101
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Moon KL, Chown SL, Fraser CI. Reconsidering connectivity in the sub-Antarctic. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:2164-2181. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Moon
- School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Clayton 3800 Australia
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Australian National University; Acton 2601 Australia
| | - Steven L. Chown
- School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Clayton 3800 Australia
| | - Ceridwen I. Fraser
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Australian National University; Acton 2601 Australia
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102
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Microbial communities of aquatic environments on Heard Island characterized by pyrotag sequencing and environmental data. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44480. [PMID: 28290555 PMCID: PMC5349573 DOI: 10.1038/srep44480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heard Island in the Southern Ocean is a biological hotspot that is suffering the effects of climate change. Significant glacier retreat has generated proglacial lagoons, some of which are open to the ocean. We used pyrotag sequencing of SSU rRNA genes and environmental data to characterize microorganisms from two pools adjacent to animal breeding areas, two glacial lagoons and Atlas Cove (marine site). The more abundant taxa included Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, ciliates and picoflagellates (e.g. Micromonas), and relatively few Archaea. Seal Pool, which is rich in organic matter, was characterized by a heterotrophic degradative community, while the less eutrophic Atlas Pool had more eucaryotic primary producers. Brown Lagoon, with the lowest nutrient levels, had Eucarya and Bacteria predicted to be oligotrophs, possess small cell sizes, and have the ability to metabolize organic matter. The marine influence on Winston Lagoon was evident by its salinity and the abundance of marine-like Gammaproteobacteria, while also lacking typical marine eucaryotes indicating the system was still functioning as a distinct niche. This is the first microbiology study of Heard Island and revealed that communities are distinct at each location and heavily influenced by local environmental factors.
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103
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Coetzee BW, Convey P, Chown SL. Expanding the Protected Area Network in Antarctica is Urgent and Readily Achievable. Conserv Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard W.T. Coetzee
- School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; VIC 3800 Australia
- Organisation for Tropical Studies; Scientific Services; Kruger National Park Mpumalanga 1350 South Africa
- Global Change and Sustainability Research Institute; University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag X3 WITS 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey; NERC; High Cross, Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ET UK
- National Antarctic Research Center, Institute of Graduate Studies; University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Steven L. Chown
- School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; VIC 3800 Australia
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104
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Gadea A, Le Pogam P, Biver G, Boustie J, Le Lamer AC, Le Dévéhat F, Charrier M. Which Specialized Metabolites Does the Native Subantarctic Gastropod Notodiscus hookeri Extract from the Consumption of the Lichens Usnea taylorii and Pseudocyphellaria crocata? Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030425. [PMID: 28282888 PMCID: PMC6155395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Notodiscus hookeri is the only representative of terrestrial gastropods on Possession Island and exclusively feeds on lichens. The known toxicity of various lichen metabolites to plant-eating invertebrates led us to propose that N. hookeri evolved means to protect itself from their adverse effects. To validate this assumption, the current study focused on the consumption of two lichen species: Usnea taylorii and Pseudocyphellaria crocata. A controlled feeding experiment was designed to understand how the snail copes with the unpalatable and/or toxic compounds produced by these lichen species. The occurrence of two snail ecophenotypes, represented by a mineral shell and an organic shell, led to address the question of a metabolic response specific to the phenotype. Snails were fed for two months with one of these lichens and the chemical profiles of biological samples of N. hookeri (i.e., crop, digestive gland, intestine, and feces) were established by HPLC-DAD-MS and compared to that of the lichens. N. hookeri appears as a generalist lichen feeder able to consume toxic metabolite-containing lichens, independently of the ecophenotype. The digestive gland did not sequester lichen metabolites. The snail metabolism might be based on four non-exclusive processes according to the concerned metabolites (avoidance, passive transport, hydrolysis, and excretion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gadea
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 (ECOBIO), 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Pierre Le Pogam
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France.
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6164 (IETR), 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Grichka Biver
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 (ECOBIO), 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Joël Boustie
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Anne-Cécile Le Lamer
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France.
