Men and Women with Abdominal Obesity. J Nutr 2018; 148:573-580. [PMID: 29659963 PMCID: PMC7328473 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence suggests that the association between dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and coronary artery disease risk varies according to food sources. How SFAs from butter and cheese influence HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), a key process in reverse cholesterol transport, is currently unknown. Objective In a predefined secondary analysis of a previously published trial, we have examined how diets rich in SFAs from either cheese or butter influence HDL-mediated CEC, compared with diets rich in either monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Methods In a randomized crossover controlled consumption trial, 46 men and women with abdominal obesity consumed 5 isocaloric diets, each for 4 wk. Two diets were rich in SFAs either from cheese (CHEESE) or butter (BUTTER) [12.4-12.6% of energy (%E) as SFAs, 32%E as fat, 52%E as carbohydrates]. In 2 other diets, SFAs (5.8%E) were replaced with either MUFAs from refined olive oil (MUFA) or PUFAs from corn oil (PUFA). Finally, a lower fat and carbohydrate diet was used as a control (5.8%E as SFAs, 25.0%E as fat, 59%E as carbohydrates; CHO). Post-diet HDL-mediated CEC was determined ex vivo using radiolabelled J774 macrophages incubated with apolipoprotein B-depleted serum from the participants. Results Mean (±SD) age was 41.4 ± 14.2 y, and waist circumference was 107.6 ± 11.5 cm in men and 94.3 ± 12.4 cm in women. BUTTER and MUFA increased HDL-mediated CEC compared with CHEESE (+4.3%, P = 0.026 and +4.7%, P = 0.031, respectively). Exploring the significant diet × sex interaction (P = 0.044) revealed that the increase in HDL-mediated CEC after BUTTER compared with CHEESE was significant among men (+6.0%, P = 0.047) but not women (+2.9%, P = 0.19), whereas the increase after MUFA compared with CHEESE was significant among women (+9.1%, P = 0.008) but not men (-0.6%, P = 0.99). Conclusion These results provide evidence of a food matrix effect modulating the impact of dairy SFAs on HDL-mediated CEC with potential sex-related differences that deserve further investigation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02106208.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Brassard
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), School of Nutrition, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ) and Department of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, and Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoît J Arsenault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ) and Department of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, and Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marjorie Boyer
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ) and Department of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, and Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniela Bernic
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), School of Nutrition, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ) and Department of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, and Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maude Tessier-Grenier
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), School of Nutrition, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ) and Department of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, and Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Talbot
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, and Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), School of Nutrition, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ) and Department of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, and Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), School of Nutrition, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ) and Department of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, and Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bela Asztalos
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Peter JH Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Patrick Couture
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), School of Nutrition, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ) and Department of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, and Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), School of Nutrition, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ) and Department of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, and Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada,Address correspondence to BL (e-mail: )
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Harikrishnan P, Gerard P, Jain D. 18F-FDG for imaging microvascular injury. J Nucl Cardiol 2018; 25:441-442. [PMID: 28631239 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-017-0955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Harikrishnan
- Division of Cardiology in the Department of Medicine, New York Medical College at Westchester Medical Center, Macy Pavilion, 100 Woods Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
| | - Perry Gerard
- Department of Radiology, New York Medical College at Westchester Medical Center, Macy Pavilion, 100 Woods Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Diwakar Jain
- Division of Cardiology in the Department of Medicine, New York Medical College at Westchester Medical Center, Macy Pavilion, 100 Woods Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
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Mo J, Yang R, Li F, Zhang X, He B, Zhang Y, Chen P, Shen Z. Scutellarin protects against vascular endothelial dysfunction and prevents atherosclerosis via antioxidation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 42:66-74. [PMID: 29655699 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scutellarin is the major constituent responsible for the clinical benefits of Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz which finds a long history of ethnopharmacological use in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Scutellarin as a pure compound is now under investigation for its protections against various tissue injuries. PURPOSE This study aims to examine the effects of scutellarin on oxidative stress-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and endothelial cell damage, and then to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of scutellarin in preventing atherosclerosis in rats. METHODS Radical scavenging ability of scutellarin was determined in vitro. Impact of scutellarin on endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) of rabbit thoracic aortic rings upon 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) challenge was measured. Influences of scutellarin pre-treatment on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and catalase, and the expression of SOD1 and NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) injured by H2O2 were examined. Anti-atherosclerotic effect of scutellarin was evaluated in rats fed with high fat diet (HFD). RESULTS Scutellarin showed potent antioxidant activity in vitro. Pretreatment of scutellarin retained the EDR of rabbit thoracic aortic rings damaged by DPPH. In H2O2 injured-HUVECs the deleterious alterations in ROS levels and antioxidant enzymes activity were reversed by scutellarin and the mRNA and protein expression of SOD1 and Nox4 were restored also. Oral administration of scutellarin dose-dependently ameliorated hyperlipidemia in HFD-fed rats and alleviated oxidative stress in rat serum, mimicking the effects of reference drug atorvastatin. CONCLUSION Scutellarin protects against oxidative stress-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and endothelial cell damage in vitro and prevents atherosclerosis in vivo through antioxidation. The results rationalize further investigation into the clinical use of scutellarin in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Mo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Chun Rong West Street No. 1168, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Renhua Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Chun Rong West Street No. 1168, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Fan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Chun Rong West Street No. 1168, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Xiaochao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Chun Rong West Street No. 1168, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Bo He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Chun Rong West Street No. 1168, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Chun Rong West Street No. 1168, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Chun Rong West Street No. 1168, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, PR China.
