101
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Liu Y, Kochi A, Pithadia AS, Lee S, Nam Y, Beck MW, He X, Lee D, Lim MH. Tuning Reactivity of Diphenylpropynone Derivatives with Metal-Associated Amyloid-β Species via Structural Modifications. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:8121-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400851w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Younwoo Nam
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Korea
| | | | | | - Dongkuk Lee
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Korea
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102
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Alí-Torres J, Rimola A, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Rodríguez-Santiago L, Sodupe M. Insights on the Binding of Thioflavin Derivative Markers to Amyloid-Like Fibril Models from Quantum Chemical Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:6674-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402807g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alí-Torres
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra
08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Rimola
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra
08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, University of British Columbia,
2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Luis Rodríguez-Santiago
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra
08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Sodupe
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra
08193, Barcelona, Spain
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103
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Banerjee A, Bera A, Guin S, Rout SK, Patel BK. Regioselective ortho-hydroxylation of 2-arylbenzothiazole via substrate directed C–H activation. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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104
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Insights into antiamyloidogenic properties of the green tea extract (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate toward metal-associated amyloid-β species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3743-8. [PMID: 23426629 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220326110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the significance of Alzheimer's disease, the link between metal-associated amyloid-β (metal-Aβ) and disease etiology remains unclear. To elucidate this relationship, chemical tools capable of specifically targeting and modulating metal-Aβ species are necessary, along with a fundamental understanding of their mechanism at the molecular level. Herein, we investigated and compared the interactions and reactivities of the green tea extract, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate [(2R,3R)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate; EGCG], with metal [Cu(II) and Zn(II)]-Aβ and metal-free Aβ species. We found that EGCG interacted with metal-Aβ species and formed small, unstructured Aβ aggregates more noticeably than in metal-free conditions in vitro. In addition, upon incubation with EGCG, the toxicity presented by metal-free Aβ and metal-Aβ was mitigated in living cells. To understand this reactivity at the molecular level, structural insights were obtained by ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), 2D NMR spectroscopy, and computational methods. These studies indicated that (i) EGCG was bound to Aβ monomers and dimers, generating more compact peptide conformations than those from EGCG-untreated Aβ species; and (ii) ternary EGCG-metal-Aβ complexes were produced. Thus, we demonstrate the distinct antiamyloidogenic reactivity of EGCG toward metal-Aβ species with a structure-based mechanism.
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105
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Noël S, Cadet S, Gras E, Hureau C. The benzazole scaffold: a SWAT to combat Alzheimer's disease. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7747-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60086f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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106
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Telpoukhovskaia MA, Patrick BO, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Orvig C. Exploring the multifunctionality of thioflavin- and deferiprone-based molecules as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for potential application in Alzheimer's disease. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:792-805. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25600f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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107
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Ganguly A, Paul BK, Ghosh S, Kar S, Guchhait N. Selective fluorescence sensing of Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) using a new Schiff base-derived model compound: naked eye detection and spectral deciphering of the mechanism of sensory action. Analyst 2013; 138:6532-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00155e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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108
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Lashkari M, Hazeri N, Maghsoodlou MT, Khorassani SMH, Torbati NA, Hosseinian A, García-Granda S, Torre-Fernández L. Synthesis and Crystal Structure Study of Diethyl Aryl(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)methyl Phosphonates. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Lashkari
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Sistan and Baluchestan; P. O. Box 98135-674; Zahedan; Iran
| | - Nourallah Hazeri
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Sistan and Baluchestan; P. O. Box 98135-674; Zahedan; Iran
| | - Malek Taher Maghsoodlou
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Sistan and Baluchestan; P. O. Box 98135-674; Zahedan; Iran
| | | | - Niloufar Akbarzadeh Torbati
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Sistan and Baluchestan; P. O. Box 98135-674; Zahedan; Iran
| | - Asghar Hosseinian
- Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences; Hormozgan University; Bandar Abbas; Iran
| | - Santiago García-Granda
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; University of Oviedo-CINN; Oviedo; Spain
| | - Laura Torre-Fernández
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; University of Oviedo-CINN; Oviedo; Spain
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109
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Meghdadi S, Amirnasr M, Ford PC. A robust one-pot synthesis of benzothiazoles from carboxylic acids including examples with hydroxyl and amino substituents. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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110
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Pithadia AS, Kochi A, Soper MT, Beck MW, Liu Y, Lee S, DeToma AS, Ruotolo BT, Lim MH. Reactivity of diphenylpropynone derivatives toward metal-associated amyloid-β species. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:12959-67. [PMID: 23153071 DOI: 10.1021/ic302084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), metal-associated amyloid-β (metal-Aβ) species have been suggested to be involved in neurotoxicity; however, their role in disease development is still unclear. To elucidate this aspect, chemical reagents have been developed as valuable tools for targeting metal-Aβ species, modulating the interaction between the metal and Aβ, and subsequently altering metal-Aβ reactivity. Herein, we report the design, preparation, characterization, and reactivity of two diphenylpropynone derivatives (DPP1 and DPP2) composed of structural moieties for metal chelation and Aβ interaction (bifunctionality). The interactions of these compounds with metal ions and Aβ species were confirmed by UV-vis, NMR, mass spectrometry, and docking studies. The effects of these bifunctional molecules on the control of in vitro metal-free and metal-induced Aβ aggregation were investigated and monitored by gel electrophoresis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both DPP1 and DPP2 showed reactivity toward metal-Aβ species over metal-free Aβ species to different extents. In particular, DPP2, which contains a dimethylamino group, exhibited greater reactivity with metal-Aβ species than DPP1, suggesting a structure-reactivity relationship. Overall, our studies present a new bifunctional scaffold that could be utilized to develop chemical reagents for investigating metal-Aβ species in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Pithadia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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111
