101
|
Donaldson ZR, Hen R. From psychiatric disorders to animal models: a bidirectional and dimensional approach. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:15-21. [PMID: 24650688 PMCID: PMC4135025 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric genetics research is bidirectional in nature, with human and animal studies becoming more closely integrated as techniques for genetic manipulations allow for more subtle exploration of disease phenotypes. This synergy highlights the importance of considering the way in which we approach the genotype-phenotype relationship. In particular, the nosologic divide of psychiatric illness, although clinically relevant, is not directly translatable in animal models. For instance, mice will never fully recapitulate the broad criteria for many psychiatric disorders; additionally, mice will never have guilty ruminations, suicidal thoughts, or rapid speech. Instead, animal models have been and continue to provide a means to explore dimensions of psychiatric disorders to identify neural circuits and mechanisms underlying disease-relevant phenotypes. The genetic investigation of psychiatric illness can yield the greatest insights if efforts continue to identify and use biologically valid phenotypes across species. This review discusses the progress to date and the future efforts that will enhance translation between human and animal studies, including the identification of intermediate phenotypes that can be studied across species and the importance of refined modeling of human disease-associated genetic variation in mice and other animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - René Hen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University, and Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Jordan B. Encore le « gène du crime » ? Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:105-10. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
103
|
Elonheimo H, Gyllenberg D, Huttunen J, Ristkari T, Sillanmäki L, Sourander A. Criminal offending among males and females between ages 15 and 30 in a population-based nationwide 1981 birth cohort: Results from the FinnCrime Study. J Adolesc 2014; 37:1269-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
104
|
Iacono WG, Vaidyanathan U, Vrieze SI, Malone SM. Knowns and unknowns for psychophysiological endophenotypes: integration and response to commentaries. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:1339-47. [PMID: 25387720 PMCID: PMC4231488 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We review and summarize seven molecular genetic studies of 17 psychophysiological endophenotypes that comprise this special issue of Psychophysiology, address criticisms raised in accompanying Perspective and Commentary pieces, and offer suggestions for future research. Endophenotypes are polygenic, and possibly influenced by rare genetic variants. Because they are not simpler genetically than clinical phenotypes, they are unlikely to assist gene discovery for psychiatric disorder. Once genetic variants for clinical phenotypes are identified, associated endophenotypes are likely to provide valuable insights into the psychological and neural mechanisms important to disorder pathology. This special issue provides a foundation for informed future steps in endophenotype genetics, including the formation of large sample consortia capable of fleshing out the many genetic variants contributing to individual differences in psychophysiological measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Vrieze SI, Malone SM, Vaidyanathan U, Kwong A, Kang HM, Zhan X, Flickinger M, Irons D, Jun G, Locke AE, Pistis G, Porcu E, Levy S, Myers RM, Oetting W, McGue M, Abecasis G, Iacono WG. In search of rare variants: preliminary results from whole genome sequencing of 1,325 individuals with psychophysiological endophenotypes. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:1309-20. [PMID: 25387710 PMCID: PMC4231480 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing was completed on 1,325 individuals from 602 families, identifying 27 million autosomal variants. Genetic association tests were conducted for those individuals who had been assessed for one or more of 17 endophenotypes (N range = 802-1,185). No significant associations were found. These 27 million variants were then imputed into the full sample of individuals with psychophysiological data (N range = 3,088-4,469) and again tested for associations with the 17 endophenotypes. No association was significant. Using a gene-based variable threshold burden test of nonsynonymous variants, we obtained five significant associations. These findings are preliminary and call for additional analysis of this rich sample. We argue that larger samples, alternative study designs, and additional bioinformatics approaches will be necessary to discover associations between these endophenotypes and genomic variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott I Vrieze
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Genomics of impulsivity: integrating genes and neuroscience. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2014; 61:129-39. [PMID: 25306782 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0653-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
107
|
Tsuchimine S, Taniguchi T, Sugawara N, Kaneda A, Yasui-Furukori N. No association between a polymorphism in the serotonin receptor 2B (HTR2B) gene and personality traits in healthy Japanese subjects. Neuropsychobiology 2014; 68:59-62. [PMID: 23774082 DOI: 10.1159/000350998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM The brain neurotransmitter serotonin affects many aspects of human behavior, including personality traits. Because the serotonin receptor 2B (HTR2B) gene has recently been associated with impulsivity, we investigated the potential association between the rs10194776 and Q20* polymorphism in the HTR2B gene and personality traits in healthy subjects. METHODS A total of 1,171 healthy Japanese subjects were enrolled in this study. Their personality traits were evaluated using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), and the rs10194776 and Q20* genotype was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS There was a significant main effect of the rs10194776 polymorphism on harm avoidance and self-directedness in females (p = 0.037 and p = 0.043, respectively). However, these differences were insignificant after a Bonferroni correction. Subjects carrying the minor allele of the Q20* polymorphism were nonexistent. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that the HTR2B polymorphism is not likely to be associated with personality traits, including novelty seeking and impulsivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Tsuchimine
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
Abstract
This review, the first of an occasional series, tries to make sense of the concepts and uses of deep sequencing of polynucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Deep sequencing, synonymous with next-generation sequencing, high-throughput sequencing and massively parallel sequencing, includes whole genome sequencing but is more often and diversely applied to specific parts of the genome captured in different ways, for example the highly expressed portion of the genome known as the exome and portions of the genome that are epigenetically marked either by DNA methylation, the binding of proteins including histones, or that are in different configurations and thus more or less accessible to enzymes that cleave DNA. Deep sequencing of RNA (RNASeq) reverse-transcribed to complementary DNA is invaluable for measuring RNA expression and detecting changes in RNA structure. Important concepts in deep sequencing include the length and depth of sequence reads, mapping and assembly of reads, sequencing error, haplotypes, and the propensity of deep sequencing, as with other types of 'big data', to generate large numbers of errors, requiring monitoring for methodologic biases and strategies for replication and validation. Deep sequencing yields a unique genetic fingerprint that can be used to identify a person, and a trove of predictors of genetic medical diseases. Deep sequencing to identify epigenetic events including changes in DNA methylation and RNA expression can reveal the history and impact of environmental exposures. Because of the power of sequencing to identify and deliver biomedically significant information about a person and their blood relatives, it creates ethical dilemmas and practical challenges in research and clinical care, for example the decision and procedures to report incidental findings that will increasingly and frequently be discovered.
