101
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Kluever AK, Braumandl A, Fischer S, Preissner KT, Deindl E. The Extraordinary Role of Extracellular RNA in Arteriogenesis, the Growth of Collateral Arteries. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246177. [PMID: 31817879 PMCID: PMC6940760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Arteriogenesis is an intricate process in which increased shear stress in pre-existing arteriolar collaterals induces blood vessel expansion, mediated via endothelial cell activation, leukocyte recruitment and subsequent endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Extracellular RNA (eRNA), released from stressed cells or damaged tissue under pathological conditions, has recently been discovered to be liberated from endothelial cells in response to increased shear stress and to promote collateral growth. Until now, eRNA has been shown to enhance coagulation and inflammation by inducing cytokine release, leukocyte recruitment, and endothelial permeability, the latter being mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. In the context of arteriogenesis, however, eRNA has emerged as a transmitter of shear stress into endothelial activation, mediating the sterile inflammatory process essential for collateral remodeling, whereby the stimulatory effects of eRNA on the VEGF signaling axis seem to be pivotal. In addition, eRNA might influence subsequent steps of the arteriogenesis cascade as well. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the beneficial effects of eRNA during arteriogenesis, laying the foundation for further exploration of the connection between the damaging and non-damaging effects of eRNA in the context of cardiovascular occlusive diseases and of sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Kristina Kluever
- Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (A.-K.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Braumandl
- Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (A.-K.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Silvia Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.F.); (K.T.P.)
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.F.); (K.T.P.)
| | - Elisabeth Deindl
- Walter-Brendel-Center of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (A.-K.K.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-2180-76504
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102
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Abou-Fadel J, Vasquez M, Grajeda B, Ellis C, Zhang J. Systems-wide analysis unravels the new roles of CCM signal complex (CSC). Heliyon 2019; 5:e02899. [PMID: 31872111 PMCID: PMC6909108 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are characterized by abnormally dilated intracranial capillaries that result in increased susceptibility to stroke. Three genes have been identified as causes of CCMs; KRIT1 (CCM1), MGC4607 (CCM2) and PDCD10 (CCM3); one of them is disrupted in most CCM cases. It was demonstrated that both CCM1 and CCM3 bind to CCM2 to form a CCM signaling complex (CSC) to modulate angiogenesis. In this report, we deployed both RNA-seq and proteomic analysis of perturbed CSC after depletion of one of three CCM genes to generate interactomes for system-wide studies. Our results demonstrated a unique portrait detailing alterations in angiogenesis and vascular integrity. Interestingly, only in-direct overlapped alterations between RNA and protein levels were detected, supporting the existence of multiple layers of regulation in CSC cascades. Notably, this is the first report identifying that both β4 integrin and CAV1 signaling are downstream of CSC, conveying the angiogenic signaling. Our results provide a global view of signal transduction modulated by the CSC, identifies novel regulatory signaling networks and key cellular factors associated with CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Abou-Fadel
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Mariana Vasquez
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Brian Grajeda
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Cameron Ellis
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
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103
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Takase Y, Takahashi Y. Blood flow-mediated gene transfer and siRNA-knockdown in the developing vasculature in a spatio-temporally controlled manner in chicken embryos. Dev Biol 2019; 456:8-16. [PMID: 31400307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method by which early developing vasculature can be gene-manipulated independently of the heart in a spatio-temporally controlled manner. Lipofectamine 2000 or 3000, an easy-to-use lipid reagent, has been found to yield a high efficiency of transfection when co-injected with GFP DNA within a critical range of lipid concentration. By exploiting developmentally changing patterns of vasculature and blood flow, we have succeed in controlling the site of transfection: injection with a lipid-DNA cocktail into the heart before or after the blood circulation starts results in a limited and widely spread patterns of transfection, respectively. Furthermore, a cocktail injection into the right dorsal aorta leads to transgenesis of the right half of embryonic vasculature. In addition, this method combined with the siRNA technique has allowed, for the first time, to knockdown the endogenous expression of VE-cadherin (also called Cdh5), which has been implicated in assembly of nasant blood vessels: when Cah5 siRNA is injected into the right dorsal aorta, pronounced defects in the right half of vasculature are observed without heart defects. Whereas infusion-mediated gene transfection method has previously been reported using lipid reagents that were elaborately prepared on their own, Lipofectamine is an easy-use reagent with no requirement of special expertise. The methods reported here would overcome shortcomings of conventional vascular-transgenic animals, such as mice and zebrafish, in which pan-endothelial enhancer-driven transgenesis often leads to the heart malformation, which, in turn, indirectly affects peripheral vasculature due to flow defects. Since a variety of subtypes in vasculature have increasingly been appreciated, the spatio-temporally controllable gene manipulation described in this study offers a powerful tool to understand how the vasculature is established at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Takase
- Mathematics-based Creation of Science Program (MACS), Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan; Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Takahashi
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan; AMED Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
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104
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Marin W. A-kinase anchoring protein 1 (AKAP1) and its role in some cardiovascular diseases. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 138:99-109. [PMID: 31783032 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.11.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) play crucial roles in regulating compartmentalized multi-protein signaling networks related to PKA-mediated phosphorylation. The mitochondrial AKAP - AKAP1 proteins are enriched in heart and play cardiac protective roles. This review aims to thoroughly summarize AKAP1 variants from their sequence features to the structure-function relationships between AKAP1 and its binding partners, as well as the molecular mechanisms of AKAP1 in cardiac hypertrophy, hypoxia-induced myocardial infarction and endothelial cells dysfunction, suggesting AKAP1 as a candidate for cardiovascular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Marin
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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105
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Abstract
The endothelium physically separates blood from surrounding tissue and yet allows for the regulated passage of nutrients, waste, and leukocytes into and out of the circulation. Trans-endothelium flux occurs across endothelial cells (transcellular) and between endothelial cells (paracellular). Paracellular endothelial barrier function depends on the regulation of cell-cell junctions. Interestingly, a functional relationship between cell-cell junctions and cell-matrix adhesions has long been appreciated but the molecular mechanisms underpinning this relationship are not fully understood. Here we review the evidence that supports the notion that cell-matrix interactions contribute to the regulation of cell-cell junctions, focusing primarily on the important adherens junction protein VE-cadherin. In particular, we will discuss recent insights gained into how integrin signaling impacts VE-cadherin stability in adherens junctions and endothelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi E Pulous
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (FEP, BGP) and Cancer Biology Graduate Program (FEP), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian G Petrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (FEP, BGP) and Cancer Biology Graduate Program (FEP), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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106
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Castro Dias M, Mapunda JA, Vladymyrov M, Engelhardt B. Structure and Junctional Complexes of Endothelial, Epithelial and Glial Brain Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5372. [PMID: 31671721 PMCID: PMC6862204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) is ensured by the endothelial, epithelial, mesothelial and glial brain barriers, which strictly control the passage of molecules, solutes and immune cells. While the endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the epithelial blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) have been extensively investigated, less is known about the epithelial and mesothelial arachnoid barrier and the glia limitans. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the cellular composition of the brain barriers with a specific focus on describing the molecular constituents of their junctional complexes. We propose that the brain barriers maintain CNS immune privilege by dividing the CNS into compartments that differ with regard to their role in immune surveillance of the CNS. We close by providing a brief overview on experimental tools allowing for reliable in vivo visualization of the brain barriers and their junctional complexes and thus the respective CNS compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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107