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Miller Y, Ma B, Nussinov R. Metal binding sites in amyloid oligomers: Complexes and mechanisms. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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112
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Coordination of zinc ions to the key proteins of neurodegenerative diseases: Aβ, APP, α-synuclein and PrP. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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113
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Telpoukhovskaia M, Orvig C. The art of building multifunctional metal-binding agents from basic molecular scaffolds for the potential application in neurodegenerative diseases. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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114
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Telpoukhovskaia MA, Orvig C. Werner coordination chemistry and neurodegeneration. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 42:1836-46. [PMID: 22952002 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35236b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are capturing the world's attention as being the next set of diseases we must tackle collectively. Not only are the patients experiencing gradual cognitive and physical decline in most cases, but these diseases are fatal with no prevention currently available. As these diseases are progressive, providing care and symptom treatment for the ageing population is becoming both a medical and a financial challenge. This review discusses how Werner coordination chemistry plays a role in three diseases - those of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and prions. Metal ions are considered to be involved in these diseases in part via their propensity to cause toxic aggregation of proteins. First, the coordination of metal ions, with emphasis on copper(II), to metalloproteins that are hallmarks of these diseases - amyloid β, α-synuclein, and prion, respectively - will be discussed. We will present the current understanding of the metal coordination environments created by the amino acids of these proteins, as well as metal binding affinity. Second, a diverse set of examples of rationally designed metal chelators to outcompete this deleterious binding will be examined based on coordination mode and affinity toward bio-relevant metal ions. Overall, this review will give a general overview of protein and metal chelator coordination environments in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Telpoukhovskaia
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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115
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Schenk D, Basi GS, Pangalos MN. Treatment strategies targeting amyloid β-protein. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:a006387. [PMID: 22951439 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of the key discovery in the mid-1980s that the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is the core constituent of the amyloid plaque pathology found in Alzheimer disease (AD), an intensive effort has been underway to attempt to mitigate its role in the hope of treating the disease. This effort fully matured when it was clarified that the Aβ is a normal product of cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein, and well-defined proteases for this process were identified. Further therapeutic options have been developed around the concept of anti-Aβ aggregation inhibitors and the surprising finding that immunization with Aβ itself leads to reduction of pathology in animal models of the disease. Here we review the progress in this field toward the goal of targeting Aβ for treatment and prevention of AD and identify some of the major challenges for the future of this area of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Schenk
- Netotope Biosciences Inc., San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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116
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Molander GA, Ajayi K. Oxidative condensations to form benzimidazole-substituted potassium organotrifluoroborates. Org Lett 2012; 14:4242-5. [PMID: 22873832 PMCID: PMC3428750 DOI: 10.1021/ol301956p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A library of benzimidazole-substituted potassium organotrifluoroborates was prepared via the condensation of various potassium formyl-substituted aryl- and heteroaryltrifluoroborates with aromatic 1,2-diamines under oxidative conditions. The efficient Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of products thus formed to various aryl and heteroaryl bromides was achieved in good yields. The method allows the facile preparation of benzimidazole-containing triaromatic products in two steps from simple potassium formyl substituted aryl- or heteroaryltrifluoroborates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States.
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117
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Hung VWS, Masoom H, Kerman K. Label-free electrochemical detection of Amyloid beta aggregation in the presence of iron, copper and zinc. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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118
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Jiang T, Zhi XL, Zhang YH, Pan LF, Zhou P. Inhibitory effect of curcumin on the Al(III)-induced Aβ42 aggregation and neurotoxicity in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1207-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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119
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Combining conformational sampling and selection to identify the binding mode of zinc-bound amyloid peptides with bifunctional molecules. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2012; 26:963-76. [PMID: 22829296 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-012-9588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been suggested to be related with the aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. Metal ions (e.g. Cu, Fe, and Zn) are supposed to induce the aggregation of Aβ. Recent development of bifunctional molecules that are capable of interacting with Aβ and chelating biometal ions provides promising therapeutics to AD. However, the molecular mechanism for how Aβ, metal ions, and bifunctional molecules interact with each other is still elusive. In this study, the binding mode of Zn(2+)-bound Aβ with bifunctional molecules was investigated by the combination of conformational sampling of full-length Aβ peptides using replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations (REMD) and conformational selection using molecular docking and classical MD simulations. We demonstrate that Zn(2+)-bound Aβ((1-40)) and Aβ((1-42)) exhibit different conformational ensemble. Both Aβ peptides can adopt various conformations to recognize typical bifunctional molecules with different binding affinities. The bifunctional molecules exhibit their dual functions by first preferentially interfering with hydrophobic residues 17-21 and/or 30-35 of Zn(2+)-bound Aβ. Additional interactions with residues surrounding Zn(2+) could possibly disrupt interactions between Zn(2+) and Aβ, which then facilitate these small molecules to chelate Zn(2+). The binding free energy calculations further demonstrate that the association of Aβ with bifunctional molecules is driven by enthalpy. Our results provide a feasible approach to understand the recognition mechanism of disordered proteins with small molecules, which could be helpful to the design of novel AD drugs.