- Université Midi-Pyrénées, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX, France.
| | - Françoise Le Dévéhat
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Maryvonne Charrier
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 (ECOBIO), 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
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105
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Sindel BM, Kristiansen PE, Wilson SC, Shaw JD, Williams LK. Managing invasive plants on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island. RANGELAND JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/rj17073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Antarctic region is one of the most inhospitable frontiers on earth for weed invasion. On Australia’s world heritage sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island only three species of invasive weeds are well established (Poa annua L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill. and Cerastium fontanum Baumg.), although isolated occurrences of other species have been found and removed. These weed species are believed to have initially been introduced through human activity, a threat which is likely to increase, although strict biosecurity is in place. All three weeds are palatable and may have been suppressed to some extent by pest herbivore (rabbit) grazing. Given the high conservation value of Macquarie Island and threats to ecosystem structure and function from weed proliferation following rabbit eradication, well targeted invasive plant control management strategies are vital. We propose that a successful restoration program for Australia’s most southerly rangeland ecosystem should integrate both control of non-native plants as well as non-native herbivores. Of the non-native plants, S. media may most easily be managed, if not eradicated, because of its more limited distribution. Little, however, is known about the soil seed bank or population dynamics after rabbit eradication, nor the effect of herbicides and non-chemical control methods in cold conditions. A current research project on this non-grass species is helping to fill these knowledge gaps, complementing and building on data collected in an earlier project on the ecology and control of the more widespread invasive grass, P. annua. With an interest in off-target herbicide impacts, our work also includes a study of the movement and fate of herbicides in the cold climate Macquarie Island soils. Research in such a remote, cold, wet and windy place presents a range of logistical challenges. Nevertheless, outcomes are informing the development of effective, low-impact control or eradication options for sub-Antarctic weeds.
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106
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Torres-Díaz C, Gallardo-Cerda J, Lavin P, Oses R, Carrasco-Urra F, Atala C, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Convey P, Molina-Montenegro MA. Biological Interactions and Simulated Climate Change Modulates the Ecophysiological Performance of Colobanthus quitensis in the Antarctic Ecosystem. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164844. [PMID: 27776181 PMCID: PMC5077106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most climate and environmental change models predict significant increases in temperature and precipitation by the end of the 21st Century, for which the current functional output of certain symbioses may also be altered. In this context we address the following questions: 1) How the expected changes in abiotic factors (temperature, and water) differentially affect the ecophysiological performance of the plant Colobanthus quitensis? and 2) Will this environmental change indirectly affect C. quitensis photochemical performance and biomass accumulation by modifying its association with fungal endophytes? Plants of C. quitensis from King George Island in the South Shetland archipelago (62°09' S), and Lagotellerie Island in the Antarctic Peninsula (65°53' S) were put under simulated abiotic conditions in growth chambers following predictive models of global climate change (GCC). The indirect effect of GCC on the interaction between C. quitensis and fungal endophytes was assessed in a field experiment carried out in the Antarctica, in which we eliminated endophytes under contemporary conditions and applied experimental watering to simulate increased precipitation input. We measured four proxies of plant performance. First, we found that warming (+W) significantly increased plant performance, however its effect tended to be less than watering (+W) and combined warming and watering (+T°+W). Second, the presence of fungal endophytes improved plant performance, and its effect was significantly decreased under experimental watering. Our results indicate that both biotic and abiotic factors affect ecophysiological performance, and the directions of these influences will change with climate change. Our findings provide valuable information that will help to predict future population spread and evolution through using ecological niche models under different climatic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Torres-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Biodiversidad (LGB), Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Jorge Gallardo-Cerda
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Biodiversidad (LGB), Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Paris Lavin
- Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Rómulo Oses
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Fernando Carrasco-Urra
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales & Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Atala
- Laboratorio de Anatomía y Ecología Funcional de Plantas (AEF), Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ian S. Acuña-Rodríguez
- Centro de Ecología Molecular y Aplicaciones Evolutivas en Agroecosistemas (CEM), Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marco A. Molina-Montenegro
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Ecología Molecular y Aplicaciones Evolutivas en Agroecosistemas (CEM), Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Research Program "Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change" PIEI A2C2, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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107
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Spectral Discrimination of Vegetation Classes in Ice-Free Areas of Antarctica. REMOTE SENSING 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/rs8100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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108
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Tyml T, Skulinová K, Kavan J, Ditrich O, Kostka M, Dyková I. Heterolobosean amoebae from Arctic and Antarctic extremes: 18 novel strains of Allovahlkampfia, Vahlkampfia and Naegleria. Eur J Protistol 2016; 56:119-133. [PMID: 27643668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of heterolobosean amoebae, important members of soil, marine and freshwater microeukaryote communities in the temperate zones, is greatly under-explored in high latitudes. To address this imbalance, we studied the diversity of this group of free-living amoebae in the Arctic and the Antarctic using culture dependent methods. Eighteen strain representatives of three heterolobosean genera, Allovahlkampfia Walochnik et Mulec, 2009 (1 strain), Vahlkampfia Chatton et Lalung-Bonnaier, 1912 (2) and Naegleria Alexeieff, 1912 (15) were isolated from 179 samples of wet soil and fresh water with sediments collected in 6 localities. The Allovahkampfia strain is the first representative of the genus from the Antarctic; 14 strains (7 from the Arctic, 7 from the Antarctic) of the highly represented genus Naegleria complete the 'polar' cluster of five Naegleria species previously known from the Arctic and Sub-Antarctic regions, whereas one strain enriches the 'dobsoni' cluster of Naegleria strains of diverse origin. Present isolations of Naegleria polarisDe Jonckheere, 2006 from Svalbard, in the Arctic and Vega Island, in the Antarctic and N. neopolarisDe Jonckheere, 2006 from Svalbard and Greenland in the Arctic, and James Ross Island, the Antarctic demonstrate their bipolar distribution, which in free-living amoebae has so far only been known for Vermistella Morand et Anderson, 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Tyml
