101
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Tian W, Chen S. Neurotransmitters, Cell Types, and Circuit Mechanisms of Motor Skill Learning and Clinical Applications. Front Neurol 2021; 12:616820. [PMID: 33716924 PMCID: PMC7947691 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.616820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals acquire motor skills to better survive and adapt to a changing environment. The ability to learn novel motor actions without disturbing learned ones is essential to maintaining a broad motor repertoire. During motor learning, the brain makes a series of adjustments to build novel sensory–motor relationships that are stored within specific circuits for long-term retention. The neural mechanism of learning novel motor actions and transforming them into long-term memory still remains unclear. Here we review the latest findings with regard to the contributions of various brain subregions, cell types, and neurotransmitters to motor learning. Aiming to seek therapeutic strategies to restore the motor memory in relative neurodegenerative disorders, we also briefly describe the common experimental tests and manipulations for motor memory in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wotu Tian
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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102
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Kampasi K, Ladner I, Zhou J, Soto AC, Hernandez J, Patra S, Haque RU. POEMS (POLYMERIC OPTO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS) FOR ADVANCED NEURAL INTERFACES. MATERIALS LETTERS 2021; 285:129015. [PMID: 33716365 PMCID: PMC7946108 DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2020.129015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in optical neural interfaces which is driven by the need for improvements in spatial precision, real-time monitoring, and reduced invasiveness. Here, we present unique microfabrication and packaging techniques to build implantable optoelectronics with high precision and spatial complexity. Material characterization of our hybrid polymers shows minimal in vitro degradation, greater flexibility, and lowest optical loss (4.04-4.4 dB/cm at 670 nm) among other polymers reported in prior studies. We use the developed methods to build Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's (LLNL's) first ultra-compact, lightweight (0.38 g), scalable and minimally invasive thin-film optoelectronic neural implant that can be used for chronic studies of brain activities. The paper concludes by summarizing the progress to date and discussing future opportunities for flexible optoelectronic interfaces in next generation clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Kampasi
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
- Kavli Institute of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ian Ladner
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Zhou
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Alicia Calónico Soto
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jose Hernandez
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Susant Patra
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Razi-ul Haque
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
- Kavli Institute of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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103
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Koyanagi M, Saito T, Wada S, Nagata T, Kawano-Yamashita E, Terakita A. Optogenetic Potentials of Diverse Animal Opsins: Parapinopsin, Peropsin, LWS Bistable Opsin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:141-151. [PMID: 33398811 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal opsin-based pigments are light-activated G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which drive signal transduction cascades via G-proteins. Thousands of animal opsins have been identified, and molecular phylogenetic and biochemical analyses have revealed the unexpected diversity in selectivity of G-protein activation and photochemical property. Here we discuss the optogenetic potentials of diverse animal opsins, particularly recently well-characterized three non-canonical opsins, parapinopsin, peropsin, and LWS bistable opsin. Unlike canonical opsins such as vertebrate visual opsins that have been conventionally used for optogenetic applications, these opsins are bistable; opsin-based pigments do not release the chromophore retinal after light absorption, and the stable photoproducts revert to their original dark states upon subsequent light absorption. Parapinopsins have a "complete photoregeneration ability," which allows a clear color-dependent regulation of signal transductions. On the other hand, peropsins serve as a "dark-active and light-inactivated" GPCR to regulate signal transductions in the opposite way compared with usual opsins. In addition, an LWS bistable opsin from a butterfly was revealed to be the longest wavelength-sensitive animal opsin with its absorption maximum at ~570 nm. The property-dependent optical regulations of signal transductions were demonstrated in mammalian cultured cells, showing potentials of new optogenetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsumasa Koyanagi
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoka Saito
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Wada
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagata
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emi Kawano-Yamashita
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihisa Terakita
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
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104
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Mi Y, Zhao J, Chu H, Li Z, Yu M, Li L. Upconversion Luminescence-Controlled DNA Computation for Spatiotemporally Resolved, Multiplexed Molecular Imaging. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2500-2509. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Mi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongqian Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingming Yu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lele Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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105
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He L, Wang L, Zeng H, Tan P, Ma G, Zheng S, Li Y, Sun L, Dou F, Siwko S, Huang Y, Wang Y, Zhou Y. Engineering of a bona fide light-operated calcium channel. Nat Commun 2021; 12:164. [PMID: 33431868 PMCID: PMC7801460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current optogenetic toolkit lacks a robust single-component Ca2+-selective ion channel tailored for remote control of Ca2+ signaling in mammals. Existing tools are either derived from engineered channelrhodopsin variants without strict Ca2+ selectivity or based on the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) that might crosstalk with other targets. Here, we describe the design of a light-operated Ca2+ channel (designated LOCa) by inserting a plant-derived photosensory module into the intracellular loop of an engineered ORAI1 channel. LOCa displays biophysical features reminiscent of the ORAI1 channel, which enables precise optical control over Ca2+ signals and hallmark Ca2+-dependent physiological responses. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of LOCa to modulate aberrant hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal, transcriptional programming, cell suicide, as well as neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of amyloidosis. Existing optogenetic methods to induce calcium mobilisation lack selectivity and specificity. Here, the authors design and engineer a single-component light-operated calcium channel to provide optical control over calcium signals and calcium-dependent physiological responses: LOCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian He
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liuqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxiang Zeng
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peng Tan
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guolin Ma
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sisi Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Dou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drugs and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Siwko
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yun Huang
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Youjun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA.
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106
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Paez Segala MG, Looger LL. Optogenetics. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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107
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Optogenetic Modulation of Ion Channels by Photoreceptive Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:73-88. [PMID: 33398808 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In these 15 years, researches to control cellular responses by light have flourished dramatically to establish "optogenetics" as a research field. In particular, light-dependent excitation/inhibition of neural cells using channelrhodopsins or other microbial rhodopsins is the most powerful and the most widely used optogenetic technique. New channelrhodopsin-based optogenetic tools having favorable characteristics have been identified from a wide variety of organisms or created through mutagenesis. Despite the great efforts, some neuronal activities are still hard to be manipulated by the channelrhodopsin-based tools, indicating that complementary approaches are needed to make optogenetics more comprehensive. One of the feasible and complementary approaches is optical control of ion channels using photoreceptive proteins other than channelrhodopsins. In particular, animal opsins can modulate various ion channels via light-dependent G protein activation. In this chapter, we summarize how such alternative optogenetic tools work and they will be improved.