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120
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Hosseinian A, Shaterian HR. NaHSO4.H2O Catalyzed Multicomponent Synthesis of 1-(Benzothiazolylamino) Methyl-2-Naphthols Under Solvent-Free Conditions. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.664221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Hosseinian
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Sistan and Baluchestan , Zahedan , Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Shaterian
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Sistan and Baluchestan , Zahedan , Iran
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121
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Geng J, Li M, Wu L, Ren J, Qu X. Liberation of copper from amyloid plaques: making a risk factor useful for Alzheimer's disease treatment. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9146-55. [PMID: 22663067 DOI: 10.1021/jm3003813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multifactorial syndrome. Metal chelator and Aβ inhibitor are showing promise against AD. In this report, three small hybrid compounds (1, 2, and 3) have been designed and synthesized utilizing salicylaldehyde (SA) based Schiff bases as the chelators and benzothiazole (BT) as the recognition moiety for AD treatment. These conjugates can capture Cu(2+) from Aβ and become dimers upon Cu(2+) coordination and show high efficiency for both Cu(2+) elimination and Aβ assembly inhibition. Besides, the complexes have superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and significant antioxidant capacity and are capable of decreasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing cell viability. All these results indicate that the multifunctional metal complexes which have Aβ specific recognition moiety and metal ion chelating elements show the potential for AD treatment. Therefore, our work will provide new insights into exploration of more potent amyloid inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Geng
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Division of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
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122
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He X, Park HM, Hyung SJ, DeToma AS, Kim C, Ruotolo BT, Lim MH. Exploring the reactivity of flavonoid compounds with metal-associated amyloid-β species. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:6558-66. [PMID: 22437427 PMCID: PMC5007133 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12207c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metal ions associated with amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides have been suggested to be involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but this remains unclear and controversial. Some attempts to rationally design or select small molecules with structural moieties for metal chelation and Aβ interaction (i.e., bifunctionality) have been made to gain a better understanding of the hypothesis. In order to contribute to these efforts, four synthetic flavonoid derivatives FL1-FL4 were rationally selected according to the principles of bifunctionality and their abilities to chelate metal ions, interact with Aβ, inhibit metal-induced Aβ aggregation, scavenge radicals, and regulate the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were studied using physical methods and biological assays. The compounds FL1-FL3 were able to chelate metal ions, but showed limited solubility in aqueous buffered solutions. In the case of FL4, which was most compatible with aqueous conditions, its binding affinities for Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) (nM and μM, respectively) were obtained through solution speciation studies. The direct interaction between FL4 and Aβ monomer was weak, which was monitored by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Employing FL1-FL4, no noticeable inhibitory effect on metal-mediated Aβ aggregation was observed. Among FL1-FL4, FL3, having 3-OH, 4-oxo, and 4'-N(CH(3))(2) groups, exhibited similar antioxidant activity to the vitamin E analogue, Trolox, and ca. 60% reduction in the amount of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) generated by Cu(2+)-Aβ in the presence of dioxygen (O(2)) and a reducing agent. Overall, the studies here suggest that although four flavonoid molecules were selected based on expected bifunctionality, their properties and metal-Aβ reactivity were varied depending on the structure differences, demonstrating that bifunctionality must be well tuned to afford desirable reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming He
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 (USA)
| | - Hyun Min Park
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 (USA)
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743 (Korea)
| | - Suk-Joon Hyung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055 (USA)
| | - Alaina S. DeToma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055 (USA)
| | - Cheal Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743 (Korea)
| | - Brandon T. Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055 (USA)
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 (USA)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055 (USA)
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123
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Masters CL, Selkoe DJ. Biochemistry of amyloid β-protein and amyloid deposits in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:a006262. [PMID: 22675658 PMCID: PMC3367542 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Progressive cerebral deposition of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in brain regions serving memory and cognition is an invariant and defining feature of Alzheimer disease. A highly similar but less robust process accompanies brain aging in many nondemented humans, lower primates, and some other mammals. The discovery of Aβ as the subunit of the amyloid fibrils in meningocerebral blood vessels and parenchymal plaques has led to innumerable studies of its biochemistry and potential cytotoxic properties. Here we will review the discovery of Aβ, numerous aspects of its complex biochemistry, and current attempts to understand how a range of Aβ assemblies, including soluble oligomers and insoluble fibrils, may precipitate and promote neuronal and glial alterations that underlie the development of dementia. Although the role of Aβ as a key molecular factor in the etiology of Alzheimer disease remains controversial, clinical trials of amyloid-lowering agents, reviewed elsewhere in this book, are poised to resolve the question of its pathogenic primacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin L Masters
- The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
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124
