101
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Valenti D, Braidy N, De Rasmo D, Signorile A, Rossi L, Atanasov AG, Volpicella M, Henrion-Caude A, Nabavi SM, Vacca RA. Mitochondria as pharmacological targets in Down syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:69-83. [PMID: 28838841 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in cellular energy-generating processes and are considered master regulators of cell life and death fate. Mitochondrial function integrates signalling networks in several metabolic pathways controlling neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Indeed, dysfunctional mitochondria and mitochondrial-dependent activation of intracellular stress cascades are critical initiating events in many human neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental diseases including Down syndrome (DS). It is well established that trisomy of human chromosome 21 can cause DS. DS is associated with neurodevelopmental delay, intellectual disability and early neurodegeneration. Recently, molecular mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial damage and energy deficits have been identified and characterized in several DS-derived human cells and animal models of DS. Therefore, therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria could have great potential for new treatment regimens in DS. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent studies concerning mitochondrial impairment in DS, focusing on alterations of the molecular pathways controlling mitochondrial function. We will also discuss the effects and molecular mechanisms of naturally occurring and chemically synthetized drugs that exert neuroprotective effects through modulation of mitochondrial function and attenuation of oxidative stress. These compounds might represent novel therapeutic tools for the modulation of energy deficits in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valenti
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Council of Research, Bari, Italy
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Domenico De Rasmo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Council of Research, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Signorile
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - A G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariateresa Volpicella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alexandra Henrion-Caude
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, GenAtlas Platform, 24 Boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France
| | - S M Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - R A Vacca
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Council of Research, Bari, Italy.
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102
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Joshi AU, Saw NL, Shamloo M, Mochly-Rosen D. Drp1/Fis1 interaction mediates mitochondrial dysfunction, bioenergetic failure and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2017; 9:6128-6143. [PMID: 29464060 PMCID: PMC5814200 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics, involving a balance between fusion and fission, regulates mitochondrial quality and number. Increasing evidence suggests that dysfunctional mitochondria play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We observed that Drp1 interaction with one of the adaptors, Fis1, is significantly increased in Aβ-treated neurons and AD patient-derived fibroblasts. P110, a seven-amino acid peptide, which specifically inhibits Drp1/Fis1 interaction without affecting the interaction of Drp1 with its other adaptors, attenuated Aβ42-induced mitochondrial recruitment of Drp1 and prevented mitochondrial structural and functional dysfunction in cultured neurons, in cells expressing mutant amyloid precursor protein (KM670/671NL), and in five different AD patient-derived fibroblasts. Importantly, sustained P110 treatment significantly improved behavioral deficits, and reduced Aβ accumulation, energetic failure and oxidative stress in the brain of the AD mouse model, 5XFAD. This suggests that Drp1/Fis1 interaction and excessive mitochondrial fission greatly contribute to Aβ-mediated and AD-related neuropathology and cognitive decline. Therefore, inhibiting excessive Drp1/Fis1-mediated mitochondrial fission may benefit AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit U Joshi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nay L Saw
- Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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103
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Rocha S, Freitas A, Guimaraes SC, Vitorino R, Aroso M, Gomez-Lazaro M. Biological Implications of Differential Expression of Mitochondrial-Shaping Proteins in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 7:E1. [PMID: 29267236 PMCID: PMC5789311 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been accepted that mitochondrial function and morphology is affected in Parkinson's disease, and that mitochondrial function can be directly related to its morphology. So far, mitochondrial morphological alterations studies, in the context of this neurodegenerative disease, have been performed through microscopic methodologies. The goal of the present work is to address if the modifications in the mitochondrial-shaping proteins occurring in this disorder have implications in other cellular pathways, which might constitute important pathways for the disease progression. To do so, we conducted a novel approach through a thorough exploration of the available proteomics-based studies in the context of Parkinson's disease. The analysis provided insight into the altered biological pathways affected by changes in the expression of mitochondrial-shaping proteins via different bioinformatic tools. Unexpectedly, we observed that the mitochondrial-shaping proteins altered in the context of Parkinson's disease are, in the vast majority, related to the organization of the mitochondrial cristae. Conversely, in the studies that have resorted to microscopy-based techniques, the most widely reported alteration in the context of this disorder is mitochondria fragmentation. Cristae membrane organization is pivotal for mitochondrial ATP production, and changes in their morphology have a direct impact on the organization and function of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes. To understand which biological processes are affected by the alteration of these proteins we analyzed the binding partners of the mitochondrial-shaping proteins that were found altered in Parkinson's disease. We showed that the binding partners fall into seven different cellular components, which include mitochondria, proteasome, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), amongst others. It is noteworthy that, by evaluating the biological process in which these modified proteins are involved, we showed that they are related to the production and metabolism of ATP, immune response, cytoskeleton alteration, and oxidative stress, amongst others. In summary, with our bioinformatics approach using the data on the modified proteins in Parkinson's disease patients, we were able to relate the alteration of mitochondrial-shaping proteins to modifications of crucial cellular pathways affected in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rocha
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Freitas
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- FMUP-Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sofia C Guimaraes
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Vitorino
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Aroso
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Gomez-Lazaro
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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104
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Grimm A, Eckert A. Brain aging and neurodegeneration: from a mitochondrial point of view. J Neurochem 2017; 143:418-431. [PMID: 28397282 PMCID: PMC5724505 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is defined as a progressive time-related accumulation of changes responsible for or at least involved in the increased susceptibility to disease and death. The brain seems to be particularly sensitive to the aging process since the appearance of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, is exponential with the increasing age. Mitochondria were placed at the center of the 'free-radical theory of aging', because these paramount organelles are not only the main producers of energy in the cells, but also to main source of reactive oxygen species. Thus, in this review, we aim to look at brain aging processes from a mitochondrial point of view by asking: (i) What happens to brain mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics during aging? (ii) Why is the brain so sensitive to the age-related mitochondrial impairments? (iii) Is there a sex difference in the age-induced mitochondrial dysfunction? Understanding mitochondrial physiology in the context of brain aging may help identify therapeutic targets against neurodegeneration. This article is part of a series "Beyond Amyloid".
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Grimm
- University of BaselTransfaculty Research PlatformMolecular & Cognitive NeuroscienceNeurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental HealthBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselPsychiatric University ClinicsBaselSwitzerland
| | - Anne Eckert
- University of BaselTransfaculty Research PlatformMolecular & Cognitive NeuroscienceNeurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental HealthBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselPsychiatric University ClinicsBaselSwitzerland
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105
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Desdín-Micó G, Soto-Heredero G, Mittelbrunn M. Mitochondrial activity in T cells. Mitochondrion 2017; 41:51-57. [PMID: 29032101 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria fulfill important and diverse roles during the different stages of T cell adaptive responses. Here we discuss the role of the mitochondria in T cells from the initial steps of activation at the immune synapse to their participation in memory response and T cell exhaustion. Mitochondria are relocated to the immune synapse in order to supply local ATP and to aid calcium signaling. During expansion and proliferation, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species drive proliferation. Aerobic glycolysis, glutaminolysis and fatty acid oxidation regulate the program of differentiation into effector or regulatory T cell subsets, and mitochondrial remodeling proteins are required for the long-lasting phenotype of memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Desdín-Micó
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (i+12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, Madrid 28041, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Soto-Heredero
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - María Mittelbrunn
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (i+12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, Madrid 28041, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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106
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Stefano GB, Bjenning C, Wang F, Wang N, Kream RM. Mitochondrial Heteroplasmy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:577-594. [PMID: 28551808 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms, in concert with well-characterized etiology and progression of major pathologies, plays a significant role in aberrant processes afflicting human populations. Mitochondrial heteroplasmy represents a dynamically determined co-expression of inherited polymorphisms and somatic pathology in varying ratios within individual mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes with repetitive patterns of tissue specificity. The ratios of the MtDNA genomes represent a balance between healthy and pathological cellular outcomes. Mechanistically, cardiomyopathies have profound alterations of normative mitochondrial function. Certain allele imbalances in the nuclear mitochondrial genome are associated with key energy mitochondrial proteins. Mitochondrial heteroplasmy may manifest itself at critical protein expression points, e.g., cytochrome c oxidase (COX). Pathological mtDNA mutations also are associated with the development of congestive heart failure. Interestingly, mitochondrial 'normal vs. abnormal' ratios of various heteroplasmic populations may occur in families. In the translational context of human health and disease, we discuss the need for determining critical foci to probe multiple biological roles of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B Stefano
- International Scientific Information, Inc., 150 Broadhollow Rd, Ste 114, Melville, NY, 11747, USA.