Collapse
|
109
|
Xie P, Kranzler HR, Krystal JH, Farrer LA, Zhao H, Gelernter J. Deep resequencing of 17 glutamate system genes identifies rare variants in DISC1 and GRIN2B affecting risk of opioid dependence. Addict Biol 2014; 19:955-64. [PMID: 23855403 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors play important roles in the pathophysiology of substance dependence (SD), but no strong genetic evidence has associated common variants in NMDAR-related genes to SD. We hypothesized that rare variants (RVs) with minor allele frequency <1% in the NMDAR-related genes might exert large effects on SD risk. We sequenced 34 544 bp of coding and flanking intronic regions of 17 genes involved in the NMDA system in 760 subjects, all with co-occurring alcohol dependence, cocaine dependence and opioid dependence (OD), and 760 healthy control subjects. One hundred percent of the target regions were sequenced at >1000× coverage. We identified 454 variants, including 380 RVs. Based on case-control allele count differences, we genotyped 11 exonic RVs in 6751 additional subjects, and the 1520 subjects from the sequencing stage for validation. All alleles of the 11 RVs called in the sequencing stage were confirmed. We found a statistically significant association of the 11 RVs with OD in African Americans (P = 0.00080). Results from gene-based association tests showed that the association signal derived mostly from DISC1 (P = 0.0010) and GRIN2B (P = 0.00085). DISC1 is a well-validated schizophrenia risk gene. This is the first demonstration that RVs affect the risk of OD and the first demonstration of biological convergence of schizophrenia and OD risk-via DISC1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingxing Xie
- Department of Genetics; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
- VA CT Healthcare Center; West Haven CT USA
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
- VISN 4 MIRECC; Philadelphia VAMC; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - John H. Krystal
- VA CT Healthcare Center; West Haven CT USA
- Department of Psychiatry; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Genomics, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics; Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Genetics; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
- Department of Biostatistics; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Genetics; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
- VA CT Healthcare Center; West Haven CT USA
- Department of Psychiatry; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Lim ET, Würtz P, Havulinna AS, Palta P, Tukiainen T, Rehnström K, Esko T, Mägi R, Inouye M, Lappalainen T, Chan Y, Salem RM, Lek M, Flannick J, Sim X, Manning A, Ladenvall C, Bumpstead S, Hämäläinen E, Aalto K, Maksimow M, Salmi M, Blankenberg S, Ardissino D, Shah S, Horne B, McPherson R, Hovingh GK, Reilly MP, Watkins H, Goel A, Farrall M, Girelli D, Reiner AP, Stitziel NO, Kathiresan S, Gabriel S, Barrett JC, Lehtimäki T, Laakso M, Groop L, Kaprio J, Perola M, McCarthy MI, Boehnke M, Altshuler DM, Lindgren CM, Hirschhorn JN, Metspalu A, Freimer NB, Zeller T, Jalkanen S, Koskinen S, Raitakari O, Durbin R, MacArthur DG, Salomaa V, Ripatti S, Daly MJ, Palotie A. Distribution and medical impact of loss-of-function variants in the Finnish founder population. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004494. [PMID: 25078778 PMCID: PMC4117444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Exome sequencing studies in complex diseases are challenged by the allelic heterogeneity, large number and modest effect sizes of associated variants on disease risk and the presence of large numbers of neutral variants, even in phenotypically relevant genes. Isolated populations with recent bottlenecks offer advantages for studying rare variants in complex diseases as they have deleterious variants that are present at higher frequencies as well as a substantial reduction in rare neutral variation. To explore the potential of the Finnish founder population for studying low-frequency (0.5-5%) variants in complex diseases, we compared exome sequence data on 3,000 Finns to the same number of non-Finnish Europeans and discovered that, despite having fewer variable sites overall, the average Finn has more low-frequency loss-of-function variants and complete gene knockouts. We then used several well-characterized Finnish population cohorts to study the phenotypic effects of 83 enriched loss-of-function variants across 60 phenotypes in 36,262 Finns. Using a deep set of quantitative traits collected on these cohorts, we show 5 associations (p<5×10⁻⁸) including splice variants in LPA that lowered plasma lipoprotein(a) levels (P = 1.5×10⁻¹¹⁷). Through accessing the national medical records of these participants, we evaluate the LPA finding via Mendelian randomization and confirm that these splice variants confer protection from cardiovascular disease (OR = 0.84, P = 3×10⁻⁴), demonstrating for the first time the correlation between very low levels of LPA in humans with potential therapeutic implications for cardiovascular diseases. More generally, this study articulates substantial advantages for studying the role of rare variation in complex phenotypes in founder populations like the Finns and by combining a unique population genetic history with data from large population cohorts and centralized research access to National Health Registers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine T. Lim
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter Würtz
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aki S. Havulinna
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Priit Palta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karola Rehnström
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Michael Inouye
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tuuli Lappalainen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Stanford Center for Computational, Evolutionary and Human Genomics, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Yingleong Chan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rany M. Salem
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Monkol Lek
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason Flannick
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xueling Sim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alisa Manning
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Eija Hämäläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Marko Salmi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- University Heart Centre Hamburg, Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diego Ardissino
- Division of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Svati Shah
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Horne
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ruth McPherson
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerald K. Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Muredach P. Reilly
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anuj Goel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Farrall
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico Girelli
- University of Verona School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | - Alex P. Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nathan O. Stitziel
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leif Groop
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, Dept of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Dept of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David M. Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Nelson B. Freimer
- University of California Los Angeles Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tanja Zeller
- University Heart Centre Hamburg, Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Richard Durbin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G. MacArthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, Dept of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biometry, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJD); (AP)
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJD); (AP)
| | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Prospection of genomic regions divergently selected in racing line of Quarter Horses in relation to cutting line. Animal 2014; 8:1754-64. [PMID: 25032727 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of Quarter Horses for different purposes has led to the formation of lines, including racing and cutting horses. The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions divergently selected in racing line of Quarter Horses in relation to cutting line applying relative extended haplotype homozygosity (REHH) analysis, an extension of extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH) analysis, and the fixation index (F ST) statistic. A total of 188 horses of both sexes, born between 1985 and 2009 and registered at the Brazilian Association of Quarter Horse Breeders, including 120 of the racing line and 68 of the cutting line, were genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. On the basis of 27 genomic regions identified as selection signatures by REHH and F ST statistics, functional annotations of genes were made in order to identify those that could have been important during formation of the racing line and that could be used subsequently for the development of selection tools. Genes involved in muscle growth (n=8), skeletal growth (n=10), muscle energy metabolism (n=15), cardiovascular system (n=14) and nervous system (n=23) were identified, including the FKTN, INSR, GYS1, CLCN1, MYLK, SYK, ANG, CNTFR and HTR2B.
Collapse
|
112
|
Abstract
Impulsive behavior is a key constituent of many psychiatric illnesses, with maladaptive response control being a feature of disorders such as ADHD, schizophrenia, mania, and addiction. In order to understand the neurological underpinnings of impulsivity, a number of behavioral tasks have been developed for use with animal models. Data from studies with rats and other animals have led to the idea of the existence of dissociable components of impulsivity, which in turn informs studies of human disorders and potentially the development of specific therapies. Increasingly, mouse models are being used to investigate the known genetic contribution to psychiatric disorders in which abnormal response control leads to altered impulsive behaviors. In order to maximize the potential of these mouse models, it is important that researchers take into account the non-unitary nature of response control and impulsivity. In this article, we briefly review the tasks available to behavioral neuroscientists and how these can be used in order to tease apart the contribution of a specific genetic lesion into the discrete aspects of impulsive behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Dent
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
Korhonen T, Loukola A, Wedenoja J, Nyman E, Latvala A, Broms U, Häppölä A, Paunio T, Schrage AJ, Vink JM, Mbarek H, Boomsma DI, Penninx BWJH, Pergadia ML, Madden PAF, Kaprio J. Role of nicotine dependence in the association between the dopamine receptor gene DRD3 and major depressive disorder. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98199. [PMID: 24927283 PMCID: PMC4057087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aims of this study were to analyze associations of dopamine receptor genes (DRD1-5) with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and nicotine dependence (ND), and to investigate whether ND moderates genetic influences on MDD. Methods The sample was ascertained from the Finnish Twin Cohort. Twin pairs concordant for smoking history were recruited along with their family members, as part of the multisite Nicotine Addiction Genetics consortium. Genetic association analyses were based on 1428 adults. Total of 70 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms within the dopamine receptor genes were genotyped and analyzed for association with MDD, ND, and MD-ND co-morbidity. Individual level logistic regression analyses were based on 1296 adults with data on ND and MDD diagnoses, as well as on dopamine receptor genotypes adjusted for sex, age, and alcohol use. Four independent samples, such as population-based and case-control samples, were used for replication. Results Rs2399496, located 1.5 kb downstream of DRD3, showed suggestive association for MDD (p = 0.00076) and significant association for MDD-ND co-morbidity (p = 0.000079). Suggestive gene-(rs2399496) by-ND-interaction justified analyses by genetic risk variant and ND status. Individuals with ND and two minor alleles (AA) of rs2399496 had almost six-fold risk for MDD (OR 5.74, 95%CI 3.12–10.5, p = 9.010e-09) compared to individuals without ND and with two major alleles (TT). Conclusions Significant association between a variant downstream of DRD3 and a co-morbid MDD-ND phenotype was detected. Our results further suggest that nicotine dependence may potentiate the influence of the DRD3 genetic variant on MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tellervo Korhonen
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Nyman
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulla Broms
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Häppölä
