101
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Coetzee I, Bezuidenhout CC, Bezuidenhout JJ. Triclosan resistant bacteria in sewage effluent and cross-resistance to antibiotics. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 76:1500-1509. [PMID: 28953476 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify triclosan tolerant heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria from sewage effluent and to determine cross-resistance to antibiotics. R2 agar supplemented with triclosan was utilised to isolate triclosan resistant bacteria and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted to identify the isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of organisms were determined at selected concentrations of triclosan and cross-resistance to various antibiotics was performed. High-performance liquid chromatography was conducted to quantify levels of triclosan in sewage water. Forty-four HPC were isolated and identified as the five main genera, namely, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Brevibacillus and Paenibacillus. MIC values of these isolates ranged from 0.125 mg/L to >1 mg/L of triclosan, while combination of antimicrobials indicated synergism or antagonism. Levels of triclosan within the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) ranged between 0.026 and 1.488 ppb. Triclosan concentrations were reduced by the WWTP, but small concentrations enter receiving freshwater bodies. Results presented indicate that these levels are sufficient to maintain triclosan resistant bacteria under controlled conditions. Further studies are thus needed into the impact of this scenario on such natural receiving water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Coetzee
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management: Microbiology, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa E-mail:
| | - C C Bezuidenhout
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management: Microbiology, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa E-mail:
| | - J J Bezuidenhout
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management: Microbiology, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa E-mail:
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102
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Han B, Liu W, Li J, Wang J, Zhao D, Xu R, Lin Z. Catalytic hydrodechlorination of triclosan using a new class of anion-exchange-resin supported palladium catalysts. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 120:199-210. [PMID: 28494246 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We prepared a new class of anion-exchange-resin supported Pd catalysts for efficient hydrodechlorination of triclosan in water. The catalysts were prepared through an initial ion-exchange uptake of PdCl42- and subsequent reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0) nanoparticles at ambient temperature. Two standard strong-base anion exchange resins (IRA-900 and IRA-958) with different matrices (polystyrene and polyacrylic) were chosen as the supports. SEM and TEM images showed that Pd(0) nanoparticles were evenly attached on the resin surface with a mean size of 3-5 nm. The resin supported Pd catalysts (Pd@IRA-900 and Pd@IRA-958) were able to facilitate rapid and complete hydrodechlorination of triclosan. At a Pd loading of 2.0 wt.%, the observed pseudo first-order rate constant (kobs) was 1.25 ± 0.06 and 1.6 ± 0.1 L/g/min for Pd@IRA-900 and Pd@IRA-958, respectively. The catalysts were more resistant to Cl- poisoning and natural organic matter fouling than other supported-Pd catalysts. The presence of 10 mM NaCl suppressed the kobs value by 31% and 23% for Pd@IRA-900 and Pd@IRA-958, whereas the presence of humic acid at 30 mg/L as TOC lowered the rates by 28% and 27%, respectively. The better performance of Pd@IRA-958 was attributed to the polymeric matrix properties (i.e., hydrophobicity, pore size, and surface area) as well as Pd particle size. GC/MS analyses indicated that very low concentrations of chlorinated intermediates were detected in the early stage of the hydrodechlorination process, with 2-phenoxyphenol being the main byproduct. The catalysts can be repeatedly used in multiple operations without significant bleeding. The catalysts eliminate the need for calcination in preparing conventional supported catalysts, and the resin supports conveniently facilitate control of Pd loading and material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jingwen Li
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Dongye Zhao
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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103
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Pinckney JL, Thompson L, Hylton S. Triclosan alterations of estuarine phytoplankton community structure. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 119:162-168. [PMID: 28363428 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial additives in pharmaceutical and personal care products are a major environmental concern due to their potential ecological impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Triclosan (TCS) has been used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and preservative in various media. The sublethal and lethal effects of TCS on estuarine phytoplankton community composition were investigated using bioassays of natural phytoplankton communities to measure phytoplankton responses to different concentrations of TCS ranging from 1 to 200μgl-1. The EC50 (the concentration of an inhibitor where the growth is reduced by half) for phytoplankton groups (diatoms, chlorophytes, cryptophytes) examined in this ranged from 10.7 to 113.8μg TCS l-1. Exposures resulted in major shifts in phytoplankton community composition at concentrations as low as 1.0μg TCS l-1. This study demonstrates estuarine ecosystem sensitivity to TCS exposure and highlights potential alterations in phytoplankton community composition at what are typically environmental concentrations of TCS in urbanized estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Pinckney
- Marine Science Program and Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Laura Thompson
- Marine Science Program and Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Sarah Hylton
- Marine Science Program and Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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104
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Wang L, Xu S, Pan B, Yang Y. Emerging investigator series: dual role of organic matter in the anaerobic degradation of triclosan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:499-506. [PMID: 28290573 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00003k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), one of the most widely used antimicrobial agents, has been listed among the top 10 contaminants in US rivers. Environmental persistence, endocrine disruption effects, and the antibiotic resistance induction capacity of TCS attract interest in its environmental fate and degradation. Herein, we found that TCS can be anaerobically degraded at pH 9 by a metal-reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens CN32. The degradation was substantially facilitated by low-concentration (0-15 mg C per L) organic matter (OM) extracted from a peat soil, whereas TCS degradation was inhibited by further increased concentration (15-100 mg C per L) of OM. OM acted as both an electron shuttle and sorbent in regulating the degradation of TCS. The novel dual role of ubiquitous OM in the reaction of TCS governs the environmental degradation and persistence of TCS. Our study highlights the effects of OM on the reaction of emerging trace organic pollutants, with implications on their engineering treatment and environmental risk regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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105
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Recent Advances in the Use of Chemical Markers for Tracing Wastewater Contamination in Aquatic Environment: A Review. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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106
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Hwang J, Suh SS, Park M, Park SY, Lee S, Lee TK. Differential gene expression patterns during embryonic development of sea urchin exposed to triclosan. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:426-433. [PMID: 26880682 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS; 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent used in common industrial, personal care and household products which are eventually rinsed down the drain and discharged with wastewater effluent. It is therefore commonly found in the aquatic environment, leading to the continual exposure of aquatic organisms to TCS and the accumulation of the antimicrobial and its harmful degradation products in their bodies. Toxic effects of TCS on reproductive and developmental progression of some aquatic organisms have been suggested but the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been defined. We investigated the expression patterns of genes involved in the early development of TCS-treated sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus using cDNA microarrays. We observed that the predominant consequence of TCS treatment in this model system was the widespread repression of TCS-modulated genes. In particular, empty spiracles homeobox 1 (EMX-1), bone morphogenic protein, and chromosomal binding protein genes showed a significant decrease in expression in response to TCS. These results suggest that TCS can induce abnormal development of sea urchin embryos through the concomitant suppression of a number of genes that are necessary for embryonic differentiation in the blastula stage. Our data provide new insight into the crucial role of genes associated with embryonic development in response to TCS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 426-433, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinik Hwang
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 656-830, Republic of Korea
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Suk Suh
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirye Park
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 656-830, Republic of Korea
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yun Park
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 656-830, Republic of Korea
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-350, Republic of Korea
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107
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Lindholm-Lehto PC, Ahkola HSJ, Knuutinen JS. Procedures of determining organic trace compounds in municipal sewage sludge-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4383-4412. [PMID: 27966086 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge is the largest by-product generated during the wastewater treatment process. Since large amounts of sludge are being produced, different ways of disposal have been introduced. One tempting option is to use it as fertilizer in agricultural fields due to its high contents of inorganic nutrients. This, however, can be limited by the amount of trace contaminants in the sewage sludge, containing a variety of microbiological pollutants and pathogens but also inorganic and organic contaminants. The bioavailability and the effects of trace contaminants on the microorganisms of soil are still largely unknown as well as their mixture effects. Therefore, there is a need to analyze the sludge to test its suitability before further use. In this article, a variety of sampling, pretreatment, extraction, and analysis methods have been reviewed. Additionally, different organic trace compounds often found in the sewage sludge and their methods of analysis have been compiled. In addition to traditional Soxhlet extraction, the most common extraction methods of organic contaminants in sludge include ultrasonic extraction (USE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by instrumental analysis based on gas or liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Lindholm-Lehto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Heidi S J Ahkola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Survontie 9 A, FI-40500, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha S Knuutinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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108