| | - Christina Bjenning
- Cardiometabolic Designs LLC, 160 W15th Ave, Suite 303, Sea Cliff, NY, 11579, USA
| | - Fuzhou Wang
- Division of Neuroscience, Bonoi Academy of Science & Education, Chapel Hill, NC, 27510, USA
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of OB/GYN, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Richard M Kream
- International Scientific Information, Inc., 150 Broadhollow Rd, Ste 114, Melville, NY, 11747, USA
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107
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Kim JE, Kang TC. p47Phox/CDK5/DRP1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission Evokes PV Cell Degeneration in the Rat Dentate Gyrus Following Status Epilepticus. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:267. [PMID: 28919853 PMCID: PMC5585136 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin (PV) is one of the calcium-binding proteins, which plays an important role in the responsiveness of inhibitory neurons to an adaptation to repetitive spikes. Furthermore, PV neurons are highly vulnerable to status epilepticus (SE, prolonged seizure activity), although the underlining mechanism remains to be clarified. In the present study, we found that p47Phox expression was transiently and selectively increased in PV neurons 6 h after SE. This up-regulated p47Phox expression was accompanied by excessive mitochondrial fission. In this time point, CDK5-tyrosine 15 and dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1)-serine 616 phosphorylations were also increased in PV cells. Apocynin (a p47Phox inhibitor) effectively mitigated PV cell loss via inhibition of CDK5/DRP1 phosphorylations and mitochondrial fragmentation induced by SE. Roscovitine (a CDK5 inhibitor) and Mdivi-1 (a DRP1 inhibitor) attenuated SE-induced PV cell loss by inhibiting aberrant mitochondrial fission. These findings suggest that p47Phox/CDK5/DRP1 may be one of the important upstream signaling pathways in PV cell degeneration induced by SE via excessive mitochondrial fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheon, South Korea
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108
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Aung LH, Li R, Prabhakar BS, Maker AV, Li P. Mitochondrial protein 18 (MTP18) plays a pro-apoptotic role in chemotherapy-induced gastric cancer cell apoptosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56582-56597. [PMID: 28915614 PMCID: PMC5593585 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the severe limitations of chemotherapy is the development of drug resistance. However, the mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance remain to be elucidated. Mitochondrial mediated apoptosis is a form of cell death induced by chemotherapy. Several chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to induce mitochondrial fission, and finally activate the apoptosis cascade in various cancer cells. Here, we report that the mitochondrial membrane protein 18 (MTP18) induced mitochondrial fragmentation in gastric cancer cells under doxorubicin (DOX) exposure. Upon over-expression of MTP18, a sub-cytotoxic dose of DOX could sensitize a significant number of cells to undergo mitochondrial fission and subsequent apoptosis. These findings suggest that MTP18 can enhance the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to DOX. Mechanistically, we found that MTP18 enriched dynamic-related protein 1 (DRP1) accumulation in mitochondria and it was responsible for mediating DOX-induced signaling required for mitochondrial fission. Intriguingly, MTP18 expression was downregulated during DOX treatment. Thus, down-regulation of MTP18 expression could be one of the resistance factors interfering with DOX-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn H.H. Aung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruibei Li
- School of Professional Studies, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S. Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ajay V. Maker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Creticos Cancer Center, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peifeng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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109
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Distefano G, Standley RA, Dubé JJ, Carnero EA, Ritov VB, Stefanovic-Racic M, Toledo FGS, Piva SR, Goodpaster BH, Coen PM. Chronological Age Does not Influence Ex-vivo Mitochondrial Respiration and Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:535-542. [PMID: 27325231 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considerable debate continues to surround the concept of mitochondrial dysfunction in aging muscle. We tested the overall hypothesis that age per se does not influence mitochondrial function and markers of mitochondria quality control, that is, expression of fusion, fission, and autophagy proteins. We also investigated the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) and adiposity (body mass index) on these associations. Methods Percutaneous biopsies of the vastus lateralis were obtained from sedentary young (n = 14, 24±3 years), middle-aged (n = 24, 41±9 years) and older adults (n = 20, 78±5 years). A physically active group of young adults (n = 10, 27±5 years) was studied as a control. Mitochondrial respiration was determined in saponin permeabilized fiber bundles. Fusion, fission and autophagy protein expression was determined by Western blot. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by a graded exercise test. Results Mitochondrial respiratory capacity and expression of fusion (OPA1 and MFN2) and fission (FIS1) proteins were not different among sedentary groups despite a wide age range (21 to 88 years). Mitochondrial respiratory capacity and fusion and fission proteins were, however, negatively associated with body mass index, and mitochondrial respiratory capacity was positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness. The young active group had higher respiration, complex I and II respiratory control ratios, and expression of fusion and fission proteins. Finally, the expression of fusion, fission, and autophagy proteins were linked with mitochondrial respiration. Conclusions Mitochondrial respiration and markers of mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission) are not associated with chronological age per se, but rather are more strongly associated with body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Distefano
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and
| | | | - John J Dubé
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Elvis A Carnero
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando
| | - Vladimir B Ritov
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - Sara R Piva
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and
| | | | - Paul M Coen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
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110
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Wang HT, Lin JH, Yang CH, Haung CH, Weng CW, Maan-Yuh Lin A, Lo YL, Chen WS, Tang MS. Acrolein induces mtDNA damages, mitochondrial fission and mitophagy in human lung cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70406-70421. [PMID: 29050289 PMCID: PMC5642564 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrolein (Acr), a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde, can cause various lung diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer. We have found that Acr can damage not only genomic DNA but also DNA repair proteins causing repair dysfunction and enhancing cells’ mutational susceptibility. While these effects may account for Acr lung carcinogenicity, the mechanisms by which Acr induces lung diseases other than cancer are unclear. In this study, we found that Acr induces damages in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), inhibits mitochondrial bioenergetics, and alters mtDNA copy number in human lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Furthermore, Acr induces mitochondrial fission which is followed by autophagy/ mitophagy and Acr-induced DNA damages can trigger apoptosis. However, the autophagy/ mitophagy process does not change the level of Acr-induced mtDNA damages and apoptosis. We propose that Acr-induced mtDNA damages trigger loss of mtDNA via mitochondrial fission and mitophagy. These processes and mitochondria dysfunction induced by Acr are causes that lead to lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Heng Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Haung
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Weng
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anya Maan-Yuh Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans, General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Lo
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shen Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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111
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Aung LHH, Li R, Prabhakar BS, Li P. Knockdown of Mtfp1 can minimize doxorubicin cardiotoxicity by inhibiting Dnm1l-mediated mitochondrial fission. J Cell Mol Med 2017. [PMID: 28643438 PMCID: PMC5706585 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-term usage of doxorubicin (DOX) is largely limited due to the development of severe cardiomyopathy. Many studies indicate that DOX-induced cardiac injury is related to reactive oxygen species generation and ultimate activation of apoptosis. The role of novel mitochondrial fission protein 1 (Mtfp1) in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity remains elusive. Here, we report the pro-mitochondrial fission and pro-apoptotic roles of Mtfp1 in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. DOX up-regulates the Mtfp1 expression in HL-1 cardiac myocytes. Knockdown of Mtfp1 prevents cardiac myocyte from undergoing mitochondrial fission, and subsequently reduces the DOX-induced apoptosis by preventing dynamin 1-like (Dnm1l) accumulation in mitochondria. In contrast, when Mtfp1 is overexpressed, a suboptimal dose of DOX can induce a significant percentage of cells to undergo mitochondrial fission and apoptosis. These data suggest that knocking down of Mtfp1 can minimize the cardiomyocytes loss in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Thus, the regulation of Mtfp1 expression could be a novel therapeutic approach in chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn H H Aung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruibei Li
- School of Professional Studies, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peifeng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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112
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Abstract
Mitochondria have a pivotal role in the maintenance of cell homeostasis and survival. Mitochondria are involved in processes such as ATP production, reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis induction, calcium homeostasis and protein degradation. Thus, mechanisms that regulate the intrinsic quality of mitochondria have a crucial role in dictating overall cell fate. The importance of these well-regulated mechanisms is highlighted in disease scenarios such as neurodegeneration, cancer and neuromuscular atrophy. How mitochondria senses and regulates their intrinsic quality control, and consequently cell survival, is still not fully understood. In this review, we discuss the pathways that are at present considered as state-of-the-art for mitochondria quality control regulation, and highlight a mitochondrial protein-PINK1-that has revealed to act as a mitochondrial gatekeeper able to sense the presence of healthy or damaged mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira P Leites
- iMM Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa A Morais
- iMM Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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113
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Mitochondrial Nucleoid: Shield and Switch of the Mitochondrial Genome. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8060949. [PMID: 28680532 PMCID: PMC5478868 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8060949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria preserve very complex and distinctively unique machinery to maintain and express the content of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Similar to chromosomes, mtDNA is packaged into discrete mtDNA-protein complexes referred to as a nucleoid. In addition to its role as a mtDNA shield, over 50 nucleoid-associated proteins play roles in mtDNA maintenance and gene expression through either temporary or permanent association with mtDNA or other nucleoid-associated proteins. The number of mtDNA(s) contained within a single nucleoid is a fundamental question but remains a somewhat controversial issue. Disturbance in nucleoid components and mutations in mtDNA were identified as significant in various diseases, including carcinogenesis. Significant interest in the nucleoid structure and its regulation has been stimulated in relation to mitochondrial diseases, which encompass diseases in multicellular organisms and are associated with accumulation of numerous mutations in mtDNA. In this review, mitochondrial nucleoid structure, nucleoid-associated proteins, and their regulatory roles in mitochondrial metabolism are briefly addressed to provide an overview of the emerging research field involving mitochondrial biology.