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre ASCR, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Skulinová
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kavan
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Ditrich
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kostka
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Dyková
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
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109
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First step to eradication of Poa annua L. from Point Thomas Oasis (King George Island, South Shetlands, Antarctica). Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-2006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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110
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Power ML, Samuel A, Smith JJ, Stark JS, Gillings MR, Gordon DM. Escherichia coli out in the cold: Dissemination of human-derived bacteria into the Antarctic microbiome. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 215:58-65. [PMID: 27179324 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Discharge of untreated sewage into Antarctic environments presents a risk of introducing non-native microorganisms, but until now, adverse consequences have not been conclusively identified. Here we show that sewage disposal introduces human derived Escherichia coli carrying mobile genetic elements and virulence traits with the potential to affect the diversity and evolution of native Antarctic microbial communities. We compared E. coli recovered from environmental and animal sources in Antarctica to a reference collection of E. coli from humans and non-Antarctic animals. The distribution of phylogenetic groups and frequency of 11 virulence factors amongst the Antarctic isolates were characteristic of E. coli strains more commonly associated with humans. The rapidly emerging E. coli ST131 and ST95 clones were found amongst the Antarctic isolates, and ST95 was the predominant E. coli recovered from Weddell seals. Class 1 integrons were found in 15% of the Antarctic E. coli with 4 of 5 identified gene cassette arrays containing antibiotic resistance genes matching those common in clinical contexts. Disposing untreated sewage into the Antarctic environment does disseminate non-native microorganisms, but the extent of this impact and implications for Antarctic ecosystem health are, as yet, poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Power
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Angelingifta Samuel
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 116 Daley Road, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - James J Smith
- Queensland University of Technology, Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia; JJSC Consulting Ltd., 16 Mullacor St., Ferny Grove, QLD 4055, Australia.
| | - Jonathon S Stark
- Antarctic Conservation and Management, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia.
| | - Michael R Gillings
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - David M Gordon
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 116 Daley Road, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
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111
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Riccialdelli L, Newsome SD, Fogel ML, Fernández DA. Trophic interactions and food web structure of a subantarctic marine food web in the Beagle Channel: Bahía Lapataia, Argentina. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-2007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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112
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Tejedo P, Benayas J, Cajiao D, Albertos B, Lara F, Pertierra LR, Andrés-Abellán M, Wic C, Luciáñez MJ, Enríquez N, Justel A, Reck GK. Assessing environmental conditions of Antarctic footpaths to support management decisions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 177:320-330. [PMID: 27111650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of tourists visit certain Antarctic sites each year, generating a wide variety of environmental impacts. Scientific knowledge of human activities and their impacts can help in the effective design of management measures and impact mitigation. We present a case study from Barrientos Island in which a management measure was originally put in place with the goal of minimizing environmental impacts but resulted in new undesired impacts. Two alternative footpaths used by tourist groups were compared. Both affected extensive moss carpets that cover the middle part of the island and that are very vulnerable to trampling. The first path has been used by tourists and scientists since over a decade and is a marked route that is clearly visible. The second one was created more recently. Several physical and biological indicators were measured in order to assess the environmental conditions for both paths. Some physical variables related to human impact were lower for the first path (e.g. soil penetration resistance and secondary treads), while other biochemical and microbiological variables were higher for the second path (e.g. β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities, soil respiration). Moss communities located along the new path were also more diverse and sensitive to trampling. Soil biota (Collembola) was also more abundant and richer. These data indicate that the decision to adopt the second path did not lead to the reduction of environmental impacts as this path runs over a more vulnerable area with more outstanding biological features (e.g. microbiota activity, flora and soil fauna diversity). In addition, the adoption of a new route effectively doubles the human footprint on the island. We propose using only the original path that is less vulnerable to the impacts of trampling. Finally from this process, we identify several key issues that may be taken into account when carrying out impact assessment and environmental management decision-making in the Antarctic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Tejedo
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Benayas
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniela Cajiao
- Instituto de Ecología Aplicada ECOLAP-USFQ, Universidad de San Francisco de Quito, P.O. Box 1712841, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Belén Albertos
- Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, ES-46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Francisco Lara
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis R Pertierra
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuela Andrés-Abellán
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. España s/n, ES-02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Consuelo Wic
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. España s/n, ES-02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Maria José Luciáñez
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Natalia Enríquez
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Justel
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 5, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Günther K Reck
- Instituto de Ecología Aplicada ECOLAP-USFQ, Universidad de San Francisco de Quito, P.O. Box 1712841, Quito, Ecuador.