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Chun Rong West Street No. 1168, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, PR China.
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Oxysterols Increase Inflammation, Lipid Marker Levels and Reflect Accelerated Endothelial Dysfunction in Experimental Animals. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:2784701. [PMID: 29713239 PMCID: PMC5866902 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2784701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Oxidized cholesterol derivatives are thought to exert atherogenic effect thus adversely affecting vascular endothelium. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol on experimentally induced hypercholesterolemia in rabbits, and the levels of homocysteine (HCY), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and inflammatory parameters (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP). Material and methods The rabbits were divided into 3 groups, 8 animals each, and fed with basic fodder (C), basic fodder plus cholesterol (Ch) or basic fodder plus 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol, and unoxidized cholesterol (ECh). Serum concentrations of studied parameters were determined at 45-day intervals. The study was continued for six months. Results We demonstrated that adding 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol to basic fodder significantly affected lipid status of the experimental animals, increasing total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels, as well as HCY and ADMA levels, whilst leaving the PON-1 activity unaffected. Additionally, the ECh group presented with significantly higher concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP). In the Ch group, lower yet significant (as compared to the C group) changes of levels of studied parameters were observed. Conclusion Exposure of animals with experimentally induced hypercholesterolemia to 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol increases dyslipidaemia, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammatory response.
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Kulig W, Mikkolainen H, Olżyńska A, Jurkiewicz P, Cwiklik L, Hof M, Vattulainen I, Jungwirth P, Rog T. Bobbing of Oxysterols: Molecular Mechanism for Translocation of Tail-Oxidized Sterols through Biological Membranes. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1118-1123. [PMID: 29437399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Translocation of sterols between cellular membrane leaflets is of key importance in membrane organization, dynamics, and signaling. We present a novel translocation mechanism that differs in a unique manner from the established ones. The bobbing mechanism identified here is demonstrated for tail-oxidized sterols, but is expected to be viable for any molecule containing two polar centers at the opposite sides of the molecule. The mechanism renders translocation across a lipid membrane possible without a change in molecular orientation. For tail-oxidized sterols, the bobbing mechanism provides an exceptionally facile means to translocate these signaling molecules across membrane structures and may thus represent an important pathway in the course of their biological action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Kulig
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Mikkolainen
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Agnieszka Olżyńska
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Piotr Jurkiewicz
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukasz Cwiklik
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hof
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
- MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Rog
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
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135
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Gomes B, Gonçalves S, Disalvo A, Hollmann A, Santos NC. Effect of 25-hydroxycholesterol in viral membrane fusion: Insights on HIV inhibition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1171-1178. [PMID: 29408450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it was demonstrated that 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), an oxidized cholesterol derivative, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) entry into its target cells. However, the mechanisms involved in this action have not yet been established. The aim of this work was to study the effects of 25HC in biomembrane model systems and at the level of HIV fusion peptide (HIV-FP). Integration of different biophysical approaches was made in the context of HIV fusion process, to clarify the changes at membrane level due to the presence of 25HC that result in the suppressing of viral infection. Lipid vesicles mimicking mammalian and HIV membranes were used on spectroscopy assays and lipid monolayers in surface pressure studies. Peptide-induced lipid mixing assays were performed by Förster resonance energy transfer to calculate fusion efficiency. Liposome fusion is reduced by 50% in the presence of 25HC, comparatively to cholesterol. HIV-FP conformation was assessed by infrared assays and it relies on sterol nature. Anisotropy, surface pressure and dipole potential assays indicate that the conversion of cholesterol in 25HC leads to a loss of the cholesterol modulating effect on the membrane. With different biophysical techniques, we show that 25HC affects the membrane fusion process through the modification of lipid membrane properties, and by direct alterations on HIV-FP structure. The present data support a broad antiviral activity for 25HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sónia Gonçalves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anibal Disalvo
- Laboratory of Biointerfaces and Biomimetic Systems, CITSE, University of Santiago del Estero, -CONICET, 4200 Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Axel Hollmann
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Biointerfaces and Biomimetic Systems, CITSE, University of Santiago del Estero, -CONICET, 4200 Santiago del Estero, Argentina; Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Basic and Applied Microbiology, University of Quilmes, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | - Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.