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114
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Ge J, Yu H, Li J, Lian Z, Zhang H, Fang H, Qian L. Assessment of aflatoxin B1 myocardial toxicity in rats: mitochondrial damage and cellular apoptosis in cardiomyocytes induced by aflatoxin B1. J Int Med Res 2017; 45:1015-1023. [PMID: 28553767 PMCID: PMC5536410 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517706579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The number of deaths from heart disease is increasing worldwide. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a toxin produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, is frequently detected in improperly processed/stored human food products. While AFB1 hepatotoxicity and carcinogenic properties have been well addressed, its myocardial toxicity is poorly documented. This study aimed to investigate myocardial toxic activity of AFB1. Methods Ten rats were fed with AFB1 at a dose that did not result in acute toxic reactions for 30 days and 10 vehicle-fed rats served as controls. Transmission electron microscopy was used to assess mitochondrial damage in cardiomyocytes. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated UTP nick-end labelling assay was performed to detect apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Western blotting was performed to measure apoptotic proteins (i.e., active caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2) in heart tissue. Results AFB1 treatment resulted in mitochondrial membrane disruption and disorganization of cristae, which are indicators of mitochondrial damage. Myocardial cell apoptosis was significantly higher after AFB1 treatment (22.07% ± 3.29%) compared with controls (6.27% ± 2.78%, P < 0.05). AFB1 treatment enhanced expression of active caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 in cardiac tissue. Conclusion Various adverse effects are exerted by AFB1 on the heart, indicating AFB1 myocardial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Ge
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haichu Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhexun Lian
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongjing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lusha Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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115
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Li W, Deng H, Rao Q, Xie Q, Chen X, Han H. An automated pipeline for mitochondrial segmentation on ATUM-SEM stacks. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2017; 15:1750015. [PMID: 28610459 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720017500159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is possible now to look more closely into mitochondrial physical structures due to the rapid development of electron microscope (EM). Mitochondrial physical structures play important roles in both cellular physiology and neuronal functions. Unfortunately, the segmentation of mitochondria from EM images has proven to be a difficult and challenging task, due to the presence of various subcellular structures, as well as image distortions in the sophisticated background. Although the current state-of-the-art algorithms have achieved some promising results, they have demonstrated poor performances on these mitochondria which are in close proximity to vesicles or various membranes. In order to overcome these limitations, this study proposes explicitly modelling the mitochondrial double membrane structures, and acquiring the image edges by way of ridge detection rather than by image gradient. In addition, this study also utilizes group-similarity in context to further optimize the local misleading segmentation. Then, the experimental results determined from the images acquired by automated tape-collecting ultramicrotome scanning electron microscopy (ATUM-SEM) demonstrate the effectiveness of this study's proposed algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifu Li
- * Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.,† Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hao Deng
- † Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,‡ Faculty of Information Technology, Macau, University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Qiang Rao
- † Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qiwei Xie
- † Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xi Chen
- † Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hua Han
- † Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,§ Future Technological College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,¶ CBS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China
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116
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TRPC6-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation prevents dentate granule cell degeneration via inhibiting mitochondrial elongation. Neuropharmacology 2017; 121:120-129. [PMID: 28479396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical channel-6 (TRPC6) is one of Ca2+-permeable non-selective cation channels. In the rat hippocampus, TRPC6 expression is predominantly observed in dentate granule cells (DGC) rather than other hippocampal components. Interestingly, TRPC6 knockdown results in the massive DGC degeneration following status epilepticus (SE), although DGC is one of the resistant neuronal populations to various harmful stresses. However, the molecular events underlying the DGC degeneration induced by TRPC6 knockdown are still unclear. In the present study, TRPC6 knockdown resulted in mitochondrial elongation accompanied by reduction in dynamin-related proteins 1 (DRP1)-S616 phosphorylation. Furthermore, TRPC6 knockdown selectively decreased extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. Similar to TRPC6 knockdown, ERK1/2 inhibition by U0126 evoked mitochondrial elongation with diminished DRP1-S616 phosphorylation, and facilitated SE-induced DGC degeneration independent of seizure severity. These findings indicate that TRPC6 may regulate mitochondrial dynamics via ERK1/2-mediaed DRP1 activation, which would be involved in DGC invulnerability to SE. Therefore, TRPC6 will be an interesting and important therapeutic target for neurological diseases related to impaired mitochondrial dynamics.
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117
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Skeletal Muscle Nucleo-Mitochondrial Crosstalk in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040831. [PMID: 28420087 PMCID: PMC5412415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction, evidenced by incomplete beta oxidation and accumulation of fatty acid intermediates in the form of long and medium chain acylcarnitines, may contribute to ectopic lipid deposition and insulin resistance during high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. The present review discusses the roles of anterograde and retrograde communication in nucleo-mitochondrial crosstalk that determines skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations, specifically alterations in mitochondrial number and function in relation to obesity and insulin resistance. Special emphasis is placed on the effects of high fat diet (HFD) feeding on expression of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes (NEMGs) nuclear receptor factor 1 (NRF-1) and 2 (NRF-2) and peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) in the onset and progression of insulin resistance during obesity and how HFD-induced alterations in NEMG expression affect skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations in relation to beta oxidation of fatty acids. Finally, the potential ability of acylcarnitines or fatty acid intermediates resulting from mitochondrial beta oxidation to act as retrograde signals in nucleo-mitochondrial crosstalk is reviewed and discussed.