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113
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Pansu J, Winkworth RC, Hennion F, Gielly L, Taberlet P, Choler P. Long-lasting modification of soil fungal diversity associated with the introduction of rabbits to a remote sub-Antarctic archipelago. Biol Lett 2016; 11:20150408. [PMID: 26333663 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the late nineteenth century, Europeans introduced rabbits to many of the sub-Antarctic islands, environments that prior to this had been devoid of mammalian herbivores. The impacts of rabbits on indigenous ecosystems are well studied; notably, they cause dramatic changes in plant communities and promote soil erosion. However, the responses of fungal communities to such biotic disturbances remain unexplored. We used metabarcoding of soil extracellular DNA to assess the diversity of plant and fungal communities at sites on the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands with contrasting histories of disturbance by rabbits. Our results suggest that on these islands, the simplification of plant communities and increased erosion resulting from the introduction of rabbits have driven compositional changes, including diversity reductions, in indigenous soil fungal communities. Moreover, there is no indication of recovery at sites from which rabbits were removed 20 years ago. These results imply that introduced herbivores have long-lasting and multifaceted effects on fungal biodiversity as well as highlight the low resiliency of sub-Antarctic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Pansu
- LECA, Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France LECA, CNRS, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Richard C Winkworth
- Department of Natural Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Ludovic Gielly
- LECA, Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France LECA, CNRS, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Pierre Taberlet
- LECA, Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France LECA, CNRS, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Philippe Choler
- LECA, Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France LECA, CNRS, Grenoble 38000, France
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114
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Hulme PE. Climate change and biological invasions: evidence, expectations, and response options. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1297-1313. [PMID: 27241717 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A changing climate may directly or indirectly influence biological invasions by altering the likelihood of introduction or establishment, as well as modifying the geographic range, environmental impacts, economic costs or management of alien species. A comprehensive assessment of empirical and theoretical evidence identified how each of these processes is likely to be shaped by climate change for alien plants, animals and pathogens in terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments of Great Britain. The strongest contemporary evidence for the potential role of climate change in the establishment of new alien species is for terrestrial arthropods, as a result of their ectothermic physiology, often high dispersal rate and their strong association with trade as well as commensal relationships with human environments. By contrast, there is little empirical support for higher temperatures increasing the rate of alien plant establishment due to the stronger effects of residence time and propagule pressure. The magnitude of any direct climate effect on the number of new alien species will be small relative to human-assisted introductions driven by socioeconomic factors. Casual alien species (sleepers) whose population persistence is limited by climate are expected to exhibit greater rates of establishment under climate change assuming that propagule pressure remains at least at current levels. Surveillance and management targeting sleeper pests and diseases may be the most cost-effective option to reduce future impacts under climate change. Most established alien species will increase their distribution range in Great Britain over the next century. However, such range increases are very likely be the result of natural expansion of populations that have yet to reach equilibrium with their environment, rather than a direct consequence of climate change. To assess the potential realised range of alien species will require a spatially explicit approach that not only integrates bioclimatic suitability and population-level demographic rates but also simulation of landscape-level processes (e.g. dispersal, land-use change, host/habitat distribution, non-climatic edaphic constraints). In terms of invasive alien species that have known economic or biodiversity impacts, the taxa that are likely to be the most responsive are plant pathogens and insect pests of agricultural crops. However, the extent to which climate adaptation strategies lead to new crops, altered rotations, and different farming practices (e.g. irrigation, fertilization) will all shape the potential agricultural impacts of alien species. The greatest uncertainty in the effects of climate change on biological invasions exists with identifying the future character of new species introductions and predicting ecosystem impacts. Two complementary strategies may work under these conditions of high uncertainty: (i) prioritise ecosystems in terms of their perceived vulnerability to climate change and prevent ingress or expansion of alien species therein that may exacerbate problems; (ii) target those ecosystem already threatened by alien species and implement management to prevent the situation deteriorating under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Hulme
- The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Christchurch, New Zealand
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115
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Quantifying the seed bank of an invasive grass in the sub-Antarctic: seed density, depth, persistence and viability. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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116
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Laparie M, Vernon P, Cozic Y, Frenot Y, Renault D, Debat V. Wing morphology of the active flyerCalliphora vicina(Diptera: Calliphoridae) during its invasion of a sub-Antarctic archipelago where insect flightlessness is the rule. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Laparie
- UR0633 Unité de Recherche de Zoologie Forestière (URZF); INRA; 2163 Avenue de la pomme de pin CS 40001 Ardon 45075 Orléans Cedex 2 France
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
| | - Philippe Vernon
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
| | - Yann Cozic
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