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136
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Honda K, Matoba T, Antoku Y, Koga JI, Ichi I, Nakano K, Tsutsui H, Egashira K. Lipid-Lowering Therapy With Ezetimibe Decreases Spontaneous Atherothrombotic Occlusions in a Rabbit Model of Plaque Erosion: A Role of Serum Oxysterols. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:757-771. [PMID: 29449331 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plaque erosion is increasing its importance as one of the mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes in this statin era. However, the clinical efficacy of currently used lipid-lowering agents in the prevention of thrombotic complications associated with plaque erosion has not been clarified. Therefore, we examined the therapeutic effects of ezetimibe or rosuvastatin monotherapy on spontaneous atherothrombotic occlusion. APPROACH AND RESULTS Femoral arteries of Japanese white rabbits, fed a high-cholesterol diet, were injured by balloon catheter, and then angiotensin II was continuously administrated. In 94% of these arteries, spontaneous thrombotic occlusions were observed after 5 weeks (median) of balloon injury. Histochemical analyses indicated that the injured arteries had similar pathological features to human plaque erosions; (1) spontaneous thrombotic occlusion, (2) lack of endothelial cells, and (3) tissue factor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Ezetimibe (1.0 mg/kg per day), but not rosuvastatin (0.6 mg/kg per day), significantly decreased thrombotic occlusion of arteries accompanied with accelerated re-endothelialization and the decreases of serum oxysterols despite the comparable on-treatment serum cholesterol levels. The 7-ketocholesterol inhibited the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Both 7-ketocholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol increased tissue factor expression in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Tissue factor expression was also induced by serum from vehicle- or rosuvastatin-treated rabbits, but the induction was attenuated with serum from ezetimibe-treated rabbits. CONCLUSIONS We have established a novel rabbit model of spontaneous atherothromobotic occlusion without plaque rupture that is feasible to test the therapeutic effects of various pharmacotherapies. Ezetimibe may decrease atherothrombotic complications after superficial plaque erosion by reducing serum oxysterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Honda
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Tetsuya Matoba
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.).
| | - Yoshibumi Antoku
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Jun-Ichiro Koga
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Ikuyo Ichi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Kaku Nakano
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Kensuke Egashira
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.)
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7-Oxygenated cholesterol molecules differentially affect the expression of zonula occludens-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells and monocyte/macrophage cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:521-526. [PMID: 29428726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of 7-oxygenated cholesterol molecules on the expression of tight junction proteins, we examined the outcomes effects of 7-ketocholesterol (7K), 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7αOHChol) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7βOHChol) on the expression of the tight-junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) using vascular cells. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) constitutively express ZO-1, and this expression remained unaffected in the presence of cholesterol. However, the level of ZO-1 protein decreased after exposure to 7K and, to a lesser extent, 7αOHChol and 7βOHChol. ZO-1 was translocated to the nucleus following treatment with 7K; this translocation was inhibited by z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor. ZO-1 protein was found to disintegrate in the aorta of ApoE knockout mice fed a high cholesterol diet, whereas it remained intact in the wild-type control. THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cells, which show no expression of ZO-1, were not influenced by treatment with cholesterol, 7K, and 7βOHChol. However, the treatment of THP-1 cells with 7αOHChol resulted in ZO-1 expression, which largely remained localized on the cytoplasmic membrane. These results indicate the varying effects of 7-oxygenated cholesterol molecules on the expression and localization of ZO-1 depending on cell types, and suggest the contribution of 7-oxygeneted cholesterol molecules to the structural alteration of tight junctions.