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Wang Q, Kelly BC. Occurrence and distribution of synthetic musks, triclosan and methyl triclosan in a tropical urban catchment: Influence of land-use proximity, rainfall and physicochemical properties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1439-1447. [PMID: 27586166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study involved a comprehensive thirteen month survey of synthetic musks, triclosan (TCS) and methyl triclosan (MTCS) in surface water, as well as suspended particular matter (SPM) and bottom sediments in a tropical urban catchment in Singapore. The polycyclic musk, Galaxolide (HHCB), exhibited the highest concentration among musk compounds, ranging from 5.16 to 42.9ng/L in surface water, 11.0 to 108ng/g dry wt. in sediments and 44.1 to 81.3ng/g dry wt. in SPM. Concentrations of musk ketone, the dominant nitroaromatic musk, ranged from 0.08 to 6.45ng/L in water, 0.082 to 0.72ng/g dry wt. in sediments and 1.75 to 5.50ng/g dry wt. in SPM. Concentrations of MTCS ranged from 0.0056 to 5.6ng/L in water, 0.01 to 0.17ng/g dry wt. in bottom sediments and 0.75 to 2.81ng/g dry wt. in SPM. These concentrations are below predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC). Principal components analysis (PCA) results showed that synthetic musk concentrations were positively correlated, indicating common source emissions. Rainfall amount and land-use index were found to be key determinants of hydrophobic organic contaminant concentrations in this catchment. Concentrations of TCS and its methylated degradation product, MTCS, were also positively correlated. However, the relative composition of MTCS to total triclosans was relatively low in water (2.8±2.5%) and bottom sediments (0.3±0.1%), suggesting only minor transformation of TCS to MTCS. The organic carbon-water distribution ratio, log Koc (observed), ranged between 3.8 and 5.4 for musks, TCS and MTCS, indicating relatively strong partitioning from dissolved to solid phases. These field-derived log Koc (observed) values are comparable to estimated values based on physicochemical properties. The results provide insight into the occurrence, transport pathways and exposure risks of synthetic musks, triclosan and methyl triclosan in this tropical catchment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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109
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Weatherly LM, Gosse JA. Triclosan exposure, transformation, and human health effects. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:447-469. [PMID: 29182464 PMCID: PMC6126357 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1399306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial used so ubiquitously that 75% of the US population is likely exposed to this compound via consumer goods and personal care products. In September 2016, TCS was banned from soap products following the risk assessment by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, TCS still remains, at high concentrations, in other personal care products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, hand sanitizer, and surgical soaps. TCS is readily absorbed into human skin and oral mucosa and found in various human tissues and fluids. The aim of this review was to describe TCS exposure routes and levels as well as metabolism and transformation processes. The burgeoning literature on human health effects associated with TCS exposure, such as reproductive problems, was also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Weatherly
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Julie A. Gosse
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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110
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Montaseri H, Forbes PB. A review of monitoring methods for triclosan and its occurrence in aquatic environments. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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111
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Geiß C, Ruppert K, Heidelbach T, Oehlmann J. The antimicrobial agents triclocarban and triclosan as potent modulators of reproduction in Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Mollusca: Hydrobiidae). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:1173-1179. [PMID: 27459681 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1206388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the chronic effects of the two antimicrobial substances triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) on reproduction of a mollusk species by using the reproduction test with the New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum. Snails coming from a laboratory culture were exposed for 28 days to nominal concentrations ranging from 0.1 up to 10 µg/L for both chemicals (measured 0.082-8.85 µg TCC/L; 0.068-6.26 µg TCS/L). At the end of the experiment, snails were dissected and embryos in the brood pouch were counted to assess the individualized reproductive success of adult snails. Exposure to TCC resulted in an inverted u-shaped concentration-response relationship, with a stimulation of reproduction at low concentrations followed by an inhibition at higher concentrations. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) were 0.082 and 0.287 µg/L, respectively. TCS caused significantly increased embryo numbers at all tested concentrations, except in the group of 0.170 µg/L. Therefore, the NOEC for TCS was 0.170 µg/L and the LOEC was 0.660 µg/L. These results indicate that TCC and TCS may cause reproductive effects at environmentally relevant concentrations indicating a potential risk for aquatic organisms in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Geiß
- a Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology , Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Katharina Ruppert
- a Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology , Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Tanja Heidelbach
- a Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology , Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- a Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology , Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
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112
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Wluka AK, Rüdel H, Pohl K, Schwarzbauer J. Analytical method development for the determination of eight biocides in various environmental compartments and application for monitoring purposes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21894-21907. [PMID: 27530197 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was the development of simple multi-parameter methods for the analyses of biocides in various environmental matrices (wastewater, surface water, and sewage sludge) for measurement and monitoring activities. Eight target substances (triclosan, methyltriclosan (transformation product of triclosan), cybutryne (Irgarol), and the azole fungicides propiconazole, tebuconazole, imazalil, thiabendazole, and cyproconazole) were chosen for determination in selected sample sets. For surface water and wastewater samples a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method and for sewage sludge samples an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) were developed. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods (GC/MS), and the analytical methods were checked to ensure sufficient sensitivity by comparing the limits of quantification (LOQs) to the predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) of the selected biocides. For quality control, recovery rates were determined. Finally, developed methods were checked and validated by application on sample material from various matrices. Sampling took place in seven urban wastewater treatment plants and their corresponding receiving waters. The results revealed that the developed extraction methods are effective and simple and allow the determination of a broad range of biocides in various environmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Wluka
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, Energy and Mineral Resources Group, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstr. 4-20, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), Business Area Environmental Monitoring, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Korinna Pohl
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Jan Schwarzbauer
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, Energy and Mineral Resources Group, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstr. 4-20, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
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113
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Salierno JD, Lopes M, Rivera M. Latent effects of early life stage exposure to triclosan on survival in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:695-702. [PMID: 27333258 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1191908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of early life stage triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4, dichlorophenoxy)phenol, TCS) exposure on hatching, development, and survival in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Embryonic minnows were exposed to TCS (50 and 100 µg L-1) for 10 days followed by 6 weeks depuration. Mortality and morphological deformities were recorded and quantified during exposure and at the end of depuration. No significant effects on embryonic survival, time to reach the eyed stage, or hatching were found. However, at the conclusion of the depuration period, survival was significantly reduced in TCS exposed fish depending on the concentration. Visual inspection of the exposed fish suggests that mortality is related to spinal deformities, emaciation, and reduced foraging ability. Triclosan exhibits deleterious effects in fish at lower concentrations over longer durations than previously reported. Further, mortality in exposed fish 6 weeks after exposure demonstrates the need for various exposure assays to evaluate effects of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Salierno
- a Department of Biology and Allied Health Sciences , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Madison , New Jersey , USA
| | - Melissa Lopes
- a Department of Biology and Allied Health Sciences , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Madison , New Jersey , USA
| | - Michelle Rivera
- a Department of Biology and Allied Health Sciences , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Madison , New Jersey , USA
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114
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Olaniyan LWB, Mkwetshana N, Okoh AI. Triclosan in water, implications for human and environmental health. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1639. [PMID: 27722057 PMCID: PMC5031584 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent present as an active ingredient in some personal care products such as soaps, toothpastes and sterilizers. It is an endocrine disrupting compound and its increasing presence in water resources as well as in biosolid-amended soils used in farming, its potential for bioaccumulation in fatty tissues and toxicity in aquatic organisms are a cause for concern to human and environmental health. TCS has also been detected in blood, breast milk, urine and nails of humans. The significance of this is not precisely understood. Data on its bioaccumulation in humans are also lacking. Cell based studies however showed that TCS is a pro-oxidant and may be cytotoxic via a number of mechanisms. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation appears to be prevailing as a toxicity mechanism though the compound's role in apoptosis has been cited. TCS is not known to be carcinogenic per se in vitro but has been reported to promote tumourigenesis in the presence of a carcinogen, in mice. Recent laboratory reports appear to support the view that TCS oestrogenicity as well as its anti-oestrogenicity play significant role in cancer progression. Results from epidemiological studies on the effect of TCS on human health have implicated the compound as responsible for certain allergies and reproductive defects. Its presence in chlorinated water also raises toxicity concern for humans as carcinogenic metabolites such as chlorophenols may be generated in the presence of the residual chlorine. In this paper, we carried out a detailed overview of TCS pollution and the implications for human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. W. B. Olaniyan