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew J. Schrage
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jaqueline M. Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michele L. Pergadia
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pamela A. F. Madden
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Loukola A, Wedenoja J, Keskitalo-Vuokko K, Broms U, Korhonen T, Ripatti S, Sarin AP, Pitkäniemi J, He L, Häppölä A, Heikkilä K, Chou YL, Pergadia ML, Heath AC, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Madden PAF, Kaprio J. Genome-wide association study on detailed profiles of smoking behavior and nicotine dependence in a twin sample. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:615-24. [PMID: 23752247 PMCID: PMC3883996 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for several somatic diseases and is also emerging as a causal factor for neuropsychiatric disorders. Genome-wide association (GWA) and candidate gene studies for smoking behavior and nicotine dependence (ND) have disclosed too few predisposing variants to account for the high estimated heritability. Previous large-scale GWA studies have had very limited phenotypic definitions of relevance to smoking-related behavior, which has likely impeded the discovery of genetic effects. We performed GWA analyses on 1114 adult twins ascertained for ever smoking from the population-based Finnish Twin Cohort study. The availability of 17 smoking-related phenotypes allowed us to comprehensively portray the dimensions of smoking behavior, clustered into the domains of smoking initiation, amount smoked and ND. Our results highlight a locus on 16p12.3, with several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the vicinity of CLEC19A showing association (P<1 × 10(-6)) with smoking quantity. Interestingly, CLEC19A is located close to a previously reported attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) linkage locus and an evident link between ADHD and smoking has been established. Intriguing preliminary association (P<1 × 10(-5)) was detected between DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition) ND diagnosis and several SNPs in ERBB4, coding for a Neuregulin receptor, on 2q33. The association between ERBB4 and DSM-IV ND diagnosis was replicated in an independent Australian sample. Recently, a significant increase in ErbB4 and Neuregulin 3 (Nrg3) expression was revealed following chronic nicotine exposure and withdrawal in mice and an association between NRG3 SNPs and smoking cessation success was detected in a clinical trial. ERBB4 has previously been associated with schizophrenia; further, it is located within an established schizophrenia linkage locus and within a linkage locus for a smoker phenotype identified in this sample. In conclusion, we disclose novel tentative evidence for the involvement of ERBB4 in ND, suggesting the involvement of the Neuregulin/ErbB signalling pathway in addictions and providing a plausible link between the high co-morbidity of schizophrenia and ND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of
Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ulla Broms
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of
Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki,
Finland
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of
Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki,
Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki,
Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University
of Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki,
Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University
of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Pitkäniemi
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liang He
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Häppölä
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yi-Ling Chou
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis,
USA
| | | | - Andrew C Heath
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis,
USA
| | | | | | | | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of
Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki,
Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University
of Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Rosen BQ, O'Hara R, Kovacevic S, Schulman A, Padovan N, Marinkovic K. Oscillatory spatial profile of alcohol's effects on the resting state: anatomically-constrained MEG. Alcohol 2014; 48:89-97. [PMID: 24530007 PMCID: PMC3959272 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been firmly established that opening and closing the eyes strongly modulate the electro- and magnetoencephalography (EEG and MEG) signals acquired during wakeful rest. Certain features of the resting EEG are altered in chronic alcoholics and their offspring, and have been proposed as biomarkers for alcoholism. Spontaneous brain oscillations are also affected by pharmacological manipulations, but the spectral and spatial characteristics of these changes are not clear. This study examined effects of the eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) resting paradigm and alcohol challenge on the spatial profile of spontaneous MEG and EEG oscillations. Whole-head MEG and scalp EEG signals were acquired simultaneously from healthy social drinkers (n = 17) who participated in both alcohol (0.6 g/kg ethanol for men, 0.55 g/kg for women) and placebo conditions in a counterbalanced design. Power of the signal was calculated with Fast Fourier Transform and was decomposed into its constituent theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), and beta (15-20 Hz) frequency bands. High-resolution structural MRI images were additionally obtained from all participants and used to constrain distributed minimum norm inverse source power estimates. The spatial estimates of the main generator nodes were in agreement with studies using a combined fMRI-EEG approach. Alpha band oscillations dominated the spectral profile and their source was estimated to the medial parieto-occipital area. Power in theta and beta bands was weaker overall and their sources were estimated to a more focal medial prefrontal area. EO and EC manipulation most strongly modulated power in the alpha band, but a wide-band power increase was observed during the EC condition. Alcohol intoxication increased alpha power, particularly during the EC condition. Application of this methodology to cohorts of chronic alcoholics or individuals at risk could potentially provide insight into the neural basis of oscillatory differences that may be predictive of the vulnerability to alcoholism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burke Q Rosen
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0841, La Jolla, CA 92093-0841, USA
| | - Ryan O'Hara
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0841, La Jolla, CA 92093-0841, USA
| | - Sanja Kovacevic
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0841, La Jolla, CA 92093-0841, USA
| | - Andrew Schulman
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0841, La Jolla, CA 92093-0841, USA
| | - Nevena Padovan
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0841, La Jolla, CA 92093-0841, USA
| | - Ksenija Marinkovic
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0841, La Jolla, CA 92093-0841, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Abstract
The background of aggression is very complicated and the basis of its occurrence has not been well explained yet. It is thought that tendency to aggressiveness is an effect of both environmental and genetic factors. Aggression is a very undesirable behavioural trait in dogs living with humans. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between two polymorphisms: DRD4 intron II VNTR and C/T substitution in exon I HTR2B genes and aggressive behaviour in dogs. The VNTR polymorphism in the DRD4 gene was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis following PCR amplification, whereas C/T substitution in the HTR2B gene was analysed using amplification created restriction site-polymerase chain reaction (ACRS-PCR). A total of 121 dogs of several breeds were analyzed. All animals were classified based on a veterinary interview and observation in two groups: aggressive (n = 21) and non-aggressive (n = 100). Significant differences in DRD4 genotype frequencies between aggressive and non-aggressive dogs were observed (P < 0.05). The study provides a clear evidence of an association of VNTR polymorphism within intron II of the DRD4 gene with the occurrence of aggressive behaviour in dogs. Moreover, the findings give good justification for further research aimed at evaluation of the possibility of using this genetic marker in Marker-assisted Selection.
Collapse
|
117
|
Fineberg NA, Chamberlain SR, Goudriaan AE, Stein DJ, Vanderschuren LJ, Gillan CM, Shekar S, Gorwood PA, Voon V, Morein-Zamir S, Denys D, Sahakian BJ, Moeller FG, Robbins TW, Potenza MN. New developments in human neurocognition: clinical, genetic, and brain imaging correlates of impulsivity and compulsivity. CNS Spectr 2014; 19:69-89. [PMID: 24512640 PMCID: PMC4113335 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852913000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity and compulsivity represent useful conceptualizations that involve dissociable cognitive functions, which are mediated by neuroanatomically and neurochemically distinct components of cortico-subcortical circuitry. The constructs were historically viewed as diametrically opposed, with impulsivity being associated with risk-seeking and compulsivity with harm-avoidance. However, they are increasingly recognized to be linked by shared neuropsychological mechanisms involving dysfunctional inhibition of thoughts and behaviors. In this article, we selectively review new developments in the investigation of the neurocognition of impulsivity and compulsivity in humans, in order to advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of impulsive, compulsive, and addictive disorders and indicate new directions for research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi A. Fineberg
- Hertfordshire Partnership NHS University Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Howlands, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
- University of Hertfordshire, School of Postgraduate Medicine, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
- Cambridge University, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Cambridge University, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT), Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna E. Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Arkin Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, S. Africa
| | - Louk J.M.J. Vanderschuren
- Dept. of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Dept. of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claire M. Gillan
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sameer Shekar
- Hertfordshire Partnership NHS University Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Howlands, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Philip A.P.M. Gorwood
- INSERM UMR894 (Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience), 2ter rue d’Alesia, Paris, FRANCE
- Sainte-Anne hospital, CMME (University Paris Descartes), 100 rue de la Santé, Paris, FRANCE
| | - Valerie Voon
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon Morein-Zamir
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara J. Sahakian
- Cambridge University, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - F. Gerard Moeller
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry, Child Study and Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Serotonin modulation of macrophage polarization: inflammation and beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 824:89-115. [PMID: 25038996 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07320-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages display a ample plethora of effector functions whose acquisition is promoted by the surrounding cytokine and cellular environment. Depending on the stimulus, macrophages become specialized ("polarized") for either pathogen elimination, tissue repair and wound healing or immunosuppression. This "polarization" versatility allows macrophages to critically contribute to tissue homeostasis, as they promote initiation and resolution of inflammatory responses. As a consequence, deregulation of the tissue macrophage polarization balance is an etiological agent of chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, cancer and even obesity and insulin resistance. In the present review we describe current concepts on the molecular basis and the patho-physiological implications of macrophage polarization, and describe its modulation by serotonin (5-HT), a neurotransmitter that regulates inflammation and tissue repair via a large set of receptors (5-HTR1-7). 5-HT modulates the phenotypic and functional polarization of macrophages, and contributes to the maintenance of an anti-inflammatory state mainly via 5-HTR2B and 5-HTR7, whose activation has a great impact on macrophage gene expression profile. The identification of 5-HTR2B and 5-HTR7 as functionally-relevant polarization markers suggests their therapeutic value in inflammatory pathologies as well as their potential involvement in linking the immune and nervous systems.