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Sankar KS, Altamentova SM, Rocheleau JV. Hypoxia induction in cultured pancreatic islets enhances endothelial cell morphology and survival while maintaining beta-cell function. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222424. [PMID: 31600313 PMCID: PMC6786522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic islets are heavily vascularized in vivo yet lose this vasculature after only a few days in culture. Determining how to maintain islet vascularity in culture could lead to better outcomes in transplanting this tissue for the treatment of type 1 diabetes as well as provide insight into the complex communication between beta-cells and endothelial cells (ECs). We previously showed that islet ECs die in part due to limited diffusion of serum albumin into the tissue. We now aim to determine the impact of hypoxia on islet vascularization. Methods We induced hypoxia in cultured mouse islets using the hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride (100 μM CoCl2). We measured the impact on islet metabolism (two-photon NAD(P)H and Rh123 imaging) and function (insulin secretion and survival). We also measured the impact on hypoxia related transcripts (HIF-1α, VEGF-A, PDK-1, LDHA, COX4) and confirmed increased VEGF-A expression and secretion. Finally, we measured the vascularization of islets in static and flowing culture using PECAM-1 immunofluorescence. Results CoCl2 did not induce significant changes in beta cell metabolism (NAD(P)H and Rh123), insulin secretion, and survival. Consistent with hypoxia induction, CoCl2 stimulated HIF-1α, PDK-1, and LDHA transcripts and also stimulated VEGF expression and secretion. We observed a modest switch to the less oxidative isoform of COX4 (isoform 1 to 2) and this switch was noted in the glucose-stimulated cytoplasmic NAD(P)H responses. EC morphology and survival were greater in CoCl2 treated islets compared to exogenous VEGF-A in both static (dish) and microfluidic flow culture. Conclusions Hypoxia induction using CoCl2 had a positive effect on islet EC morphology and survival with limited impact on beta-cell metabolism, function, and survival. The EC response appears to be due to endogenous production and secretion of angiogenic factors (e.g. VEGF-A), and mechanistically independent from survival induced by serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishana S. Sankar
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Svetlana M. Altamentova
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan V. Rocheleau
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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108
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Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) Co-Culture with Osteogenic Cells: From Molecular Communication to Engineering Prevascularised Bone Grafts. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101602. [PMID: 31623330 PMCID: PMC6832897 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair of bone defects caused by trauma, infection or tumor resection is a major clinical orthopedic challenge. The application of bone grafts in orthopedic procedures is associated with a problem of inadequate vascularization in the initial phase after implantation. Meanwhile, the survival of cells within the implanted graft and its integration with the host tissue is strongly dependent on nutrient and gaseous exchange, as well as waste product removal, which are effectuated by blood microcirculation. In the bone tissue, the vasculature also delivers the calcium and phosphate indispensable for the mineralization process. The critical role of vascularization for bone healing and function, led the researchers to the idea of generating a capillary-like network within the bone graft in vitro, which could allow increasing the cell survival and graft integration with a host tissue. New strategies for engineering pre-vascularized bone grafts, that apply the co-culture of endothelial and bone-forming cells, have recently gained interest. However, engineering of metabolically active graft, containing two types of cells requires deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms of interaction between these cells. The present review focuses on the best-characterized endothelial cells-human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)-attempting to estimate whether the co-culture approach, using these cells, could bring us closer to development and possible clinical application of prevascularized bone grafts.
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109
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Nik ME, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Zamani P, Navashenaq JG, Iranshahi M, Jaafari MR, Malaekeh-Nikouei B. Targeted-nanoliposomal combretastatin A4 (CA-4) as an efficient antivascular candidate in the metastatic cancer treatment. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14721-14733. [PMID: 30697744 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A number of antiangiogenic drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration which are used in cancer therapy, and variety of other agents in several stages of clinical development or in preclinical assessment. Among these, combretastatin A4 (CA-4) is an under-researched inhibitor of angiogenesis that shows potential activity in the treatment of advanced tumors with migration capacity. However, its clinical application has been limited due to poor water solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and systemic elimination. During the last decade, numerous investigations have been done to overcome these problems by using different CA-4 delivery systems or developing produgs of CA-4 or its structural analogs. Nevertheless, these strategies could not be efficient out of the undesired side effects on normal tissues. Nanoliposomal CA-4 not only benefits from the advantage of using liposomal drugs as opposed to free drugs but also can accumulate in the tumor site via specific targeting ligands, which leads to efficient targeting and enhancement of bioavailability. To the best of our knowledge, we consider an important attempt to understand different factors that might influence the CA-4 loading and release pattern of liposomes and the consequent results in tumor therapy. In this review, we shed light on various studied liposomal CA-4 formulations showing application thereof in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ebrahimi Nik
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvin Zamani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Immunogenetic and Cell Culture, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bizhan Malaekeh-Nikouei
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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110
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Yang Y, Cha B, Motawe ZY, Srinivasan RS, Scallan JP. VE-Cadherin Is Required for Lymphatic Valve Formation and Maintenance. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2397-2412.e4. [PMID: 31461654 PMCID: PMC6743082 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature requires intraluminal valves to maintain forward lymph flow. Lymphatic valves form and are constantly maintained by oscillatory fluid flow throughout life, yet the earliest steps of how lymphatic endothelial cells are able to respond to fluid shear stress remain unknown. Here, we show that the adherens junction protein VE-cadherin is required for the upregulation of valve-specific transcription factors. Conditional deletion of VE-cadherin in vivo prevented valve formation in the embryo and caused postnatal regression of nearly all lymphatic valves in multiple tissues. Since VE-cadherin is known to signal through β-catenin and the VEGFR/AKT pathway, each pathway was probed. Expression of a constitutively active β-catenin mutant or direct pharmacologic activation of AKT in vivo significantly rescued valve regression in the VE-cadherin-deficient lymphatic vessels. In conclusion, VE-cadherin-dependent signaling is required for lymphatic valve formation and maintenance and therapies to augment downstream pathways hold potential to treat lymphedema in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Zeinab Y Motawe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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111
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Endothelial Ca 2+ Signaling, Angiogenesis and Vasculogenesis: just What It Takes to Make a Blood Vessel. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163962. [PMID: 31416282 PMCID: PMC6721072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that endothelial Ca2+ signals drive angiogenesis by recruiting multiple Ca2+-sensitive decoders in response to pro-angiogenic cues, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, stromal derived factor-1α and angiopoietins. Recently, it was shown that intracellular Ca2+ signaling also drives vasculogenesis by stimulation proliferation, tube formation and neovessel formation in endothelial progenitor cells. Herein, we survey how growth factors, chemokines and angiogenic modulators use endothelial Ca2+ signaling to regulate angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. The endothelial Ca2+ response to pro-angiogenic cues may adopt different waveforms, ranging from Ca2+ transients or biphasic Ca2+ signals to repetitive Ca2+ oscillations, and is mainly driven by endogenous Ca2+ release through inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and by store-operated Ca2+ entry through Orai1 channels. Lysosomal Ca2+ release through nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate-gated two-pore channels is, however, emerging as a crucial pro-angiogenic pathway, which sustains intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Understanding how endothelial Ca2+ signaling regulates angiogenesis and vasculogenesis could shed light on alternative strategies to induce therapeutic angiogenesis or interfere with the aberrant vascularization featuring cancer and intraocular disorders.
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112
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GRP78 translocation to the cell surface and O-GlcNAcylation of VE-Cadherin contribute to ER stress-mediated endothelial permeability. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10783. [PMID: 31346222 PMCID: PMC6658495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased O-GlcNAcylation, a well-known post-translational modification of proteins causally linked to various detrimental cellular functions in pathological conditions including diabetic retinopathy (DR). Previously we have shown that endothelial activation induced by inflammation and hyperglycemia results in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated intercellular junction alterations accompanied by visual deficits in a tie2-TNF-α transgenic mouse model. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that increased ER stress via O-GlcNAcylation of VE-Cadherin likely contribute to endothelial permeability. We show that ER stress leads to GRP78 translocation to the plasma membrane, increased O-GlcNAcylation of proteins, particularly VE-Cadherin resulting in a defective complex partnering leading to the loss of retinal endothelial barrier integrity and increased transendothelial migration of monocytes. We further show an association of GRP78 with the VE-Cadherin under these conditions. Interestingly, cells exposed to ER stress inhibitor, tauroursodeoxycholic acid partially mitigated all these effects. Our findings suggest an essential role for ER stress and O-GlcNAcylation in altering the endothelial barrier function and reveal a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of DR.