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape 5700 South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - N. Mkwetshana
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - A. I. Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape 5700 South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
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115
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Han J, Won EJ, Hwang UK, Kim IC, Yim JH, Lee JS. Triclosan (TCS) and Triclocarban (TCC) cause lifespan reduction and reproductive impairment through oxidative stress-mediated expression of the defensome in the monogonont rotifer (Brachionus koreanus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 185-186:131-137. [PMID: 27067728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and Triclocarban (TCC) are used as antimicrobial agents and have been widely dispersed and detected in the marine environment. However, the toxicities of TCS and TCC have been poorly investigated in marine invertebrates. In this study, the effects of TCS and TCC on mortality, population growth, lifespan, and fecundity were examined in the monogonont rotifer (Brachionus koreanus) using cellular ROS levels, GST enzymatic activity, and gene expression of defensomes. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of TCS (393.1μg/L) and TCC (388.1μg/L) was also determined in the same species. In TCS- and TCC-exposed B. koreanus, growth retardation and reduced fecundity were observed and were shown to have a potentially deleterious effect on the life cycle of B. koreanus. In addition, time-dependent increases in ROS content (%) and GST enzymatic activity were shown in response to TCS and TCC exposure. Additionally, transcript levels of detoxification proteins (e.g., CYPs), antioxidant proteins (e.g., GST-sigma, Cu/ZnSOD, CAT), and heat shock proteins (Hsps) were modulated in response to TCS and TCC exposure over a 24h period. Our results indicate that TCS and TCC induce oxidative stress and transcriptional regulation of detoxification, antioxidant, and heat shock proteins, resulting in changes in lifespan and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Won
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Un-Ki Hwang
- Marine Ecological Risk Assessment Center, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Incheon 22383, South Korea
| | - Il-Chan Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Joung Han Yim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Hopkins ZR, Blaney L. An aggregate analysis of personal care products in the environment: Identifying the distribution of environmentally-relevant concentrations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:301-316. [PMID: 27128715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 3-4 decades, per capita consumption of personal care products (PCPs) has steadily risen, resulting in increased discharge of the active and inactive ingredients present in these products into wastewater collection systems. PCPs comprise a long list of compounds employed in toothpaste, sunscreen, lotions, soaps, body washes, and insect repellants, among others. While comprehensive toxicological studies are not yet available, an increasing body of literature has shown that PCPs of all classes can impact aquatic wildlife, bacteria, and/or mammalian cells at low concentrations. Ongoing research efforts have identified PCPs in a variety of environmental compartments, including raw wastewater, wastewater effluent, surface water, wastewater solids, sediment, groundwater, and drinking water. Here, an aggregate analysis of over 5000 reported detections was conducted to better understand the distribution of environmentally-relevant PCP concentrations in, and between, these compartments. The distributions were used to identify whether aggregated environmentally-relevant concentration ranges intersected with available toxicity data. For raw wastewater, wastewater effluent, and surface water, a clear overlap was present between the 25th-75th percentiles and identified toxicity levels. This analysis suggests that improved wastewater treatment of antimicrobials, UV filters, and polycyclic musks is required to prevent negative impacts on aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Hopkins
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, ECS 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Lee Blaney
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, ECS 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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Weatherly LM, Shim J, Hashmi HN, Kennedy RH, Hess ST, Gosse JA. Antimicrobial agent triclosan is a proton ionophore uncoupler of mitochondria in living rat and human mast cells and in primary human keratinocytes. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:777-89. [PMID: 26204821 PMCID: PMC4724348 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial used widely in hospitals and personal care products, at ~10 mm. Human skin efficiently absorbs TCS. Mast cells are ubiquitous key players both in physiological processes and in disease, including asthma, cancer and autism. We previously showed that non-cytotoxic levels of TCS inhibit degranulation, the release of histamine and other mediators, from rat basophilic leukemia mast cells (RBL-2H3), and in this study, we replicate this finding in human mast cells (HMC-1.2). Our investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect led to the discovery that TCS disrupts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in RBL-2H3 cells in glucose-free, galactose-containing media (95% confidence interval EC50 = 7.5-9.7 µm), without causing cytotoxicity. Using these same glucose-free conditions, 15 µm TCS dampens RBL-2H3 degranulation by 40%. The same ATP disruption was found with human HMC-1.2 cells (EC50 4.2-13.7 µm), NIH-3 T3 mouse fibroblasts (EC50 4.8-7.4 µm) and primary human keratinocytes (EC50 3.0-4.1 µm) all with no cytotoxicity. TCS increases oxygen consumption rate in RBL-2H3 cells. Known mitochondrial uncouplers (e.g., carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone) previously were found to inhibit mast cell function. TCS-methyl, which has a methyl group in place of the TCS ionizable proton, affects neither degranulation nor ATP production at non-cytotoxic doses. Thus, the effects of TCS on mast cell function are due to its proton ionophore structure. In addition, 5 µm TCS inhibits thapsigargin-stimulated degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells: further evidence that TCS disrupts mast cell signaling. Our data indicate that TCS is a mitochondrial uncoupler, and TCS may affect numerous cell types and functions via this mechanism. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Weatherly
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, 04469
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469
| | - Juyoung Shim
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469
| | - Hina N. Hashmi
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469
| | - Rachel H. Kennedy
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, 04469
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469
| | - Samuel T. Hess
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, 04469
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469
| | - Julie A. Gosse
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, 04469
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469
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Hu Y, Ren G, Deng L, Zhang J, Liu H, Mu S, Wu T. Degradable UV-crosslinked hydrogel for the controlled release of triclosan with reduced cytotoxicity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 67:151-158. [PMID: 27287109 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Hu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangli Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Liehua Deng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jinglin Zhang
- Department of Light Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic, Foshan 528041, China
| | - Huidi Liu
- Scientific Research Office, Guangdong Polytechnic, Foshan 528041, China
| | - Shansong Mu
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Light Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic, Foshan 528041, China.
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Ben W, Sun P, Huang CH. Effects of combined UV and chlorine treatment on chloroform formation from triclosan. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:715-722. [PMID: 26746417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The co-exposure to UV irradiation and free chlorine may occur in certain drinking water and wastewater treatment systems. This study investigated the effects of simultaneous low pressure ultraviolet (LPUV) irradiation and free chlorination on the formation of chloroform from triclosan which is a commonly used antibacterial agent. Different treatment systems (i.e., combined UV/chlorine, UV alone, and chlorine alone) were applied to examine the degradation of triclosan and formation of chloroform. The fate of representative intermediates, including chlorinated triclosan, dechlorinated triclosan intermediates and 2,4-dichlorophenol, were tracked to deduce the effect of combined UV/chlorine on the transformation of chloroform formation precursors. The relation between intermediates degradation and chloroform formation was investigated in depth by conducting stepwise experiments with UV and chlorine in different sequences. Results indicate that the combined UV/chlorine notably enhanced the chloroform formation from triclosan. From the reaction mechanism perspective the combined UV/chlorine, where the direct photolysis may play an important role, could accelerate the decay of intermediates and facilitate the generation of productive chloroform precursors. The radicals had modest influence on the degradation of triclosan and intermediates and partly hindered the formation of chloroform. These results emphasize the necessity of considering disinfection by-products formation in the application of combined UV/chlorine technology during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Ben
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, GA, United States
| | - Peizhe Sun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, GA, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, GA, United States.
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Mendez MO, Valdez EM, Martinez EM, Saucedo M, Wilson BA. Fate of Triclosan in Irrigated Soil: Degradation in Soil and Translocation into Onion and Tomato. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:1029-35. [PMID: 27136171 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.07.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the fate of triclosan, a prevalent wastewater contaminant in recycled waters and surface streams, when soil and crop plants were irrigated at environmentally relevant concentrations. Soil triclosan concentrations were monitored in an 8-wk and in a 16-wk study without plants to determine triclosan degradation. Onion ( O. Fedtsch.) and tomato ( L.) were assessed for growth and triclosan accumulation at four levels of triclosan exposure (0, 0.015, 0.15, and 1.5 µg L) in irrigation waters within ranges of those found in recycled waters and associated receiving streams. Onions were grown for 8 wk and tomatoes were grown for 8 wk (short-term study) and 12 wk (long-term study) in potting soil. Soil triclosan concentrations increased (5-fold) with triclosan levels applied to soils alone. With repeated application, the half-life of triclosan was 18 d, with low-level accumulation in soil. Bioaccumulation of triclosan was observed in all edible portions of onions (115-435 ng g), primarily in bulbs, with no discernible impact on biomass. In both short- and long-term tomato studies, triclosan translocated to shoots and fruits (approaching a translocation factor of 1) at the highest level examined. Even at low triclosan concentrations typically found in recycled waters and receiving streams, agricultural irrigation presents an additional exposure route for organic contaminants to humans via commercial crops. Our study indicates that bulb crops, in particular, would likely accumulate high levels of triclosan. However, concentrations detected in both onions and tomato fruits determined here are below current human exposure limits.