Collapse
|
119
|
Lohoff FW, Hodge R, Narasimhan S, Nall A, Ferraro TN, Mickey BJ, Heitzeg MM, Langenecker SA, Zubieta JK, Bogdan R, Nikolova YS, Drabant E, Hariri AR, Bevilacqua L, Goldman D, Doyle GA. Functional genetic variants in the vesicular monoamine transporter 1 modulate emotion processing. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:129-39. [PMID: 23337945 PMCID: PMC4311877 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Emotional behavior is in part heritable and often disrupted in psychopathology. Identification of specific genetic variants that drive this heritability may provide important new insight into molecular and neurobiological mechanisms involved in emotionality. Our results demonstrate that the presynaptic vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1) Thr136Ile (rs1390938) polymorphism is functional in vitro, with the Ile allele leading to increased monoamine transport into presynaptic vesicles. Moreover, we show that the Thr136Ile variant predicts differential responses in emotional brain circuits consistent with its effects in vitro. Lastly, deep sequencing of bipolar disorder (BPD) patients and controls identified several rare novel VMAT1 variants. The variant Phe84Ser was only present in individuals with BPD and leads to marked increase monoamine transport in vitro. Taken together, our data show that VMAT1 polymorphisms influence monoamine signaling, the functional response of emotional brain circuits and risk for psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falk W. Lohoff
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rachel Hodge
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sneha Narasimhan
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aleksandra Nall
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Thomas N. Ferraro
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brian J. Mickey
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mary M. Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Scott A. Langenecker
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Yuliya S. Nikolova
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | | | - Ahmad R. Hariri
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Laura Bevilacqua
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD
| | - Glenn A. Doyle
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Sutin AR, Cutler RG, Camandola S, Uda M, Feldman NH, Cucca F, Zonderman AB, Mattson MP, Ferrucci L, Schlessinger D, Terracciano A. Impulsivity is associated with uric acid: evidence from humans and mice. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:31-7. [PMID: 23582268 PMCID: PMC3859133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to control impulses varies greatly, and difficulty with impulse control can have severe consequences; in the extreme, it is the defining feature of many psychiatric disorders. Evidence from disparate lines of research suggests that uric acid is elevated in psychiatric disorders characterized by high impulsivity, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. The present research tests the hypothesis that impulsivity is associated with higher uric acid in humans and mice. METHODS Using two longitudinal, nonclinical community samples (total n = 6883), we tested whether there is an association between uric acid and normal variation in trait impulsivity measured with the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. We also examined the effect of uric acid on behavior by comparing wild-type mice, which naturally have low levels of uric acid, with mice genetically modified to accumulate high levels of uric acid. RESULTS In both human samples, the emotional aspects of trait impulsivity, specifically impulsiveness and excitement seeking, were associated with higher levels of uric acid concurrently and when uric acid was measured 3 to 5 years later. Consistent with the human data, the genetically modified mice displayed significantly more exploratory and novelty-seeking behavior than the wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Higher uric acid was associated with impulsivity in both humans and mice. The identification of biological markers of impulsivity may lead to a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in impulsivity and may suggest potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R Sutin
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Cunningham KA, Anastasio NC. Serotonin at the nexus of impulsivity and cue reactivity in cocaine addiction. Neuropharmacology 2014; 76 Pt B:460-78. [PMID: 23850573 PMCID: PMC4090081 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse and addiction remain great challenges on the public health agendas in the U.S. and the world. Increasingly sophisticated perspectives on addiction to cocaine and other drugs of abuse have evolved with concerted research efforts over the last 30 years. Relapse remains a particularly powerful clinical problem as, even upon termination of drug use and initiation of abstinence, the recidivism rates can be very high. The cycling course of cocaine intake, abstinence and relapse is tied to a multitude of behavioral and cognitive processes including impulsivity (a predisposition toward rapid unplanned reactions to stimuli without regard to the negative consequences), and cocaine cue reactivity (responsivity to cocaine-associated stimuli) cited as two key phenotypes that contribute to relapse vulnerability even years into recovery. Preclinical studies suggest that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) neurotransmission in key neural circuits may contribute to these interlocked phenotypes well as the altered neurobiological states evoked by cocaine that precipitate relapse events. As such, 5-HT is an important target in the quest to understand the neurobiology of relapse-predictive phenotypes, to successfully treat this complex disorder and improve diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. This review emphasizes the role of 5-HT and its receptor proteins in key addiction phenotypes and the implications of current findings to the future of therapeutics in addiction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Rajagopalan R, Bandyopadhyaya A, Rajagopalan DR, Rajagopalan P. The synthesis and comparative receptor binding affinities of novel, isomeric pyridoindolobenzazepine scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:576-9. [PMID: 24365159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Compounds 7, 8, and 9, derived from the novel scaffolds 3, 5, and 6, were synthesized and evaluated in vitro. The b,c→c,d shift of the E-phenyl ring resulted in a large decrease (ca. 20- to 1000-fold) in binding to the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and H2, receptors, and a modest decrease (ca. 10- to 20-fold) in binding to the 5-HT5A, D2, D5, and α1D, receptors. The b,c→d,e shift resulted in a large decrease in binding to the 5-HT1D, 5-HT2C, 5-HT6, and H1 receptors, a modest decrease in binding to 5-HT1A, 5-HT5A and D2, D5, α2B, and H2 receptors, and a large increase in affinity to the 5-HT3, 5-HT6, and σ1 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan Rajagopalan
- Daya Drug Discoveries, Inc., University of Missouri, St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63303, USA
| | - Acintya Bandyopadhyaya
- Daya Drug Discoveries, Inc., University of Missouri, St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63303, USA
| | - Desikan R Rajagopalan
- Daya Drug Discoveries, Inc., University of Missouri, St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63303, USA
| | - Parthasarathi Rajagopalan
- Daya Drug Discoveries, Inc., University of Missouri, St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Mathias de Almeida K, Nery FG, Moreno RA, Gorenstein C, Lafer B. A sib-pair analysis of impulsivity in bipolar disorder type I. Compr Psychiatry 2013; 54:1148-52. [PMID: 23890763 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare impulsivity among patients with bipolar disorder, their siblings, and healthy controls in order to examine whether impulsivity in bipolar disorder is related to genetic liability for the illness. METHODS Using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, we assessed 204 subjects: 67 euthymic outpatients with bipolar disorder type I, 67 siblings without bipolar disorder, and 70 healthy controls. RESULTS Impulsivity scores were higher among patients with bipolar disorder than among healthy controls. Siblings showed higher motor impulsivity scores than did healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that motor impulsivity may be a vulnerability marker for bipolar disorder. Our data may contribute to further improve preventive strategies in subjects at high risk for bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Mathias de Almeida
- Bipolar Disorder Research Program (PROMAN), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Abstract
Alcoholism has a substantial heritability yet the detection of specific genetic influences has largely proved elusive. The strongest findings are with genes encoding alcohol metabolizing enzymes. A few candidate genes such as GABRA2 have shown robust associations with alcoholism. Moreover, it has become apparent that variants in stress-related genes such as CRHR1, may only confer risk in individuals exposed to trauma, particularly in early life. Over the past decade there have been tremendous advances in large scale SNP genotyping technologies allowing for genome-wide associations studies (GWAS). As a result, it is now recognized that genetic risk for alcoholism is likely to be due to common variants in very many genes, each of small effect, although rare variants with large effects might also play a role. This has resulted in a paradigm shift away from gene centric studies toward analyses of gene interactions and gene networks within biologically relevant pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Enoch
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
The effects of brain serotonin deficiency on behavioural disinhibition and anxiety-like behaviour following mild early life stress. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:2081-94. [PMID: 23672796 PMCID: PMC3931011 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant serotonin (5-HT) signalling and exposure to early life stress have both been suggested to play a role in anxiety- and impulsivity-related behaviours. However, whether congenital 5-HT deficiency × early life stress interactions influence the development of anxiety- or impulsivity-like behaviour has not been established. Here, we examined the effects of early life maternal separation (MS) stress on anxiety-like behaviour and behavioural disinhibition, a type of impulsivity-like behaviour, in wild-type (WT) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) knock-in (Tph2KI) mice, which exhibit ~60-80% reductions in the levels of brain 5-HT due to a R439H mutation in Tph2. We also investigated the effects of 5-HT deficiency and early life stress on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, plasma corticosterone levels and several signal transduction pathways in the amygdala. We demonstrate that MS slightly increases anxiety-like behaviour in WT mice and induces behavioural disinhibition in Tph2KI animals. We also demonstrate that MS leads to a slight decrease in cell proliferation within the hippocampus and potentiates corticosterone responses to acute stress, but these effects are not affected by brain 5-HT deficiency. However, we show that 5-HT deficiency leads to significant alterations in SGK-1 and GSK3β signalling and NMDA receptor expression in the amygdala in response to MS. Together, these findings support a potential role for 5-HT-dependent signalling in the amygdala in regulating the long-term effects of early life stress on anxiety-like behaviour and behavioural disinhibition.