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Omumi A, McLaughlin CK, Ben-Israel D, Manderville RA. Application of a fluorescent C-linked phenolic purine adduct for selective N7-metalation of DNA. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:6158-65. [PMID: 22607044 DOI: 10.1021/jp303138s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The C-linked phenolic adduct, C8-(2″-hydroxyphenyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (o-PhOHdG), has been employed to study the impact of N7-metalation of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) within duplex DNA. The phenolic group of o-PhOHdG assists selective metal ion coordination by the N7-site of the attached dG moiety, which is the most important metal binding site in duplex DNA. The biaryl nucleobase probe o-PhOHdG is highly fluorescent in water (Φ(fl) = 0.44), and changes in its absorption and emission were used to determine apparent association constants (K(a)) for binding to Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II). The nucleoside was found to bind Cu(II) (log K(a) = 4.59) and Ni(II) (log K(a) = 3.65) effectively, but it showed relatively poor affinity for Zn(II) (log K(a) = 2.55). The fluorescent nucleobase o-PhOHdG was incorporated into a pyrimidine-rich oligonucleotide substrate (ODN1) and a purine-rich (ODN2) substrate to monitor selective binding of Cu(II) through fluorescence quenching of the enol emission of o-PhOHdG within the DNA substrates. The pyrimidine-rich substrate ODN1 was found to possess greater affinity for Cu(II) than the free nucleobase, while the purine-rich substrate ODN2 exhibited diminished Cu(II) binding affinity. The impact of Cu(II) on duplex stability and structure was determined using UV melting temperature analysis and circular dichroism (CD) measurements. These studies highlight the syn preference for Cu(II)-bound o-PhOHdG within ODN1 duplexes and demonstrate competitive Cu(II) binding by other natural dG nucleobases within ODN2. The metal binding properties of o-PhOHdG are compared to the structurally similar 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HBO) derivatives and the nucleoside C8-(2-pyridyl)-dG (2PydG) that has also been used to control N7-metal coordination in DNA. Our results show certain advantages to the use of o-PhOHdG that stem from its highly fluorescent nature in aqueous media and provide additional tools for studying the effects of N7-metalation on the structure and stability of duplex DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Omumi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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125
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Villar-Piqué A, Espargaró A, Sabaté R, de Groot NS, Ventura S. Using bacterial inclusion bodies to screen for amyloid aggregation inhibitors. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:55. [PMID: 22553999 PMCID: PMC3495732 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) is the main component of the inter-neuronal amyloid plaques characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mechanism by which Aβ42 and other amyloid peptides assemble into insoluble neurotoxic deposits is still not completely understood and multiple factors have been reported to trigger their formation. In particular, the presence of endogenous metal ions has been linked to the pathogenesis of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. Results Here we describe a rapid and high-throughput screening method to identify molecules able to modulate amyloid aggregation. The approach exploits the inclusion bodies (IBs) formed by Aβ42 when expressed in bacteria. We have shown previously that these aggregates retain amyloid structural and functional properties. In the present work, we demonstrate that their in vitro refolding is selectively sensitive to the presence of aggregation-promoting metal ions, allowing the detection of inhibitors of metal-promoted amyloid aggregation with potential therapeutic interest. Conclusions Because IBs can be produced at high levels and easily purified, the method overcomes one of the main limitations in screens to detect amyloid modulators: the use of expensive and usually highly insoluble synthetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Villar-Piqué
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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126
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Geng J, Li M, Wu L, Chen C, Qu X. Mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based H2O2 responsive controlled-release system used for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 2012. [PMID: 23184750 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions play important roles in amyloid aggregation and neurotoxicity. Metal-ion chelation therapy has been used in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. However, clinical trial studies have shown that long-term use of metal chelator can cause adverse side effect, subacute myelo-optic neuropathy. Nanoparticle engineering processes have become promising approaches for efficiently drugs delivery. A series of modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) using redox, pH, competitive binding, light, and enzyme as actuators have been demonstrated. Recently, significant advances in sensing oxidative stress have been made by taking advantage of specific chemistry between cellular oxidants such as H(2) O(2) . Here we report a biocompatible delivery platform by using H(2) O(2) responsive controlled-release system to realize target delivery of AD therapeutic metal chelator. The advantage of this novel strategy is that metal chelator can only be released by the increased levels of H(2) O(2) , thus, it would not interfere with the healthy metal homeostasis and can overcome strong side effect of metal chelator after long-term use. By taking advantage of the good biocompatibility, cellular uptake properties, and efficient intracellular release of metal chelators, the delivery system is promising for future in vivo controlled-release biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Geng
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Division of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
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127