| | - Yves Frenot
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
- Institut Polaire Français Paul-Émile Victor; Technopôle Brest-Iroise 29280 Plouzané France
| | - David Renault
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio; Université de Rennes 1; 263 Avenue du Gal Leclerc CS 74205 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Vincent Debat
- UMR CNRS 7205 OSEB; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 45 rue Buffon - Entomologie 75005 Paris France
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117
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Range expansion and increasing impact of the introduced wasp Aphidius matricariae Haliday on sub-Antarctic Marion Island. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-0967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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118
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Fuentes-Lillo E, Troncoso-Castro JM, Cuba-Díaz M, Rondanelli-Reyes MJ. Pollen record of disturbed topsoil as an indirect measurement of the potential risk of the introduction of non-native plants in maritime Antarctica. REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40693-016-0055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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119
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Assessing the invasive risk of two non-native Agrostis species on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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120
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Pushkareva E, Johansen JR, Elster J. A review of the ecology, ecophysiology and biodiversity of microalgae in Arctic soil crusts. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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121
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Global compositional variation among native and non-native regional insect assemblages emphasizes the importance of pathways. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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122
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Newsham KK, Hopkins DW, Carvalhais LC, Fretwell PT, Rushton SP, O’Donnell AG, Dennis PG. Relationship between soil fungal diversity and temperature in the maritime Antarctic. NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE 2016; 6:182-186. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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123
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Villaescusa JA, Jørgensen SE, Rochera C, Velázquez D, Quesada A, Camacho A. Carbon dynamics modelization and biological community sensitivity to temperature in an oligotrophic freshwater Antarctic lake. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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124
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Abstract
The Antarctic region comprises the continent, the Maritime Antarctic, the sub-Antarctic islands, and the southern cold temperate islands. Continental Antarctica is devoid of insects, but elsewhere diversity varies from 2 to more than 200 species, of which flies and beetles constitute the majority. Much is known about the drivers of this diversity at local and regional scales; current climate and glacial history play important roles. Investigations of responses to low temperatures, dry conditions, and varying salinity have spanned the ecological to the genomic, revealing new insights into how insects respond to stressful conditions. Biological invasions are common across much of the region and are expected to increase as climates become warmer. The drivers of invasion are reasonably well understood, although less is known about the impacts of invasion. Antarctic entomology has advanced considerably over the past 50 years, but key areas, such as interspecific interactions, remain underexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom;
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125
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Introduction to the special issue on the Life in Antarctica: Boundaries and Gradients in a Changing Environment (XIth SCAR Biology Symposium). Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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126
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Molina-Montenegro MA, Galleguillos C, Oses R, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Lavín P, Gallardo-Cerda J, Torres-Díaz C, Diez B, Pizarro GE, Atala C. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity and competitive ability deployed under a climate change scenario may promote the invasion of Poa annua in Antarctica. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-1033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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127
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Papetti C, Windisch HS, La Mesa M, Lucassen M, Marshall C, Lamare MD. Non-Antarctic notothenioids: Past phylogenetic history and contemporary phylogeographic implications in the face of environmental changes. Mar Genomics 2015; 25:1-9. [PMID: 26610933 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The non-Antarctic Notothenioidei families, Bovichtidae, Pseudaphritidae and Eleginopsidae, diverged early from the main notothenioid lineage. They are important in clarifying the early evolutionary processes that triggered notothenioid evolution in the Antarctic. The early-diverged group represents 8% of all notothenioid species and never established themselves on the Antarctic shelf. Most attention has been paid to the Antarctic notothenioids and their limited physiological tolerance to climate change and increased temperatures. In this review, we discuss key life history traits that are characteristic of the non-Antarctic early-diverged notothenioid taxa as well as the genetic resources and population differentiation information available for this group. We emphasise the population fitness and dynamics of these species and indicate how resource management and conservation of the group can be strengthened through an integrative approach. Both Antarctic waters and the non-Antarctic regions face rapid temperature rises combined with strong anthropogenic exploitation. While it is expected that early-diverged notothenioid species may have physiological advantages over high Antarctic species, it is difficult to predict how climate changes might alter the geographic range, behaviour, phenology and ultimately genetic variability of these species. It is possible, however, that their high degree of endemism and dependence on local environmental specificities to complete their life cycles might enhance their vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Papetti
- Section of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany.