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113
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Li R, Li L, Liu Y, Tang Y, Zhang R. VE-cadherin regulates migration inhibitory factor synthesis and release. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:877-887. [PMID: 31342095 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin-mediated adherens junction is critical to maintain endothelial integrity. Besides its role of homophilic intercellular adhesion, VE-cadherin also has a role of outside-in signaling with functional consequences for vascular physiology. However, the nature of these signals remains not completely understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used in cell culture experiments. Confluent HUVECs were treated with VE-cadherin function-blocking antibodies BV9 (50 μg/ml) or IgG control. Antibody array was used to screen for cytokine/chemokine in supernatant. For VE-cadherin knockdown, siRNA transfection was used. ELISA, Western blot, and qRT-PCR were used to confirm the expression of screened cytokine/chemokine. To explore the possible mechanisms, Scr phosphorylation was detected and Scr inhibitor PP2 (1 μM) was used. To investigate in vivo relevance of the findings, BV9 and the indicated neutralizing antibodies were injected into mice and then lung vascular leak and inflammation were examined by Evans blue assay and lung tissue H&E, respectively. RESULTS Using a non-biased, high-throughout human cytokine/chemokine antibody array, we first found that disruption of VE-cadherin-mediated adhesion by function-blocking antibody BV9 triggered the release of migration inhibitory factor (MIF). This VE-cadherin-mediated release of MIF further confirmed by ELISA with both VE-cadherin blocking antibody and siRNA technique was due to enhanced expression of MIF mRNA, which was mediated by Src kinase activation. In addition, in vivo lung vascular leak induced by VE-cadherin function-blocking antibody was partly alleviated by neutralizing MIF. CONCLUSIONS VE-cadherin regulates MIF synthesis and release via Src kinase. Our data provide additional evidence to the concept that VE-cadherin transfers intracellular signals to coordinate the state of cell-cell adhesion with gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yaoqing Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Ruyuan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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114
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Blood-retinal barrier protection against high glucose damage: The role of P2X7 receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:249-258. [PMID: 31302133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blood retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown is a hallmark of diabetic retinopathy, whose occurrence in early or later phases of the disease has not yet been completely clarified. Recent evidence suggests that hyperglycemia induces activation of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) leading to pericyte cell death. We herein investigated the role of P2X7R on retinal endothelial cells viability and expression of tight- and adherens-junctions following high glucose (HG) exposure. We found that HG elicited P2X7R activation and expression and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs). Furthermore, HG exposure caused a decrease in HRECs viability and a damage of the BRB. JNJ47965567, a P2X7R antagonist, protected HRECs from HG-induced damage (LDH release) and preserved the BRB, as shown by transendothelial electrical resistance and cell junction morphology (ZO-1, claudin-5 and VE-cadherin). Moreover, JNJ47965567 treatment significantly decreased IL-1β expression and release, elicited by HG. These data indicate that P2X7R plays an important role to regulate BRB integrity, in particular the block of this receptor was useful to counteract the damage elicited by HG in HRECs, and warranting further clinical evaluation of P2X7R antagonists for the treatment of diabetic macular edema.
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115
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Braun LJ, Zinnhardt M, Vockel M, Drexler HC, Peters K, Vestweber D. VE-PTP inhibition stabilizes endothelial junctions by activating FGD5. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47046. [PMID: 31267715 PMCID: PMC6607018 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of VE-PTP, an endothelial receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase, triggers phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase receptor Tie-2, which leads to the suppression of inflammation-induced vascular permeability. Analyzing the underlying mechanism, we show here that inhibition of VE-PTP and activation of Tie-2 induce tyrosine phosphorylation of FGD5, a GTPase exchange factor (GEF) for Cdc42, and stimulate its translocation to cell contacts. Interfering with the expression of FGD5 blocks the junction-stabilizing effect of VE-PTP inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Likewise, FGD5 is required for strengthening cortical actin bundles and inhibiting radial stress fiber formation, which are each stimulated by VE-PTP inhibition. We identify Y820 of FGD5 as the direct substrate for VE-PTP. The phosphorylation of FGD5-Y820 is required for the stabilization of endothelial junctions and for the activation of Cdc42 by VE-PTP inhibition but is dispensable for the recruitment of FGD5 to endothelial cell contacts. Thus, activation of FGD5 is a two-step process that comprises membrane recruitment and phosphorylation of Y820. These steps are necessary for the junction-stabilizing effect stimulated by VE-PTP inhibition and Tie-2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Braun
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular BiomedicineMünsterGermany
| | | | - Matthias Vockel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular BiomedicineMünsterGermany
- Present address:
Institute for Human GeneticsUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
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116
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Zhang X, Zhang S, Yang Y, Wang D, Gao H. Natural barrigenol-like triterpenoids: A comprehensive review of their contributions to medicinal chemistry. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 161:41-74. [PMID: 30818173 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Barrigenol-like triterpenoids (BATs), which contain an unusual oleanane substituted by many hydroxyl groups as the skeleton, are subdivided into five subtypes: barrigenol A1, barrigenol A2, barrigenol R1, barringtogenol C, and 16-deoxybarringtogenol C. The variations in acyl derivatives, hydroxyl groups, and carbohydrate chains in their structures have enhanced the diversity of BATs. Moreover, the stable polyhydroxy-replaced pentacyclic skeleton provides an ideal platform for structural modifications. To date, more than 500 BAT derivatives have been isolated from plants. Synchronously, BATs possess anti-tumour, anti-Alzheimer's disease, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-obesity and anti-allergic activities by regulating numerous cellular molecules. Some BAT derivatives, such as escin obtained from Aesculus hippocastanum L. and xanthoceraside isolated from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, have been used to treat encephaloedema or inflammatory diseases. This review aims to provide comprehensive information about the chemistry, sources, bioavailability, and anti-tumour effects of BATs, with a particular emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of action. The pharmacokinetics and clinical progress are also concerned. More than 300 structures identified over past 25 years are summarized here (249 compounds) and in the supplementary information (114 compounds). Accordingly, the pharmaceutical activity of barrigenol triterpenoids suggests that some compounds should be developed as promising anti-tumour or anti- Alzheimer's disease agents in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiren Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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117
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Rodriguez D, Nourizadeh S, De Tomaso AW. The biology of the extracorporeal vasculature of Botryllus schlosseri. Dev Biol 2019; 448:309-319. [PMID: 30760410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracorporeal vasculature of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri plays a key role in several biological processes: transporting blood, angiogenesis, regeneration, self-nonself recognition, and parabiosis. The vasculature also interconnects all individuals in a colony and is composed of a single layer of ectodermally-derived cells. These cells form a tube with the basal lamina facing the lumen, and the apical side facing an extracellular matrix that consists of cellulose and other proteins, known as the tunic. Vascular tissue is transparent and can cover several square centimeters, which is much larger than any single individual within the colony. It forms a network that ramifies and expands to the perimeter of each colony and terminates into oval-shaped protrusions known as ampullae. Botryllus individuals replace themselves through a weekly budding cycle, and vasculature is added to ensure the interconnection of each new individual, thus there is continuous angiogenesis occurring naturally. The vascular tissue itself is highly regenerative; surgical removal of the ampullae and peripheral vasculature triggers regrowth within 24-48 h, which includes forming new ampullae. When two individuals, whether in the wild or in the lab, come into close contact and their ampullae touch, they can either undergo parabiosis through anastomosing vessels, or reject vascular fusion. The vasculature is easily manipulated by direct means such as microinjections, microsurgeries, and pharmacological reagents. Its transparent nature allows for in vivo analysis by bright field and fluorescence microscopy. Here we review the techniques and approaches developed to study the different biological processes that involve the extracorporeal vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delany Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Shane Nourizadeh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Anthony W De Tomaso