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Urbaniak M, Tygielska A, Krauze K, Mankiewicz-Boczek J. Effects of Stormwater and Snowmelt Runoff on ELISA-EQ Concentrations of PCDD/PCDF and Triclosan in an Urban River. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151756. [PMID: 26985830 PMCID: PMC4795748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effects of stormwater and snowmelt runoff on the ELISA EQ PCDD/PCDF and triclosan concentrations in the small urban Sokołówka River (Central Poland). The obtained results demonstrate the decisive influence of hydrological conditions occurring in the river itself and its catchment on the quoted PCDD/PCDF ELISA EQ concentrations. The lowest PCDD/PCDF values of 87, 60 and 67 ng EQ L-1 in stormwater, the river and its reservoirs, respectively, were associated with the highest river flow of 0.02 m3 s-1 and high precipitation (11.2 mm) occurred five days before sampling. In turn, the highest values of 353, 567 and 343 ng EQ L-1 in stormwater, the river and its reservoirs, respectively, were observed during periods of intensive snow melting (stormwater samples) and spring rainfall preceded by a rainless phase (river and reservoir samples) followed by low and moderate river flows of 0.01 and 0.005 m3 s-1. An analogous situation was observed for triclosan, with higher ELISA EQ concentrations (444 to 499 ng EQ L-1) noted during moderate river flow and precipitation, and the lowest (232 to 288 ng EQ L-1) observed during high river flow and high precipitation preceded by violent storms. Stormwater was also found to influence PCDD/PCDF EQ concentrations of the river and reservoirs, however only during high and moderate flow, and no such effect was observed for triclosan. The study clearly demonstrates that to mitigate the high peaks of the studied pollutants associated with river hydrology, the increased in-site stormwater infiltration and purification, the development of buffering zones along river course and the systematic maintenance of reservoirs to avoid the accumulation of the studied micropollutants and their subsequent release after heavy rainfall are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Urbaniak
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90-364, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Adrianna Tygielska
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kinga Krauze
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90-364, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Mankiewicz-Boczek
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90-364, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
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122
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Lores M, Llompart M, Alvarez-Rivera G, Guerra E, Vila M, Celeiro M, Lamas JP, Garcia-Jares C. Positive lists of cosmetic ingredients: Analytical methodology for regulatory and safety controls - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 915:1-26. [PMID: 26995636 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetic products placed on the market and their ingredients, must be safe under reasonable conditions of use, in accordance to the current legislation. Therefore, regulated and allowed chemical substances must meet the regulatory criteria to be used as ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products, and adequate analytical methodology is needed to evaluate the degree of compliance. This article reviews the most recent methods (2005-2015) used for the extraction and the analytical determination of the ingredients included in the positive lists of the European Regulation of Cosmetic Products (EC 1223/2009): comprising colorants, preservatives and UV filters. It summarizes the analytical properties of the most relevant analytical methods along with the possibilities of fulfilment of the current regulatory issues. The cosmetic legislation is frequently being updated; consequently, the analytical methodology must be constantly revised and improved to meet safety requirements. The article highlights the most important advances in analytical methodology for cosmetics control, both in relation to the sample pretreatment and extraction and the different instrumental approaches developed to solve this challenge. Cosmetics are complex samples, and most of them require a sample pretreatment before analysis. In the last times, the research conducted covering this aspect, tended to the use of green extraction and microextraction techniques. Analytical methods were generally based on liquid chromatography with UV detection, and gas and liquid chromatographic techniques hyphenated with single or tandem mass spectrometry; but some interesting proposals based on electrophoresis have also been reported, together with some electroanalytical approaches. Regarding the number of ingredients considered for analytical control, single analyte methods have been proposed, although the most useful ones in the real life cosmetic analysis are the multianalyte approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lores
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain.
| | - Maria Llompart
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Gerardo Alvarez-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Eugenia Guerra
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Marlene Vila
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Maria Celeiro
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - J Pablo Lamas
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Jares
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
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Huang X, Tu Y, Song C, Li T, Lin J, Wu Y, Liu J, Wu C. Interactions between the antimicrobial agent triclosan and the bloom-forming cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 172:103-110. [PMID: 26800489 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can co-exist in eutrophic waters with chemicals or other substances derived from personal care products discharged in wastewater. In this work, we investigate the interactions between the antimicrobial agent triclosan (TCS) and the bloom-forming cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. M. aeruginosa was very sensitive to TCS with the 96h lowest observed effect concentration of 1.0 and 10μg/L for inhibition of growth and photosynthetic activity, respectively. Exposure to TCS at environmentally relevant levels (0.1-2.0μg/L) also affected the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the generation of reduced glutathione (GSH), while microcystin production was not affected. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination showed the destruction of M. aeruginosa cell ultrastructure during TCS exposure. TCS however, can be biotransformed by M. aeruginosa with methylation as a major biotransformation pathway. Furthermore, the presence of M. aeruginosa in solution promoted the photodegradation of TCS. Overall, our results demonstrate that M. aeruginosa plays an important role in the dissipation of TCS in aquatic environments but high residual TCS can exert toxic effects on M. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Wuhan Zhongke Hydrobiological Environment Engineering Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yenan Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaofeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tiancui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jiantong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Tran NH, Gin KYH, Ngo HH. Fecal pollution source tracking toolbox for identification, evaluation and characterization of fecal contamination in receiving urban surface waters and groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:38-57. [PMID: 26298247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The quality of surface waters/groundwater of a geographical region can be affected by anthropogenic activities, land use patterns and fecal pollution sources from humans and animals. Therefore, the development of an efficient fecal pollution source tracking toolbox for identifying the origin of the fecal pollution sources in surface waters/groundwater is especially helpful for improving management efforts and remediation actions of water resources in a more cost-effective and efficient manner. This review summarizes the updated knowledge on the use of fecal pollution source tracking markers for detecting, evaluating and characterizing fecal pollution sources in receiving surface waters and groundwater. The suitability of using chemical markers (i.e. fecal sterols, fluorescent whitening agents, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and artificial sweeteners) and/or microbial markers (e.g. F+RNA coliphages, enteric viruses, and host-specific anaerobic bacterial 16S rDNA genetic markers) for tracking fecal pollution sources in receiving water bodies is discussed. In addition, this review also provides a comprehensive approach, which is based on the detection ratios (DR), detection frequencies (DF), and fate of potential microbial and chemical markers. DR and DF are considered as the key criteria for selecting appropriate markers for identifying and evaluating the impacts of fecal contamination in surface waters/groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Han Tran
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore.
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore.