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Sharma AK, Pavlova ST, Kim J, Finkelstein D, Hawco NJ, Rath NP, Kim J, Mirica LM. Bifunctional compounds for controlling metal-mediated aggregation of the aβ42 peptide. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6625-36. [PMID: 22452395 PMCID: PMC3368506 DOI: 10.1021/ja210588m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal interactions of Cu and Zn ions with the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide are proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Disruption of these metal-peptide interactions using chemical agents holds considerable promise as a therapeutic strategy to combat this incurable disease. Reported herein are two bifunctional compounds (BFCs) L1 and L2 that contain both amyloid-binding and metal-chelating molecular motifs. Both L1 and L2 exhibit high stability constants for Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) and thus are good chelators for these metal ions. In addition, L1 and L2 show strong affinity toward Aβ species. Both compounds are efficient inhibitors of the metal-mediated aggregation of the Aβ(42) peptide and promote disaggregation of amyloid fibrils, as observed by ThT fluorescence, native gel electrophoresis/Western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interestingly, the formation of soluble Aβ(42) oligomers in the presence of metal ions and BFCs leads to an increased cellular toxicity. These results suggest that for the Aβ(42) peptide-in contrast to the Aβ(40) peptide-the previously employed strategy of inhibiting Aβ aggregation and promoting amyloid fibril dissagregation may not be optimal for the development of potential AD therapeutics, due to formation of neurotoxic soluble Aβ(42) oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
| | - Stephanie T. Pavlova
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
| | - Jaekwang Kim
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108
| | - Darren Finkelstein
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
| | - Nicholas J. Hawco
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
| | - Nigam P. Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108
| | - Liviu M. Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
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128
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Lyubartseva G, Lovell MA. A potential role for zinc alterations in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Biofactors 2012; 38:98-106. [PMID: 22447723 PMCID: PMC3635097 DOI: 10.1002/biof.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the major causes of disability and mortality in Western societies, is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Increasing evidence suggests that the etiology of AD may involve disruptions of zinc (Zn) homeostasis. This review discusses current evidence supporting a potential role of Zn and zinc transporters (ZnTs) in processing of the amyloid beta protein precursor (APP) and amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide generation and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Lyubartseva
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southern Arkansas University, Magnolia, AR 71753, USA.
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129
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DeToma AS, Salamekh S, Ramamoorthy A, Lim MH. Misfolded proteins in Alzheimer's disease and type II diabetes. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:608-21. [PMID: 21818468 PMCID: PMC3210870 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15112f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial review presents descriptions of two amyloidogenic proteins, amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), whose misfolding propensities are implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type II diabetes, respectively. Protein misfolding diseases share similarities, as well as some unique protein-specific traits, that could contribute to the initiation and/or development of their associated conditions. Aβ and IAPP are representative amyloidoses and are used to highlight some of the primary considerations for studying misfolded proteins associated with human diseases in this review. Among these factors, their physiological formation, aggregation, interactions with metal ions and other protein partners, and toxicity are presented. Small molecules that target and modulate the metal-Aβ interaction and neurotoxicity are included to illustrate one of the current approaches for uncovering the complexities of protein misfolding at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina S. DeToma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 (USA)
| | - Samer Salamekh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 (USA)
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 (USA)
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 (USA)
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 (USA)
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 (USA)
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130
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Santos MA, Marques SM, Chaves S. Hydroxypyridinones as “privileged” chelating structures for the design of medicinal drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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131
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Braymer JJ, Merrill NM, Lim MH. Characterization of pyridinylimine and pyridinylmethylamine derivatives and their corresponding metal complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2011.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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132
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Wang X, Wang X, Zhang C, Jiao Y, Guo Z. Inhibitory action of macrocyclic platiniferous chelators on metal-induced Aβ aggregation. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc01100j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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133
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Shen C, Xia H, Yan H, Chen X, Ranjit S, Xie X, Tan D, Lee R, Yang Y, Xing B, Huang KW, Zhang P, Liu X. A concise, efficient synthesis of sugar-based benzothiazoles through chemoselective intramolecular C–S coupling. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20248d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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134
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Braymer JJ, Choi JS, DeToma AS, Wang C, Nam K, Kampf JW, Ramamoorthy A, Lim MH. Development of bifunctional stilbene derivatives for targeting and modulating metal-amyloid-β species. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:10724-34. [PMID: 21954910 PMCID: PMC3437264 DOI: 10.1021/ic2012205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and their metal-associated aggregated states have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the etiology of AD remains uncertain, understanding the role of metal-Aβ species could provide insights into the onset and development of the disease. To unravel this, bifunctional small molecules that can specifically target and modulate metal-Aβ species have been developed, which could serve as suitable chemical tools for investigating metal-Aβ-associated events in AD. Through a rational structure-based design principle involving the incorporation of a metal binding site into the structure of an Aβ interacting molecule, we devised stilbene derivatives (L1-a and L1-b) and demonstrated their reactivity toward metal-Aβ species. In particular, the dual functions of compounds with different structural features (e.g., with or without a dimethylamino group) were explored by UV-vis, X-ray crystallography, high-resolution 2D NMR, and docking studies. Enhanced bifunctionality of compounds provided greater effects on metal-induced Aβ aggregation and neurotoxicity in vitro and in living cells. Mechanistic investigations of the reaction of L1-a and L1-b with Zn(2+)-Aβ species by UV-vis and 2D NMR suggest that metal chelation with ligand and/or metal-ligand interaction with the Aβ peptide may be driving factors for the observed modulation of metal-Aβ aggregation pathways. Overall, the studies presented herein demonstrate the importance of a structure-interaction-reactivity relationship for designing small molecules to target metal-Aβ species allowing for the modulation of metal-induced Aβ reactivity and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Braymer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jung-Suk Choi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Alaina S. DeToma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Kisoo Nam