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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118
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Colás-Algora N, Millán J. How many cadherins do human endothelial cells express? Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1299-1317. [PMID: 30552441 PMCID: PMC11105309 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2991-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The vasculature is the paradigm of a compartment generated by parallel cellular barriers that aims to transport oxygen, nutrients and immune cells in complex organisms. Vascular barrier dysfunction leads to fatal acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. The endothelial barrier lines the inner side of vessels and is the main regulator of vascular permeability. Cadherins comprise a superfamily of 114 calcium-dependent adhesion proteins that contain conserved cadherin motifs and form cell-cell junctions in metazoans. In mature human endothelial cells, only VE (vascular endothelial)-cadherin and N (neural)-cadherin have been investigated in detail. Although both cadherins are essential for regulating endothelial permeability, no comprehensive expression studies to identify which other family members could play a relevant role in endothelial cells has so far been performed. Here, we have reviewed gene and protein expression databases to analyze cadherin expression in mature human endothelium and found that at least 24 cadherin superfamily members are significantly expressed. Based on data obtained from other cell types, organisms and experimental models, we discuss their potential functions, many of them unrelated to the formation of endothelial cell-cell junctions. The expression of this new set of endothelial cadherins highlights the important but still poorly defined roles of planar cell polarity, the Hippo pathway and mitochondria metabolism in human vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Colás-Algora
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Millán
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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119
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Jin M. Unique roles of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase in immune control and its therapeutic implications. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 30613102 PMCID: PMC6321835 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase (WRS) is an essential enzyme as it catalyzes the ligation of tryptophan to its cognate tRNA during translation. Interestingly, mammalian WRS has evolved to acquire domains or motifs for novel functions beyond protein synthesis; WRS can also further expand its functions via alternative splicing and proteolytic cleavage. WRS is localized not only to the nucleus but also to the extracellular space, playing a key role in innate immunity, angiogenesis, and IFN-γ signaling. In addition, the expression of WRS varies significantly in different tissues and pathological states, implying that it plays unique roles in physiological homeostasis and immune defense. This review addresses the current knowledge regarding the evolution, structural features, and context-dependent functions of WRS, particularly focusing on its roles in immune regulation. Targeting tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase (WRS), an evolutionarily conserved enzyme involved in protein synthesis, could be an effective strategy for modulating the immune system. In addition to helping translate mRNA into amino acid sequences in cytoplasm, human WRS can be secreted and activate immune responses against invading pathogens. Mirim Jin at Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea, reviews recent studies on the structure, expression pattern and functions of WRS other than protein synthesis. High levels of WRS protein have been found in patients with sepsis and autoimmune diseases suggesting that inhibiting WRS could be a potential therapeutic approach for treating these conditions. Further research into WRS will shed light not only on how it regulates the immune system, but also on how it exerts other reported effects on blood vessel formation and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirim Jin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea. .,Department of Health Science and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
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120
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Cao J, Schnittler H. Putting VE-cadherin into JAIL for junction remodeling. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/1/jcs222893. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.222893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Junction dynamics of endothelial cells are based on the integration of signal transduction, cytoskeletal remodeling and contraction, which are necessary for the formation and maintenance of monolayer integrity, but also enable repair and regeneration. The VE-cadherin–catenin complex forms the molecular basis of the adherence junctions and cooperates closely with actin filaments. Several groups have recently described small actin-driven protrusions at the cell junctions that are controlled by the Arp2/3 complex, contributing to cell junction regulation. We identified these protrusions as the driving force for VE-cadherin dynamics, as they directly induce new VE-cadherin-mediated adhesion sites, and have accordingly referred to these structures as junction-associated intermittent lamellipodia (JAIL). JAIL extend over only a few microns and thus provide the basis for a subcellular regulation of adhesion. The local (subcellular) VE-cadherin concentration and JAIL formation are directly interdependent, which enables autoregulation. Therefore, this mechanism can contribute a subcellularly regulated adaptation of cell contact dynamics, and is therefore of great importance for monolayer integrity and relative cell migration during wound healing and angiogenesis, as well as for inflammatory responses. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms and functions underlying these actin-driven protrusions and consider their contribution to the dynamic regulation of endothelial cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Cao
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster Germany
| | - Hans Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster Germany
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121
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Kang B, Shin J, Park HJ, Rhyou C, Kang D, Lee SJ, Yoon YS, Cho SW, Lee H. High-resolution acoustophoretic 3D cell patterning to construct functional collateral cylindroids for ischemia therapy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5402. [PMID: 30573732 PMCID: PMC6302096 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of functional tissues is essential for clinical applications such as disease treatment and drug discovery. Recent studies have revealed that the mechanical environments of tissues, determined by geometric cell patterns, material composition, or mechanical properties, play critical roles in ensuring proper tissue function. Here, we propose an acoustophoretic technique using surface acoustic waves to fabricate therapeutic vascular tissue containing a three-dimensional collateral distribution of vessels. Co-aligned human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human adipose stem cells that are arranged in a biodegradable catechol-conjugated hyaluronic acid hydrogel exhibit enhanced cell-cell contacts, gene expression, and secretion of angiogenic and anti-inflammatory paracrine factors. The therapeutic effects of the fabricated vessel constructs are demonstrated in experiments using an ischemia mouse model by exhibiting the remarkable recovery of damaged tissue. Our study can be referenced to fabricate various types of artificial tissues that mimic the original functions as well as structures. Engineering 3D tissues faces the challenge of adequate vascularisation for nutrient delivery and gas exchange deep inside the construct. Here the authors use surface acoustic waves to create an aligned array of blood vessels in a hyaluronic acid hydrogel and use it to improve function in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungjun Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jisoo Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Chanryeol Rhyou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Donyoung Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Shin-Jeong Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Young-Sup Yoon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea. .,Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Hyungsuk Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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122
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The precise molecular signals that control endothelial cell-cell adhesion within the vessel wall. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1673-1680. [PMID: 30514769 PMCID: PMC6299237 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell–cell adhesion within the wall of the vasculature controls a range of physiological processes, such as growth, integrity and barrier function. The adhesive properties of endothelial cells are tightly controlled by a complex cascade of signals transmitted from the surrounding environment or from within the cells themselves, with the dynamic nature of cellular adhesion and the regulating signalling networks now beginning to be appreciated. Here, we summarise the current knowledge of the mechanisms controlling endothelial cell–cell adhesion in the developing and mature blood vasculature.