Collapse
|
126
|
Abstract
Identification of genes influencing complex traits is hampered by genetic heterogeneity, the modest effect size of many alleles, and the likely involvement of rare and uncommon alleles. Etiologic complexity can be simplified in model organisms. By genomic sequencing, linkage analysis, and functional validation, we identified that genetic variation of Grm2, which encodes metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2), alters alcohol preference in animal models. Selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) rats are homozygous for a Grm2 stop codon (Grm2 *407) that leads to largely uncompensated loss of mGluR2. mGluR2 receptor expression was absent, synaptic glutamate transmission was impaired, and expression of genes involved in synaptic function was altered. Grm2 *407 was linked to increased alcohol consumption and preference in F2 rats generated by intercrossing inbred P and nonpreferring rats. Pharmacologic blockade of mGluR2 escalated alcohol self-administration in Wistar rats, the parental strain of P and nonpreferring rats. The causal role of mGluR2 in altered alcohol preference was further supported by elevated alcohol consumption in Grm2 (-/-) mice. Together, these data point to mGluR2 as an origin of alcohol preference and a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
127
|
Chabbi-Achengli Y, Launay JM, Maroteaux L, de Vernejoul MC, Collet C. Serotonin 2B receptor (5-HT2B R) signals through prostacyclin and PPAR-ß/δ in osteoblasts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75783. [PMID: 24069449 PMCID: PMC3775737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is due to an imbalance between decreased bone formation by osteoblasts and increased resorption by osteoclasts. Deciphering factors controlling bone formation is therefore of utmost importance for the understanding and the treatment of osteoporosis. Our previous in vivo results showed that bone formation is reduced in the absence of the serotonin receptor 5-HT2B, causing impaired osteoblast proliferation, recruitment, and matrix mineralization. In this study, we investigated the signaling pathways responsible for the osteoblast defect in 5-HT2BR(-/-) mice. Notably, we investigated the phospholipase A2 pathway and synthesis of eicosanoids in 5-HT2BR(-/-) compared to wild type (WT) osteoblasts. Compared to control osteoblasts, the lack of 5-HT2B receptors was only associated with a 10-fold over-production of prostacyclin (PGI2). Also, a specific prostacyclin synthase inhibitor (U51605) rescued totally osteoblast aggregation and matrix mineralization in the 5-HT2BR(-/-) osteoblasts without having any effect on WT osteoblasts. Prostacyclin is the endogenous ligand of the nuclear peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ß/δ (PPAR-ß/δ), and its inhibition in 5-HT2BR(-/-) cells rescued totally the alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin mRNA levels, cell-cell adhesion, and matrix mineralization. We conclude that the absence of 5-HT2B receptors leads to the overproduction of prostacyclin, inducing reduced osteoblast differentiation due to PPAR-ß/δ -dependent target regulation and defective cell-cell adhesion and matrix mineralization. This study thus reveals a previously unrecognized cell autonomous osteoblast defect in the absence of 5-HT2BR and highlights a new pathway linking 5-HT2B receptors and nuclear PPAR- ß/δ via prostacyclin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Chabbi-Achengli
- INSERM UMR606, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- Service de Biochimie, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- INSERM U942, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Luc Maroteaux
- INSERM UMR-S839, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | | | - Corinne Collet
- INSERM UMR606, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- Service de Biochimie, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Delavenne H, Garcia FD, Thibaut F. Les médicaments antidépresseurs influencent-ils les passages à l’acte auto- et hétéroagressifs ? Presse Med 2013; 42:968-76. [PMID: 22959339 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
129
|
Takata A, Iwayama Y, Fukuo Y, Ikeda M, Okochi T, Maekawa M, Toyota T, Yamada K, Hattori E, Ohnishi T, Toyoshima M, Ujike H, Inada T, Kunugi H, Ozaki N, Nanko S, Nakamura K, Mori N, Kanba S, Iwata N, Kato T, Yoshikawa T. A population-specific uncommon variant in GRIN3A associated with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:532-9. [PMID: 23237318 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have successfully identified several common variants showing robust association with schizophrenia. However, individually, these variants only produce a weak effect. To identify genetic variants with larger effect sizes, increasing attention is now being paid to uncommon and rare variants. METHODS From the 1000 Genomes Project data, we selected 47 candidate single nucleotide variants (SNVs), which were: 1) uncommon (minor allele frequency < 5%); 2) Asian-specific; 3) missense, nonsense, or splice site variants predicted to be damaging; and 4) located in candidate genes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We examined their association with schizophrenia, using a Japanese case-control cohort (2012 cases and 2781 control subjects). Additional meta-analysis was performed using genotyping data from independent Han-Chinese case-control (333 cases and 369 control subjects) and family samples (9 trios and 284 quads). RESULTS We identified disease association of a missense variant in GRIN3A (p.R480G, rs149729514, p = .00042, odds ratio [OR] = 1.58), encoding a subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptor, with study-wide significance (threshold p = .0012). This association was supported by meta-analysis (combined p = 3.3 × 10(-5), OR = 1.61). Nominally significant association was observed in missense variants from FAAH, DNMT1, MYO18B, and CFB, with ORs of risk alleles ranging from 1.41 to 2.35. CONCLUSIONS The identified SNVs, particularly the GRIN3A R480G variant, are good candidates for further replication studies and functional evaluation. The results of this study indicate that association analyses focusing on uncommon and rare SNVs are a promising way to discover risk variants with larger effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takata
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Steinert T, Whittington R. A bio-psycho-social model of violence related to mental health problems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2013; 36:168-175. [PMID: 23391572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatry is characterised by bio-psycho-social approaches and therapies. Thus there should be an interest in comprehensive theoretical models for didactic purposes. METHODS A narrative synthesis of key themes in the current literature on psychiatric aspects of violence was conducted with the aim of integrating biological, psychological and sociological ideas in this area. RESULTS Two didactical models are proposed for 1) individual disposition and for 2) acting in specific situations, each including available evidence-based knowledge. CONCLUSIONS The proposed models may be helpful for a comprehensive understanding of all relevant influencing factors in violent mentally ill people and for didactical purposes.