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jeffrey W. Kampf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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135
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Jiang T, Wang L, Zhang S, Sun PC, Ding CF, Chu YQ, Zhou P. Interaction of curcumin with Al(III) and its complex structures based on experiments and theoretical calculations. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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136
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Rokob TA, Rulíšek L, Šrogl J, Révész Á, Zins EL, Schröder D. On the Mechanism of the Copper-Mediated C–S Bond Formation in the Intramolecular Disproportionation of Imine Disulfides. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:9968-79. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200442s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor András Rokob
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šrogl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ágnes Révész
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Emilie L. Zins
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Detlef Schröder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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137
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Alí-Torres J, Maréchal JD, Rodríguez-Santiago L, Sodupe M. Three dimensional models of Cu(2+)-Aβ(1-16) complexes from computational approaches. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15008-14. [PMID: 21846101 DOI: 10.1021/ja203407v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the coordination of metal ions to Aβ is essential to understand their role in its aggregation and to rationally design new chelators with potential therapeutic applications in Alzheimer disease. Because of that, in the last 10 years several studies have focused their attention in determining the coordination properties of Cu(2+) interacting with Aβ. However, more important than characterizing the first coordination sphere of the metal is the determination of the whole Cu(2+)-Aβ structure. In this study, we combine homology modeling (HM) techniques with quantum mechanics based approaches (QM) to determine plausible three-dimensional models for Cu(2+)-Aβ(1-16) with three histidines in their coordination sphere. We considered both ε and δ coordination of histidines 6, 13, and 14 as well as the coordination of different possible candidates containing oxygen as fourth ligand (Asp1, Glu3, Asp7, Glu11, and CO(Ala2)). Among the 32 models that enclose COO(-), the lowest energy structures correspond to [O(E3),N(δ)(H6),N(ε)(H13),N(ε)(H14)] (1), [O(E3),N(δ)(H6),N(δ)(H13),N(δ)(H14)] (2), and [O(D7),N(ε)(H6),N(δ)(H13),N(δ)(H14)] (3). The most stable model containing CO(Ala2) as fourth ligand in the Cu(2+) coordination sphere is [O(c)(A2),N(ε)(H6),N(δ)(H13),N(ε)(H14)] (4). An estimation of the relative stability between Glu3 (1) and CO(Ala2) (4) coordinated complexes seems to indicate that the preference for the latter coordination may be due to solvent effects. The present results also show the relationship between the peptidic and metallic moieties in defining the overall geometry of the complex and illustrate that the final stability of the complexes results from a balance between the metal coordination site and amyloid folding upon complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alí-Torres
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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138
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Ju CC, Yin HJ, Yuan CL, Wang KZ. A fluorescent probe for both pH and Zn2+ based on 2-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenol. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 79:1876-1880. [PMID: 21676645 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive fluorescent probe 2-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenol (HBIZ) for pH and Zn2+ has been developed. Great changes have taken place in the UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectra for HBIZ upon increasing pH of its aqueous solution, acting as a pH-induced emission "off-on-off" switch with large enhancement factors of ∼290 and ∼75 over the pH range of 1.00-5.40 and 5.20-10.40. A over 100-fold fluorescence enhancement was also observed after complexation of HBIZ to Zn2+ in N,N-dimethylformamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chuan Ju
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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139
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León R, Garcia AG, Marco-Contelles J. Recent advances in the multitarget-directed ligands approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2011; 33:139-89. [PMID: 21793014 DOI: 10.1002/med.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With 27 million cases worldwide documented in 2006, Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes an overwhelming health, social, economic, and political problem to nations. Unless a new medicine capable to delay disease progression is found, the number of cases will reach 107 million in 2050. So far, the therapeutic paradigm one-compound-one-target has failed. This could be due to the multiple pathogenic mechanisms involved in AD including amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation to form plaques, τ hyperphosphorylation to disrupt microtubule to form neurofibrillary tangles, calcium imbalance, enhanced oxidative stress, impaired mitochondrial function, apoptotic neuronal death, and deterioration of synaptic transmission, particularly at cholinergic neurons. Approximately 100 compounds are presently been investigated directed to single targets, namely inhibitors of β and γ secretase, vaccines or antibodies that clear Aβ, metal chelators to inhibit Aβ aggregation, blockers of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, enhancers of mitochondrial function, antioxidants, modulators of calcium-permeable channels such as voltage-dependent calcium channels, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors for glutamate, or enhancers of cholinergic neurotransmission such as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase. In view of this complex pathogenic mechanisms, and the successful treatment of chronic diseases such as HIV or cancer, with multiple drugs having complementary mechanisms of action, the concern is growing that AD could better be treated with a single compound targeting two or more of the pathogenic mechanisms leading to neuronal death. This review summarizes the current therapeutic strategies based on the paradigm one-compound-various targets to treat AD. A treatment that delays disease onset and/or progression by 5 years could halve the number of people requiring institutionalization and/or dying from AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael León