| | - Heidrun S Windisch
- Institute for Cell Biology and Zoology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Mario La Mesa
- ISMAR-CNR, Istituto di Scienze Marine, Sede di Ancona, Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Magnus Lucassen
- Section of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany.
| | - Craig Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Miles D Lamare
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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128
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Su S, Cassey P, Blackburn TM. The wildlife pet trade as a driver of introduction and establishment in alien birds in Taiwan. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-1003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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129
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Impact of diurnal freeze–thaw cycles on the soil nematode Scottnema lindsayae in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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130
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131
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Response of Poa annua to extreme conditions: comparison of morphological traits between populations from cold and temperate climate conditions. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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132
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Su S, Cassey P, Vall-llosera M, Blackburn TM. Going cheap: determinants of bird price in the Taiwanese pet market. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127482. [PMID: 26017386 PMCID: PMC4445911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND International wildlife trade is the largest emerging source of vertebrate invasive alien species. In order to prevent invasions, it is essential to understand the mechanics of trade and, in particular, which traded species are most likely to be released or escape into the wild. A species' economic value is a key factor, because we expect cheaper species to be less assiduously secured against escaping, and more likely to be deliberately released. Here, we investigate determinants of the price of species in the Taiwanese bird trade. Taiwan is an international hub for bird trade, and several native species are threatened by alien bird species. METHODOLOGY We investigated the relationship between the traded species sale price in Taiwan and the species availability for trade (the number of birds for sale, geographic range size and their origin, conservation and CITES status) and traits (body size, coloration, song attractiveness). We used phylogenetic generalized least squares models, with multi-model inference, to assess the variables that are best related to the price of birds in the Taiwanese pet trade. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS/CONCLUSIONS We found that species available for sale in larger numbers, native to Taiwan, not globally endangered, and small-bodied are all relatively cheaper, as too are species lacking yellow coloration and without attractive songs. Our models of price revealed high levels of phylogenetic correlation, and hence that closely related species tended to be sold for similar prices. We suggest that, on the basis of price, native species are more likely to be deliberately or accidentally released than alien species. Nevertheless, our survey of bird shops recorded 160 species alien to Taiwan (7,631 individuals), several of which are for sale cheaply and in large numbers. Alien bird species in trade therefore present an ongoing, non-trivial invasion risk on the island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Su
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Phillip Cassey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Tim M. Blackburn
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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133
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Zefferman E, Stevens JT, Charles GK, Dunbar-Irwin M, Emam T, Fick S, Morales LV, Wolf KM, Young DJN, Young TP. Plant communities in harsh sites are less invaded: a summary of observations and proposed explanations. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv056. [PMID: 26002746 PMCID: PMC4497477 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant communities in abiotically stressful, or 'harsh', habitats have been reported to be less invaded by non-native species than those in more moderate habitats. Here, we synthesize descriptive and experimental evidence for low levels of invasion in habitats characterized by a variety of environmental stressors: low nitrogen; low phosphorus; saline, sodic or alkaline soils; serpentine soils; low soil moisture; shallow/rocky soils; temporary inundation; high shade; high elevation; and high latitude. We then discuss major categories of hypotheses to explain this pattern: the propagule limitation mechanism suggests invasion of harsh sites is limited by relatively low arrival rates of propagules compared with more moderate habitats, while invasion resistance mechanisms suggest that harsh habitats are inherently less invasible due to stressful abiotic conditions and/or increased effects of biotic resistance from resident organisms. Both propagule limitation and invasion resistance may simultaneously contribute to low invadedness of harsh sites, but the management implications of these mechanisms differ. If propagule limitation is more important, managers should focus on reducing the likelihood of propagule introductions. If invasion resistance mechanisms are in play, managers should focus on restoring or maintaining harsh conditions at a site to reduce invasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Zefferman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Present address: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37917, USA
| | - Jens T Stevens
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA John Muir Institute for the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Grace K Charles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mila Dunbar-Irwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Taraneh Emam
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen Fick
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Laura V Morales
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kristina M Wolf
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Derek J N Young
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Truman P Young
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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134
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Coetzee BWT, Chown SL. A meta-analysis of human disturbance impacts on Antarctic wildlife. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:578-96. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven L. Chown