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118
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Zwarts L, Vulsteke V, Buhl E, Hodge JJL, Callaerts P. SlgA, encoded by the homolog of the human schizophrenia-associated gene PRODH, acts in clock neurons to regulate Drosophila aggression. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:705-716. [PMID: 28331058 PMCID: PMC5483002 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the proline dehydrogenase gene PRODH are linked to behavioral alterations in schizophrenia and as part of DiGeorge and velo-cardio-facial syndromes, but the role of PRODH in their etiology remains unclear. Here, we establish a Drosophila model to study the role of PRODH in behavioral disorders. We determine the distribution of the Drosophila PRODH homolog slgA in the brain and show that knockdown and overexpression of human PRODH and slgA in the lateral neurons ventral (LNv) lead to altered aggressive behavior. SlgA acts in an isoform-specific manner and is regulated by casein kinase II (CkII). Our data suggest that these effects are, at least partially, due to effects on mitochondrial function. We thus show that precise regulation of proline metabolism is essential to drive normal behavior and we identify Drosophila aggression as a model behavior relevant for the study of the mechanisms that are impaired in neuropsychiatric disorders. Editors' choice: A Drosophila model to study the role of PRODH, a schizophrenia-associated gene, in behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Zwarts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Leuven B-3000, Belgium.,VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Veerle Vulsteke
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Leuven B-3000, Belgium.,VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Edgar Buhl
- University of Bristol, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - James J L Hodge
- University of Bristol, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Patrick Callaerts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Leuven B-3000, Belgium .,VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
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119
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Hyun HW, Min SJ, Kim JE. CDK5 inhibitors prevent astroglial apoptosis and reactive astrogliosis by regulating PKA and DRP1 phosphorylations in the rat hippocampus. Neurosci Res 2017; 119:24-37. [PMID: 28153522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) results in the unique pattern of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1)-mediated mitochondrial dynamics, which is associated with astroglial apoptosis and reactive astrogliosis in the regional-specific pattern representing the differential astroglial properties. However, less defined are the epiphenomena/upstream effecters for DRP1 phosphorylation in this process. Since cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is involved in reactive astrogliosis, CDK5 is one of the possible upstream regulators for DRP1 phosphorylation. In the present study, both olomoucine and roscovitine (CDK5 inhibitors) effectively ameliorated SE-induced astroglial apoptosis in the dentate gyrus without changed seizure susceptibility. In addition, they inhibited reactive astrogliosis in the CA1 region independent of neuronal death induced by SE. These effects of CDK5 inhibitors were relevant to abrogation of altered DRP1 phosphorylation ratio and mitochondrial length induced by SE. CDK5 inhibitors also negatively regulated protein kinase A (PKA) activity in astrocytes. Therefore, our findings suggest that CDK5 inhibitors may mitigate astroglial apoptosis and reactive astrogliosis accompanied by modulations of DRP1-mediated mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Hyun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 24252, South Korea.
| | - Su-Ji Min
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 24252, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 24252, South Korea.
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120
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Autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition: an intricate interplay in cancer. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2520. [PMID: 27929542 PMCID: PMC5260980 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) are major biological processes in cancer. Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that aids cancer cells to overcome intracellular or environmental stress, including nutrient deprivation, hypoxia and drugs effect. EMT is a complex transdifferentiation through which cancer cells acquire mesenchymal features, including motility and metastatic potential. Recent observations indicate that these two processes are linked in a complex relationship. On the one side, cells that underwent EMT require autophagy activation to survive during the metastatic spreading. On the other side, autophagy, acting as oncosuppressive signal, tends to inhibit the early phases of metastasization, contrasting the activation of the EMT mainly by selectively destabilizing crucial mediators of this process. Currently, still limited information is available regarding the molecular hubs at the interplay between autophagy and EMT. However, a growing number of evidence points to the functional interaction between cytoskeleton and mitochondria as one of the crucial regulatory center at the crossroad between these two biological processes. Cytoskeleton and mitochondria are linked in a tight functional relationship. Controlling mitochondria dynamics, the cytoskeleton cooperates to dictate mitochondria availability for the cell. Vice versa, the number and structure of mitochondria, which are primarily affected by autophagy-related processes, define the energy supply that cancer cells use to reorganize the cytoskeleton and to sustain cell movement during EMT. In this review, we aim to revise the evidence on the functional crosstalk between autophagy and EMT in cancer and to summarize the data supporting a parallel regulation of these two processes through shared signaling pathways. Furthermore, we intend to highlight the relevance of cytoskeleton and mitochondria in mediating the interaction between autophagy and EMT in cancer.
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121
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Sandhir R, Halder A, Sunkaria A. Mitochondria as a centrally positioned hub in the innate immune response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:1090-1097. [PMID: 27794419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles involved in numerous cellular functions ranging from energy metabolism to cell survival. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondria provide a platform for signaling pathways involved in innate immune response. Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) are key triggers in the activation of innate immune response following variety of stress signals that include infection, tissue damage and metabolic dysregulation. The process is mediated through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that consist of retinoic acid inducible gene like receptors (RLRs), c-type lectin receptors (CLRs), toll type receptors (TLRs) and nuclear oligomerization-domain like receptors (NLRs). These signals converge to form a multiprotein complex called inflammasome that leads to caspase-1 activation to promote processing of precursor cytokines (pro-IL1β and pro-IL-18) to active cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18). It appears that mitochondria induced inflammasome activation contributes to inflammatory process in many diverse disorders. Therefore, strategies aimed at modulating mitochondria mediated inflammasome activation might be beneficial in many pathophysiological conditions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Quality in Diabetes/Obesity and Critical Illness Spectrum of Diseases - edited by P. Hemachandra Reddy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Avishek Halder
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aditya Sunkaria
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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122
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miR-125b controls monocyte adaptation to inflammation through mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics. Blood 2016; 128:3125-3136. [PMID: 27702798 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-02-697003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes drive monocyte differentiation and fate. Although abnormal mitochondria metabolism and innate immune responses participate in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders, molecular events regulating mitochondrial activity to control life and death in monocytes remain poorly understood. We show here that, in human monocytes, microRNA-125b (miR-125b) attenuates the mitochondrial respiration through the silencing of the BH3-only proapoptotic protein BIK and promotes the elongation of the mitochondrial network through the targeting of the mitochondrial fission process 1 protein MTP18, leading to apoptosis. Proinflammatory activation of monocyte-derived macrophages is associated with a concomitant increase in miR-125b expression and decrease in BIK and MTP18 expression, which lead to reduced oxidative phosphorylation and enhanced mitochondrial fusion. In a chronic inflammatory systemic disorder, CD14+ blood monocytes display reduced miR-125b expression as compared with healthy controls, inversely correlated with BIK and MTP18 messenger RNA expression. Our findings not only identify BIK and MTP18 as novel targets for miR-125b that control mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics, respectively, but also reveal a novel function for miR-125b in regulating metabolic adaptation of monocytes to inflammation. Together, these data unravel new molecular mechanisms for a proapoptotic role of miR-125b in monocytes and identify potential targets for interfering with excessive inflammatory activation of monocytes in inflammatory disorders.