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108
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Gheorghiu M. A short review on cell-based biosensing: challenges and breakthroughs in biomedical analysis. J Biomed Res 2020; 35:255-263. [PMID: 33888671 PMCID: PMC8383170 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.34.20200128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current cell-based biosensors have progressed substantially from mere alternatives to molecular bioreceptors into enabling tools for interfacing molecular machineries and gene circuits with microelectronics and for developing groundbreaking sensing and theragnostic platforms. The recent literature concerning whole-cell biosensors is reviewed with an emphasis on mammalian cells, and the challenges and breakthroughs brought along in biomedical analyses through novel biosensing concepts and the synthetic biology toolbox. These recent innovations allow development of cell-based biosensing platforms having tailored performances and capable to reach the levels of sensitivity, dynamic range, and stability suitable for high analytic/medical relevance. They also pave the way for the construction of flexible biosensing platforms with utility across biological research and clinical applications. The work is intended to stimulate interest in generation of cell-based biosensors and improve their acceptance and exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Gheorghiu
- Biosensors Department, International Centre of Biodynamics, Bucharest 060101, Romania
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109
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Cheffer A, Flitsch LJ, Krutenko T, Röderer P, Sokhranyaeva L, Iefremova V, Hajo M, Peitz M, Schwarz MK, Brüstle O. Human stem cell-based models for studying autism spectrum disorder-related neuronal dysfunction. Mol Autism 2020; 11:99. [PMID: 33308283 PMCID: PMC7733257 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00383-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The controlled differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into neurons and glia offers a unique opportunity to study early stages of human central nervous system development under controlled conditions in vitro. With the advent of cell reprogramming and the possibility to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from any individual in a scalable manner, these studies can be extended to a disease- and patient-specific level. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder, with substantial evidence pointing to early alterations in neurogenesis and network formation as key pathogenic drivers. For that reason, ASD represents an ideal candidate for stem cell-based disease modeling. Here, we provide a concise review on recent advances in the field of human iPSC-based modeling of syndromic and non-syndromic forms of ASD, with a particular focus on studies addressing neuronal dysfunction and altered connectivity. We further discuss recent efforts to translate stem cell-based disease modeling to 3D via brain organoid and cell transplantation approaches, which enable the investigation of disease mechanisms in a tissue-like context. Finally, we describe advanced tools facilitating the assessment of altered neuronal function, comment on the relevance of iPSC-based models for the assessment of pharmaceutical therapies and outline potential future routes in stem cell-based ASD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arquimedes Cheffer
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tamara Krutenko
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pascal Röderer
- Life & Brain GmbH, Platform Cellomics, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Liubov Sokhranyaeva
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vira Iefremova
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohamad Hajo
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain GmbH, Platform Cellomics, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Cell Programming Core Facility, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Karl Schwarz
- Life & Brain GmbH, Platform Cellomics, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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110
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Moulin TC, Covill LE, Itskov PM, Williams MJ, Schiöth HB. Rodent and fly models in behavioral neuroscience: An evaluation of methodological advances, comparative research, and future perspectives. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:1-12. [PMID: 33242563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of behavioral outcomes is a central component of neuroscientific research, which has required continuous technological innovations to produce more detailed and reliable findings. In this article, we provide an in-depth review on the progress and future implications for three model organisms (mouse, rat, and Drosophila) essential to our current understanding of behavior. By compiling a comprehensive catalog of popular assays, we are able to compare the diversity of tasks and usage of these animal models in behavioral research. This compilation also allows for the evaluation of existing state-of-the-art methods and experimental applications, including optogenetics, machine learning, and high-throughput behavioral assays. We go on to discuss novel apparatuses and inter-species analyses for centrophobism, feeding behavior, aggression and mating paradigms, with the goal of providing a unique view on comparative behavioral research. The challenges and recent advances are evaluated in terms of their translational value, ethical procedures, and trustworthiness for behavioral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Moulin
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Laura E Covill
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pavel M Itskov
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Michael J Williams
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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111
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Cardiac Optogenetics in Atrial Fibrillation: Current Challenges and Future Opportunities. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8814092. [PMID: 33195698 PMCID: PMC7641281 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8814092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although rarely life-threatening on short term, atrial fibrillation leads to increased mortality and decreased quality of life through its complications, including heart failure and stroke. Recent studies highlight the benefits of maintaining sinus rhythm. However, pharmacological long-term rhythm control strategies may be shadowed by associated proarrhythmic effects. At the same time, electrical cardioversion is limited to hospitals, while catheter ablation therapy, although effective, is invasive and is dedicated to specific patients, usually with low amounts of atrial fibrosis (preferably Utah I-II). Cardiac optogenetics allows influencing the heart's electrical activity by applying specific wavelength light pulses to previously engineered cardiomyocytes into expressing microbial derived light-sensitive proteins called opsins. The resulting ion influx may give rise to either hyperpolarizing or depolarizing currents, thus offering a therapeutic potential in cardiac electrophysiology, including pacing, resynchronization, and arrhythmia termination. Optogenetic atrial fibrillation cardioversion might be achieved by inducing a conduction block or filling of the excitable gap. The authors agree that transmural opsin expression and appropriate illumination with an exposure time longer than the arrhythmia cycle length are necessary to achieve successful arrhythmia termination. However, the efficiency and safety of biological cardioversion in humans remain to be seen, as well as side effects such as immune reactions and loss of opsin expression. The possibility of delivering pain-free shocks with out-of-hospital biological cardioversion is tempting; however, there are several issues that need to be addressed first: applicability and safety in humans, long-term behaviour, anticoagulation requirements, and fibrosis interactions.
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112
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Kampasi K, Alameda J, Sahota S, Hernandez J, Patra S, Haque R. Design and microfabrication strategies for thin-film, flexible optical neural implant .. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:4314-4317. [PMID: 33018950 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Advanced polymer science and design technologies are constantly evolving to meet ever-growing expectations for flexible optical MEMS. In this work, we present design and microfabrication considerations for designed flexible Polymeric Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems (POEMS). The presented methods integrate waveguide fabrication and laser diode (LD) chip assembly with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's (LLNL's) flexible thin-film technology to enable LLNL's first neural optoelectrode that can deliver guided light for neural activation. We support our findings with electrical and optical bench verification tests, present thermal simulation models to analyze heat dissipation of laser light sources on polymer substrates and discuss potential modifications for next generation prototypes. This fully integrated approach will allow spatial precision, scalability and more particularly, longer lifetime, needed to enable chronic studies of brain activities.