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
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125
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Hedrick-Hopper TL, Koster LP, Diamond SL. Accumulation of triclosan from diet and its neuroendocrine effects in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) under two temperature Regimes. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 112:52-60. [PMID: 26446583 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rising water temperatures due to climate change may increase the uptake and effects of triclosan in aquatic organisms. Our objectives were to investigate the accumulation of dietary triclosan and its neuroendocrine effects in Atlantic croaker, an estuarine fish, under two temperatures and during depuration. A pilot study was used to select a dietary exposure of 50 mg/kg. For 10 days, fish were exposed to one of four diet/temperature treatments (n = 16/treatment): normal diet at 26 °C and 29 °C and triclosan-treated diet at 26 °C and 29 °C. Fish exposed to triclosan at 26 °C accumulated 2.6 mg/kg wet weight on average versus 5.6 mg/kg wet weight at 29 °C. Triclosan exposure significantly impacted reflexes, resulting in the loss of the dorsal fin reflex (DS) in 53% of fish, while temperature and triclosan-temperature interactions were not significant. Triclosan body burden did not significantly predict DS loss. There were no significant differences in thyroid hormone levels among groups. Triclosan-treated fish at 26 °C were fed untreated pellets for 5 additional weeks. Two fish lost the DS during the first depuration week, and no affected fish recovered the reflex. These results have important implications for fish and their predators, as the DS may be important for swimming performance and social patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren P Koster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Sandra L Diamond
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Western Sydney University, School of Science and Health, Hawkesbury Campus, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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Zhang H, Bayen S, Kelly BC. Co-extraction and simultaneous determination of multi-class hydrophobic organic contaminants in marine sediments and biota using GC-EI-MS/MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS. Talanta 2015; 143:7-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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127
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Melo CF, Dezotti M, Marques MRC. A comparison between the oxidation with laccase and horseradish peroxidase for triclosan conversion. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 37:335-343. [PMID: 26165135 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1069897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan is a broad-spectrum biocide used in personal-care products that is suspected to be linked to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In the present work, the enzymes horseradish peroxidase and laccase from Trametes versicolor were evaluated for the conversion of triclosan in an aqueous matrix. The removal of antibacterial activity by the enzymatic processes was evaluated by an assay based on the growth inhibition of Escherichia coli K12. The horseradish peroxidase (HRP) process appears more advantageous than the laccase process in removing triclosan from an aqueous matrix, considering the reaction parameters pH, temperature, catalytic efficiency, and enzyme concentration. The highest conversion of triclosan catalysed by laccase was observed at pH 5.0, that is, lower than the typical pH range (6.5-7.5) of sewage treatment plants' effluents. The efficiency of laccase process was much more impacted by variations in the temperature in the range of 10-40°C. Kinetic studies showed that triclosan is a substrate more specific for HRP than for laccase. The protein content for the HRP-catalysed process was 14 times lower than that for the laccase process. Decay kinetics suggest that reaction mechanisms depend on enzyme concentration and its concentration. Both processes were able to reduce the antibacterial activity, and the residual activity of the treated solution is probably due to non-converted triclosan and not due to the reaction products. The laccase-catalysed conversion of triclosan in an environmental relevant concentration required a higher amount of enzyme than that required in the HRP process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Melo
- a Chemistry Institute , Rio de Janeiro State University , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
- b COPPE, Chemical Engineering Program , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - M Dezotti
- b COPPE, Chemical Engineering Program , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - M R C Marques
- a Chemistry Institute , Rio de Janeiro State University , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
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128
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Tohidi F, Cai Z. GC/MS analysis of triclosan and its degradation by-products in wastewater and sludge samples from different treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11387-400. [PMID: 25810102 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based method was developed for simultaneous determination of triclosan (TCS) and its degradation products including 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD), and methyl triclosan (MTCS) in wastewater and sludge samples. The method provides satisfactory detection limit, accuracy, precision and recovery especially for samples with complicated matrix such as sewage sludge. Liquid-liquid extraction and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) methods were applied for the extraction, and column chromatography was employed for the sample cleanup. Analysis was performed by GC/MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The method was successfully applied to wastewater and sludge samples from three different municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Satisfactory mean recoveries were obtained as 91(±4)-106(±7)%, 82(±3)-87(±4)%, 86(±6)-87(±8)%, and 88(±4)-105(±3)% in wastewater and 88(±5)-96(±8)%, 84(±2)-87(±3)%, 84(±7)-89(±4)%, and 88(±3)-97(±5)% in sludge samples for TCS, 2,4-DCP, 2,8-DCDD, and MTCS, respectively. TCS degradation products were detected based on the type of the wastewater and sludge treatment. 2,8-DCDD was detected in the plant utilizing UV disinfection at the mean level of 20.3(±4.8) ng/L. 2,4-DCP was identified in chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) applying chlorine disinfection at the mean level of 16.8(±4.5) ng/L). Besides, methyl triclosan (MTCS) was detected in the wastewater collected after biological treatment (10.7 ± 3.3 ng/L) as well as in sludge samples that have undergone aerobic digestion at the mean level of 129.3(±17.2) ng/g dry weight (dw).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tohidi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China,
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129
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Vincze K, Scheil V, Kuch B, Köhler HR, Triebskorn R. Impact of wastewater on fish health: a case study at the Neckar River (Southern Germany) using biomarkers in caged brown trout as assessment tools. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11822-11839. [PMID: 25860546 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes a field survey aiming at assessing the impact of a sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent on fish health by means of biomarkers. Indigenous fish were absent downstream of the STP. To elucidate the reason behind this, brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) were exposed in floating steel cages up- and downstream of a STP located at the Neckar River near Tübingen (Southern Germany), for 10 and 30 days. A combination of biomarker methods (histopathological investigations, analysis of the stress protein Hsp70, micronucleus test, B-esterase assays) offered the possibility to investigate endocrine, geno-, proteo- and neurotoxic effects in fish organs. Biological results were complemented with chemical analyses on 20 accumulative substances in fish tissue. Even after short-term exposure, biomarkers revealed clear evidence of water contamination at both Neckar River sites; however, physiological responses of caged brown trout were more severe downstream of the STP. According to this, similar bioaccumulation levels (low μg/kg range) of DDE and 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected at both sampling sites, while up to fourfold higher concentrations of four PAHs, methyl-triclosan and two synthetic musks occurred in the tissues of downstream-exposed fish. The results obtained in this study suggest a constitutive background pollution at both sites investigated at the Neckar River and provided evidence for the additional negative impact of the STP Tübingen on water quality and the health condition of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Vincze
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, 72072, Tübingen, Germany,
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130
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Zhang QQ, Ying GG, Chen ZF, Zhao JL, Liu YS. Basin-scale emission and multimedia fate of triclosan in whole China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:10130-10143. [PMID: 25854205 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the emission and multimedia fate as well as potential risks of triclosan (TCS) in all of 58 basins in China. The results showed that the total usage of TCS in whole China was 100 t/year, and the discharge to the receiving environment was estimated to be 66.1 t/year. The predicted TCS concentrations by the level III fugacity model were within an order of magnitude of the reported measured concentrations. TCS (90.8%) was discharged into the water compartment and 9.2% to the soil compartment. The TCS concentration levels in east China were found generally higher than in west China. In addition, the input flux for TCS to seawater was largely attributed to the seasonal variations in advection flows. Preliminary risk assessment showed that medium to high ecological risks for TCS would be expected in the eastern part of China due to the high population density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
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131
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Dhillon GS, Kaur S, Pulicharla R, Brar SK, Cledón M, Verma M, Surampalli RY. Triclosan: current status, occurrence, environmental risks and bioaccumulation potential. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:5657-84. [PMID: 26006133 PMCID: PMC4454990 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120505657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a multi-purpose antimicrobial agent used as a common ingredient in everyday household personal care and consumer products. The expanded use of TCS provides a number of pathways for the compound to enter the environment and it has been detected in sewage treatment plant effluents; surface; ground and drinking water. The physico-chemical properties indicate the bioaccumulation and persistence potential of TCS in the environment. Hence, there is an increasing concern about the presence of TCS in the environment and its potential negative effects on human and animal health. Nevertheless, scarce monitoring data could be one reason for not prioritizing TCS as emerging contaminant. Conventional water and wastewater treatment processes are unable to completely remove the TCS and even form toxic intermediates. Considering the worldwide application of personal care products containing TCS and inefficient removal and its toxic effects on aquatic organisms, the compound should be considered on the priority list of emerging contaminants and its utilization in all products should be regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Surinder Kaur
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
- Department of Mycology & Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India.
| | - Rama Pulicharla
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Maximiliano Cledón
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
- CONICET-IIMyC, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mausam Verma
- CO2 Solutions Inc., 2300, Rue Jean-Perrin, Québec, QC G2C 1T9, Canada.