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123
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Wu H, Li Z, Wang Y, Yang P, Li Z, Li H, Wu C. MiR-106b-mediated Mfn2 suppression is critical for PKM2 induced mitochondrial fusion. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:2221-2234. [PMID: 27822413 PMCID: PMC5088287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells preferentially metabolize glucose through aerobic glycolysis. This phenomenon, known as the Warburg effect, is a characteristic of glucose metabolism in cancer cells. PKM2 is reported to imply an important role in glycolysis. However, whether and how PKM2 can cause mitochondrial dysfunction, then subsequently forcing cancer cells using glycolysis instead of oxidation phosphorylation is poorly understood. Here we reported that overexpression of PKM2 disrupted mitochondrial dynamics by enhancing fusion. And PKM2 overexpression increased the expression of fusion protein Mfn2. Simultaneously, PKM2 overexpression induced mitochondrial dysfunctions shown by the decreased ATP level and increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. Reduction of Mfn2 expression by siRNA attenuated the PKM2-enhanced mitochondrial fusion and restored the functions. Quantitative and morphological analyses showed that the expression of microRNA-106b (miR-106b) was decreased in the PKM2 overexpressed cells, and the reduction of Mfn2 expression and the recovery of mitochondrial functions were induced by the treatment of miR-106b mimics, demonstrating that miR-106b played important roles in the down-regulation of Mfn2 expression and the PKM2 mediation of mitochondrial fusion. Clinical investigation was performed and results showed that the higher expression levels of PKM2 corresponded with the higher expression levels of Mfn2 in breast cancer tissues by comparison of their expression in adjacent normal tissues. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the overexpression of PKM2 and Mfn2 causes mitochondrial dysfunction via enhancing mitochondrial fusion and miR-106b play crucial roles in PKM2 mediated mitochondrial function through its regulation of Mfn2 expression, which provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi UniversityTaiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi UniversityTaiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi UniversityTaiyuan 030006, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi UniversityTaiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zongrui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan 030001, China
| | - Hanqing Li
- College of Life Science, Shanxi UniversityTaiyuan 030006, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Shanxi UniversityTaiyuan 030006, China
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124
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Tak H, Eun JW, Kim J, Park SJ, Kim C, Ji E, Lee H, Kang H, Cho DH, Lee K, Kim W, Nam SW, Lee EK. T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen 1 facilitates mitochondrial fragmentation by enhancing the expression of mitochondrial fission factor. Cell Death Differ 2016; 24:49-58. [PMID: 27612012 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial morphology is dynamically regulated by the formation of small fragmented units or interconnected mitochondrial networks, and this dynamic morphological change is a pivotal process in normal mitochondrial function. In the present study, we identified a novel regulator responsible for the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. An assay using CHANG liver cells stably expressing mitochondrial-targeted yellow fluorescent protein (mtYFP) and a group of siRNAs revealed that T-cell intracellular antigen protein-1 (TIA-1) affects mitochondrial morphology by enhancing mitochondrial fission. The function of TIA-1 in mitochondrial dynamics was investigated through various biological approaches and expression analysis in human specimen. Downregulation of TIA-1-enhanced mitochondrial elongation, whereas ectopic expression of TIA-1 resulted in mitochondria fragmentation. In addition, TIA-1 increased mitochondrial activity, including the rate of ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption. Further, we identified mitochondrial fission factor (MFF) as a direct target of TIA-1, and showed that TIA-1 promotes mitochondrial fragmentation by enhancing MFF translation. TIA-1 null cells had a decreased level of MFF and less mitochondrial Drp1, a critical factor for mitochondrial fragmentation, thereby enhancing mitochondrial elongation. Taken together, our results indicate that TIA-1 is a novel factor that facilitates mitochondrial dynamics by enhancing MFF expression and contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosun Tak
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Woo Eun
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - So Jung Park
- Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Chongtae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunbyul Ji
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heejin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hoin Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Kyungbun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Evolution Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Evolution Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute for Aging and Metabolic Disease, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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125
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de Bruin DM, Broekgaarden M, van Gemert MJC, Heger M, de la Rosette JJ, Van Leeuwen TG, Faber DJ. Assesment of apoptosis induced changes in scattering using optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:913-923. [PMID: 26564260 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify changes in scattering with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and relate these measurements with mitochondrial changes during the initiation of apoptosis. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells were cultured and apoptosis was induced using 10% alcohol. Using the attenuation coefficient and backscattering, changes were measured during cell death in a cell-pellet and monolayer respectively. To confirm apoptosis, fluorescent activated cell sorting was used. Mitochondrial activity during apoptosis was assessed using an oxidative stress assay and fluorescent confocal microscopy. Pelleted apoptotic cells measured with OCT showed a clear rise while untreated cells showed a very small increase in attenuation coefficient. Monolayered apoptotic cells displayed a distinct increase, while untreated cells showed a small increase in the backscattering. Apoptosis was confirmed by FACS experiments. Mitochondrial changes during the onset of apoptosis were also measured. The results demonstrate that apoptotic cell death could be monitored in real-time by OCT. Changes in the scattering after induction of apoptosis are likely to be related to changes in the intracellular morphology. Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial swelling could be responsible for the initial increase, while cell blebbing and secondary necrosis subsequently for the observed decrease in scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M de Bruin
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Mans Broekgaarden
- Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin J C van Gemert
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jean J de la Rosette
- Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ton G Van Leeuwen
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Faber
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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126
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Lo CYW, Chen S, Creed SJ, Kang M, Zhao N, Tang BZ, Elgass KD. Novel super-resolution capable mitochondrial probe, MitoRed AIE, enables assessment of real-time molecular mitochondrial dynamics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30855. [PMID: 27492961 PMCID: PMC4974624 DOI: 10.1038/srep30855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and mitochondrial dynamics play vital roles in health and disease. With the intricate nanometer-scale structure and rapid dynamics of mitochondria, super-resolution microscopy techniques possess great un-tapped potential to significantly contribute to understanding mitochondrial biology and kinetics. Here we present a novel mitochondrial probe (MitoRed AIE) suitable for live mitochondrial dynamics imaging and single particle tracking (SPT), together with a multi-dimensional data analysis approach to assess local mitochondrial (membrane) fluidity. The MitoRed AIE probe localizes primarily to mitochondrial membranes, with 95 ms fluorophore on-time delivering 106 photons/ms, characteristics which we exploit to demonstrate live cell 100 fps 3D time-lapse tracking of mitochondria. Combining our experimental and analytical approaches, we uncover mitochondrial dynamics at unprecedented time scales. This approach opens up a new regime into high spatio-temporal resolution dynamics in many areas of mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camden Yeung-Wah Lo
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sijie Chen
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sarah Jayne Creed
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miaomiao Kang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Na Zhao
- School of Chemistry &Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, P.R. China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kirstin Diana Elgass
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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127
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Grimm A, Mensah-Nyagan AG, Eckert A. Alzheimer, mitochondria and gender. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 67:89-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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128
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Mukherjee K, Clark HR, Chavan V, Benson EK, Kidd GJ, Srivastava S. Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27501303 DOI: 10.3791/54214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain is a high energy consuming organ that mainly relies on glucose as a fuel source. Glucose is catabolized by brain mitochondria via glycolysis, tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathways to produce cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Impairment of mitochondrial ATP production causes mitochondrial disorders, which present clinically with prominent neurological and myopathic symptoms. Mitochondrial defects are also present in neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism spectrum disorder) and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases). Thus, there is an increased interest in the field for performing 3D analysis of mitochondrial morphology, structure and distribution under both healthy and disease states. The brain mitochondrial morphology is extremely diverse, with some mitochondria especially those in the synaptic region being in the range of <200 nm diameter, which is below the resolution limit of traditional light microscopy. Expressing a mitochondrially-targeted green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the brain significantly enhances the organellar detection by confocal microscopy. However, it does not overcome the constraints on the sensitivity of detection of relatively small sized mitochondria without oversaturating the images of large sized mitochondria. While serial transmission electron microscopy has been successfully used to characterize mitochondria at the neuronal synapse, this technique is extremely time-consuming especially when comparing multiple samples. The serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) technique involves an automated process of sectioning, imaging blocks of tissue and data acquisition. Here, we provide a protocol to perform SBFSEM of a defined region from rodent brain to rapidly reconstruct and visualize mitochondrial morphology. This technique could also be used to provide accurate information on mitochondrial number, volume, size and distribution in a defined brain region. Since the obtained image resolution is high (typically under 10 nm) any gross mitochondrial morphological defects may also be detected.
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129
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Intermediate Filaments as Organizers of Cellular Space: How They Affect Mitochondrial Structure and Function. Cells 2016; 5:cells5030030. [PMID: 27399781 PMCID: PMC5040972 DOI: 10.3390/cells5030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments together with actin filaments and microtubules form the cytoskeleton, which is a complex and highly dynamic 3D network. Intermediate filaments are the major mechanical stress protectors but also affect cell growth, differentiation, signal transduction, and migration. Using intermediate filament-mitochondrial crosstalk as a prominent example, this review emphasizes the importance of intermediate filaments as crucial organizers of cytoplasmic space to support these functions. We summarize observations in different mammalian cell types which demonstrate how intermediate filaments influence mitochondrial morphology, subcellular localization, and function through direct and indirect interactions and how perturbations of these interactions may lead to human diseases.