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123
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Li W, Chen Z, Chin I, Chen Z, Dai H. The Role of VE-cadherin in Blood-brain Barrier Integrity Under Central Nervous System Pathological Conditions. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1375-1384. [PMID: 29473514 PMCID: PMC6251046 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180222164809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a layer between the blood circulation and neural tissue. It plays a pivotal role in maintaining the vulnerable extracellular microenvironment in the neuronal parenchyma. Neuroinflammatory events can result in BBB dysregulation by disturbing adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs). VE-cadherin, as one of the most im-portant components of the vascular system, is specifically responsible for the assembly of AJs and BBB architecture. Here, we present a review, which highlights recently available insights into the relationship between the neuroinflammation and BBB dysregulation. We then explore the specific interaction between VE-cadherin and BBB. Fi-nally, we discuss the changes of VE-cadherin with different neurological diseases from both experimental and clinical stud-ies. An understanding of VE-cadherin in BBB regulation may indicate that VE-cadherin can partially be a biomarker of neu-roinflammation disease and lead to novel approaches for abating BBB dysregulation under pathological conditions and the opening of the BBB following central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ian Chin
- Metcalf Science Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibin Dai
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
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124
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Kruse K, Lee QS, Sun Y, Klomp J, Yang X, Huang F, Sun MY, Zhao S, Hong Z, Vogel SM, Shin JW, Leckband DE, Tai LM, Malik AB, Komarova YA. N-cadherin signaling via Trio assembles adherens junctions to restrict endothelial permeability. J Cell Biol 2018; 218:299-316. [PMID: 30463880 PMCID: PMC6314553 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes a role for endothelial N-cadherin in the regulation of endothelial permeability in the brain and lung. N-cadherin adhesions formed between endothelial cells and pericytes increase the abundance of VE-cadherin at adherens junctions through the RhoGEF Trio-dependent activation of RhoA and Rac1. Vascular endothelial (VE)–cadherin forms homotypic adherens junctions (AJs) in the endothelium, whereas N-cadherin forms heterotypic adhesion between endothelial cells and surrounding vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Here we addressed the question whether both cadherin adhesion complexes communicate through intracellular signaling and contribute to the integrity of the endothelial barrier. We demonstrated that deletion of N-cadherin (Cdh2) in either endothelial cells or pericytes increases junctional endothelial permeability in lung and brain secondary to reduced accumulation of VE-cadherin at AJs. N-cadherin functions by increasing the rate of VE-cadherin recruitment to AJs and induces the assembly of VE-cadherin junctions. We identified the dual Rac1/RhoA Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Trio as a critical component of the N-cadherin adhesion complex, which activates both Rac1 and RhoA signaling pathways at AJs. Trio GEF1-mediated Rac1 activation induces the recruitment of VE-cadherin to AJs, whereas Trio GEF2-mediated RhoA activation increases intracellular tension and reinforces Rac1 activation to promote assembly of VE-cadherin junctions and thereby establish the characteristic restrictive endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kruse
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Quinn S Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jeff Klomp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Mitchell Y Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Shuangping Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Zhigang Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephen M Vogel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jae-Won Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Yulia A Komarova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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125
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Hägerling R, Hoppe E, Dierkes C, Stehling M, Makinen T, Butz S, Vestweber D, Kiefer F. Distinct roles of VE-cadherin for development and maintenance of specific lymph vessel beds. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798271. [PMID: 30297530 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells line blood and lymphatic vessels and form intercellular junctions, which preserve vessel structure and integrity. The vascular endothelial cadherin, VE-cadherin, mediates endothelial adhesion and is indispensible for blood vessel development and permeability regulation. However, its requirement for lymphatic vessels has not been addressed. During development, VE-cadherin deletion in lymphatic endothelial cells resulted in abortive lymphangiogenesis, edema, and prenatal death. Unexpectedly, inducible postnatal or adult deletion elicited vessel bed-specific responses. Mature dermal lymph vessels resisted VE-cadherin loss and maintained button junctions, which was associated with an upregulation of junctional molecules. Very different, mesenteric lymphatic collectors deteriorated and formed a strongly hyperplastic layer of lymphatic endothelial cells on the mesothelium. This massive hyperproliferation may have been favored by high mesenteric VEGF-C expression and was associated with VEGFR-3 phosphorylation and upregulation of the transcriptional activator TAZ Finally, intestinal lacteals fragmented into cysts or became highly distended possibly as a consequence of the mesenteric defects. Taken together, we demonstrate here the importance of VE-cadherin for lymphatic vessel development and maintenance, which is however remarkably vessel bed-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Hägerling
- Mammalian Cell Signaling Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Esther Hoppe
- Mammalian Cell Signaling Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Cathrin Dierkes
- Mammalian Cell Signaling Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Stehling
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Taija Makinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Butz
- Department Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Department Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence 1003 "CiM - Cells in Motion", Münster, Germany
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Mammalian Cell Signaling Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany .,European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence 1003 "CiM - Cells in Motion", Münster, Germany
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126
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Maciel RAP, Cunha RS, Busato V, Franco CRC, Gregório PC, Dolenga CJR, Nakao LS, Massy ZA, Boullier A, Pecoits-Filho R, Stinghen AEM. Uremia Impacts VE-Cadherin and ZO-1 Expression in Human Endothelial Cell-to-Cell Junctions. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100404. [PMID: 30301260 PMCID: PMC6215219 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction in uremia can result in cell-to-cell junction loss and increased permeability, contributing to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) development. This study evaluated the impact of the uremic milieu on endothelial morphology and cell junction’s proteins. We evaluated (i) serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers in a cohort of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and the expression of VE-cadherin and Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) junction proteins on endothelial cells (ECs) of arteries removed from CKD patients during renal transplant; (ii) ECs morphology in vitro under different uremic conditions, and (iii) the impact of uremic toxins p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), indoxyl sulfate (IS), and inorganic phosphate (Pi) as well as of total uremic serum on VE-cadherin and ZO-1 gene and protein expression in cultured ECs. We found that the uremic arteries had lost their intact and continuous endothelial morphology, with a reduction in VE-cadherin and ZO-1 expression. In cultured ECs, both VE-cadherin and ZO-1 protein expression decreased, mainly after exposure to Pi and uremic serum groups. VE-cadherin mRNA expression was reduced while ZO-1 was increased after exposure to PCS, IS, Pi, and uremic serum. Our findings show that uremia alters cell-to-cell junctions leading to an increased endothelial damage. This gives a new perspective regarding the pathophysiological role of uremia in intercellular junctions and opens new avenues to improve cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayana A P Maciel
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
| | - Regiane S Cunha
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
| | - Valentina Busato
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
| | - Célia R C Franco
- Cell Biology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
| | - Paulo C Gregório
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
| | - Carla J R Dolenga
- Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
| | - Lia S Nakao
- Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, 92100 Paris, France and Inserm U1018, Team 5, CESP, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, 94800 Villejuif, France.
| | - Agnès Boullier
- Universitè de Picardie Jules Verne, MP3CV and CHU d'Amiens, 80025 Amiens, France.
| | - Roberto Pecoits-Filho
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, School of Medicine, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Andréa E M Stinghen
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
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127
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Ji S, Xin H, Li Y, Su EJ. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 1 (FLT1) is a key regulator of fetoplacental endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. Placenta 2018; 70:7-14. [PMID: 30316329 PMCID: PMC6342273 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fetoplacental angiogenesis plays a vital role in pregnancy outcome. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) is one major regulator of angiogenesis. It primarily binds to FMS-like tyrosine kinase (FLT1) and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR). In most vascular beds, KDR appears to be the main mediator of angiogenesis. However, the role of both receptors within the human placenta remains unknown. METHODS Human fetoplacental ECs were isolated/cultured from placentas of full-term, uncomplicated pregnancies after scheduled Cesarean section. Cells were subjected to RNA interference of either FLT1 or KDR followed by MTT, wound scratch, and tube formation assays. ECs were serum-starved after RNA interference and treated with VEGFA (60 ng/ml), then subjected to western blot to investigate FLT1 or KDR-mediated signaling. All experiments were performed in triplicate utilizing ECs from at least three separate subjects. One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc testing was utilized for statistical analysis. RESULTS Significant knock-down of FLT1 and KDR was confirmed by qPCR (p < 0.01) and WB (p < 0.0001). KDR knock-down decreased EC metabolic activity (p < 0.01), and FLT1 ablation unexpectedly increased EC proliferation (p < 0.01). There was no difference in apoptosis regardless of FLT-1 or KDR knock-down. FLT1 knock-down significantly impaired wound scratch closure (p < 0.0001) and tube formation (p < 0.001). Surprisingly, KDR effects on EC metabolism had no effect on migration, although KDR was important in VEGFA-stimulated Akt and ERK activation. In contrast, FLT1 effects on EC motility were Akt and ERK-independent. CONCLUSION Human fetoplacental EC migration is primarily regulated by FLT1 but not KDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Ji