| | - Rao Y Surampalli
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, N104 SEC P.O. Box 886105, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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132
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Davis EF, Gunsch CK, Stapleton HM. Fate of flame retardants and the antimicrobial agent triclosan in planted and unplanted biosolid-amended soils. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:968-976. [PMID: 25546022 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the fate of contaminant-laden biosolids is needed to fully evaluate the environmental impacts of biosolid land application. The present study examined the fate of several flame retardants and triclosan in biosolid-amended soil in a 90-d greenhouse experiment. Objectives included evaluating the persistence of these compounds in soil, their phytoaccumulation potential by alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and potential degradation reactions. Concentrations of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners BDE-47 and BDE-209 and the antimicrobial triclosan declined significantly over time in biosolid-amended soil planted with alfalfa and then reached a steady state by day 28. In contrast, no significant losses of those analytes were observed from soil in nonvegetated pots. The amount of an analyte lost from vegetated soil ranged from 43% for the flame retardant di(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate to 61% for triclosan and was significantly and negatively related to the log octanol-water partition coefficient. Alfalfa roots and shoots were monitored for the compounds, but no clear evidence of phytoaccumulation was observed. Methyl triclosan formation was observed in the biosolid-amended soils during the study period, indicating in situ biotransformation of triclosan. The present study demonstrates that, although they are highly recalcitrant, PBDEs, selected alternate brominated flame retardants, and triclosan are capable of undergoing dissipation from biosolid-amended soils in the presence of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F Davis
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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133
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Campanha MB, Awan AT, de Sousa DNR, Grosseli GM, Mozeto AA, Fadini PS. A 3-year study on occurrence of emerging contaminants in an urban stream of São Paulo State of Southeast Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:7936-7947. [PMID: 25516246 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript reports a 3-year study on occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and triclosan in surface waters of a central urban region of São Paulo State of Southeast Brazil (the Monjolinho River in São Carlos). Water samples collected once at every 2 months were pre-concentrated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The most frequently detected compounds in higher concentrations were caffeine, paracetamol, and atenolol (maximum concentrations 129,585, 30,421, and 8199 ng L(-1), respectively), while hormones estrone and 17-β-estradiol were the least detected, in levels up to 14.8 ng L(-1). There was an increasing trend in concentrations of most of the compounds along the river course, especially downstream of the river where there is discharge of both wastewater treatment plant effluent and raw sewage from a particular region of São Carlos city. Concentrations of contaminants were higher during dry periods as a result of decline in the water levels. Decrease in concentrations near the river mouth occurred to different extents for each compound. It was high for caffeine and atenolol, but was very low for carbamazepine and diclofenac. The present study reports the first data about the occurrence of some major emerging contaminants in the Monjolinho River. Besides its regional significance, this work may assist in composing a dataset for water contamination diagnosis focusing on emerging contaminants, both in the Brazilian as well as in the Global studies related to aquatic ecosystems. Such datasets can be helpful for making future public policies on water quality, since these compounds are not yet legally regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariele B Campanha
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Caixa Postal 676, Rod. Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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134
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Anderson SE, Meade BJ, Long CM, Lukomska E, Marshall NB. Investigations of immunotoxicity and allergic potential induced by topical application of triclosan in mice. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:165-72. [PMID: 25812624 PMCID: PMC4720145 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1029146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial chemical commonly used occupationally and by the general public. Using select immune function assays, the purpose of these studies was to evaluate the immunotoxicity of triclosan following dermal exposure using a murine model. Triclosan was not identified to be a sensitizer in the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) when tested at concentrations ranging from 0.75-3.0%. Following a 28-day exposure, triclosan produced a significant increase in liver weight at concentrations of ≥ 1.5%. Exposure to the high dose (3.0%) also produced a significant increase in spleen weights and number of platelets. The absolute number of B-cells, T-cells, dendritic cells and NK cells were significantly increased in the skin draining lymph node, but not the spleen. An increase in the frequency of dendritic cells was also observed in the lymph node following exposure to 3.0% triclosan. The IgM antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was significantly increased at 0.75% - but not at the higher concentrations - in the spleen and serum. These results demonstrate that dermal exposure to triclosan induces stimulation of the immune system in a murine model and raise concerns about potential human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Anderson
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - B Jean Meade
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Carrie M Long
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Nikki B Marshall
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
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135
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Evgenidou EN, Konstantinou IK, Lambropoulou DA. Occurrence and removal of transformation products of PPCPs and illicit drugs in wastewaters: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:905-26. [PMID: 25461093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) along with illicit drugs (IDs) are newly recognized classes of environmental pollutants and are receiving considerable attention because of their environmental impacts: frequent occurrence, persistence and risk to aquatic life and humans. However, relatively little information is often available with regard to their possible biotic and abiotic transformation products (TPs). This lack of knowledge has resulted in a substantial amount of ongoing effort to develop methods and approaches that would assess their occurrence, degradability potential elimination mechanisms and efficiencies in sewage treatment plants as well as environmental and human health risks. In this article, an extensive literature survey was performed in order to present the current stage of knowledge and progress made in the occurrence of TPs of PPCPs and IDs in raw and treated wastewaters. Apart from the TPs resulting from structural transformations of the parent compound in the aquatic environment or in technological treatment facilities (e.g. sewage and drinking water treatment plants), free metabolites and drug conjugates formed during human metabolism have also been included in this review as they are also released into the aquatic environment through wastewaters. Their concentration levels were reported in influents and effluents of WWTPs, hospital effluents and their removals in the treatment plants were discussed. Finally, information on the toxicity of TPs has been compiled when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni N Evgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis K Konstantinou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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136
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Chen X, Casas ME, Nielsen JL, Wimmer R, Bester K. Identification of Triclosan-O-Sulfate and other transformation products of Triclosan formed by activated sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:39-46. [PMID: 25306094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic degradation experiments of Triclosan were performed in activated sludge to identify possible transformation products for this compound. During 7 days, the formation of biotransformation products such as 2,4-Dichlorophenol, 4-Chlorocatechol, 5-Hydroxy-Triclosan and other Monohydroxy-Triclosan derivatives as well as Dihydroxy-Triclosan-derivatives were observed. The structure of 5-Hydroxy-Triclosan was elucidated by NMR data for the first time in sludge degradation experiments. Additionally the production of a hitherto unknown transformation product in sludge, i.e., Triclosan-O-Sulfate was detected. During the incubations, the concentrations of this transformation product changed from zero to 330 μg L(-1). Based on the analysis of the biodegradation products, three types of reactions were identified: 1) chemical scission of ether bond to form phenols and catechols, 2) addition of OH moieties to the aromatic ring, and 3) adding of methyl or sulfate groups to the original hydroxyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, 110016 Shenyang, China; Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 49, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mònica Escolà Casas
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Lund Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 49, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 49, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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137
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Emnet P, Gaw S, Northcott G, Storey B, Graham L. Personal care products and steroid hormones in the Antarctic coastal environment associated with two Antarctic research stations, McMurdo Station and Scott Base. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:331-342. [PMID: 25460654 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are a major source of micropollutants to the aquatic environment. Despite intense research on the fate and effects of PPCPs in temperate climates, there is a paucity of data on their presence in polar environments. This study reports the presence of selected PPCPs in sewage effluents from two Antarctic research stations, the adjacent coastal seawater, sea ice, and biota. Sewage effluents contained bisphenol-A, ethinylestradiol, estrone, methyl triclosan, octylphenol, triclosan, and three UV-filters. The maximum sewage effluent concentrations of 4-methyl-benzylidene camphor, benzophenone-1, estrone, ethinylestradiol, and octylphenol exceeded concentrations previously reported. Coastal seawaters contained bisphenol-A, octylphenol, triclosan, three paraben preservatives, and four UV-filters. The sea ice contained a similar range and concentration of PPCPs as the seawater. Benzophenone-3 (preferential accumulation in clams), estradiol, ethinylestradiol, methyl paraben (preferential accumulation in fish, with concentrations correlating negatively with fillet size), octylphenol, and propyl paraben were detected in biota samples. PPCPs were detected in seawater and biota at distances up to 25 km from the research stations WWTP discharges. Sewage effluent discharges and disposal of raw human waste through sea ice cracks have been identified as sources of PPCPs to Antarctic coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Emnet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, Private Bag 4800, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, Private Bag 4800, New Zealand.
| | - Grant Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Bryan Storey
- Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, Private Bag 4800, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, Private Bag 4800, New Zealand
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138
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Fang JL, M. Vanlandingham M, Juliar BE, R. Olson G, E. Patton R, Beland FA. Dose–response assessment of the dermal toxicity of triclosan in B6C3F1 mice. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00152d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol] is a widely used antimicrobial agent in personal care products, household items, medical devices, and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Long Fang
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology
- National Center for Toxicological Research
- Jefferson
- USA
| | | | - Beth E. Juliar
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics
- National Center for Toxicological Research
- Jefferson
- USA
| | - Greg R. Olson
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates
- Inc
- National Center for Toxicological Research
- Jefferson
- USA
| | - Ralph E. Patton
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates
- Inc
- National Center for Toxicological Research
- Jefferson
- USA
| | - Frederick A. Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology
- National Center for Toxicological Research
- Jefferson
- USA
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139
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Jachero L, Ahumada I, Fuentes E, Richter P. New biomimetic approach to determine the bioavailability of triclosan in soils and its validation with the wheat plant uptake bioassay. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:1062-1067. [PMID: 25314686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new biomimetic approach for triclosan (TCS) was developed based on the leaching of the analyte from different biosolid-amended agricultural soils and the subsequent extraction of the leachates, using a rotating disk sorptive extraction (RDSE) procedure. The leaching equilibrium for TCS was reached at 3h when the ISO method (ISO/TS 21268-1:2007) was followed. The concentrations determined by this biomimetic method were compared with the bioavailability of TCS, determined by its accumulation in the roots of wheat plants grown in the same soil-biosolid systems. It was observed that the amount of organic matter in the soil matrix was a determining factor for mobilization of TCS. An increasing biosolid rate applied to soils resulted in a reduced mobility of TCS because the high amount of organic matter provided by the biosolid increased the hydrophobic interaction between TCS and the matrix. Similarly, increasing biosolid concentrations in the soil significantly decreased the bioavailability of TCS to the wheat plant. Thus, the bioavailability factor in wheat roots decreased from 0.22 to 0.08 for a soil having a pH of 8.2, when the biosolid rate was increased from 30 to 200 Mg ha(-1), respectively. A significant correlation (R=0.98) was obtained between TCS concentration in wheat plants and the proposed biomimetic methodology, indicating that the latter can predict the bioavailability in a time period as short as 180 min. The results of this study confirm our previous findings that amending soils with biosolids is beneficial for immobilizing low polarity contaminants and helps prevent their percolation through the soil profile and into groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Jachero
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Inés Ahumada
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edwar Fuentes
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Richter
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile.