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138
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Yamauchi Y, Rogers MA. Sterol Metabolism and Transport in Atherosclerosis and Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:509. [PMID: 30283400 PMCID: PMC6157400 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a vital lipid molecule for mammalian cells, regulating fluidity of biological membranes, and serving as an essential constituent of lipid rafts. Mammalian cells acquire cholesterol from extracellular lipoproteins and from de novo synthesis. Cholesterol biosynthesis generates various precursor sterols. Cholesterol undergoes metabolic conversion into oxygenated sterols (oxysterols), bile acids, and steroid hormones. Cholesterol intermediates and metabolites have diverse and important cellular functions. A network of molecular machineries including transcription factors, protein modifiers, sterol transporters/carriers, and sterol sensors regulate sterol homeostasis in mammalian cells and tissues. Dysfunction in metabolism and transport of cholesterol, sterol intermediates, and oxysterols occurs in various pathophysiological settings such as atherosclerosis, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we review the cholesterol, intermediate sterol, and oxysterol regulatory mechanisms and intracellular transport machineries, and discuss the roles of sterols and sterol metabolism in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yamauchi
- Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoshio Yamauchi
| | - Maximillian A. Rogers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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139
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Kim BY, Son Y, Lee J, Choi J, Kim CD, Bae SS, Eo SK, Kim K. Dexamethasone inhibits activation of monocytes/macrophages in a milieu rich in 27-oxygenated cholesterol. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189643. [PMID: 29236764 PMCID: PMC5728574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying the decreased number of macrophages and T cells in the arteries of cholesterol-fed-rabbits following dexamethasone administration are unknown. We investigated the possibility that dexamethasone could affect activation of monocytic cells induced by oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol (oxysterols) using THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cells. 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol), an oxysterol elevated with hypercholesterolemia, enhanced production of CCL2, known as MCP1, chemokine from monocytes/macrophages and migration of the monocytic cells, but the CCL2 production and the cell migration were reduced by treatment with dexamethasone. Dexamethasone inhibited superproduction of CCL2 induced by 27OHChol plus LPS and attenuated transcription of matrix metalloproteinase 9 as well as secretion of its active gene product induced by 27OHChol. The drug downregulated cellular and surface levels of CD14 and blocked release of soluble CD14 without altering transcription of the gene. Dexamethasone also inhibited expression and phosphorylation of the NF-κB p65 subunit enhanced by 27OHChol. Collectively, these results indicate that dexamethasone inhibits activation of monocytes/macrophages in response to 27OHChol, thereby leading to decreased migration of inflammatory cells in milieu rich in oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonga Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyoon Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Dae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Sik Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University—School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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140
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Watanabe Y, Yamaguchi T, Ishihara N, Nakamura S, Tanaka S, Oka R, Imamura H, Sato Y, Ban N, Kawana H, Ohira M, Shimizu N, Saiki A, Tatsuno I. 7-Ketocholesterol induces ROS-mediated mRNA expression of 12-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in human mesangial cells: Potential role in diabetic nephropathy. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 134:16-23. [PMID: 29154978 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
7-Ketocholesterol (7-KCHO) is a highly proinflammatory oxysterol and plays an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cyclooxygenases (COXs) are also involved in the development of DN. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of 7-KCHO on mRNA expression of LOXs and COXs as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in human mesangial cells (HMC). We evaluated cell viability by WST-8 assay and measured mRNA expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated by flow cytometry. Although 7-KCHO did not affect cell viability of HMC, 7-KCHO stimulated significant increases in mRNA expression of 12-LOX, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. 7-KCHO also induced an increase in ROS production, while N-acetylcysteine partially suppressed the increase. The 12-LOX and COX-2 inhibitors also suppressed mRNA expression of cytokines. These findings may contribute to the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of the pathophysiology of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Watanabe
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-1-1 Omorinisi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Noriko Ishihara
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Shoko Nakamura
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Sho Tanaka
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Rena Oka
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Haruki Imamura
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Yuta Sato
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Noriko Ban
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kawana
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohira
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Naomi Shimizu
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Saiki
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tatsuno
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan.