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hong Xin
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yingchun Li
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emily J Su
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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128
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Lampugnani MG, Dejana E, Giampietro C. Vascular Endothelial (VE)-Cadherin, Endothelial Adherens Junctions, and Vascular Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029322. [PMID: 28851747 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell-cell adherens junctions (AJs) supervise fundamental vascular functions, such as the control of permeability and transmigration of circulating leukocytes, and the maintenance of existing vessels and formation of new ones. These processes are often dysregulated in pathologies. However, the evidence that links dysfunction of endothelial AJs to human pathologies is mostly correlative. In this review, we present an update of the molecular organization of AJ complexes in endothelial cells (ECs) that is mainly based on observations from experimental models. Furthermore, we report in detail on a human pathology, cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM), which is initiated by loss-of-function mutations in the genes that encode the three cytoplasmic components of AJs (CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3). At present, these represent a unique example of mutations in components of endothelial AJs that cause human disease. We describe also how studies into the defects of AJs in CCM are shedding light on the crucial regulatory mechanisms and signaling activities of these endothelial structures. Although these observations are specific for CCM, they support the concept that dysfunction of endothelial AJs can directly contribute to human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Lampugnani
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
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129
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Gagnoux-Palacios L, Awina H, Audebert S, Rossin A, Mondin M, Borgese F, Planas-Botey C, Mettouchi A, Borg JP, Hueber AO. Cell polarity and adherens junction formation inhibit epithelial Fas cell death receptor signaling. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3839-3852. [PMID: 30242034 PMCID: PMC6219722 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of epithelial cell death is crucial to maintaining tissue integrity. Gagnoux-Palacios et al. show that cell polarity and adherens junction formation prevent proapoptotic signals emanating from the Fas death receptor. Therefore, Fas-dependent cell death contributes to the elimination of nonpolarized or nonadherent cells from human epithelia. Finely tuned regulation of epithelial cell death maintains tissue integrity and homeostasis. At the cellular level, life and death decisions are controlled by environmental stimuli such as the activation of death receptors. We show that cell polarity and adherens junction formation prevent proapoptotic signals emanating from the Fas death receptor. Fas is sequestered in E-cadherin actin-based adhesion structures that are less able to induce downstream apoptosis signaling. Using a proteomic-based approach, we find that the polarity molecule Dlg1 interacts with the C-terminal PDZ-binding site in Fas and that this interaction decreases formation of the death-inducing complex upon engagement with Fas ligand (FasL), thus acting as an additional cell death protection mechanism. We propose that E-cadherin and Dlg1 inhibit FasL-induced cell death by two complementary but partially independent mechanisms that help to maintain epithelial homeostasis by protecting normal polarized epithelia from apoptosis. When polarity is lost, the Fas–cadherin–Dlg1 antiapoptotic complex is disrupted, and FasL can promote the elimination of compromised nonpolarized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gagnoux-Palacios
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institute de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Hala Awina
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institute de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille Proteomics, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Rossin
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institute de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Magali Mondin
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institute de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Franck Borgese
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institute de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Carlota Planas-Botey
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institute de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Amel Mettouchi
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Microbiologie, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille Proteomics, Marseille, France.,Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling, and Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Odile Hueber
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institute de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
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130
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Castiglione RC, Barbosa CML, Prota LFM, Marques-Neto SR, Perri-Oliveira M, Helal-Neto E, Morandi V, Barja-Fidalgo C, Bouskela E. Effects of preadipocytes derived from mice fed with high fat diet on the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28:937-943. [PMID: 30111496 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obesity promotes a persistent inflammatory process in the adipose tissue, activating the endothelium and leading to vascular dysfunction. Preadipocytes can interact with endothelial cells in a paracrine way stimulating angiogenesis. However, the potential of preadipocytes from adipose tissue of high fat diet (HFD) fed animal to stimulate angiogenesis has not been evaluated yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of such diet on the angiogenic potential of preadipocytes in a mice model. METHODS AND RESULTS We have evaluated body weight gain, fasting glucose levels and insulin resistance, mRNA expression in preadipocytes and endothelial cells after co-culture with preadipocytes, in vivo vascular function and in vitro endothelial cell migration and tubulogenesis. High fat diet promoted an increase in body weight, glycemic index and insulin resistance in mice. Preadipocytes mRNA expression of factors involved in angiogenesis was higher in these animals. In endothelial tEnd cells mRNA expression of factors involved in vessel growth were higher after co-culture with preadipocytes derived from mice fed with HFD. Although no significant differences were observed in in vivo vasodilatation response between control and HFD groups, endothelial tEnd cells showed an increase in migration and tubulogenesis when cultivated with conditioned media from preadipocytes derived from mice fed with HFD. CONCLUSION Hypoxic and growth factors produced by preadipocytes derived from mice fed with HFD have higher capacity than preadipocytes derived from mice fed with standard diet to stimulate the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells, contributing to vascular disorders in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Castiglione
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - C M L Barbosa
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - L F M Prota
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - S R Marques-Neto
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Physical Activity Sciences Laboratory (LACAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - M Perri-Oliveira
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - E Helal-Neto
- Laboratory for Endothelial Cell Biology and Angiogenesis, Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - V Morandi
- Laboratory for Endothelial Cell Biology and Angiogenesis, Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - C Barja-Fidalgo
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - E Bouskela
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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131
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Phenotypic miRNA Screen Identifies miR-26b to Promote the Growth and Survival of Endothelial Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 13:29-43. [PMID: 30227275 PMCID: PMC6141730 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) proliferation is a crucial event in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important modulators of the angiogenic switch. Here we conducted high-content screening of a human miRNA mimic library to identify novel regulators of EC growth systematically. Several miRNAs were nominated that enhanced or inhibited EC growth. Of these, we focused on miR-26b, which is a conserved candidate and expressed in multiple human EC types. miR-26b overexpression enhanced EC proliferation, migration, and tube formation, while inhibition of miR-26b suppressed the proliferative and angiogenic capacity of ECs. A combinatory functional small interfering RNA (siRNA) screening of 48 predicted gene targets revealed that miR-26b enhanced EC growth and survival through inhibiting PTEN expression. Local administration of miR-26b mimics promoted the growth of new microvessels in the Matrigel plug model. In the mouse model of hindlimb ischemia, miR-26b was found to be downregulated in endothelium in the first week following ischemia, and local overexpression of miR-26b improved the survival of capillaries and muscle fibers in ischemic muscles. Our findings suggest that miR-26b enhances EC proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. miR-26b is a potential target for developing novel pro-angiogenic therapeutics in ischemic disease.
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132
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CMTM4 regulates angiogenesis by promoting cell surface recycling of VE-cadherin to endothelial adherens junctions. Angiogenesis 2018; 22:75-93. [PMID: 30097810 PMCID: PMC6510885 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial (VE) cadherin is a key component of endothelial adherens junctions (AJs) and plays an important role in maintaining vascular integrity. Endocytosis of VE-cadherin regulates junctional strength and a decrease of surface VE-cadherin reduces vascular stability. However, disruption of AJs is also a requirement for vascular sprouting. Identifying novel regulators of endothelial endocytosis could enhance our understanding of angiogenesis. Here, we evaluated the angiogenic potential of (CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain 4) CMTM4 and assessed in which molecular pathway CMTM4 is involved during angiogenesis. Using a 3D vascular assay composed of GFP-labeled HUVECs and dsRED-labeled pericytes, we demonstrated in vitro that siRNA-mediated CMTM4 silencing impairs vascular sprouting. In vivo, CMTM4 silencing by morpholino injection in zebrafish larvae inhibits intersomitic vessel growth. Intracellular staining revealed that CMTM4 colocalizes with Rab4+ and Rab7+ vesicles, both markers of the endocytic trafficking pathway. CMTM4 colocalizes with both membrane-bound and internalized VE-cadherin. Adenovirus-mediated CMTM4 overexpression enhances the endothelial endocytic pathway, in particular the rapid recycling pathway, shown by an increase in early endosomal antigen-1 positive (EEA1+), Rab4+, Rab11+ , and Rab7+ vesicles. CMTM4 overexpression enhances membrane-bound VE-cadherin internalization, whereas CMTM4 knockdown decreases internalization of VE-cadherin. CMTM4 overexpression promotes endothelial barrier function, shown by an increase in recovery of transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) after thrombin stimulation. We have identified in this study a novel regulatory function for CMTM4 in angiogenesis. CMTM4 plays an important role in the turnover of membrane-bound VE-cadherin at AJs, mediating endothelial barrier function and controlling vascular sprouting.