Collapse
|
131
|
Laukkanen V, Storvik M, Häkkinen M, Akamine Y, Tupala E, Virkkunen M, Tiihonen J. Decreased GABA(A) benzodiazepine binding site densities in postmortem brains of Cloninger type 1 and 2 alcoholics. Alcohol 2013; 47:103-8. [PMID: 23332316 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol modulates the GABA(A) receptor to cause sedative, anxiolytic and hypnotic effects that are qualitatively similar to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. The aim of this study was to explore if GABA(A) receptor density is altered in post-mortem brains of anxiety-prone Cloninger type 1 and socially hostile type 2 alcoholic subtypes when compared to controls. The GABA(A) binding site density was measured by whole-hemisphere autoradiography with tritium labeled flunitrazepam ([(3)H]flunitrazepam) from 17 alcoholic (nine type 1, eight type 2) and 10 non-alcoholic post-mortem brains, using cold flumazepam as a competitive ligand. A total of eight specific brain areas were examined. Alcoholics displayed a significantly (p < 0.001, bootstrap type generalizing estimating equations model) reduced [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding site density when compared to controls. When localized, type 2 alcoholics displayed a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding site density in the internal globus pallidus, the gyrus dentatus and the hippocampus, whereas type 1 alcoholics differed from controls in the internal globus pallidus and the hippocampus. While previous reports have demonstrated significant alterations in dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors between type 1 and type 2 alcoholics among these same subjects, we observed no statistically significant difference in [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding site densities between the Cloninger type 1 and type 2 alcoholics.
Collapse
|
132
|
Bevilacqua L, Goldman D. Genetics of impulsive behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120380. [PMID: 23440466 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity, defined as the tendency to act without foresight, comprises a multitude of constructs and is associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Dissecting different aspects of impulsive behaviour and relating these to specific neurobiological circuits would improve our understanding of the etiology of complex behaviours for which impulsivity is key, and advance genetic studies in this behavioural domain. In this review, we will discuss the heritability of some impulsivity constructs and their possible use as endophenotypes (heritable, disease-associated intermediate phenotypes). Several functional genetic variants associated with impulsive behaviour have been identified by the candidate gene approach and re-sequencing, and whole genome strategies can be implemented for discovery of novel rare and common alleles influencing impulsivity. Via deep sequencing an uncommon HTR2B stop codon, common in one population, was discovered, with implications for understanding impulsive behaviour in both humans and rodents and for future gene discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bevilacqua
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Jupp B, Caprioli D, Dalley JW. Highly impulsive rats: modelling an endophenotype to determine the neurobiological, genetic and environmental mechanisms of addiction. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:302-11. [PMID: 23355644 PMCID: PMC3597013 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity describes the tendency of an individual to act prematurely without foresight and is associated with a number of neuropsychiatric co-morbidities, including drug addiction. As such, there is increasing interest in the neurobiological mechanisms of impulsivity, as well as the genetic and environmental influences that govern the expression of this behaviour. Tests used on rodent models of impulsivity share strong parallels with tasks used to assess this trait in humans, and studies in both suggest a crucial role of monoaminergic corticostriatal systems in the expression of this behavioural trait. Furthermore, rodent models have enabled investigation of the causal relationship between drug abuse and impulsivity. Here, we review the use of rodent models of impulsivity for investigating the mechanisms involved in this trait, and how these mechanisms could contribute to the pathogenesis of addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Jupp
- Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences Institute and The Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Bendesky A, Pitts J, Rockman MV, Chen WC, Tan MW, Kruglyak L, Bargmann CI. Long-range regulatory polymorphisms affecting a GABA receptor constitute a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for social behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003157. [PMID: 23284308 PMCID: PMC3527333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation is a social behavior that varies between and within species, providing a model to study the genetic basis of behavioral diversity. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, aggregation is regulated by environmental context and by two neuromodulatory pathways, one dependent on the neuropeptide receptor NPR-1 and one dependent on the TGF-β family protein DAF-7. To gain further insight into the genetic regulation of aggregation, we characterize natural variation underlying behavioral differences between two wild-type C. elegans strains, N2 and CB4856. Using quantitative genetic techniques, including a survey of chromosome substitution strains and QTL analysis of recombinant inbred lines, we identify three new QTLs affecting aggregation in addition to the two known N2 mutations in npr-1 and glb-5. Fine-mapping with near-isogenic lines localized one QTL, accounting for 5%–8% of the behavioral variance between N2 and CB4856, 3′ to the transcript of the GABA neurotransmitter receptor gene exp-1. Quantitative complementation tests demonstrated that this QTL affects exp-1, identifying exp-1 and GABA signaling as new regulators of aggregation. exp-1 interacts genetically with the daf-7 TGF-β pathway, which integrates food availability and population density, and exp-1 mutations affect the level of daf-7 expression. Our results add to growing evidence that genetic variation affecting neurotransmitter receptor genes is a source of natural behavioral variation. In both animals and humans, normal individuals can behave differently in the same environment. Natural variation in behavior is partly due to genetic differences between individuals and partly due to experience. Mapping studies have demonstrated that the genetic component of natural behavioral variation is complex, with many genes that each contribute a small amount to the observed behavior. This complexity has made it difficult to identify the causative genes for individual differences. Here we use the nematode worm C. elegans to dissect a social behavioral trait, the propensity to aggregate with other animals in the presence of food. We find that the behavioral differences between two wild-type worm strains result from at least five genetic differences between the strains, two of which were previously known. One of the three new loci affects a receptor for the neurotransmitter GABA, which regulates excitability in the brain. In the context of previous work, we suggest that a significant number of genes that generate behavioral variation encode neurotransmitter receptors. This analysis in a model animal may help guide discoveries of the genetic variants that affect common human behavioral traits by suggesting classes of genes to examine closely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres Bendesky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason Pitts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew V. Rockman
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - William C. Chen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Man-Wah Tan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Leonid Kruglyak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Carl Icahn Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Cornelia I. Bargmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
MacKillop J. Integrating behavioral economics and behavioral genetics: delayed reward discounting as an endophenotype for addictive disorders. J Exp Anal Behav 2012; 99:14-31. [PMID: 23344986 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Delayed reward discounting is a behavioral economic index of impulsivity, referring to how much an individual devalues a reward based on its delay in time. As a behavioral process that varies considerably across individuals, delay discounting has been studied extensively as a model for self-control, both in the general population and in clinical samples. There is growing interest in genetic influences on discounting and, in particular, the prospect of discounting as an endophenotype for addictive disorders (i.e., a heritable mechanism partially responsible for conferring genetic risk). This review assembles and critiques the evidence supporting this hypothesis. Via numerous cross-sectional studies and a small number of longitudinal studies, there is considerable evidence that impulsive discounting is associated with addictive behavior and appears to play an etiological role. Moreover, there is increasing evidence from diverse methodologies that impulsive delay discounting is temporally stable, heritable, and that elevated levels are present in nonaffected family members. These findings suggest that impulsive discounting meets the criteria for being considered an endophenotype. In addition, recent findings suggest that genetic variation related to dopamine neurotransmission is significantly associated with variability in discounting preferences. A significant caveat, however, is that the literature is modest in some domains and, in others, not all the findings have been supportive or consistent. In addition, important methodological considerations are necessary in future studies. Taken together, although not definitive, there is accumulating support for the hypothesis of impulsive discounting as an endophenotype for addictive behavior and a need for further systematic investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James MacKillop
- Department of Psychology, 100 Hooper St. University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
|
137
|