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140
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Lv M, Sun Q, Xu H, Lin L, Chen M, Yu CP. Occurrence and fate of triclosan and triclocarban in a subtropical river and its estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 88:383-388. [PMID: 25227953 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) in a subtropical river (Jiulong River) and its estuary was investigated for two years. TCS and TCC were ubiquitously detected in the Jiulong River and its estuary. The levels of TCS and TCC ranged from less than the method detection limit to 64 ng/L and from 0.05 to 14.1 ng/L in the river, respectively. The levels of TCS and TCC in the estuary ranged from 2.56 to 27.25 ng/L and 0.38 to 5.76 ng/L, respectively. Temporal and spatial variations of TCS and TCC in the Jiulong River and its estuary were observed during the investigation. The weather conditions did not show significant correlations with TCS and TCC, whereas several water quality parameters showed high correlations with TCS and TCC. The microcosm studies showed that both direct photolysis and biodegradation contributed to TCS removal, whereas indirect photolysis was important for TCC removal in the surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lv
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 351800, China
| | - Haili Xu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Chemical Engineering, HuaQiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lifeng Lin
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Meng Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 351800, China.
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141
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Huang CL, Ma HW, Yu CP. Substance flow analysis and assessment of environmental exposure potential for triclosan in mainland China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 499:265-75. [PMID: 25194904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a widely-used antimicrobial agent in many consumer products around the world, and China is a major producer and consumer of TCS. In this study substance flow analysis (SFA) was used to construct a static model of anthropogenic TCS metabolism in China in 2008. The systematic SFA results were used to determine possible exposure pathways and trends in environmental exposure potential through different pathways. TCS discharged in wastewater mainly flowed into surface water sediment, ocean, and soil, where it accumulates in aquatic and agricultural products that may pose a higher risk to human health than brief exposure during consumption. Only 22% of TCS discharged was removed in the built environment with the remainder discharged into the natural environment, indicating that anthropogenic TCS metabolism in China is unsustainable. Per capita TCS consumption increased 209% from 2003 to 2012, resulting in increased discharge and accumulation in the environment. If current trends continue, it will increase to 713 mg capita(-1) yr(-1) in 2015 and 957 mg capita(-1) yr(-1) in 2020. Accordingly, annual environmental exposure potential will increase from 388 mg capita(-1) in 2008 to 557 mg capita(-1) in 2015 and 747 mg capita(-1) in 2020, indicating an increasing trend of exposure to environmental TCS. Results of Pearson correlation analysis suggested that feasible countermeasures to reduce environmental exposure potential for triclosan would include encouraging the development of small cities, raising awareness of health risks, nurturing environmentally-friendly consumer values, and improving the environmental performance of TCS-containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Long Huang
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799, Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, 398, Donghai Street, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Hwong-Wen Ma
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Road, Taipei 10660, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799, Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China.
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142
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Gasperi J, Geara D, Lorgeoux C, Bressy A, Zedek S, Rocher V, El Samrani A, Chebbo G, Moilleron R. First assessment of triclosan, triclocarban and paraben mass loads at a very large regional scale: case of Paris conurbation (France). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:854-861. [PMID: 25000581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of parabens (5 congeners), triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) at the scale of the Parisian sewer network and to provide representative knowledge on these compounds in France for a large area. For this purpose and in collaboration with the Parisian public sanitation service (SIAAP) in charge of the collect and treatment of the Parisian wastewater, this study focused on seven main sewer trunks of the Paris conurbation, accounting for 1900,000 m(3) d(-1), i.e., about 8 million inhabitants. Concentrations lying in the 2000-20000 ng l(-1) ranges were found in wastewater, confirming the ubiquity of parabens, TCS and TCC in our environment and household products. Parabens (>97%) and to a lesser extent TCS (68% in median) were mainly associated to the dissolved fraction, as demonstrated by low KD and KOC values. For the first time, this study also evaluated the pollutant mass loads per population equivalent (PE) of parabens, TCS and TCC at the large and representative scale of the Parisian conurbation. Hence, the median mass loads varied from 176 to 3040 μg PE(-1) d(-1) for parabens and from 26 to 762 μg PE(-1) d(-1) for TCS and TCC. Based on these results and according to the assumptions done, the extrapolation of the mass loads at the national scale pointed out an annual mass loads between 51.8 and 100.7 ty(-1) for methyl paraben (MeP) and between 11.2 and 23.5 ty(-1) for TCS. Mass loads per equivalent habitant and national mass loads are both extremely relevant and innovative data. Contrary to other countries, such data are nowadays rather difficult to gain in France and neither enquiry nor database provides access to information on the use and production of these chemicals. Since cosmetic industries are voluntarily and fully engaged in the substitution of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban in personal care product, this study could constitute a "time reference status" which could be used as a basis for future monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Gasperi
- Université Paris-Est, LEESU, UMR MA 102-AgroParisTech, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France.
| | - Darine Geara
- Université Paris-Est, LEESU, UMR MA 102-AgroParisTech, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France; Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission, Airport Highway BP 11 82 81, Riad El-Solh 1107 2260, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Catherine Lorgeoux
- Université Paris-Est, LEESU, UMR MA 102-AgroParisTech, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CREGU, GeoRessources Laboratory, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Campus des Aiguillettes BP 70239, 54 506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Adèle Bressy
- Université Paris-Est, LEESU, UMR MA 102-AgroParisTech, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Sifax Zedek
- Université Paris-Est, LEESU, UMR MA 102-AgroParisTech, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Rocher
- SIAAP, Direction du Développement et de la Prospective, 82 avenue Kléber, 92700 Colombes, France
| | - Antoine El Samrani
- Doctoral School, PRASE Lebanese University, Campus Hadath-BP5, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Chebbo
- Université Paris-Est, LEESU, UMR MA 102-AgroParisTech, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Régis Moilleron
- Université Paris-Est, LEESU, UMR MA 102-AgroParisTech, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France.
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143
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Pycke BG, Roll IB, Brownawell BJ, Kinney CA, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Halden RU. Transformation products and human metabolites of triclocarban and triclosan in sewage sludge across the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:7881-90. [PMID: 24932693 PMCID: PMC4215897 DOI: 10.1021/es5006362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Removal of triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) from wastewater is a function of adsorption, abiotic degradation, and microbial mineralization or transformation, reactions that are not currently controlled or optimized in the pollution control infrastructure of standard wastewater treatment. Here, we report on the levels of eight transformation products, human metabolites, and manufacturing byproducts of TCC and TCS in raw and treated sewage sludge. Two sample sets were studied: samples collected once from 14 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) representing nine states, and multiple samples collected from one WWTP monitored for 12 months. Time-course analysis of significant mass fluxes (α=0.01) indicate that transformation of TCC (dechlorination) and TCS (methylation) occurred during sewage conveyance and treatment. Strong linear correlations were found between TCC and the human metabolite 2'-hydroxy-TCC (r=0.84), and between the TCC-dechlorination products dichlorocarbanilide (DCC) and monochlorocarbanilide (r=0.99). Mass ratios of DCC-to-TCC and of methyl-triclosan (MeTCS)-to-TCS, serving as indicators of transformation activity, revealed that transformation was widespread under different treatment regimes across the WWTPs sampled, though the degree of transformation varied significantly among study sites (α=0.01). The analysis of sludge sampled before and after different unit operation steps (i.e., anaerobic digestion, sludge heat treatment, and sludge drying) yielded insights into the extent and location of TCC and TCS transformation. Results showed anaerobic digestion to be important for MeTCS transformation (37-74%), whereas its contribution to partial TCC dechlorination was limited (0.4-2.1%). This longitudinal and nationwide survey is the first to report the occurrence of transformation products, human metabolites, and manufacturing byproducts of TCC and TCS in sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny
F. G. Pycke
- Center
for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute, Security and Defense
Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Road, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Isaac B. Roll
- Center
for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute, Security and Defense
Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Road, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Bruce J. Brownawell
- School
of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony
Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, United States
| | - Chad A. Kinney
- Chemistry
Department, Colorado State University-Pueblo, 2200 Bonforte Boulevard, Pueblo, Colorado 81001, United States
| | - Edward T. Furlong
- U.S. Geological
Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25585, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological
Survey, 400 South Clinton Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52244, United States
| | - Rolf U. Halden
- Center
for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute, Security and Defense
Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Road, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Phone: (480) 727-0893; e-mail:
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144