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133
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Szymborska A, Gerhardt H. Hold Me, but Not Too Tight-Endothelial Cell-Cell Junctions in Angiogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029223. [PMID: 28851748 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell-cell junctions must perform seemingly incompatible tasks during vascular development-providing stable connections that prevent leakage, while allowing dynamic cellular rearrangements during sprouting, anastomosis, lumen formation, and functional remodeling of the vascular network. This review aims to highlight recent insights into the molecular mechanisms governing endothelial cell-cell adhesion in the context of vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szymborska
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
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134
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Helbing T, Arnold L, Wiltgen G, Hirschbihl E, Gabelmann V, Hornstein A, Esser JS, Diehl P, Grundmann S, Busch HJ, Fink K, Bode C, Moser M. Endothelial BMP4 Regulates Leukocyte Diapedesis and Promotes Inflammation. Inflammation 2018; 40:1862-1874. [PMID: 28755278 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment is a fundamental event in the response of the innate immune system to injury. This process is promoted in part by the opening of endothelial cell adherens junctions that allows leukocyte extravasation through gaps between adjacent endothelial cells. VE-cadherin is a key component of endothelial cell adherens junctions and a negative regulator of leukocyte emigration. Accumulating evidence implicates bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 as a critical regulator in vascular biology, but its role in leukocyte extravasation in vitro and in vivo has not been investigated so far. To assess the impact of BMP4 on leukocyte emigration in vivo, we used the thioglycollate-induced peritonitis model. C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with recombinant BMP4 in addition to thioglycollate. Compared to solvent-treated controls, we observed higher accumulation of leukocytes in the peritoneal lavage of BMP4-treated mice indicating that BMP4 promotes leukocyte diapedesis into the inflamed peritoneal cavity. Endothelial cell-specific deletion of BMP4 in mice markedly diminished leukocyte diapedesis following thioglycollate administration suggesting that endothelial BMP4 is required for leukocyte recruitment. Consistent with these in vivo results, transwell migration assays with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro revealed that recombinant BMP4 enhanced leukocyte transmigration through the endothelial monolayer. Conversely, silencing of endothelial BMP4 by siRNA dampened leukocyte diapedesis in vitro. Mechanistic studies showed that loss of BMP4 improved endothelial junction stability by upregulation of VE-cadherin expression in vitro and in vivo. Vice versa, treatment of HUVECs with recombinant BMP4 decreased expression of VE-cadherin and impaired endothelial junction stability shown by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Finally, severe endothelial damage in HUVECs in response to serum of patients collected 24 h after survived cardiac arrest was accompanied by increase in leukocyte migration in transwell assays and activation of the BMP pathway most probably by upregulation of endothelial BMP4 RNA and protein expression. Collectively, the present study provides novel evidence that endothelial BMP4 controls leukocyte recruitment through a VE-cadherin-dependent mechanism and that BMP4-induced inflammation might be involved in the pathogenesis of endothelial cell damage following successful resuscitation after cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Helbing
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Linus Arnold
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Gwendoline Wiltgen
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Eva Hirschbihl
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Valentin Gabelmann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hornstein
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jennifer S Esser
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Philipp Diehl
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Sebastian Grundmann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Busch
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Fink
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Martin Moser
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Causation by Diesel Exhaust Particles of Endothelial Dysfunctions in Cytotoxicity, Pro-inflammation, Permeability, and Apoptosis Induced by ROS Generation. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2018; 17:384-392. [PMID: 26965709 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-016-9364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that an increase of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) in ambient air corresponds to an increase in hospital-recorded myocardial infarctions within 48 h after exposure. Among the many theories to explain this data are endothelial dysfunction and translocation of DEP into vasculature. The mechanisms for such DEP-induced vascular permeability remain unknown. One of the major mechanisms underlying the effects of DEP is suggested to be oxidative stress. Experiments have shown that DEP induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion and H2O2 in the HUVEC tube cells. Transcription factor Nrf2 is translocated to the cell nucleus, where it activates transcription of the antioxidative enzyme HO-1 and sequentially induces the release of vascular permeability factor VEGF-A. Furthermore, a recent study shows that DEP-induced intracellular ROS may cause the release of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6, which may induce endothelial permeability as well by promoting VEGF-A secretion independently of HO-1 activation. These results demonstrated that the adherens junction molecule, VE-cadherin, becomes redistributed from the membrane at cell-cell borders to the cytoplasm in response to DEP, separating the plasma membranes of adjacent cells. DEP were occasionally found in endothelial cell cytoplasm and in tube lumen. In addition, the induced ROS is cytotoxic to the endothelial tube-like HUVEC. Acute DEP exposure stimulates ATP depletion, followed by depolarization of their actin cytoskeleton, which sequentially inhibits PI3K/Akt activity and induces endothelial apoptosis. Nevertheless, high-dose DEP augments tube cell apoptosis up to 70 % but disrupts the p53 negative regulator Mdm2. In summary, exposure to DEP affects parameters influencing vasculature permeability and viability, i.e., oxidative stress and its upregulated antioxidative and pro-inflammatory responses, which sequentially induce vascular permeability factor, VEGF-A release and disrupt cell-cell junction integrity. While exposure to a low dose of DEP actin triggers cytoskeleton depolarization, reduces PI3K/Akt activity, and induces a p53/Mdm2 feedback loop, a high dose causes apoptosis by depleting Mdm2. Addition of ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine suppresses DEP-induced oxidative stress efficiently and reduces subsequent damages by increasing endogenous glutathione.
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136
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Walpole J, Mac Gabhann F, Peirce SM, Chappell JC. Agent-based computational model of retinal angiogenesis simulates microvascular network morphology as a function of pericyte coverage. Microcirculation 2018; 24. [PMID: 28791758 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Define a role for perivascular cells during developmental retinal angiogenesis in the context of EC Notch1-DLL4 signaling at the multicellular network level. METHODS The retinal vasculature is highly sensitive to growth factor-mediated intercellular signaling. Although EC signaling has been explored in detail, it remains unclear how PC function to modulate these signals that lead to a diverse set of vascular network patterns in health and disease. We have developed an ABM of retinal angiogenesis that incorporates both ECs and PCs to investigate the formation of vascular network patterns as a function of pericyte coverage. We use our model to test the hypothesis that PC modulate Notch1-DLL4 signaling in endothelial cell-endothelial cell interactions. RESULTS Agent-based model (ABM) simulations that include PCs more accurately predict experimentally observed vascular network morphologies than simulations that lack PCs, suggesting that PCs may influence sprouting behaviors through physical blockade of endothelial intercellular connections. CONCLUSIONS This study supports a role for PCs as a physical buffer to signal propagation during vascular network formation-a barrier that may be important for generating healthy microvascular network patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Walpole
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesvile, VA, USA
| | - Feilim Mac Gabhann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesvile, VA, USA
| | - John C Chappell
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Roanoke, VA, USA
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137
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Vorwald CE, Murphy KC, Leach JK. Restoring vasculogenic potential of endothelial cells from diabetic patients through spheroid formation. Cell Mol Bioeng 2018; 11:267-278. [PMID: 30416603 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-018-0531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes is an emerging epidemic in the developing world and represents a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Among other issues, patients with diabetes suffer from diminished endothelial cell (EC) function, which contributes to impaired vasculogenesis and recovery from ischemic insult. The formation of cells into three-dimensional spheroids promotes cell survival and activates key signaling pathways through the upregulation of cell-cell contacts, providing an opportunity to overcome shortcomings associated with individual autologous cells. Methods We hypothesized that forming human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) from diabetic patients into spheroids would restore their vasculogenic potential following upregulation of these cell-cell interactions. HMVEC spheroids were formed and suspended in fibrin gels to quantify vasculogenic potential. Results Individual HMVECs from diabetic patients exhibited similar proliferative and chemotactic potential to cells from healthy donors but reduced tubulogenesis. HMVEC spheroids formed from diabetic donors formed more sprouts than spheroids from healthy donors, and more sprouts than individual cells from either population. Conclusions Compared to cells from healthy donors, sprout formation was more efficiently abrogated in HMVECs from diabetic patients by blocking matrix metalloproteinase activity. This study demonstrates a promising approach for restoring the diminished vasculogenic potential of endothelial cells in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Vorwald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kaitlin C Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
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138
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Kasture VV, Sundrani DP, Joshi SR. Maternal one carbon metabolism through increased oxidative stress and disturbed angiogenesis can influence placental apoptosis in preeclampsia. Life Sci 2018; 206:61-69. [PMID: 29772225 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Adequate maternal nutrition is critical for a healthy pregnancy outcome and poor maternal nutrition is known to be associated with pregnancy complications like preeclampsia. We have earlier demonstrated that there is an imbalance in the levels of micronutrients (folate and vitamin B12) along with low levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) and high homocysteine levels in women with preeclampsia. Homocysteine is known to be involved in the formation of free radicals leading to increased oxidative stress. Higher oxidative stress has been shown to be associated with increased apoptotic markers in the placenta. Preeclampsia is of placental origin and is associated with increased oxidative stress, disturbed angiogenesis and placental apoptosis. The process of angiogenesis is important for placental and fetal development and various angiogenic growth factors inhibit apoptosis by inactivation of proapoptotic proteins through a series of cellular signalling pathways. We propose that an altered one carbon cycle resulting in increased oxidative stress and impaired angiogenesis will contribute to increased placental apoptosis leading to preeclampsia. Understanding the association of one carbon cycle components and the possible mechanisms through which they regulate apoptosis will provide clues for reducing risk of pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali V Kasture
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Deepali P Sundrani
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Sadhana R Joshi
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.