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Lensfield road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
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140
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Rimola A, Alí-Torres J, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Poater J, Matito E, Solà M, Sodupe M. Ab initio design of chelating ligands relevant to Alzheimer's disease: influence of metalloaromaticity. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:12659-66. [PMID: 21699142 DOI: 10.1021/jp203465h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Evidence supporting the role of metal ions in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has rendered metal ion chelation as a promising therapeutic treatment. The rational design of efficient chelating ligands requires, however, a good knowledge of the electronic and molecular structure of the complexes formed. In the present work, the coordinative properties of a set of chelating ligands toward Cu(II) have been analyzed by means of DFT(B3LYP) calculations. Special attention has been paid to the aromatic behavior of the metalated rings of the complex and its influence on the chelating ability of the ligand. Ligands considered have identical metal binding sites (through N/O coordination) and only differ on the kind and size of the aromatic moieties. Results indicate that there is a good correlation between the stability constants (log β(2)) and the degree of metalloaromaticity determined through the I(NG) and HOMA indices; that is, the higher the metalloaromaticity, the larger the log β(2) value. MOs and aromaticity descriptors confirm that present complexes exhibit Möbius metalloaromaticity. Detailed analysis of the nature of the Cu(II)-ligand bonding, performed through an energy decomposition analysis, indicates that ligands with less aromatic moieties have the negative charge more localized in the metalated ring, thus increasing their σ-donor character and the metalloaromaticity of the complexes they form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Rimola
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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141
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Paul BK, Kar S, Guchhait N. A Schiff base-derived new model compound for selective fluorescence sensing of Cu(II) and Zn(II) with ratiometric sensing potential: Synthesis, photophysics and mechanism of sensory action. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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142
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Amyloid-binding compounds maintain protein homeostasis during ageing and extend lifespan. Nature 2011; 472:226-9. [PMID: 21451522 DOI: 10.1038/nature09873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies indicate that protein homeostasis is a major contributor to metazoan longevity. Collapse of protein homeostasis results in protein misfolding cascades and the accumulation of insoluble protein fibrils and aggregates, such as amyloids. A group of small molecules, traditionally used in histopathology to stain amyloid in tissues, bind protein fibrils and slow aggregation in vitro and in cell culture. We proposed that treating animals with such compounds would promote protein homeostasis in vivo and increase longevity. Here we show that exposure of adult Caenorhabditis elegans to the amyloid-binding dye Thioflavin T (ThT) resulted in a profoundly extended lifespan and slowed ageing. ThT also suppressed pathological features of mutant metastable proteins and human β-amyloid-associated toxicity. These beneficial effects of ThT depend on the protein homeostasis network regulator heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1), the stress resistance and longevity transcription factor SKN-1, molecular chaperones, autophagy and proteosomal functions. Our results demonstrate that pharmacological maintenance of the protein homeostatic network has a profound impact on ageing rates, prompting the development of novel therapeutic interventions against ageing and age-related diseases.
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143
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Bandyopadhyay S, Huang X, Lahiri DK, Rogers JT. Novel drug targets based on metallobiology of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 14:1177-97. [PMID: 20942746 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.525352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Increased localization of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al within the senile plaques (SP) exacerbates amyloid beta (Aβ)-mediated oxidative damage, and acts as catalyst for Aβ aggregation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, disruption of aberrant metal-peptide interactions via chelation therapy holds considerable promise as a rational therapeutic strategy against Alzheimer's amyloid pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The complexities of metal-induced genesis of SP are reviewed. The recent advances in the molecular mechanism of action of metal chelating agents are discussed with critical assessment of their potential to become drugs. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Taking into consideration the interaction of metals with the metal-responsive elements on the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein (APP), readers will gain understanding of several points to bear in mind when developing a screening campaign for AD-therapeutics. TAKE HOME MESSAGE A functional iron-responsive element (IRE) RNA stem loop in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the APP transcript regulates neural APP translation. Desferrioxamine, clioquinol, tetrathiolmolybdate, dimercaptopropanol, VK-28, and natural antioxidants, such as curcumin and ginko biloba need critical evaluation as AD therapeutics. There is a necessity for novel screens (related to metallobiology) to identify therapeutics effective in AD.