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130
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Yang Y, Karakhanova S, Hartwig W, D'Haese JG, Philippov PP, Werner J, Bazhin AV. Mitochondria and Mitochondrial ROS in Cancer: Novel Targets for Anticancer Therapy. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2570-81. [PMID: 26895995 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are indispensable for energy metabolism, apoptosis regulation, and cell signaling. Mitochondria in malignant cells differ structurally and functionally from those in normal cells and participate actively in metabolic reprogramming. Mitochondria in cancer cells are characterized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, which promotes cancer development by inducing genomic instability, modifying gene expression, and participating in signaling pathways. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA mutations caused by oxidative damage that impair the oxidative phosphorylation process will result in further mitochondrial ROS production, completing the "vicious cycle" between mitochondria, ROS, genomic instability, and cancer development. The multiple essential roles of mitochondria have been utilized for designing novel mitochondria-targeted anticancer agents. Selective drug delivery to mitochondria helps to increase specificity and reduce toxicity of these agents. In order to reduce mitochondrial ROS production, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants can specifically accumulate in mitochondria by affiliating to a lipophilic penetrating cation and prevent mitochondria from oxidative damage. In consistence with the oncogenic role of ROS, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants are found to be effective in cancer prevention and anticancer therapy. A better understanding of the role played by mitochondria in cancer development will help to reveal more therapeutic targets, and will help to increase the activity and selectivity of mitochondria-targeted anticancer drugs. In this review we summarized the impact of mitochondria on cancer and gave summary about the possibilities to target mitochondria for anticancer therapies. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2570-2581, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Werner Hartwig
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan G D'Haese
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Pavel P Philippov
- Department of Cell Signalling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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131
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Zhang X, Williams ED, Azhar G, Rogers SC, Wei JY. Does p49/STRAP, a SRF-binding protein (SRFBP1), modulate cardiac mitochondrial function in aging? Exp Gerontol 2016; 82:150-9. [PMID: 27337995 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
p49/STRAP (SRFBP1) is a transcriptional regulator that has been implicated in cardiac aging. p49/STRAP has a SRF binding domain and a BUD22 domain (which modulates cellular growth rate and cell size). We have observed that p49/STRAP alters the intracellular NAD/NADH ratio and induces protein deacetylation. Here we report that p49/STRAP overexpression caused the deacetylation of histone H4 on lysine 16 (H4K16) and suppressed the expression of PGC-1α as well as mitofusin-1 and mitofusin-2 at both the mRNA and protein levels. P49/STRAP also reduced mitochondrial size, mitochondrial membrane potential and the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate. We noted that P49/STRAP expression was increased in the old versus young adult mouse hearts and also increased with advancing population doubling levels in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). It is therefore very plausible that increased expression of p49/STRAP in late life may alter the status of histone acetylation and impact mitochondrial dynamics and thereby reduce mitochondrial function and cardiac performance during mammalian senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhang
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Emmanuel D Williams
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Gohar Azhar
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Steven C Rogers
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Jeanne Y Wei
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
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132
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Ko AR, Hyun HW, Min SJ, Kim JE. The Differential DRP1 Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Regional Specific Astroglial Death Induced by Status Epilepticus. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:124. [PMID: 27242436 PMCID: PMC4870264 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The response and susceptibility to astroglial degenerations are relevant to the distinctive properties of astrocytes in a hemodynamic-independent manner following status epilepticus (SE). Since impaired mitochondrial fission plays an important role in mitosis, apoptosis and programmed necrosis, we investigated whether the unique pattern of mitochondrial dynamics is involved in the characteristics of astroglial death induced by SE. In the present study, SE induced astroglial apoptosis in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, accompanied by decreased mitochondrial length. In contrast, clasmatodendritic (autophagic) astrocytes in the CA1 region showed mitochondrial elongation induced by SE. Mdivi-1 (an inhibitor of mitochondrial fission) effectively attenuated astroglial apoptosis, but WY14643 (an enhancer of mitochondrial fission) aggravated it. In addition, Mdivi-1 accelerated clasmatodendritic changes in astrocytes. These regional specific mitochondrial dynamics in astrocytes were closely correlated with dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1; a mitochondrial fission protein) phosphorylation, not optic atrophy 1 (OPA1; a mitochondrial fusion protein) expression. To the best of our knowledge, the present data demonstrate for the first time the novel role of DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission in astroglial loss. Thus, the present findings suggest that the differential astroglial mitochondrial dynamics may participate in the distinct characteristics of astroglial death induced by SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Reum Ko
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Won Hyun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Su-Ji Min
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon, South Korea
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133
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Peroxisomes are platforms for cytomegalovirus' evasion from the cellular immune response. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26028. [PMID: 27181750 PMCID: PMC4867596 DOI: 10.1038/srep26028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus developed distinct evasion mechanisms from the cellular antiviral response involving vMIA, a virally-encoded protein that is not only able to prevent cellular apoptosis but also to inhibit signalling downstream from mitochondrial MAVS. vMIA has been shown to localize at mitochondria and to trigger their fragmentation, a phenomenon proven to be essential for the signalling inhibition. Here, we demonstrate that vMIA is also localized at peroxisomes, induces their fragmentation and inhibits the peroxisomal-dependent antiviral signalling pathway. Importantly, we demonstrate that peroxisomal fragmentation is not essential for vMIA to specifically inhibit signalling downstream the peroxisomal MAVS. We also show that vMIA interacts with the cytoplasmic chaperone Pex19, suggesting that the virus has developed a strategy to highjack the peroxisomal membrane proteins' transport machinery. Furthermore, we show that vMIA is able to specifically interact with the peroxisomal MAVS. Our results demonstrate that peroxisomes constitute a platform for evasion of the cellular antiviral response and that the human cytomegalovirus has developed a mechanism by which it is able to specifically evade the peroxisomal MAVS-dependent antiviral signalling.
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134
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Abstract
Mitochondria are unique dynamic organelles that evolved from free-living bacteria into endosymbionts of mammalian hosts (Sagan 1967; Hatefi 1985). They have a distinct ~16.6 kb closed circular DNA genome coding for 13 polypeptides (Taanman 1999). In addition, a majority of the ~1500 mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus and transported to the mitochondria (Bonawitz et al. 2006). Mitochondria have two membranes: an outer smooth membrane and a highly folded inner membrane called cristae, which encompasses the matrix that houses the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and lipid metabolism. The inner mitochondrial membrane houses the protein complexes comprising the electron transport chain (ETC) (Hatefi 1985).
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Hockenbery
- Clinical Research Divison, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington USA
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135
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Sprague Dawley rats: A model of successful heart aging. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2016; 12:22-30. [PMID: 29900116 PMCID: PMC5988506 DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sprague Dawley rat hearts of 6, 22 and 30 months were analysed by DIGE and blotting. Results indicate that this animal model experiences the so-called successful aging. Mybpc3, Aldh2 and serpins could be used as early biomarkers. Sirtuin-3 increment suggests the activation of protective non-canonical autophagy.
Aging is a universal phenomenon involving the whole body and is characterized by metabolic and physiological decline, leading to cardiovascular defects and heart failure. To characterize the molecular basis of physiological cardiac aging, the proteomic profiles of Sprague Dawley rat hearts of 6, 22 and 30 months were analysed by DIGE and immunoblotting. Results indicate changes in myosin binding protein C, aldehyde dehydrogenase, serpins and sirtuin-3 which protects from the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore induced by cyclophilin D increment. Conversely, an increase of fusion, a decrease of mitochondrial fission and the activation of the non-canonical autophagy pathway were observed. These results support the hypothesis of successful aging in this rat model.