- School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
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135
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Abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates in the Windmill Islands region, East Antarctica. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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136
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Ozheredova IP, Parnikoza IY, Poronnik OO, Kozeretska IA, Demidov SV, Kunakh VA. Mechanisms of antarctic vascular plant adaptation to abiotic environmental factors. CYTOL GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452715020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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137
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A recolonization record of the invasive Poa annua in Paradise Bay, Antarctic Peninsula: modeling of the potential spreading risk. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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138
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Dealing with invasive alien species in the French overseas territories: results and benefits of a 7-year Initiative. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-014-0766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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139
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Robinson SA, Erickson DJ. Not just about sunburn--the ozone hole's profound effect on climate has significant implications for Southern Hemisphere ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:515-527. [PMID: 25402975 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate scientists have concluded that stratospheric ozone depletion has been a major driver of Southern Hemisphere climate processes since about 1980. The implications of these observed and modelled changes in climate are likely to be far more pervasive for both terrestrial and marine ecosystems than the increase in ultraviolet-B radiation due to ozone depletion; however, they have been largely overlooked in the biological literature. Here, we synthesize the current understanding of how ozone depletion has impacted Southern Hemisphere climate and highlight the relatively few documented impacts on terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Reviewing the climate literature, we present examples of how ozone depletion changes atmospheric and oceanic circulation, with an emphasis on how these alterations in the physical climate system affect Southern Hemisphere weather, especially over the summer season (December-February). These potentially include increased incidence of extreme events, resulting in costly floods, drought, wildfires and serious environmental damage. The ecosystem impacts documented so far include changes to growth rates of South American and New Zealand trees, decreased growth of Antarctic mosses and changing biodiversity in Antarctic lakes. The objective of this synthesis was to stimulate the ecological community to look beyond ultraviolet-B radiation when considering the impacts of ozone depletion. Such widespread changes in Southern Hemisphere climate are likely to have had as much or more impact on natural ecosystems and food production over the past few decades, than the increased ultraviolet radiation due to ozone depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Robinson
- Institute for Conservation Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
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140
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141
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Zucconi L, Onofri S, Cecchini C, Isola D, Ripa C, Fenice M, Madonna S, Reboleiro-Rivas P, Selbmann L. Mapping the lithic colonization at the boundaries of life in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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142
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Laparie M, Renault D. Physiological responses to temperature in Merizodus soledadinus (Col., Carabidae), a subpolar carabid beetle invading sub-Antarctic islands. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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143
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144
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Selwood KE, McGeoch MA, Mac Nally R. The effects of climate change and land-use change on demographic rates and population viability. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:837-53. [PMID: 25155196 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the processes that lead to species extinctions is vital for lessening pressures on biodiversity. While species diversity, presence and abundance are most commonly used to measure the effects of human pressures, demographic responses give a more proximal indication of how pressures affect population viability and contribute to extinction risk. We reviewed how demographic rates are affected by the major anthropogenic pressures, changed landscape condition caused by human land use, and climate change. We synthesized the results of 147 empirical studies to compare the relative effect size of climate and landscape condition on birth, death, immigration and emigration rates in plant and animal populations. While changed landscape condition is recognized as the major driver of species declines and losses worldwide, we found that, on average, climate variables had equally strong effects on demographic rates in plant and animal populations. This is significant given that the pressures of climate change will continue to intensify in coming decades. The effects of climate change on some populations may be underestimated because changes in climate conditions during critical windows of species life cycles may have disproportionate effects on demographic rates. The combined pressures of land-use change and climate change may result in species declines and extinctions occurring faster than otherwise predicted, particularly if their effects are multiplicative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Selwood
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Melodie A McGeoch
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Ralph Mac Nally
- Institute for Applied Ecology, The University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, 2617, Australia
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145
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Mystikou A, Peters AF, Asensi AO, Fletcher KI, Brickle P, van West P, Convey P, Küpper FC. Seaweed biodiversity in the south-western Antarctic Peninsula: surveying macroalgal community composition in the Adelaide Island/Marguerite Bay region over a 35-year time span. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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146