Li T, Du J, Yu S, Jiang H, Fu Y, Wang D, Sun H, Chen H, Zhao M. Pathways to age of onset of heroin use: a structural model approach exploring the relationship of the COMT gene, impulsivity and childhood trauma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48735. [PMID: 23155402 PMCID: PMC3498242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interaction of the association of dopamine genes, impulsivity and childhood trauma with substance abuse remains unclear. Objectives To clarify the impacts and the interactions of the Catechol -O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, impulsivity and childhood trauma on the age of onset of heroin use among heroin dependent patients in China. Methods 202 male and 248 female inpatients who meet DSM-IV criteria of heroin dependence were enrolled. Impulsivity and childhood trauma were measured using BIS-11 (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11) and ETISR-SF (Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form). The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs737866 on the COMT gene-which has previously been associated with heroin abuse, was genotyped using a DNA sequence detection system. Structural equations model was used to assess the interaction paths between these factors and the age of onset of heroin use. Principal Findings Chi-square test indicated the individuals with TT allele have earlier age of onset of heroin use than those with CT or CC allele. In the correlation analysis, the severity of childhood trauma was positively correlated to impulsive score, but both of them were negatively related to the age of onset of heroin use. In structure equation model, both the COMT gene and childhood trauma had impacts on the age of onset of heroin use directly or via impulsive personality. Conclusions Our findings indicated that the COMT gene, impulsive personality traits and childhood trauma experience were interacted to impact the age of onset of heroin use, which play a critical role in the development of heroin dependence. The impact of environmental factor was greater than the COMT gene in the development of heroin dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunying Yu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingmei Fu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiang Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiming Sun
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanhui Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Nguyen LS, Jolly L, Shoubridge C, Chan WK, Huang L, Laumonnier F, Raynaud M, Hackett A, Field M, Rodriguez J, Srivastava AK, Lee Y, Long R, Addington AM, Rapoport JL, Suren S, Hahn CN, Gamble J, Wilkinson MF, Corbett MA, Gecz J. Transcriptome profiling of UPF3B/NMD-deficient lymphoblastoid cells from patients with various forms of intellectual disability. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:1103-15. [PMID: 22182939 PMCID: PMC4281019 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway was originally discovered by virtue of its ability to rapidly degrade aberrant mRNAs with premature termination codons. More recently, it was shown that NMD also directly regulates subsets of normal transcripts, suggesting that NMD has roles in normal biological processes. Indeed, several NMD factors have been shown to regulate neurological events (for example, neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity) in numerous vertebrate species. In man, mutations in the NMD factor gene UPF3B, which disrupts a branch of the NMD pathway, cause various forms of intellectual disability (ID). Using Epstein Barr virus-immortalized B cells, also known as lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), from ID patients that have loss-of-function mutations in UPF3B, we investigated the genome-wide consequences of compromised NMD and the role of NMD in neuronal development and function. We found that ~5% of the human transcriptome is impacted in UPF3B patients. The UPF3B paralog, UPF3A, is stabilized in all UPF3B patients, and partially compensates for the loss of UPF3B function. Interestingly, UPF3A protein, but not mRNA, was stabilised in a quantitative manner that inversely correlated with the severity of patients' phenotype. This suggested that the ability to stabilize the UPF3A protein is a crucial modifier of the neurological symptoms due to loss of UPF3B. We also identified ARHGAP24, which encodes a GTPase-activating protein, as a canonical target of NMD, and we provide evidence that deregulation of this gene inhibits axon and dendrite outgrowth and branching. Our results demonstrate that the UPF3B-dependent NMD pathway is a major regulator of the transcriptome and that its targets have important roles in neuronal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LS Nguyen
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Genetic Medicine, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - L Jolly
- Department of Genetic Medicine, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - C Shoubridge
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Genetic Medicine, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - WK Chan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Huang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - F Laumonnier
- INSERM, U930, Tours, France
- CNRS, ERL3106, Tours, France
- University Francois-Rabelais, UMR ‘Imaging and Brain’, Tours, France
| | - M Raynaud
- INSERM, U930, Tours, France
- University Francois-Rabelais, UMR ‘Imaging and Brain’, Tours, France
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Genetique, Tours, France
| | - A Hackett
- GOLD Service, Hunter Genetics, Newcastle, Australia
| | - M Field
- GOLD Service, Hunter Genetics, Newcastle, Australia
| | - J Rodriguez
- J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Centre, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - AK Srivastava
- J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Centre, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Y Lee
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Long
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - AM Addington
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - JL Rapoport
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Suren
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Neural Development Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - CN Hahn
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J Gamble
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine & Cell Biology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - MF Wilkinson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - MA Corbett
- Department of Genetic Medicine, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J Gecz
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Genetic Medicine, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Whelan R, Conrod PJ, Poline JB, Lourdusamy A, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bellgrove MA, Büchel C, Byrne M, Cummins TDR, Fauth-Bühler M, Flor H, Gallinat J, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Mann K, Martinot JL, Lalor EC, Lathrop M, Loth E, Nees F, Paus T, Rietschel M, Smolka MN, Spanagel R, Stephens DN, Struve M, Thyreau B, Vollstaedt-Klein S, Robbins TW, Schumann G, Garavan H. Adolescent impulsivity phenotypes characterized by distinct brain networks. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:920-5. [PMID: 22544311 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The impulsive behavior that is often characteristic of adolescence may reflect underlying neurodevelopmental processes. Moreover, impulsivity is a multi-dimensional construct, and it is plausible that distinct brain networks contribute to its different cognitive, clinical and behavioral aspects. As these networks have not yet been described, we identified distinct cortical and subcortical networks underlying successful inhibitions and inhibition failures in a large sample (n = 1,896) of 14-year-old adolescents. Different networks were associated with drug use (n = 1,593) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms (n = 342). Hypofunctioning of a specific orbitofrontal cortical network was associated with likelihood of initiating drug use in early adolescence. Right inferior frontal activity was related to the speed of the inhibition process (n = 826) and use of illegal substances and associated with genetic variation in a norepinephrine transporter gene (n = 819). Our results indicate that both neural endophenotypes and genetic variation give rise to the various manifestations of impulsive behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Whelan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Guo Y, Deng X, Jankovic J, Su L, Zhang J, Le W, Xu H, Yang Z, Tang J, Kuang S, Deng H. Mutation screening of the HTR2B gene in patients with Tourette syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2012; 526:150-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
141
|
Meyer M, Kircher M, Gansauge MT, Li H, Racimo F, Mallick S, Schraiber JG, Jay F, Prüfer K, de Filippo C, Sudmant PH, Alkan C, Fu Q, Do R, Rohland N, Tandon A, Siebauer M, Green RE, Bryc K, Briggs AW, Stenzel U, Dabney J, Shendure J, Kitzman J, Hammer MF, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Patterson N, Andrés AM, Eichler EE, Slatkin M, Reich D, Kelso J, Pääbo S. A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science 2012; 338:222-6. [PMID: 22936568 DOI: 10.1126/science.1224344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1090] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present a DNA library preparation method that has allowed us to reconstruct a high-coverage (30×) genome sequence of a Denisovan, an extinct relative of Neandertals. The quality of this genome allows a direct estimation of Denisovan heterozygosity indicating that genetic diversity in these archaic hominins was extremely low. It also allows tentative dating of the specimen on the basis of "missing evolution" in its genome, detailed measurements of Denisovan and Neandertal admixture into present-day human populations, and the generation of a near-complete catalog of genetic changes that swept to high frequency in modern humans since their divergence from Denisovans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Meyer
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Lyvers M, Duff H, Basch V, Edwards MS. Rash impulsiveness and reward sensitivity in relation to risky drinking by university students: potential roles of frontal systems. Addict Behav 2012; 37:940-6. [PMID: 22521364 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two forms of impulsivity, rash impulsiveness and reward sensitivity, have been proposed to reflect aspects of frontal lobe functioning and promote substance use. The present study examined these two forms of impulsivity as well as frontal lobe symptoms in relation to risky drinking by university students. METHODS University undergraduates aged 18-26years completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ), Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe), and a demographics questionnaire assessing age, gender, and age of onset of weekly drinking (AOD). RESULTS AUDIT-defined harmful drinkers reported earlier AOD and scored higher on BIS-11, the Sensitivity to Reward (SR) scale of the SPSRQ, and the Disinhibition and Executive Dysfunction scales of the FrSBe compared to lower risk groups. Differences remained significant after controlling for duration of alcohol exposure. Path analyses indicated that the influence of SR on AUDIT was mediated by FrSBe Disinhibition, whereas the influence of BIS-11 on AUDIT was mediated by both Disinhibition and Executive Dysfunction scales of the FrSBe. CONCLUSIONS Findings tentatively suggest that the influence of rash impulsiveness on drinking may reflect dysfunction in dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal systems, whereas the influence of reward sensitivity on drinking may primarily reflect orbitofrontal dysfunction. Irrespective of the underlying functional brain systems involved, results appear to be more consistent with a pre-drinking trait interpretation than effects of alcohol exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lyvers