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113
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Garcia-Marcos M, Parag-Sharma K, Marivin A, Maziarz M, Luebbers A, Nguyen LT. Optogenetic activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins by LOV2GIVe, a rationally engineered modular protein. eLife 2020; 9:60155. [PMID: 32936073 PMCID: PMC7515630 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are signal transducers involved in mediating the action of many natural extracellular stimuli and many therapeutic agents. Non-invasive approaches to manipulate the activity of G-proteins with high precision are crucial to understand their regulation in space and time. Here, we developed LOV2GIVe, an engineered modular protein that allows the activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins with blue light. This optogenetic construct relies on a versatile design that differs from tools previously developed for similar purposes, that is metazoan opsins, which are light-activated G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Instead, LOV2GIVe consists of the fusion of a G-protein activating peptide derived from a non-GPCR regulator of G-proteins to a small plant protein domain, such that light uncages the G-protein activating module. Targeting LOV2GIVe to cell membranes allowed for light-dependent activation of Gi proteins in different experimental systems. In summary, LOV2GIVe expands the armamentarium and versatility of tools available to manipulate heterotrimeric G-protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Kshitij Parag-Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Arthur Marivin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Marcin Maziarz
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Alex Luebbers
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Lien T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
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114
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Lu X, Shen Y, Campbell RE. Engineering Photosensory Modules of Non-Opsin-Based Optogenetic Actuators. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6522. [PMID: 32906617 PMCID: PMC7555876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic (photo-responsive) actuators engineered from photoreceptors are widely used in various applications to study cell biology and tissue physiology. In the toolkit of optogenetic actuators, the key building blocks are genetically encodable light-sensitive proteins. Currently, most optogenetic photosensory modules are engineered from naturally-occurring photoreceptor proteins from bacteria, fungi, and plants. There is a growing demand for novel photosensory domains with improved optical properties and light-induced responses to satisfy the needs of a wider variety of studies in biological sciences. In this review, we focus on progress towards engineering of non-opsin-based photosensory domains, and their representative applications in cell biology and physiology. We summarize current knowledge of engineering of light-sensitive proteins including light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain (LOV), cryptochrome (CRY2), phytochrome (PhyB and BphP), and fluorescent protein (FP)-based photosensitive domains (Dronpa and PhoCl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocen Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Robert E. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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115
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Nguyen NT, Ma G, Zhou Y, Jing J. Optogenetic approaches to control Ca 2+-modulated physiological processes. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 17:187-196. [PMID: 33184610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As a versatile intracellular second messenger, calcium ion (Ca2+) regulates a plethora of physiological processes. To achieve precise control over Ca2+ signals in living cells and organisms, a set of optogenetic tools have recently been crafted by engineering photosensitive domains into intracellular signaling proteins, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and Ca2+ channels. We highlight herein the optogenetic engineering strategies, kinetic properties, advantages and limitations of these genetically-encoded Ca2+ channel actuators (GECAs) and modulators. In parallel, we present exemplary applications in both excitable and non-excitable cells and tissues. Furthermore, we briefly discuss potential solutions for wireless optogenetics to accelerate the in vivo applications of GECAs under physiological conditions, with an emphasis on integrating near-infrared (NIR) light-excitable upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and bioluminescence with optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung T Nguyen
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guolin Ma
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ji Jing
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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116
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Abstract
An ultrasound-mediated deep-tissue light source for noninvasive optogenetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosong Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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117
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Olfactory marker protein captures cAMP produced via Gαs-protein-coupled receptor activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:341-346. [PMID: 32703433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory marker protein (OMP) labels the matured stage of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) and has promoted the investigation on the physiology of olfaction. OMP regulates olfactory sensitivity and axonal projection of ORNs, both of which are under the control of the olfactory signaling mediator cAMP. Recently, it has been reported that OMP contains cAMP-binding sites. OMP directly captures the photo-uncaged cAMP in the cytosol and rapidly terminates the olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels activity to sharpen the olfactory responses. Here, we investigate the contribution of OMP to cAMP acutely produced via activation of Gαs-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). We expressed OMP and non-desensitizing CNGA2 channels in HEK293T cells together with β1-adrenergic receptors (ADRB1) or photo-sensitive β2-adrenergic receptors (opto-β2). Continuous puff of adrenergic agonist isoproterenol to HEK29T cells with ADRB1 induced the lasting CNGA2 currents in the absence of OMP, while OMP rapidly deactivated the CNGA2 channel activity with residual currents. Photo-activation of opto-β2 in the absence of OMP induced the CNGA2 currents with a prolonged increase, while OMP swiftly deactivated the CNGA2 channels after the initial surge. Therefore, cytosolic OMP rapidly uncouples CNGA2 channels and cAMP-signaling produced via GPCRs in the submembrane compartment.
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118
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Herrera-Perez RM, Kasza KE. Manipulating the Patterns of Mechanical Forces That Shape Multicellular Tissues. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 34:381-391. [PMID: 31577169 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00018.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, spatial and temporal patterns of mechanical forces help to transform unstructured groups of cells into complex, functional tissue architectures. Here, we review emerging approaches to manipulate these patterns of forces to investigate the mechanical mechanisms that shape multicellular tissues, with a focus on recent experimental studies of epithelial tissue sheets in the embryo of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen E Kasza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
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119
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Wang YB, de Lartigue G, Page AJ. Dissecting the Role of Subtypes of Gastrointestinal Vagal Afferents. Front Physiol 2020; 11:643. [PMID: 32595525 PMCID: PMC7300233 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) vagal afferents convey sensory signals from the GI tract to the brain. Numerous subtypes of GI vagal afferent have been identified but their individual roles in gut function and feeding regulation are unclear. In the past decade, technical approaches to selectively target vagal afferent subtypes and to assess their function has significantly progressed. This review examines the classification of GI vagal afferent subtypes and discusses the current available techniques to study vagal afferents. Investigating the distribution of GI vagal afferent subtypes and understanding how to access and modulate individual populations are essential to dissect their fundamental roles in the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko B Wang
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Amanda J Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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120
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Harris JM, Wang AYD, Boulanger-Weill J, Santoriello C, Foianini S, Lichtman JW, Zon LI, Arlotta P. Long-Range Optogenetic Control of Axon Guidance Overcomes Developmental Boundaries and Defects. Dev Cell 2020; 53:577-588.e7. [PMID: 32516597 PMCID: PMC7375170 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Axons connect neurons together, establishing the wiring architecture of neuronal networks. Axonal connectivity is largely built during embryonic development through highly constrained processes of axon guidance, which have been extensively studied. However, the inability to control axon guidance, and thus neuronal network architecture, has limited investigation of how axonal connections influence subsequent development and function of neuronal networks. Here, we use zebrafish motor neurons expressing a photoactivatable Rac1 to co-opt endogenous growth cone guidance machinery to precisely and non-invasively direct axon growth using light. Axons can be guided over large distances, within complex environments of living organisms, overriding competing endogenous signals and redirecting axons across potent repulsive barriers to construct novel circuitry. Notably, genetic axon guidance defects can be rescued, restoring functional connectivity. These data demonstrate that intrinsic growth cone guidance machinery can be co-opted to non-invasively build new connectivity, allowing investigation of neural network dynamics in intact living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Harris
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andy Yu-Der Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Current Address: Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan Boulanger-Weill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Cristina Santoriello
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephan Foianini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jeff W. Lichtman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Leonard I. Zon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Lead contact. Correspondence:
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121
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Luyben TT, Rai J, Li H, Georgiou J, Avila A, Zhen M, Collingridge GL, Tominaga T, Okamoto K. Optogenetic Manipulation of Postsynaptic cAMP Using a Novel Transgenic Mouse Line Enables Synaptic Plasticity and Enhances Depolarization Following Tetanic Stimulation in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:24. [PMID: 32581725 PMCID: PMC7283606 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP is a positive regulator tightly involved in certain types of synaptic plasticity and related memory functions. However, its spatiotemporal roles at the synaptic and neural circuit levels remain elusive. Using a combination of a cAMP optogenetics approach and voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging with electrophysiological recording, we define a novel capacity of postsynaptic cAMP in enabling dentate gyrus long-term potentiation (LTP) and depolarization in acutely prepared murine hippocampal slices. To manipulate cAMP levels at medial perforant path to granule neuron (MPP-DG) synapses by light, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice expressing photoactivatable adenylyl cyclase (PAC) in DG granule neurons. Using these Tg(CMV-Camk2a-RFP/bPAC)3Koka mice, we recorded field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) from MPP-DG synapses and found that photoactivation of PAC during tetanic stimulation enabled synaptic potentiation that persisted for at least 30 min. This form of LTP was induced without the need for GABA receptor blockade that is typically required for inducing DG plasticity. The paired-pulse ratio (PPR) remained unchanged, indicating the cAMP-dependent LTP was likely postsynaptic. By employing fast fluorescent voltage-sensitive dye (VSD: di-4-ANEPPS) and fluorescence imaging, we found that photoactivation of the PAC actuator enhanced the intensity and extent of dentate gyrus depolarization triggered following tetanic stimulation. These results demonstrate that the elevation of cAMP in granule neurons is capable of rapidly enhancing synaptic strength and neuronal depolarization. The powerful actions of cAMP are consistent with this second messenger having a critical role in the regulation of synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T Luyben