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141
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Serra G, Deiana M, Spencer JPE, Corona G. Olive Oil Phenolics Prevent Oxysterol-Induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, Through Modulation of p38 and JNK Pathways. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28815947 PMCID: PMC5765427 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Scope The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) polyphenols to counteract the proinflammatory effects induced by dietary and endogenous oxysterols in ex vivo immune cells. Methods and results Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), separated from the whole blood of healthy donors, were utilized and were stimulated with an oxysterols mixture, in the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of the EVOO polyphenols, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and homovanillic alcohol. Oxysterols significantly increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin‐1β, regulated on activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted and macrophage migration inhibitory factor in ex vivo cultured PBMCs. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also detected along with increased phosphorylation of the p38 and JNK. All phenolic compounds significantly reduced cytokine secretion induced by the oxysterols and inhibited ROS production and mitogen activated protein kinase phosphorylation. Conclusions These results suggest that extra virgin olive oil polyphenols modulate the immune response induced by dietary and endogenous cholesterol oxidation products in human immune cells and may hold benefit in controlling chronic immune and/or inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessica Serra
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Monica Deiana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jeremy P E Spencer
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Giulia Corona
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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Villalpando DM, Rojas MM, García HS, Ferrer M. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplementation prevents the formation of cholesterol oxidation products in arteries from orchidectomized rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185805. [PMID: 28968462 PMCID: PMC5624632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone deficiency has been correlated with increased cardiovascular diseases, which in turn has been associated with increased oxidative stress. Several studies have considered cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) as oxidative stress biomarkers, since some of them play pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory roles. We have previously described the cardioprotective effects of a dosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplemented diet on the aortic and mesenteric artery function of orchidectomized rats. The aim of this study was to investigate whether impaired gonadal function alters the formation of COPs, as well as the potential preventive role of a DHA-supplemented diet on that effect. For this purpose, aortic and mesenteric artery segments obtained from control and orchidectomized rats, fed with a standard or supplemented with DHA, were used. The content of the following COPs: 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, 5,6α-epoxycholesterol, 5,6β-epoxycholesterol, cholestanetriol and 25-hydroxycholesterol, were analyzed by gas chromatography. The results showed that orchidectomy increased the formation of COPs in arteries from orchidectomized rats, which may participate in the orchidectomy-induced structural and functional vascular alterations already reported. The fact that the DHA-supplemented diet prevented the orchidectomy-induced COPs increase confirms the cardiovascular protective actions of DHA, which could be of special relevance in mesenteric arterial bed, since it importantly controls the systemic vascular resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diva M. Villalpando
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mibsam M. Rojas
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - Hugo S. García
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Veracruz, México
- * E-mail: (MF); (HSG)
| | - Mercedes Ferrer
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MF); (HSG)
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Current knowledge on the mechanism of atherosclerosis and pro-atherosclerotic properties of oxysterols. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:188. [PMID: 28969682 PMCID: PMC5625595 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the fact that one of the main causes of worldwide deaths are directly related to atherosclerosis, scientists are constantly looking for atherosclerotic factors, in an attempt to reduce prevalence of this disease. The most important known pro-atherosclerotic factors include: elevated levels of LDL, low HDL levels, obesity and overweight, diabetes, family history of coronary heart disease and cigarette smoking. Since finding oxidized forms of cholesterol – oxysterols – in lesion in the arteries, it has also been presumed they possess pro-atherosclerotic properties. The formation of oxysterols in the atherosclerosis lesions, as a result of LDL oxidation due to the inflammatory response of cells to mechanical stress, is confirmed. However, it is still unknown, what exactly oxysterols cause in connection with atherosclerosis, after gaining entry to the human body e.g., with food containing high amounts of cholesterol, after being heated. The in vivo studies should provide data to finally prove or disprove the thesis regarding the pro-atherosclerotic prosperities of oxysterols, yet despite dozens of available in vivo research some studies confirm such properties, other disprove them. In this article we present the current knowledge about the mechanism of formation of atherosclerotic lesions and we summarize available data on in vivo studies, which investigated whether oxysterols have properties to cause the formation and accelerate the progress of the disease. Additionally we will try to discuss why such different results were obtained in all in vivo studies.