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136
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Mlody B, Lorenz C, Inak G, Prigione A. Energy metabolism in neuronal/glial induction and in iPSC models of brain disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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137
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Zhou X, Zhang L, Zheng B, Yan Y, Zhang Y, Xie H, Zhou L, Zheng S, Wang W. MicroRNA-761 is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and regulates tumorigenesis by targeting Mitofusin-2. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:424-32. [PMID: 26845057 PMCID: PMC4832850 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer and the third leading cause of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. The fate of a cell is determined by the balance between the processes of fission and fusion that constantly occur in the mitochondria of cells. We previously showed that overexpression of Mitofusin‐2 can induce apoptosis in HCC cells by triggering an influx of Ca2+ into the mitochondria from the ER. The function of Mitofusin‐2 has been studied extensively, but the mechanism underlying the post‐transcriptional regulation of Mitofusin‐2 has not been elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to identify the mechanism of Mitofusin‐2 regulation in HCC. We demonstrated that Mitofusin‐2 is a direct target of miR‐761, which was found to be upregulated in HCC tissues. Furthermore, a miR‐761 inhibitor impaired mitochondrial function by upregulating Mitofusin‐2 and effectively repressed tumor growth and metastasis both in vivo and in vitro. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanism underlying Mitofusin‐2 regulation and the potential role of miR‐761 in HCC, making it a potential candidate for use in HCC therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Zhou
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linshi Zhang
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bichun Zheng
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingcai Yan
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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138
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Cross Talk of Proteostasis and Mitostasis in Cellular Homeodynamics, Ageing, and Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4587691. [PMID: 26977249 PMCID: PMC4763003 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4587691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that provide essential metabolic functions and represent the major bioenergetic hub of eukaryotic cell. Therefore, maintenance of mitochondria activity is necessary for the proper cellular function and survival. To this end, several mechanisms that act at different levels and time points have been developed to ensure mitochondria quality control. An interconnected highly integrated system of mitochondrial and cytosolic chaperones and proteases along with the fission/fusion machinery represents the surveillance scaffold of mitostasis. Moreover, nonreversible mitochondrial damage targets the organelle to a specific autophagic removal, namely, mitophagy. Beyond the organelle dynamics, the constant interaction with the ubiquitin-proteasome-system (UPS) has become an emerging aspect of healthy mitochondria. Dysfunction of mitochondria and UPS increases with age and correlates with many age-related diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss the functional cross talk of proteostasis and mitostasis in cellular homeodynamics and the impairment of mitochondrial quality control during ageing, cancer, and neurodegeneration.
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139
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Stefano GB, Kream RM. Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in human health and disease. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:259-262. [PMID: 26998260 PMCID: PMC4774312 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomedical literature has extensively documented the functional roles of genetic polymorphisms in concert with well-characterized somatic mutations in the etiology and progression of major metastatic diseases afflicting human populations. Mitochondrial heteroplasmy exists as a dynamically determined co-expression of inherited polymorphisms and somatic mutations in varying ratios within individual mitochondrial DNA genomes with repetitive patterns of tissue specificity. Mechanistically, carcinogenic cellular processes include profound alterations of normative mitochondrial function, notably dependence on aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, and aberrant production and release of lactate, according to a classic theory. Within the translational context of human health and disease, the present review discusses the necessity of establishing critical foci designed to probe multiple biological roles of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in cancer biology.
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140
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Carson JA, Hardee JP, VanderVeen BN. The emerging role of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism as a biological target and cellular regulator of cancer-induced muscle wasting. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 54:53-67. [PMID: 26593326 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While skeletal muscle mass is an established primary outcome related to understanding cancer cachexia mechanisms, considerable gaps exist in our understanding of muscle biochemical and functional properties that have recognized roles in systemic health. Skeletal muscle quality is a classification beyond mass, and is aligned with muscle's metabolic capacity and substrate utilization flexibility. This supplies an additional role for the mitochondria in cancer-induced muscle wasting. While the historical assessment of mitochondria content and function during cancer-induced muscle loss was closely aligned with energy flux and wasting susceptibility, this understanding has expanded to link mitochondria dysfunction to cellular processes regulating myofiber wasting. The primary objective of this article is to highlight muscle mitochondria and oxidative metabolism as a biological target of cancer cachexia and also as a cellular regulator of cancer-induced muscle wasting. Initially, we examine the role of muscle metabolic phenotype and mitochondria content in cancer-induced wasting susceptibility. We then assess the evidence for cancer-induced regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, mitophagy, and oxidative stress. In addition, we discuss environments associated with cancer cachexia that can impact the regulation of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism. The article also examines the role of cytokine-mediated regulation of mitochondria function, followed by the potential role of cancer-induced hypogonadism. Lastly, a role for decreased muscle use in cancer-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Justin P Hardee
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Brandon N VanderVeen
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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141
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Ruggieri V, Agriesti F, Scrima R, Laurenzana I, Perrone D, Tataranni T, Mazzoccoli C, Lo Muzio L, Capitanio N, Piccoli C. Dichloroacetate, a selective mitochondria-targeting drug for oral squamous cell carcinoma: a metabolic perspective of treatment. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1217-30. [PMID: 25544754 PMCID: PMC4359228 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of metabolism is a well-established property of cancer cells that is receiving growing attention as potential therapeutic target. Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) are aggressive and drugs-resistant human tumours displaying wide metabolic heterogeneity depending on their malignant genotype and stage of development. Dichloroacetate (DCA) is a specific inhibitor of the PDH-regulator PDK proved to foster mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate. In this study we tested comparatively the effects of DCA on three different OSCC-derived cell lines, HSC-2, HSC-3, PE15. Characterization of the three cell lines unveiled for HSC-2 and HSC-3 a glycolysis-reliant metabolism whereas PE15 accomplished an efficient mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. DCA treatment of the three OSCC cell lines, at pharmacological concentrations, resulted in stimulation of the respiratory activity and caused a remarkably distinctive pro-apoptotic/cytostatic effect on HSC-2 and HSC-3. This was accompanied with a large remodeling of the mitochondrial network, never documented before, leading to organelle fragmentation and with enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. The data here presented indicate that the therapeutic efficacy of DCA may depend on the specific metabolic profile adopted by the cancer cells with those exhibiting a deficient mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation resulting more sensitive to the drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalba Ruggieri
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, CROB, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy
| | - Francesca Agriesti
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, CROB, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosella Scrima
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Laurenzana
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, CROB, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy
| | - Donatella Perrone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Tataranni
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, CROB, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmela Mazzoccoli
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, CROB, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, CROB, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy.Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.,Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, CROB, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy.Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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142
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Lee HC, Liao T, Zhang YJ, Yang G. Shape component analysis: structure-preserving dimension reduction on biological shape spaces. Bioinformatics 2015; 32:755-63. [PMID: 26543176 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Quantitative shape analysis is required by a wide range of biological studies across diverse scales, ranging from molecules to cells and organisms. In particular, high-throughput and systems-level studies of biological structures and functions have started to produce large volumes of complex high-dimensional shape data. Analysis and understanding of high-dimensional biological shape data require dimension-reduction techniques. RESULTS We have developed a technique for non-linear dimension reduction of 2D and 3D biological shape representations on their Riemannian spaces. A key feature of this technique is that it preserves distances between different shapes in an embedded low-dimensional shape space. We demonstrate an application of this technique by combining it with non-linear mean-shift clustering on the Riemannian spaces for unsupervised clustering of shapes of cellular organelles and proteins. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Source code and data for reproducing results of this article are freely available at https://github.com/ccdlcmu/shape_component_analysis_Matlab The implementation was made in MATLAB and supported on MS Windows, Linux and Mac OS. CONTACT geyang@andrew.cmu.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Liao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, and
| | | | - Ge Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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143
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Dynamin-related protein 1 controls the migration and neuronal differentiation of subventricular zone-derived neural progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15962. [PMID: 26514444 PMCID: PMC4626845 DOI: 10.1038/srep15962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important in many essential cellular functions, including energy production, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. The organelles are scattered throughout the cytoplasm, but their distribution can be altered in response to local energy demands, such as cell division and neuronal maturation. Mitochondrial distribution is closely associated with mitochondrial fission, and blocking the fission-promoting protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) activity often results in mitochondrial elongation and clustering. In this study, we observed that mitochondria were preferentially localized at the leading process of migratory adult neural stem cells (aNSCs), whereas neuronal differentiating cells transiently exhibited perinuclear condensation of mitochondria. Inhibiting Drp1 activity altered the typical migratory cell morphology into round shapes while the polarized mitochondrial distribution was maintained. With these changes, aNSCs failed to migrate, and neuronal differentiation was prevented. Because Drp1 blocking also impaired the mitochondrial membrane potential, we tested whether supplementing with L-carnitine, a compound that restores mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis, could revert the defects induced by Drp1 inhibition. Interestingly, L-carnitine fully restored the aNSC defects, including cell shrinkage, migration, and impaired neuronal differentiation. These results suggest that Drp1 is required for functionally active mitochondria, and supplementing with ATP can restore the defects induced by Drp1 suppression.