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jayant Rai
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hang Li
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John Georgiou
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ariel Avila
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Basic Science Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), Concepción, Chile
| | - Mei Zhen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,TANZ Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CRND), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Takashi Tominaga
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Systems, Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Okamoto
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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122
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Lee C, Lavoie A, Liu J, Chen SX, Liu BH. Light Up the Brain: The Application of Optogenetics in Cell-Type Specific Dissection of Mouse Brain Circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:18. [PMID: 32390806 PMCID: PMC7193678 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The exquisite intricacies of neural circuits are fundamental to an animal’s diverse and complex repertoire of sensory and motor functions. The ability to precisely map neural circuits and to selectively manipulate neural activity is critical to understanding brain function and has, therefore been a long-standing goal for neuroscientists. The recent development of optogenetic tools, combined with transgenic mouse lines, has endowed us with unprecedented spatiotemporal precision in circuit analysis. These advances greatly expand the scope of tractable experimental investigations. Here, in the first half of the review, we will present applications of optogenetics in identifying connectivity between different local neuronal cell types and of long-range projections with both in vitro and in vivo methods. We will then discuss how these tools can be used to reveal the functional roles of these cell-type specific connections in governing sensory information processing, and learning and memory in the visual cortex, somatosensory cortex, and motor cortex. Finally, we will discuss the prospect of new optogenetic tools and how their application can further advance modern neuroscience. In summary, this review serves as a primer to exemplify how optogenetics can be used in sophisticated modern circuit analyses at the levels of synapses, cells, network connectivity and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Lee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andreanne Lavoie
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiashu Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon X Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Center for Neural Dynamics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bao-Hua Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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123
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Gheorghiu M, Stănică L, Ghinia Tegla MG, Polonschii C, Bratu D, Popescu O, Badea T, Gheorghiu E. Cellular sensing platform with enhanced sensitivity based on optogenetic modulation of cell homeostasis. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 154:112003. [PMID: 32056953 PMCID: PMC7685521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.112003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new biosensing concept with impact on the development of rapid, point of need cell based sensing with boosted sensitivity and wide relevance for bioanalysis. It involves optogenetic stimulation of cells stably transfected to express light sensitive protein channels for optical control of membrane potential and of ion homeostasis. Time-lapse impedance measurements are used to reveal cell dynamics changes encompassing cellular responses to bioactive stimuli and optically induced homeostasis disturbances. We prove that light driven perturbations of cell membrane potential induce homeostatic reactions and modulate transduction mechanisms that amplify cellular response to bioactive compounds. This allows cell based biosensors to respond more rapidly and sensitively to low concentrations of bioactive/toxic analytes: statistically relevant impedance changes are recorded in less than 30 min, in comparison with >8 h in the best alternative reported tests for the same low concentration (e.g. a concentration of 25 μM CdCl2, lower than the threshold concentration in classical cellular sensors). Comparative analysis of model bioactive/toxic compounds (ouabain and CdCl2) demonstrates that cellular reactivity can be boosted by light driven perturbations of cellular homeostasis and that this biosensing concept is able to discriminate analytes with different modes of action (i.e. CdCl2 toxicity versus ion pump inhibition by ouabain), a significant advance against state of the art cell based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Gheorghiu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intr. Portocalelor 1 B, 060101, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, 050095, Romania.
| | - Luciana Stănică
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intr. Portocalelor 1 B, 060101, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, 050095, Romania
| | - Miruna G Ghinia Tegla
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Molecular Biology Center, Babes-Bolyai-University, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Retinal Circuit Development & Genetics Unit N-NRL/NEI/NIH 6 Center Drive Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, United States
| | - Cristina Polonschii
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intr. Portocalelor 1 B, 060101, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Dumitru Bratu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intr. Portocalelor 1 B, 060101, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Octavian Popescu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Molecular Biology Center, Babes-Bolyai-University, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Institute of Biology, Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tudor Badea
- Retinal Circuit Development & Genetics Unit N-NRL/NEI/NIH 6 Center Drive Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, United States.
| | - Eugen Gheorghiu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intr. Portocalelor 1 B, 060101, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, 050095, Romania.
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124
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Baker M, Hong SI, Kang S, Choi DS. Rodent models for psychiatric disorders: problems and promises. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:9. [PMID: 32322555 PMCID: PMC7161141 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are a prevalent global health problem, over 900 million individuals affected by a continuum of mental and substance use disorders. Due to this high prevalence, and the substantial direct and indirect societal costs, it is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms of these disorders to facilitate development of new and more effective treatments. Since the advent of recombinant DNA technologies in the early 1980s, genetically modified rodent models have significantly contributed to the genetic and molecular basis of psychiatric disorders. Despite significant advancements, many challenges remain after unsuccessful drug development based on rodent models. Recent human genetics show the polygenetic nature of mental disorders, identifying hundreds of allelic variants that confer increased risk. However, given the complexity of the brain, with many unique cell types, gene expression profiles, and developmental trajectories, proper animal models are needed more than ever to dissect genes and circuits in a cell type-specific manner to advance our understanding and treatment of psychiatric disorders. In this mini-review, we highlight current challenges and promises of using rodent models in advancing science and drug development, focusing on advanced techniques, and their applications to rodent models of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Baker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Sa-Ik Hong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Seungwoo Kang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Neuroscience Program, Rochester, MN USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN USA
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125
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Alizadeh S, Esmaeili A, Barzegari A, Rafi MA, Omidi Y. Bioengineered smart bacterial carriers for combinational targeted therapy of solid tumours. J Drug Target 2020; 28:700-713. [PMID: 32116051 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1737087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite many endeavours for the development of new anticancer drugs, effective therapy of solid tumours remains a challenging issue. The current cancer chemotherapies may associate with two important limitations, including the lack/trivial specificity of treatment modalities towards diseased cells/tissues resulting in undesired side effects, and the emergence of drug-resistance mechanisms by tumour cells causing the failure of the treatment. Much attention, therefore, has currently been paid to develop smart and highly specific anticancer agents with maximal therapeutic impacts and minimal side effects. Among various strategies used to target cancer cells, bacteria-based cancer therapies (BCTs) have been validated as potential gene/drug delivery carriers, which can also be engineered to be used in diagnosis processes. They can be devised to selectively target the tumour microenvironment (TME), within which they may preferentially proliferate in the necrotic and anaerobic parts - often inaccessible to other therapeutics. BCTs are capable to sense and respond to the environmental signals, upon which they are considered as smart microrobots applicable in the controlled delivery of therapeutic agents to the TME. In this review, we aimed to provide comprehensive insights into the potentials of the bioengineered bacteria as smart and targeted bio-carriers and discuss their applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Alizadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Rafi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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126
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Paoletti P, Ellis-Davies GCR, Mourot A. Optical control of neuronal ion channels and receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 20:514-532. [PMID: 31289380 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-controllable tools provide powerful means to manipulate and interrogate brain function with relatively low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. Although optogenetic approaches permit neuronal excitation or inhibition at the network level, other technologies, such as optopharmacology (also known as photopharmacology) have emerged that provide molecular-level control by endowing light sensitivity to endogenous biomolecules. In this Review, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of photocontrolling native neuronal signalling pathways, focusing on ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. We describe existing strategies for rendering receptors and channels light sensitive and provide an overview of the neuroscientific insights gained from such approaches. At the crossroads of chemistry, protein engineering and neuroscience, optopharmacology offers great potential for understanding the molecular basis of brain function and behaviour, with promises for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.
| | | | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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127
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Kanemaru K, Suzuki J, Taiko I, Iino M. Red fluorescent CEPIA indicators for visualization of Ca 2+ dynamics in mitochondria. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2835. [PMID: 32071363 PMCID: PMC7029041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics are involved in the regulation of multifarious cellular processes, including intracellular Ca2+ signalling, cell metabolism and cell death. Use of mitochondria-targeted genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators has revealed intercellular and subcellular heterogeneity of mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics, which are assumed to be determined by distinct thresholds of Ca2+ increases at each subcellular mitochondrial domain. The balance between Ca2+ influx through the mitochondrial calcium uniporter and extrusion by cation exchangers across the inner mitochondrial membrane may define the threshold; however, the precise mechanisms remain to be further explored. We here report the new red fluorescent genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators, R-CEPIA3mt and R-CEPIA4mt, which are targeted to mitochondria and their Ca2+ affinities are engineered to match the intramitochondrial Ca2+ concentrations. They enable visualization of mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics with high spatiotemporal resolution in parallel with the use of green fluorescent probes and optogenetic tools. Thus, R-CEPIA3mt and R-CEPIA4mt are expected to be a useful tool for elucidating the mechanisms of the complex mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kanemaru
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Junji Suzuki
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Isamu Taiko
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Iino
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
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128
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Delaney SL, Gendreau JL, D'Souza M, Feng AY, Ho AL. Optogenetic Modulation for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:187-197. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Austin Y. Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Georgia
| | - Allen L. Ho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Georgia
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129
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Yu X, Nagai J, Khakh BS. Improved tools to study astrocytes. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:121-138. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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130
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Recent advances in the use of genetically encodable optical tools to elicit and monitor signaling events. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 63:114-124. [PMID: 32058267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells rely on a complex network of spatiotemporally regulated signaling activities to effectively transduce information from extracellular cues to intracellular machinery. To probe this activity architecture, researchers have developed an extensive molecular tool kit of fluorescent biosensors and optogenetic actuators capable of monitoring and manipulating various signaling activities with high spatiotemporal precision. The goal of this review is to provide readers with an overview of basic concepts and recent advances in the development and application of genetically encodable biosensors and optogenetic tools for understanding signaling activity.
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131
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Balthazart J. How technical progress reshaped behavioral neuroendocrinology during the last 50 years… and some methodological remarks. Horm Behav 2020; 118:104682. [PMID: 31927020 PMCID: PMC7019036 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The first issue of Hormones and Behavior was published 50 years ago in 1969, a time when most of the techniques we currently use in Behavioral Endocrinology were not available. Researchers have during the last 5 decades developed techniques that allow measuring hormones in small volumes of biological samples, identify the sites where steroids act in the brain to activate sexual behavior, characterize and quantify gene expression correlated with behavior expression, modify this expression in a specific manner, and manipulate the activity of selected neuronal populations by chemogenetic and optogenetic techniques. This technical progress has considerably transformed the field and has been very beneficial for our understanding of the endocrine controls of behavior in general, but it did also come with some caveats. The facilitation of scientific investigations came with some relaxation of methodological exigency. Some critical controls are no longer performed on a regular basis and complex techniques supplied as ready to use kits are implemented without precise knowledge of their limitations. We present here a selective review of the most important of these new techniques, their potential problems and how they changed our view of the hormonal control of behavior. Fortunately, the scientific endeavor is a self-correcting process. The problems have been identified and corrections have been proposed. The next decades will obviously be filled with exciting discoveries in behavioral neuroendocrinology.
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CRISPR, Prime Editing, Optogenetics, and DREADDs: New Therapeutic Approaches Provided by Emerging Technologies in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2085-2100. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01861-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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133
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Banerjee S, Mitra D. Structural Basis of Design and Engineering for Advanced Plant Optogenetics. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:35-65. [PMID: 31699521 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In optogenetics, light-sensitive proteins are specifically expressed in target cells and light is used to precisely control the activity of these proteins at high spatiotemporal resolution. Optogenetics initially used naturally occurring photoreceptors to control neural circuits, but has expanded to include carefully designed and engineered photoreceptors. Several optogenetic constructs are based on plant photoreceptors, but their application to plant systems has been limited. Here, we present perspectives on the development of plant optogenetics, considering different levels of design complexity. We discuss how general principles of light-driven signal transduction can be coupled with approaches for engineering protein folding to develop novel optogenetic tools. Finally, we explore how the use of computation, networks, circular permutation, and directed evolution could enrich optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudakshina Banerjee
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Devrani Mitra
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India.