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Qiao X, Zheng X, Xie Q, Yang X, Xiao J, Xue W, Chen J. Faster photodegradation rate and higher dioxin yield of triclosan induced by cationic surfactant CTAB. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 275:210-214. [PMID: 24857904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan has received extensive attention as it has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment. Photolysis was found to be a major pathway governing the fate of triclosan in the aquatic environment. However, the effects of surfactants that usually coexist with triclosan, on the photodegradation of triclosan, are largely unknown. In this study, the effects of selected surfactants on the photodegradation of triclosan were investigated experimentally. The results show that anionic sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate and neutral polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate inhibit the photolysis of triclosan, whereas cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) significantly accelerates the photodegradation rate of triclosan. The interactions between the hydrophilic group of CTAB and anionic triclosan lead to the apparent decrease of pKa of triclosan from 8.4 to 6.1, which increase the fraction of anionic triclosan from 4% to 89% in neutral solution. A red shift in the UV-VIS absorption spectrum is exhibited, thus leading to the increased photodegradation rate of triclosan. The accelerations caused by CTAB were observed under xenon lamp and Hg lamp irradiances, as well as under natural sunlight. Effect of CTAB demonstrated pH dependence with significantly enhancement under pH 5∼9 and inhibition at pH=3. The presence of CTAB also increased the yield of 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin from the photolysis of triclosan about 7 times at pH=7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Xianhai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Weifeng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
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145
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de Sousa DNR, Mozeto AA, Carneiro RL, Fadini PS. Electrical conductivity and emerging contaminant as markers of surface freshwater contamination by wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 484:19-26. [PMID: 24686141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical markers of undoubted anthropogenic sources for surface freshwater contamination by wastewaters was evaluated employing correlations observed between measured physico-chemical parameters as the electrical conductivity and the concentration of different emerging organic compounds. During the period from April/2011 to April/2012 spatial-temporal variations and contamination patterns of two rivers (Piraí and Jundiaí rivers), São Paulo state, Brazil were evaluated. Seven physico-chemical parameters and concentrations of different classes of emerging contaminants were determined in samples collected in seven field campaigns. The high linear correlation coefficients obtained for the compounds diclofenac (r=0.9085), propanolol (r=0.8994), ibuprofen (r=0.8720) and atenolol (r=0.7811) with electrical conductivity, also corroborated by principal component analysis (PCA), point to the potential use of these compounds as markers of investigated surface water contamination by wastewaters. Due to specific inputs, these environmental markers showed very good effectiveness for the identification and differentiation of water body contamination by discharges of treated and untreated urban sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Nara Ribeiro de Sousa
- Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental (LBGqA), Núcleo de Diagnósticos e Intervenções Ambientais (NEDIA), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, SP-310, São Carlos 13.565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Aparecido Mozeto
- Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental (LBGqA), Núcleo de Diagnósticos e Intervenções Ambientais (NEDIA), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, SP-310, São Carlos 13.565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Lajarim Carneiro
- Grupo de Quimiometria Aplicada (GQA), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, SP-310, São Carlos 13.565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Sergio Fadini
- Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental (LBGqA), Núcleo de Diagnósticos e Intervenções Ambientais (NEDIA), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, SP-310, São Carlos 13.565-905, SP, Brazil.
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146
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Pasquini L, Munoz JF, Pons MN, Yvon J, Dauchy X, France X, Le ND, France-Lanord C, Görner T. Occurrence of eight household micropollutants in urban wastewater and their fate in a wastewater treatment plant. Statistical evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 481:459-468. [PMID: 24631609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence in urban wastewater of eight micropollutants (erythromycin, ibuprofen, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), ofloxacin, sucralose, triclosan, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)) originating from household activities and their fate in a biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were investigated. Their concentrations were assessed in the liquid and solid phases (sewage particulate matter and wasted activated sludge (WAS)) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analysis of sewage from two different urban catchments connected to the WWTP showed a specific use of ofloxacin in the mixed catchment due to the presence of a hospital, and higher concentrations of sucralose in the residential area. The WWTP process removed over 90% of ibuprofen and triclosan from wastewater, while only 25% of ofloxacin was eliminated. Erythromycin, sucralose and PFOA were not removed from wastewater, the influent and effluent concentrations remaining at about 0.7 μg/L, 3 μg/L and 10 ng/L respectively. The behavior of PFOS and 4-nonylphenol was singular, as concentrations were higher at the WWTP outlet than at its inlet. This was probably related to the degradation of some of their precursors (such as alkylphenol ethoxylates and polyfluorinated compounds resulting in 4-NP and PFOS, respectively) during biological treatment. 4-NP, ofloxacin, triclosan and perfluorinated compounds were found adsorbed on WAS (from 5 ng/kg for PFOA to 1.0mg/kg for triclosan). The statistical methods (principal component analysis and multiple linear regressions) were applied to examine relationships among the concentrations of micropollutants and macropollutants (COD, ammonium, turbidity) entering and leaving the WWTP. A strong relationship with ammonium indicated that some micropollutants enter wastewater via human urine. A statistical analysis of WWTP operation gave a model for estimating micropollutant output from the WWTP based on a measurement of macropollution parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Pasquini
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54501 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France.
| | - Jean-François Munoz
- Laboratoire d'Hydrologie de Nancy, ANSES, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Pons
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Jacques Yvon
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54501 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Xavier Dauchy
- Laboratoire d'Hydrologie de Nancy, ANSES, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Xavier France
- GEMCEA, 149 rue Gabriel Péri, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nang Dinh Le
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Christian France-Lanord
- Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 15 rue Notre Dame des Pauvres, 54501 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Tatiana Görner
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54501 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
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147
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Khraisheh M, Kim J, Campos L, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Al-Hawari A, Al Ghouti M, Walker GM. Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) pollutants from water by novel TiO2–Coconut Shell Powder (TCNSP) composite. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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148
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149
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Halden RU. On the need and speed of regulating triclosan and triclocarban in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3603-11. [PMID: 24588513 PMCID: PMC3974611 DOI: 10.1021/es500495p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The polychlorinated aromatic antimicrobials triclosan and triclocarban are in widespread use for killing microorganisms indiscriminately, rapidly, and by nonspecific action. While their utility in healthcare settings is undisputed, benefits to users of antimicrobial personal care products are few to none. Yet, these latter, high-volume uses have caused widespread contamination of the environment, wildlife, and human populations. This feature article presents a timeline of scientific evidence and regulatory actions in the U.S. concerning persistent polychlorinated biocides, showing a potential path forward to judicious and sustainable uses of synthetic antimicrobials, including the design of greener and safer next-generation alternatives.
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150
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Challis JK, Hanson ML, Friesen KJ, Wong CS. A critical assessment of the photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments: defining our current understanding and identifying knowledge gaps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:672-96. [PMID: 24643336 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00615h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a critical assessment of the state and quality of knowledge around the aquatic photochemistry of human- and veterinary-use pharmaceuticals from laboratory experiments and field observations. A standardized scoring rubric was used to assess relevant studies within four categories: experimental design, laboratory-based direct and indirect photolysis, and field/solar photolysis. Specific metrics for each category are defined to evaluate various aspects of experimental design (e.g., higher scores are given for more appropriate characterization of light source wavelength distribution). This weight of evidence-style approach allowed for identification of knowledge strengths and gaps covering three areas: first, the general extent of photochemical data for specific pharmaceuticals and classes; second, the overall quality of existing data (i.e., strong versus weak); and finally, trends in the photochemistry research around these specific compounds, e.g. the observation of specific and consistent oversights in experimental design. In general, those drugs that were most studied also had relatively good quality data. The four pharmaceuticals studied experimentally at least ten times in the literature had average total scores (lab and field combined) of ≥29, considered decent quality; carbamazepine (13 studies; average score of 31), diclofenac (12 studies; average score of 31), sulfamethoxazole (11 studies; average score of 34), and propranolol (11 studies; average score of 29). Major oversights and errors in data reporting and/or experimental design included: lack of measurement and reporting of incident light source intensity, lack of appropriate controls, use of organic co-solvents in irradiation solutions, and failure to consider solution pH. Consequently, a number of these experimental parameters were likely a cause of inconsistent measurements of direct photolysis rate constants and quantum yields, two photochemical properties that were highly variable in the literature. Overall, the assessment rubric provides an objective and scientifically-defensible set of metrics for assessing the quality of a study. A major recommendation is the development of a method guideline, based on this rubric, for conducting and reporting on photochemical studies that would produce consistent and reliable data for quantitative comparison across studies. Furthermore, an emphasis should be placed on conducting more dual-fate studies involving controlled photolysis experiments in natural sunlight, and whole system fate studies in either natural or artificial systems. This would provide accurate data describing the actual contribution of photolysis to the overall fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Challis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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