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144
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Outside-in, inside-out: Proteomic analysis of endothelial stress mediated by 7-ketocholesterol. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:231-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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145
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Olivier E, Dutot M, Regazzetti A, Laprévote O, Rat P. 25-Hydroxycholesterol induces both P2X7-dependent pyroptosis and caspase-dependent apoptosis in human skin model: New insights into degenerative pathways. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:171-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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146
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Gargiulo S, Testa G, Gamba P, Staurenghi E, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. Oxysterols and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal contribute to atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:140-150. [PMID: 28057601 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A growing bulk of evidence suggests that cholesterol oxidation products, known as oxysterols, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), the major proatherogenic components of oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDLs), significantly contribute to atherosclerotic plaque progression and destabilization, with eventual plaque rupture. These oxidized lipids are involved in various key steps of this complex process, mainly thanks to their ability to induce inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the effects induced by these compounds on vascular cells, after their accumulation in the arterial wall and in the atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Staurenghi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Leonarduzzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
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147
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Eckl PM, Bresgen N. Genotoxicity of lipid oxidation compounds. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:244-252. [PMID: 28167130 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation, the oxidative degradation of membrane lipids by reactive oxygen species generates a large variety of breakdown products such as alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, furans and others. Due to their reactivity aldehydes (alkanals, 2-alkenals, 2,4-alkadienals, 4-hydroxyalkenals) received a lot of attention, in particular because they can diffuse from the site of formation and interact with proteins and nucleic acids thus acting as second toxic messengers. The major aldehydic peroxidation product of membrane lipids is 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). Since HNE and other 4-hydroxyalkenals are strong alkylating agents they have therefore been considered to be the biologically most important peroxidation products. Although initially research focused on the toxicological potential of these compounds it is now well known that they play also a crucial role in cell signaling under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Thus, it is obvious that the biological effects will be determined by the intracellular concentrations which can trigger adaptation, DNA damage and cell death. This review will not cover all these aspects but will concentrate on the genotoxic properties of selected lipid oxidation products important in the context of pathophysiological developments together with a chapter on epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Eckl
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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148
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Kim BY, Son Y, Choi J, Eo SK, Park YC, Kim K. 27-Hydroxycholesterol upregulates the production of heat shock protein 60 of monocytic cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 172:29-35. [PMID: 28549691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigating differentially expressed proteins in a milieu rich in cholesterol oxidation products, we found via mass spectrometry-based proteomics that surface levels of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) were upregulated on monocytic cells in the presence of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol). The elevated levels of cytoplasmic membrane HSP60 were verified via Western blot analysis and visualized by confocal microscopy. Treatment with 27OHChol also resulted in increased levels of cellular HSP60 without altering its transcription. Cholesterol, however, did not affect cell-surface levels and cellular amount of HSP60. GSK 2033, an LXR antagonist, inhibited expression of live X receptor α, but not of HSP60, induced by 27OHChol. Treatment with 27OHChol also resulted in increased release of HSP60 from monocytic cells, but the release was significantly reduced by inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi protein trafficking, brefeldin A and monensin. Results of the current study indicate that 27OHChol upregulates not only cell-surface and cellular levels of HSP60 but also its release from monocytic cells, thereby contributing to activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University-School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University-School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyoon Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University-School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Park
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University-School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University-School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea.
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149
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Massaad C, Iuliano L, Lizard G. WITHDRAWN: Oxysterols and phytosterols in human health. Chem Phys Lipids 2017:S0009-3084(17)30200-1. [PMID: 28807614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.08.003. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Massaad
- Toxicology, Pharmacology and Cell Signalisation - UMR-S 1124 Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75270 Paris, France.
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Vascular Biology & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.
| | - Gérard Lizard
- 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / University Bourgogne Franche-Comté / Inserm, Dijon, France.
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150
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Massaad
- Toxicology, Pharmacology and Cell Signalisation, UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75270 Paris, France.
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Vascular Biology & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.
| | - Gérard Lizard
- 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France, France.
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