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144
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Grimm A, Friedland K, Eckert A. Mitochondrial dysfunction: the missing link between aging and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Biogerontology 2015; 17:281-96. [PMID: 26468143 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that represents the most common form of dementia among the elderly. Despite the fact that AD was studied for decades, the underlying mechanisms that trigger this neuropathology remain unresolved. Since the onset of cognitive deficits occurs generally within the 6th decade of life, except in rare familial case, advancing age is the greatest known risk factor for AD. To unravel the pathogenesis of the disease, numerous studies use cellular and animal models based on genetic mutations found in rare early onset familial AD (FAD) cases that represent less than 1 % of AD patients. However, the underlying process that leads to FAD appears to be distinct from that which results in late-onset AD. As a genetic disorder, FAD clearly is a consequence of malfunctioning/mutated genes, while late-onset AD is more likely due to a gradual accumulation of age-related malfunction. Normal aging and AD are both marked by defects in brain metabolism and increased oxidative stress, albeit to varying degrees. Mitochondria are involved in these two phenomena by controlling cellular bioenergetics and redox homeostasis. In the present review, we compare the common features observed in both brain aging and AD, placing mitochondrial in the center of pathological events that separate normal and pathological aging. We emphasize a bioenergetic model for AD including the inverse Warburg hypothesis which postulates that AD is a consequence of mitochondrial deregulation leading to metabolic reprogramming as an initial attempt to maintain neuronal integrity. After the failure of this compensatory mechanism, bioenergetic deficits may lead to neuronal death and dementia. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction may represent the missing link between aging and sporadic AD, and represent attractive targets against neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Grimm
- Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular & Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Erlangen, Cauerstraße 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anne Eckert
- Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular & Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland.
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland.
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145
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Schrempp SG, van der Laan M. Get Ready for Fusion: Insights into Mgm1-Mediated Membrane Remodeling. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:2595-8. [PMID: 26079069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Schrempp
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin van der Laan
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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146
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Senyilmaz D, Virtue S, Xu X, Tan CY, Griffin JL, Miller AK, Vidal-Puig A, Teleman AA. Regulation of mitochondrial morphology and function by stearoylation of TFR1. Nature 2015. [PMID: 26214738 PMCID: PMC4561519 DOI: 10.1038/nature14601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are involved in a variety of cellular functions including ATP production, amino acid and lipid biogenesis and breakdown, signaling and apoptosis1-3. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and aging4. Although transcriptional mechanisms regulating mitochondrial abundance are known5, comparatively little is known about how mitochondrial function is regulated. We identify here the metabolite stearic acid (C18:0) and Transferrin Receptor (TfR1) as mitochondrial regulators. We elucidate a signaling pathway whereby C18:0 stearoylates TfR1, thereby inhibiting its activation of JNK signaling. This leads to reduced ubiquitination of mitofusin via HUWE1, thereby promoting mitochondrial fusion and function. We find that animal cells are poised to respond to both increases and decreases in C18:0 levels, with increased C18:0 dietary intake boosting mitochondrial fusion in vivo. Intriguingly, dietary C18:0 supplementation can counteract the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by genetic defects such as loss of the Parkinsons genes Pink or Parkin. This work identifies the metabolite C18:0 as a signaling molecule regulating mitochondrial function in response to diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Senyilmaz
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sam Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chong Yew Tan
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- The Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Aubry K Miller
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
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147
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Rimessi A, Patergnani S, Bonora M, Wieckowski MR, Pinton P. Mitochondrial Ca(2+) Remodeling is a Prime Factor in Oncogenic Behavior. Front Oncol 2015; 5:143. [PMID: 26161362 PMCID: PMC4479728 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is sustained by defects in the mechanisms underlying cell proliferation, mitochondrial metabolism, and cell death. Mitochondrial Ca2+ ions are central to all these processes, serving as signaling molecules with specific spatial localization, magnitude, and temporal characteristics. Mutations in mtDNA, aberrant expression and/or regulation of Ca2+-handling/transport proteins and abnormal Ca2+-dependent relationships among the cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria can cause the deregulation of mitochondrial Ca2+-dependent pathways that are related to these processes, thus determining oncogenic behavior. In this review, we propose that mitochondrial Ca2+ remodeling plays a pivotal role in shaping the oncogenic signaling cascade, which is a required step for cancer formation and maintenance. We will describe recent studies that highlight the importance of mitochondria in inducing pivotal “cancer hallmarks” and discuss possible tools to manipulate mitochondrial Ca2+ to modulate cancer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rimessi
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
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148
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Elgass KD, Smith EA, LeGros MA, Larabell CA, Ryan MT. Analysis of ER-mitochondria contacts using correlative fluorescence microscopy and soft X-ray tomography of mammalian cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2795-804. [PMID: 26101352 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.169136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fission is important for organelle transport, quality control and apoptosis. Changes to the fission process can result in a wide variety of neurological diseases. In mammals, mitochondrial fission is executed by the GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1; encoded by DNM1L), which oligomerizes around mitochondria and constricts the organelle. The mitochondrial outer membrane proteins Mff, MiD49 (encoded by MIEF2) and MiD51 (encoded by MIEF1) are involved in mitochondrial fission by recruiting Drp1 from the cytosol to the organelle surface. In addition, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules have been shown to wrap around and constrict mitochondria before a fission event. Up to now, the presence of MiD49 and MiD51 at ER-mitochondrial division foci has not been established. Here, we combine confocal live-cell imaging with correlative cryogenic fluorescence microscopy and soft x-ray tomography to link MiD49 and MiD51 to the involvement of the ER in mitochondrial fission. We gain further insight into this complex process and characterize the 3D structure of ER-mitochondria contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin D Elgass
- Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Smith
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA National Centre for X-ray Tomography, Advanced Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mark A LeGros
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA National Centre for X-ray Tomography, Advanced Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carolyn A Larabell
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA National Centre for X-ray Tomography, Advanced Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael T Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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149
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Snyder C, Stefano GB. Mitochondria and chloroplasts shared in animal and plant tissues: significance of communication. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:1507-11. [PMID: 26005853 PMCID: PMC4455318 DOI: 10.12659/msm.894481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have long been recognized as the main source of energy production for the eukaryotic cell. Recent studies have found that the mitochondria have a variety of dynamic functions aside from the production of energy. It communicates bidirectionally with other organelles in order to modulate its energy balance efficiently, as well as maintain homeostasis, ultimately prolonging its own and the cell’s longevity. The mitochondria achieves this level of regulation via specific and common bidirectional chemical messengers, especially involving the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR), deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTP’s), ATP and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Its communication network is also involved in stress associated events. In this regard, the activation of the Bax family proteins and the release of cytochrome c occurs during cellular stress. The communication can also promote apoptosis of the cell. When mitochondrial abnormalities cannot be dealt with, there is an increased chance that major illnesses like type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer may occur. Importantly, functioning chloroplasts can be found in animals, suggesting conserved chemical messengers during its evolutionary path. The dynamic capacity of mitochondria is also noted by their ability to function anaerobically. Indeed, this latter phenomenon may represent a return to an earlier developmental stage of mitochondria, suggesting certain disorders result from its untimely appearance.
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150
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Fua P, Knott GW. Modeling brain circuitry over a wide range of scales. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:42. [PMID: 25904852 PMCID: PMC4387921 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
If we are ever to unravel the mysteries of brain function at its most fundamental level, we will need a precise understanding of how its component neurons connect to each other. Electron Microscopes (EM) can now provide the nanometer resolution that is needed to image synapses, and therefore connections, while Light Microscopes (LM) see at the micrometer resolution required to model the 3D structure of the dendritic network. Since both the topology and the connection strength are integral parts of the brain's wiring diagram, being able to combine these two modalities is critically important. In fact, these microscopes now routinely produce high-resolution imagery in such large quantities that the bottleneck becomes automated processing and interpretation, which is needed for such data to be exploited to its full potential. In this paper, we briefly review the Computer Vision techniques we have developed at EPFL to address this need. They include delineating dendritic arbors from LM imagery, segmenting organelles from EM, and combining the two into a consistent representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Fua
- Computer Vision Lab, I&C School, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Graham W Knott
- Bioelectron Microscopy Core Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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