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139
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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140
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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141
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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142
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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143
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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144
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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145
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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146
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Casal JI, Bartolomé RA. RGD cadherins and α2β1 integrin in cancer metastasis: A dangerous liaison. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:321-332. [PMID: 29673969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We propose a new cadherin family classification comprising epithelial cadherins (cadherin 17 [CDH17], cadherin 16, VE-cadherin, cadherin 6 and cadherin 20) containing RGD motifs within their sequences. Expression of some RGD cadherins is associated with aggressive forms of cancer during the late stages of metastasis, and CDH17 and VE-cadherin have emerged as critical actors in cancer metastasis. After binding to α2β1 integrin, these cadherins promote integrin β1 activation, and thereby cell adhesion, invasion and proliferation, in liver and lung metastasis. Activation of α2β1 integrin provokes an affinity increase for type IV collagen, a major component of the basement membrane and a critical partner for cell anchoring in liver and other metastatic organs. Activation of α2β1 integrin by RGD motifs breaks an old paradigm of integrin classification and supports an important role of this integrin in cancer metastasis. Recently, synthetic peptides containing the RGD motif of CDH17 elicited highly specific and selective antibodies that block the ability of CDH17 RGD to activate α2β1 integrin. These monoclonal antibodies inhibit metastatic colonization in orthotopic mouse models of liver and lung metastasis for colorectal cancer and melanoma, respectively. Hopefully, blocking the cadherin RGD ligand capacity will give us control over the integrin activity in solid tumors metastasis, paving the way for development of new agents of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ignacio Casal
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28039 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rubén A Bartolomé
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28039 Madrid, Spain
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147
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Ni R, Luo L. A noncanonical function of histidyl-tRNA synthetase: inhibition of vascular hyperbranching during zebrafish development. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:722-731. [PMID: 29744287 PMCID: PMC5929932 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Histidyl‐tRNA synthetase (Hars) catalyzes the ligation of histidine residues to cognate tRNA. Here, we demonstrate a noncanonical function of Hars in vascular development in zebrafish. We obtained a novel zebrafish cq34 mutant which exhibited hyperbranching of cranial and intersegmental blood vessels 48 h after fertilization. The gene responsible for this phenotype was identified as hars. We found the increased expression of cdh5 and vegfa in the harscq34 mutant. Knockdown of cdh5 in the mutant reduced disordered connections of the hindbrain capillaries. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling suppressed the abnormal vascular branching observed in the mutant. Moreover, the human HARSmRNA rescued the vascular defects in the cq34 mutant. Thus, the noncanonical function of Hars regulates vascular development, mainly by modulating expression of cdh5 and vegfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ni
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Ministry of Education Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology School of Life Sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Ministry of Education Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology School of Life Sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
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148
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Keren-Aviram G, Dachet F, Bagla S, Balan K, Loeb JA, Dratz EA. Proteomic analysis of human epileptic neocortex predicts vascular and glial changes in epileptic regions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195639. [PMID: 29634780 PMCID: PMC5892923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder, which is not well understood at the molecular level. Exactly why some brain regions produce epileptic discharges and others do not is not known. Patients who fail to respond to antiseizure medication (refractory epilepsy) can benefit from surgical removal of brain regions to reduce seizure frequency. The tissue removed in these surgeries offers an invaluable resource to uncover the molecular and cellular basis of human epilepsy. Here, we report a proteomic study to determine whether there are common proteomic patterns in human brain regions that produce epileptic discharges. We analyzed human brain samples, as part of the Systems Biology of Epilepsy Project (SBEP). These brain pieces are in vivo electrophysiologically characterized human brain samples withdrawn from the neocortex of six patients with refractory epilepsy. This study is unique in that for each of these six patients the comparison of protein expression was made within the same patient: a more epileptic region was compared to a less epileptic brain region. The amount of epileptic activity was defined for each patient as the frequency of their interictal spikes (electric activity between seizures that is a parameter strongly linked to epilepsy). Proteins were resolved from three subcellular fractions, using a 2D differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), revealing 31 identified protein spots that changed significantly. Interestingly, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was found to be consistently down regulated in high spiking brain tissue and showed a strong negative correlation with spike frequency. We also developed a two-step analysis method to select for protein species that changed frequently among the patients and identified these proteins. A total of 397 protein spots of interest (SOI) were clustered by protein expression patterns across all samples. These clusters were used as markers and this analysis predicted proteomic changes due to both histological differences and molecular pathways, revealed by examination of gene ontology clusters. Our experimental design and proteomic data analysis predicts novel glial changes, increased angiogenesis, and changes in cytoskeleton and neuronal projections between high and low interictal spiking regions. Quantitative histological staining of these same tissues for both the vascular and glial changes confirmed these findings, which provide new insights into the structural and functional basis of neocortical epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Keren-Aviram
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Fabien Dachet
- The Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shruti Bagla
- The Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Karina Balan
- The Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Loeb
- The Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Edward A. Dratz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
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149
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Bartolomé RA, Torres S, Isern de Val S, Escudero-Paniagua B, Calviño E, Teixidó J, Casal JI. VE-cadherin RGD motifs promote metastasis and constitute a potential therapeutic target in melanoma and breast cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 8:215-227. [PMID: 27966446 PMCID: PMC5352113 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the role of vascular-endothelial (VE)-cadherin in melanoma and breast cancer metastasis. We found that VE-cadherin is expressed in highly aggressive melanoma and breast cancer cell lines. Remarkably, inactivation of VE-cadherin triggered a significant loss of malignant traits (proliferation, adhesion, invasion and transendothelial migration) in melanoma and breast cancer cells. These effects, except transendothelial migration, were induced by the VE-cadherin RGD motifs. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated an interaction between VE-cadherin and α2β1 integrin, with the RGD motifs found to directly affect β1 integrin activation. VE-cadherin-mediated integrin signaling occurred through specific activation of SRC, ERK and JNK, including AKT in melanoma. Knocking down VE-cadherin suppressed lung colonization capacity of melanoma or breast cancer cells inoculated in mice, while pre-incubation with VE-cadherin RGD peptides promoted lung metastasis for both cancer types. Finally, an in silico study revealed the association of high VE-cadherin expression with poor survival in a subset of melanoma patients and breast cancer patients showing low CD34 expression. These findings support a general role for VE-cadherin and other RGD cadherins as critical regulators of lung and liver metastasis in multiple solid tumours. These results pave the way for cadherin-specific RGD targeted therapies to control disseminated metastasis in multiple cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén A Bartolomé
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Torres
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Isern de Val
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Escudero-Paniagua
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Calviño
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Teixidó
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Ignacio Casal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
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150
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Schiattarella GG, Cattaneo F, Carrizzo A, Paolillo R, Boccella N, Ambrosio M, Damato A, Pironti G, Franzone A, Russo G, Magliulo F, Pirozzi M, Storto M, Madonna M, Gargiulo G, Trimarco V, Rinaldi L, De Lucia M, Garbi C, Feliciello A, Esposito G, Vecchione C, Perrino C. Akap1
Regulates Vascular Function and Endothelial Cells Behavior. Hypertension 2018; 71:507-517. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Giacomo Schiattarella
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Fabio Cattaneo
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Albino Carrizzo
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Roberta Paolillo
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Nicola Boccella
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Mariateresa Ambrosio
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Antonio Damato
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Gianluigi Pironti
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Anna Franzone
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Giusi Russo
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Fabio Magliulo
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Marinella Pirozzi
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Marianna Storto
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Michele Madonna
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Giuseppe Gargiulo
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Valentina Trimarco
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Massimiliano De Lucia
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Corrado Garbi
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Antonio Feliciello
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
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