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Kastanenka KV, Moreno-Bote R, De Pittà M, Perea G, Eraso-Pichot A, Masgrau R, Poskanzer KE, Galea E. A roadmap to integrate astrocytes into Systems Neuroscience. Glia 2020; 68:5-26. [PMID: 31058383 PMCID: PMC6832773 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systems neuroscience is still mainly a neuronal field, despite the plethora of evidence supporting the fact that astrocytes modulate local neural circuits, networks, and complex behaviors. In this article, we sought to identify which types of studies are necessary to establish whether astrocytes, beyond their well-documented homeostatic and metabolic functions, perform computations implementing mathematical algorithms that sub-serve coding and higher-brain functions. First, we reviewed Systems-like studies that include astrocytes in order to identify computational operations that these cells may perform, using Ca2+ transients as their encoding language. The analysis suggests that astrocytes may carry out canonical computations in a time scale of subseconds to seconds in sensory processing, neuromodulation, brain state, memory formation, fear, and complex homeostatic reflexes. Next, we propose a list of actions to gain insight into the outstanding question of which variables are encoded by such computations. The application of statistical analyses based on machine learning, such as dimensionality reduction and decoding in the context of complex behaviors, combined with connectomics of astrocyte-neuronal circuits, is, in our view, fundamental undertakings. We also discuss technical and analytical approaches to study neuronal and astrocytic populations simultaneously, and the inclusion of astrocytes in advanced modeling of neural circuits, as well as in theories currently under exploration such as predictive coding and energy-efficient coding. Clarifying the relationship between astrocytic Ca2+ and brain coding may represent a leap forward toward novel approaches in the study of astrocytes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia V. Kastanenka
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Rubén Moreno-Bote
- Department of Information and Communications Technologies, Center for Brain and Cognition and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Abel Eraso-Pichot
- Departament de Bioquímica, Institut de Neurociències i Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Masgrau
- Departament de Bioquímica, Institut de Neurociències i Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kira E. Poskanzer
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Equally contributing authors
| | - Elena Galea
- ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica, Institut de Neurociències i Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Equally contributing authors
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135
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Nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons subtypes signal both reward and aversion. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:3241-3255. [PMID: 31462765 PMCID: PMC7714688 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in decoding rewarding (and aversive) signals are present in several neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression and addiction, emphasising the importance of studying the underlying neural circuits in detail. One of the key regions of the reward circuit is the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The classical view on the field postulates that NAc dopamine receptor D1-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) convey reward signals, while dopamine receptor D2-expressing MSNs (D2-MSNs) encode aversion. Here, we show that both MSN subpopulations can drive reward and aversion, depending on their neuronal stimulation pattern. Brief D1- or D2-MSN optogenetic stimulation elicited positive reinforcement and enhanced cocaine conditioning. Conversely, prolonged activation induced aversion, and in the case of D2-MSNs, decreased cocaine conditioning. Brief stimulation was associated with increased ventral tegmenta area (VTA) dopaminergic tone either directly (for D1-MSNs) or indirectly via ventral pallidum (VP) (for D1- and D2-MSNs). Importantly, prolonged stimulation of either MSN subpopulation induced remarkably distinct electrophysiological effects in these target regions. We further show that blocking κ-opioid receptors in the VTA (but not in VP) abolishes the behavioral effects induced by D1-MSN prolonged stimulation. In turn, blocking δ-opioid receptors in the VP (but not in VTA) blocks the behavioral effects elicited by D2-MSN prolonged stimulation. Our findings demonstrate that D1- and D2-MSNs can bidirectionally control reward and aversion, explaining the existence of controversial studies in the field, and highlights that the proposed striatal functional opposition needs to be reconsidered.
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136
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Kojima K, Shibukawa A, Sudo Y. The Unlimited Potential of Microbial Rhodopsins as Optical Tools. Biochemistry 2019; 59:218-229. [PMID: 31815443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial rhodopsins, a photoactive membrane protein family, serve as fundamental tools for optogenetics, an innovative technology for controlling biological activities with light. Microbial rhodopsins are widely distributed in nature and have a wide variety of biological functions. Regardless of the many different known types of microbial rhodopsins, only a few of them have been used in optogenetics to control neural activity to understand neural networks. The efforts of our group have been aimed at identifying and characterizing novel rhodopsins from nature and also at engineering novel variant rhodopsins by rational design. On the basis of the molecular and functional characteristics of those novel rhodopsins, we have proposed new rhodopsin-based optogenetics tools to control not only neural activities but also "non-neural" activities. In this Perspective, we introduce the achievements and summarize future challenges in creating optogenetics tools using rhodopsins. The implementation of optogenetics deep inside an in vivo brain is the well-known challenge for existing rhodopsins. As a perspective to address this challenge, we introduce innovative optical illumination techniques using wavefront shaping that can reinforce the low light sensitivity of the rhodopsins and realize deep-brain optogenetics. The applications of our optogenetics tools could be extended to manipulate non-neural biological activities such as gene expression, apoptosis, energy production, and muscle contraction. We also discuss the potentially unlimited biotechnological applications of microbial rhodopsins in the future such as in photovoltaic devices and in drug delivery systems. We believe that advances in the field will greatly expand the potential uses of microbial rhodopsins as optical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Shibukawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
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137
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He M, Wang Y, Chen X, Zhao Y, Lou K, Wang Y, Huang L, Hou X, Xu J, Cai X, Cheng Y, Lan M, Yang Y, Gao F. Spatiotemporally controllable diphtheria toxin expression using a light-switchable transgene system combining multifunctional nanoparticle delivery system for targeted melanoma therapy. J Control Release 2019; 319:1-14. [PMID: 31838205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy with external gene insertion (e. g. a suicide gene) and expression specifically in mutated tumor cells has shown to be a promising strategy in treatment of tumors. However, current tumor gene therapy often suffered from low efficiency in gene expression and off-target effects which may cause damage to normal tissues. To address these issues, in this study, a light-switchable transgene nanoparticle delivery system loaded with a diphtheria toxin A (DTA) segment encoded gene, a suicide gene for tumor cells, was developed. The nanoparticles contained vitamin E succinate-grafted polyethyleneimine core and arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD)-modified pegylated hyaluronic acid shell for targeted delivery of the loaded gene to tumor cells via receptor-mediated (CD44 and αvβ3) endocytosis. Notably, the expression of target proteins in tumor cells could be conveniently regulated by adjusting the blue light intensity in the Light-On system. In in-vitro studies in cultured B16-F10 cells, the pG-DTA-loaded nano-micelles showed greatly improved inhibitory rate compared with the pG-DTA group. Moreover, in the tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice model, the pG-DTA-loaded nanoparticle exhibited greatly improved efficacy and reduced systemic toxicity with significantly increased survival rate after 21 days. Significantly suppressed tumor angiogenesis was also identified in the nanoparticle-treated group likely due to the targeting ability of the RGD-modified nanoparticle. All the above results indicated that the combination of a light-switchable transgene system with a nanoparticle-based targeted delivery system have great potentials in gene therapy of malignant tumors with improved precision and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muye He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xianjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China; Optogenetics & Molecular Imaging Interdisciplinary Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China; Optogenetics & Molecular Imaging Interdisciplinary Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kaiyan Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinyu Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiajun Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoran Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Minbo Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China; Optogenetics & Molecular Imaging Interdisciplinary Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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138