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Everatt MJ, Convey P, Worland MR, Bale JS, Hayward SAL. Are the Antarctic dipteran, Eretmoptera murphyi, and Arctic collembolan, Megaphorura arctica, vulnerable to rising temperatures? BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:494-503. [PMID: 24816280 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polar terrestrial invertebrates are suggested as being vulnerable to temperature change relative to lower latitude species, and hence possibly also to climate warming. Previous studies have shown Antarctic and Arctic Collembola and Acari to possess good heat tolerance and survive temperature exposures above 30 °C. To test this feature further, the heat tolerance and physiological plasticity of heat stress were explored in the Arctic collembolan, Megaphorura arctica, from Svalbard and the Antarctic midge, Eretmoptera murphyi, from Signy Island. The data obtained demonstrate considerable heat tolerance in both species, with upper lethal temperatures ≥35 °C (1 h exposures), and tolerance of exposure to 10 and 15 °C exceeding 56 days. This tolerance is far beyond that required in their current environment. Average microhabitat temperatures in August 2011 ranged between 5.1 and 8.1 °C, and rarely rose above 10 °C, in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Summer soil microhabitat temperatures on Signy Island have previously been shown to range between 0 and 10 °C. There was also evidence to suggest that E. murphyi can recover from high-temperature exposure and that M. arctica is capable of rapid heat hardening. M. arctica and E. murphyi therefore have the physiological capacity to tolerate current environmental conditions, as well as future warming. If the features they express are characteristically more general, such polar terrestrial invertebrates will likely fare well under climate warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Everatt
- School of Biosciences,University of Birmingham,Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT,UK
| | - P Convey
- British Antarctic Survey,Natural Environment Research Council,High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET,UK
| | - M R Worland
- British Antarctic Survey,Natural Environment Research Council,High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET,UK
| | - J S Bale
- School of Biosciences,University of Birmingham,Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT,UK
| | - S A L Hayward
- School of Biosciences,University of Birmingham,Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT,UK
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Shaw JD, Terauds A, Riddle MJ, Possingham HP, Chown SL. Antarctica's protected areas are inadequate, unrepresentative, and at risk. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001888. [PMID: 24936869 PMCID: PMC4060989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global comparisons show that Antarctica's terrestrial biodiversity is poorly protected. Existing protected areas are inadequate, unrepresentative, and threatened by increasing human activity. Antarctica is widely regarded as one of the planet's last true wildernesses, insulated from threat by its remoteness and declaration as a natural reserve dedicated to peace and science. However, rapidly growing human activity is accelerating threats to biodiversity. We determined how well the existing protected-area system represents terrestrial biodiversity and assessed the risk to protected areas from biological invasions, the region's most significant conservation threat. We found that Antarctica is one of the planet's least protected regions, with only 1.5% of its ice-free area formally designated as specially protected areas. Five of the distinct ice-free ecoregions have no specially designated areas for the protection of biodiversity. Every one of the 55 designated areas that protect Antarctica's biodiversity lies closer to sites of high human activity than expected by chance, and seven lie in high-risk areas for biological invasions. By any measure, including Aichi Target 11 under the Convention on Biological Diversity, Antarctic biodiversity is poorly protected by reserves, and those reserves are threatened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine D. Shaw
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Terrestrial and Nearshore Ecosystems, Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Aleks Terauds
- Terrestrial and Nearshore Ecosystems, Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Martin J. Riddle
- Terrestrial and Nearshore Ecosystems, Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven L. Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Gianoli E, Carrasco-Urra F, Stotz GC, Salgado-Luarte C, Rios RS, Molina-Montenegro MA. Antarctic Ecology One Century after the Conquest of the South Pole: How Much Have We Advanced? Bioscience 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biu074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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149
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Everatt MJ, Convey P, Bale JS, Worland MR, Hayward SAL. Responses of invertebrates to temperature and water stress: A polar perspective. J Therm Biol 2014; 54:118-32. [PMID: 26615734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As small bodied poikilothermic ectotherms, invertebrates, more so than any other animal group, are susceptible to extremes of temperature and low water availability. In few places is this more apparent than in the Arctic and Antarctic, where low temperatures predominate and water is unusable during winter and unavailable for parts of summer. Polar terrestrial invertebrates express a suite of physiological, biochemical and genomic features in response to these stressors. However, the situation is not as simple as responding to each stressor in isolation, as they are often faced in combination. We consider how polar terrestrial invertebrates manage this scenario in light of their physiology and ecology. Climate change is also leading to warmer summers in parts of the polar regions, concomitantly increasing the potential for drought. The interaction between high temperature and low water availability, and the invertebrates' response to them, are therefore also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Everatt
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pete Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK; National Antarctic Research Center, IPS Building, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jeffrey S Bale
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - M Roger Worland
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Scott A L Hayward
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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