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144
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Choi JS, Braymer JJ, Park SK, Mustafa S, Chae J, Lim MH. Synthesis and characterization of IMPY derivatives that regulate metal-induced amyloid-β aggregation. Metallomics 2011; 3:284-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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145
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Scott LE, Telpoukhovskaia M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Merkel M, Bowen ML, Page BDG, Green DE, Storr T, Thomas F, Allen DD, Lockman PR, Patrick BO, Adam MJ, Orvig C. N-Aryl-substituted 3-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-methyl-4(1H)-pyridinones as agents for Alzheimer's therapy. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00544d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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146
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Tõugu V, Tiiman A, Palumaa P. Interactions of Zn(ii) and Cu(ii) ions with Alzheimer's amyloid-beta peptide. Metal ion binding, contribution to fibrillization and toxicity. Metallomics 2011; 3:250-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00073f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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147
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Zhang Y, Chen LY, Yin WX, Yin J, Zhang SB, Liu CL. The chelation targeting metal–Aβ40 aggregates may lead to formation of Aβ40 oligomers. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:4830-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt00020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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148
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Braymer JJ, Detoma AS, Choi JS, Ko KS, Lim MH. Recent Development of Bifunctional Small Molecules to Study Metal-Amyloid-β Species in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2011:623051. [PMID: 21197068 PMCID: PMC3004374 DOI: 10.4061/2011/623051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease related to the deposition of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain. It has been proposed that metal ion dyshomeostasis and miscompartmentalization contribute to AD progression, especially as metal ions (e.g., Cu(II) and Zn(II)) found in Aβ plaques of the diseased brain can bind to Aβ and be linked to aggregation and neurotoxicity. The role of metal ions in AD pathogenesis, however, is uncertain. To accelerate understanding in this area and contribute to therapeutic development, recent efforts to devise suitable chemical reagents that can target metal ions associated with Aβ have been made using rational structure-based design that combines two functions (metal chelation and Aβ interaction) in the same molecule. This paper presents bifunctional compounds developed by two different design strategies (linkage or incorporation) and discusses progress in their applications as chemical tools and/or potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Braymer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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149
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Design of small molecules that target metal-A{beta} species and regulate metal-induced A{beta} aggregation and neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21990-5. [PMID: 21131570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1006091107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of metal ions and amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates found in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been suggested to be involved in AD pathogenesis. To investigate metal-Aβ-associated pathways in AD, development of chemical tools to target metal-Aβ species is desired. Only a few efforts, however, have been reported. Here, we report bifunctional small molecules, N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)aniline (L2-a) and N(1),N(1)-dimethyl-N(4)-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)benzene-1,4-diamine (L2-b) that can interact with both metal ions and Aβ species, as determined by spectroscopic methods including high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. Using the bifunctional compound L2-b, metal-induced Aβ aggregation and neurotoxicity were modulated in vitro as well as in human neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, treatment of human AD brain tissue homogenates containing metal ions and Aβ species with L2-b showed disassembly of Aβ aggregates. Therefore, our studies presented herein demonstrate the value of bifunctional compounds as chemical tools for investigating metal-Aβ-associated events and their mechanisms in the development and pathogenesis of AD and as potential therapeutics.
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150
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Zheng H, Youdim MBH, Fridkin M. Selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor activated by acetylcholinesterase releases an active chelator with neurorescuing and anti-amyloid activities. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:737-46. [PMID: 22778810 DOI: 10.1021/cn100069c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The finding that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) colocalizes with β-amyloid (Aβ) and promotes and accelerates Aβ aggregation has renewed an intense interest in developing new multifunctional AChE inhibitors as potential disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer's therapy. To this end, we have developed a new class of selective AChE inhibitors with site-activated chelating activity. The identified lead, HLA20A, exhibits little affinity for metal (Fe, Cu, and Zn) ions but can be activated following inhibition of AChE to liberate an active chelator, HLA20. HLA20 has been shown to possess neuroprotective and neurorescuing activities in vitro and in vivo with the ability to lower amyloid precursor holoprotein (APP) expression and Aβ generation and inhibit Aβ aggregation induced by metal (Fe, Cu, and Zn) ion. HLA20A inhibited AChE in a time and concentration dependent manner with an HLA20A-AChE complex constant (K(i)) of 9.66 × 10(-6) M, a carbamylation rate (k(+2)) of 0.14 min(-1), and a second-order rate (k(i)) of 1.45 × 10 (4) M(-1) min(-1), comparable to those of rivastigmine. HLA20A showed little iron-binding capacity and activity against iron-induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) at concentrations of 1-50 μM, while HLA20 exhibited high potency in iron-binding and in inhibiting iron-induced LPO. At a concentration of 10 μM, HLA20A showed some activity against monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and -B when tested in rat brain homogenates. Defined restrictively by Lipinski's rules, both HLA20A and HLA20 satisfied drug-like criteria and possible oral and brain permeability, but HLA20A was more lipophilic and considerably less toxic in human SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells at high concentrations (25 or 50 μM). Together our data suggest that HLA20A may represent a promising lead for further development for Alzheimer's disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Zheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moussa B. H. Youdim
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacology, Technion-Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Mati Fridkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100, Israel
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