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Gheorghiu M, Stanica L, Polonschii C, David S, Ruckenstein A, Popescu O, Badea T, Gheorghiu E. Modulation of Cellular Reactivity for Enhanced Cell-Based Biosensing. Anal Chem 2019; 92:806-814. [PMID: 31751507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based sensing platforms provide functional information on cellular effects of bioactive or toxic compounds in a sample. Current challenges concern the rather extended length of the assays as well as their limited reproducibility and sensitivity. We present a biosensing method capable of appraising, on a short time scale and with exquisite sensitivity, the occurrence and the magnitude of cellular alterations induced by low levels of a bioactive/toxic compound. Our method is based on integrating optogenetic control of non-electrogenic human cells, modified to express light sensitive protein channels, into a non-invasive electro-optical analytical platform enabling quantitative assessment of the stimulus dependent, dynamical cellular response. Our system exploits the interplay between optogenetic stimulation and time lapse fast impedance assays in boosting the platform sensitivity when exposing cells to a model exogenous stimulus, under both static and flow conditions. The proposed optogenetically modulated cell-based sensing platform is suitable for in field applications and provides a new paradigm for impedance-based sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Gheorghiu
- International Centre of Biodynamics , Intrarea Portocalelor 1 B , 060101 Bucharest , Romania.,Faculty of Biology , University of Bucharest , 91-95 Splaiul Independentei , Bucharest 050095 , Romania
| | - Luciana Stanica
- International Centre of Biodynamics , Intrarea Portocalelor 1 B , 060101 Bucharest , Romania.,Faculty of Biology , University of Bucharest , 91-95 Splaiul Independentei , Bucharest 050095 , Romania
| | - Cristina Polonschii
- International Centre of Biodynamics , Intrarea Portocalelor 1 B , 060101 Bucharest , Romania
| | - Sorin David
- International Centre of Biodynamics , Intrarea Portocalelor 1 B , 060101 Bucharest , Romania
| | - Andrei Ruckenstein
- Department of Physics , Boston University , 590 Commonwealth Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Octavian Popescu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Molecular Biology Center , Babes-Bolyai-University , 400084 Cluj-Napoca , Romania.,Institute of Biology Bucharest , Romanian Academy , 296 Splaiul Independentei , 060031 Bucharest , Romania
| | - Tudor Badea
- Retinal Circuit Development & Genetics Unit , Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health (N-NRL/NEI/NIH) , 6 Center Drive , Bethesda 20892 , Maryland , United States
| | - Eugen Gheorghiu
- International Centre of Biodynamics , Intrarea Portocalelor 1 B , 060101 Bucharest , Romania.,Faculty of Biology , University of Bucharest , 91-95 Splaiul Independentei , Bucharest 050095 , Romania
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139
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Zhang C, Yang S, Flossmann T, Gao S, Witte OW, Nagel G, Holthoff K, Kirmse K. Optimized photo-stimulation of halorhodopsin for long-term neuronal inhibition. BMC Biol 2019; 17:95. [PMID: 31775747 PMCID: PMC6882325 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0717-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Optogenetic silencing techniques have expanded the causal understanding of the functions of diverse neuronal cell types in both the healthy and diseased brain. A widely used inhibitory optogenetic actuator is eNpHR3.0, an improved version of the light-driven chloride pump halorhodopsin derived from Natronomonas pharaonis. A major drawback of eNpHR3.0 is related to its pronounced inactivation on a time-scale of seconds, which renders it unsuited for applications that require long-lasting silencing. Results Using transgenic mice and Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing an eNpHR3.0-EYFP fusion protein, we here report optimized photo-stimulation techniques that profoundly increase the stability of eNpHR3.0-mediated currents during long-term photo-stimulation. We demonstrate that optimized photo-stimulation enables prolonged hyperpolarization and suppression of action potential discharge on a time-scale of minutes. Conclusions Collectively, our findings extend the utility of eNpHR3.0 to the long-lasting inhibition of excitable cells, thus facilitating the optogenetic dissection of neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqiang Zhang
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Present Address: Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shang Yang
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, & Institute of Physiology - Neurophysiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tom Flossmann
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Present Address: Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, & Institute of Physiology - Neurophysiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, & Institute of Physiology - Neurophysiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Knut Holthoff
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Knut Kirmse
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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140
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Seo DO, Motard LE, Bruchas MR. Contemporary strategies for dissecting the neuronal basis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 165:106835. [PMID: 29550367 PMCID: PMC6138573 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Great efforts in clinical and basic research have shown progress in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit hyperactive disorders. Literature on this field have suggested that these disorders are affected by the complex interaction of genetic, biological, psychosocial and environmental risk factors. However, this complexity of interplaying risk factors during neurodevelopment has prevented a complete understanding of the causes of those neuropsychiatric symptoms. Recently, with advances in modern high-resolution neuroscience methods, the neural circuitry analysis approach has provided new solutions for understanding the causal relationship between dysfunction of a neural circuit and behavioral alteration in neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review we will discuss recent progress in developing novel optogenetic and chemogenetic strategies to investigate neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Oh Seo
- Departmentof Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Laura E Motard
- Departmentof Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Departmentof Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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141
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Ferenczi EA, Tan X, Huang CLH. Principles of Optogenetic Methods and Their Application to Cardiac Experimental Systems. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1096. [PMID: 31572204 PMCID: PMC6749684 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic techniques permit studies of excitable tissue through genetically expressed light-gated microbial channels or pumps permitting transmembrane ion movement. Light activation of these proteins modulates cellular excitability with millisecond precision. This review summarizes optogenetic approaches, using examples from neurobiological applications, and then explores their application in cardiac electrophysiology. We review the available opsins, including depolarizing and hyperpolarizing variants, as well as modulators of G-protein coupled intracellular signaling. We discuss the biophysical properties that determine the ability of microbial opsins to evoke reliable, precise stimulation or silencing of electrophysiological activity. We also review spectrally shifted variants offering possibilities for enhanced depth of tissue penetration, combinatorial stimulation for targeting different cell subpopulations, or all-optical read-in and read-out studies. Expression of the chosen optogenetic tool in the cardiac cell of interest then requires, at the single-cell level, introduction of opsin-encoding genes by viral transduction, or coupling "spark cells" to primary cardiomyocytes or a stem-cell derived counterpart. At the system-level, this requires construction of transgenic mice expressing ChR2 in their cardiomyocytes, or in vivo injection (myocardial or systemic) of adenoviral expression systems. Light delivery, by laser or LED, with widespread or multipoint illumination, although relatively straightforward in vitro may be technically challenged by cardiac motion and light-scattering in biological tissue. Physiological read outs from cardiac optogenetic stimulation include single cell patch clamp recordings, multi-unit microarray recordings from cell monolayers or slices, and electrical recordings from isolated Langendorff perfused hearts. Optical readouts of specific cellular events, including ion transients, voltage changes or activity in biochemical signaling cascades, using small detecting molecules or genetically encoded sensors now offer powerful opportunities for all-optical control and monitoring of cellular activity. Use of optogenetics has expanded in cardiac physiology, mainly using optically controlled depolarizing ion channels to control heart rate and for optogenetic defibrillation. ChR2-expressing cardiomyocytes show normal baseline and active excitable membrane and Ca2+ signaling properties and are sensitive even to ~1 ms light pulses. They have been employed in studies of the intrinsic cardiac adrenergic system and of cardiac arrhythmic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Ferenczi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoqiu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Christopher L.-H. Huang
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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142
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Cela E, Sjöström PJ. Novel Optogenetic Approaches in Epilepsy Research. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:947. [PMID: 31551699 PMCID: PMC6743373 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a major neurological disorder characterized by repeated seizures afflicting 1% of the global population. The emergence of seizures is associated with several comorbidities and severely decreases the quality of life of patients. Unfortunately, around 30% of patients do not respond to first-line treatment using anti-seizure drugs (ASDs). Furthermore, it is still unclear how seizures arise in the healthy brain. Therefore, it is critical to have well developed models where a causal understanding of epilepsy can be investigated. While the development of seizures has been studied in several animal models, using chemical or electrical induction, deciphering the results of such studies has been difficult due to the uncertainty of the cell population being targeted as well as potential confounds such as brain damage from the procedure itself. Here we describe novel approaches using combinations of optical and genetic methods for studying epileptogenesis. These approaches can circumvent some shortcomings associated with the classical animal models and may thus increase the likelihood of developing new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Cela
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Per Jesper Sjöström
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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143
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Ye H, Fussenegger M. Optogenetic Medicine: Synthetic Therapeutic Solutions Precision-Guided by Light. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:a034371. [PMID: 30291146 PMCID: PMC6719591 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene- and cell-based therapies are well recognized as central pillars of next-generation medicine, but controllability remains a critical issue for clinical applications. In this context, optogenetics is opening up exciting new opportunities for precision-guided medicine by using illumination with light of appropriate intensity and wavelength as a trigger signal to achieve pinpoint spatiotemporal control of cellular activities, such as transgene expression. In this review, we highlight recent advances in optogenetics, focusing on devices for biomedical applications. We introduce the construction and applications of optogenetic-based biomedical tools to treat neurological diseases, diabetes, heart diseases, and cancer, as well as bioelectronic implants that combine light-interfaced electronic devices and optogenetic systems into portable personalized precision bioelectronic medical tools. Optogenetics-based technology promises the capability to achieve traceless, remotely controlled precision dosing of an enormous range of therapeutic outputs. Finally, we discuss the prospects for optogenetic medicine, as well as some emerging challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Faculty of Science, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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144
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Lamprecht R. Regulation of signaling proteins in the brain by light. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 180:101638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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145
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Pal S, Chattopadhyay A. Extramembranous Regions in G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Cinderella in Receptor Biology? J Membr Biol 2019; 252:483-497. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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146
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Xie Z, Yang Q, Song D, Quan Z, Qing H. Optogenetic manipulation of astrocytes from synapses to neuronal networks: A potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Glia 2019; 68:215-226. [PMID: 31400164 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most widespread and heterogeneous glial cells in the central nervous system and key regulators for brain development. They are capable of receiving neurotransmitters produced by synaptic activities and regulating synaptic functions by releasing gliotransmitters as part of the tripartite synapse. In addition to communicating with neurons at synaptic levels, astrocytes can integrate into inhibitory neural networks to interact with neurons in neuronal circuits. Astrocytes are closely related to the pathogenesis and pathological processes of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Recently, optogenetics has now been applied to reveal the function of astrocytes in physiology and pathology. Herein, we discuss the possibility whether optogenetics could be used to control the release of gliotransmitters and regulate astrocytic membrane channels. Thus, the capability of modulating the bidirectional interactions between astrocytes and neurons in both synaptic and neuronal networks via optogenetics is evaluated. Furthermore, we discuss that manipulating astrocytes via optogenetics might be an effective way to investigate the potential therapeutic strategy for NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences & Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Center for Conversation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Da Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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147
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Mondoloni S, Durand-de Cuttoli R, Mourot A. Cell-Specific Neuropharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:696-710. [PMID: 31400823 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal communication involves a multitude of neurotransmitters and an outstanding diversity of receptors and ion channels. Linking the activity of cell surface receptors and ion channels in defined neural circuits to brain states and behaviors has been a key challenge in neuroscience, since cell targeting is not possible with traditional neuropharmacology. We review here recent technologies that enable the effect of drugs to be restricted to specific cell types, thereby allowing acute manipulation of the brain's own proteins with circuit specificity. We highlight the importance of developing cell-specific neuropharmacology strategies for decoding the nervous system with molecular and circuit precision, and for developing future therapeutics with reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mondoloni
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Romain Durand-de Cuttoli
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Center for Affective Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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148
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Donthamsetti PC, Broichhagen J, Vyklicky V, Stanley C, Fu Z, Visel M, Levitz JL, Javitch JA, Trauner D, Isacoff EY. Genetically Targeted Optical Control of an Endogenous G Protein-Coupled Receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11522-11530. [PMID: 31291105 PMCID: PMC7271769 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that play important roles in biology. However, our understanding of their function in complex living systems is limited because we lack tools that can target individual receptors with sufficient precision. State-of-the-art approaches, including DREADDs, optoXRs, and PORTL gated-receptors, control GPCR signaling with molecular, cell type, and temporal specificity. Nonetheless, these tools are based on engineered non-native proteins that may (i) express at nonphysiological levels, (ii) localize and turnover incorrectly, and/or (iii) fail to interact with endogenous partners. Alternatively, membrane-anchored ligands (t-toxins, DARTs) target endogenous receptors with molecular and cell type specificity but cannot be turned on and off. In this study, we used a combination of chemistry, biology, and light to control endogenous metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2), a Family C GPCR, in primary cortical neurons. mGluR2 was rapidly, reversibly, and selectively activated with photoswitchable glutamate tethered to a genetically targeted-plasma membrane anchor (membrane anchored Photoswitchable Orthogonal Remotely Tethered Ligand; maPORTL). Photoactivation was tuned by adjusting the length of the PORTL as well as the expression level and geometry of the membrane anchor. Our findings provide a template for controlling endogenous GPCRs with cell type specificity and high spatiotemporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant C. Donthamsetti
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vojtech Vyklicky
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cherise Stanley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhu Fu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Meike Visel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joshua L. Levitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10024, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Javitch
- Departments of Psychiatry & Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Ehud Y. Isacoff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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149
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Mu Y, Bennett DV, Rubinov M, Narayan S, Yang CT, Tanimoto M, Mensh BD, Looger LL, Ahrens MB. Glia Accumulate Evidence that Actions Are Futile and Suppress Unsuccessful Behavior. Cell 2019; 178:27-43.e19. [PMID: 31230713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When a behavior repeatedly fails to achieve its goal, animals often give up and become passive, which can be strategic for preserving energy or regrouping between attempts. It is unknown how the brain identifies behavioral failures and mediates this behavioral-state switch. In larval zebrafish swimming in virtual reality, visual feedback can be withheld so that swim attempts fail to trigger expected visual flow. After tens of seconds of such motor futility, animals became passive for similar durations. Whole-brain calcium imaging revealed noradrenergic neurons that responded specifically to failed swim attempts and radial astrocytes whose calcium levels accumulated with increasing numbers of failed attempts. Using cell ablation and optogenetic or chemogenetic activation, we found that noradrenergic neurons progressively activated brainstem radial astrocytes, which then suppressed swimming. Thus, radial astrocytes perform a computation critical for behavior: they accumulate evidence that current actions are ineffective and consequently drive changes in behavioral states. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
| | - Davis V Bennett
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mikail Rubinov
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sujatha Narayan
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Chao-Tsung Yang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Masashi Tanimoto
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Brett D Mensh
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Loren L Looger
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Misha B Ahrens
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
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150
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