- Department of Psychology, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Horstkötter D, Berghmans R, de Ruiter C, Krumeich A, de Wert G. "We are also normal humans, you know?" Views and attitudes of juvenile delinquents on antisocial behavior, neurobiology and prevention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2012; 35:289-297. [PMID: 22560671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents and discusses the views and attitudes of juvenile delinquents regarding the implications of genomics and neurobiology research findings for the prevention and treatment of antisocial behavior. Scientific developments in these disciplines are considered to be of increasing importance for understanding the causes and the course of antisocial behavior and related mental disorders. High expectations exist with regard to the development of more effective prevention and intervention. Whether this is a desirable development does not only depend on science, but also on the ethical and social implications of potential applications of current and future research findings. As this pilot study points out, juvenile delinquents themselves have rather mixed views on the goals and means of early identification, prevention and treatment. Some welcome the potential support and help that could arise from biologically informed preventive and therapeutic measures. Others, however, reject the very goals of prevention and treatment and express worries concerning the risk of labeling and stigmatization and the possibility of false positives. Furthermore, interventions could aim at equalizing people and taking away socially disapproved capacities they themselves value. Moreover, most juvenile delinquents are hardly convinced that their crime could have been caused by some features of their brain or that a mental disorder has played a role. Instead, they provide social explanations such as living in a deprived neighborhood or having antisocial friends. We suggest that the hopes and expectations as well as the concerns and worries of juvenile delinquents are relevant not only for genomics and neurobiology of antisocial behavior, but also for prevention and intervention measures informed by social scientific and psychological research. The range of patterns of thought of juvenile delinquents is of great heuristic value and may lead to subsequent research that could further enhance our understanding of these patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Horstkötter
- Maastricht University, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Postbox 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Yuan Q, Zhou Z, Lindell SG, Higley JD, Ferguson B, Thompson RC, Lopez JF, Suomi SJ, Baghal B, Baker M, Mash DC, Barr CS, Goldman D. The rhesus macaque is three times as diverse but more closely equivalent in damaging coding variation as compared to the human. BMC Genet 2012; 13:52. [PMID: 22747632 PMCID: PMC3426462 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-13-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a model organism in biomedicine, the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is the most widely used nonhuman primate. Although a draft genome sequence was completed in 2007, there has been no systematic genome-wide comparison of genetic variation of this species to humans. Comparative analysis of functional and nonfunctional diversity in this highly abundant and adaptable non-human primate could inform its use as a model for human biology, and could reveal how variation in population history and size alters patterns and levels of sequence variation in primates. Results We sequenced the mRNA transcriptome and H3K4me3-marked DNA regions in hippocampus from 14 humans and 14 rhesus macaques. Using equivalent methodology and sampling spaces, we identified 462,802 macaque SNPs, most of which were novel and disproportionately located in the functionally important genomic regions we had targeted in the sequencing. At least one SNP was identified in each of 16,797 annotated macaque genes. Accuracy of macaque SNP identification was conservatively estimated to be >90%. Comparative analyses using SNPs equivalently identified in the two species revealed that rhesus macaque has approximately three times higher SNP density and average nucleotide diversity as compared to the human. Based on this level of diversity, the effective population size of the rhesus macaque is approximately 80,000 which contrasts with an effective population size of less than 10,000 for humans. Across five categories of genomic regions, intergenic regions had the highest SNP density and average nucleotide diversity and CDS (coding sequences) the lowest, in both humans and macaques. Although there are more coding SNPs (cSNPs) per individual in macaques than in humans, the ratio of dN/dS is significantly lower in the macaque. Furthermore, the number of damaging nonsynonymous cSNPs (have damaging effects on protein functions from PolyPhen-2 prediction) in the macaque is more closely equivalent to that of the human. Conclusions This large panel of newly identified macaque SNPs enriched for functionally significant regions considerably expands our knowledge of genetic variation in the rhesus macaque. Comparative analysis reveals that this widespread, highly adaptable species is approximately three times as diverse as the human but more closely equivalent in damaging variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoping Yuan
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Cell type-specific gene expression and editing responses to chronic fluoxetine treatment in the in vivo mouse brain and their relevance for stress-induced anhedonia. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2480-95. [PMID: 22711334 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently developed methods for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of freshly-isolated brain cells from transgenic mice combining fluorescent signals with cell type-specific markers allow cell-type separation. Based upon previous observations in primary cultures of mouse astrocytes we treated transgenic mice tagged with a neuron-specific or an astrocyte-specific marker with fluoxetine, either acute (10 mg/kg for 2 h) or chronic (10 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks). Acute treatment upregulated cfos and fosB mRNA expression in astrocytes and neurons. Chronic effects on astrocytes replicated those demonstrated in cultures, i.e., upregulation of mRNA and/or protein expression of 5-HT(2B) receptors (5-HT(2B)R), and GluK2 receptors, and of cPLA(2a) and ADAR2, together with increased GluK2 and 5-HT(2B)R editing. Neurons showed increased GluK4 and 5-HT(2C) receptor expression. To further correlate these findings with major depression we compared the changes in gene expression with those in a mouse model of anhedonia. Three out of 4 genes up-regulated in astrocytes by fluoxetine were down-regulated, whereas the neuronally upregulated 5-HT(2C) receptor gene showed no change. References are made to recent review papers discussing potential relations between observed fluoxetine effects and clinical effects of SSRIs, emphasizing that all 5 clinically used SSRIs have identical and virtually equipotent effects on cultured astrocytes.
Collapse
|
146
|
Palmer AA, de Wit H. Translational genetic approaches to substance use disorders: bridging the gap between mice and humans. Hum Genet 2012; 131:931-9. [PMID: 22170288 PMCID: PMC3352994 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
While substance abuse disorders only occur in humans, mice and other model organisms can make valuable contributions to genetic studies of these disorders. In this review, we consider a few specific examples of how model organisms have been used in conjunction with studies in humans to study the role of genetic factors in substance use disorders. In some examples genes that were first discovered in mice were subsequently studied in humans. In other examples genes or specific polymorphisms in genes were first studied in humans and then modeled in mice. Using anatomically and temporally specific genetic, pharmacological and other environmental manipulations in conjunction with histological analyses, mechanistic insights that would be difficult to obtain in humans have been obtained in mice. We hope these examples illustrate how novel biological insights about the effect of genes on substance use disorders can be obtained when mouse and human genetic studies are successfully integrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
147
|
Abstract
Addictions are common, chronic, and relapsing diseases that develop through a multistep process. The impact of addictions on morbidity and mortality is high worldwide. Twin studies have shown that the heritability of addictions ranges from 0.39 (hallucinogens) to 0.72 (cocaine). Twin studies indicate that genes influence each stage from initiation to addiction, although the genetic determinants may differ. Addictions are by definition the result of gene × environment interaction. These disorders, which are in part volitional, in part inborn, and in part determined by environmental experience, pose the full range of medical, genetic, policy, and moral challenges. Gene discovery is being facilitated by a variety of powerful approaches, but is in its infancy. It is not surprising that the genes discovered so far act in a variety of ways: via altered metabolism of drug (the alcohol and nicotine metabolic gene variants), via altered function of a drug receptor (the nicotinic receptor, which may alter affinity for nicotine but as discussed may also alter circuitry of reward), and via general mechanisms of addiction (genes such as monoamine oxidase A and the serotonin transporter that modulate stress response, emotion, and behavioral control). Addiction medicine today benefits from genetic studies that buttress the case for a neurobiologic origin of addictive behavior, and some general information on familially transmitted propensity that can be used to guide prevention. A few well-validated, specific predictors such as OPRM1, ADH1B, ALDH2, CHRNA5, and CYP26 have been identified and can provide some specific guidance, for example, to understand alcohol-related flushing and upper GI cancer risk (ADH1B and AKLDH2), variation in nicotine metabolism (CYP26), and, potentially, naltrexone treatment response (OPRM1). However, the genetic predictors available are few in number and account for only a small portion of the genetic variance in liability, and have not been integrated into clinical nosology or care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ducci
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychological Medicine, Kings College, Box P063, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
An examination of environmental and genetic contributions to the determinants of suicidal behavior among male twins. Psychiatry Res 2012; 197:60-5. [PMID: 22417928 PMCID: PMC3376176 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the relative association of genetic and environmental factors with individual differences in each of the proximal, jointly necessary, and sufficient causes for suicidal behavior, according to the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS; Joiner, 2005). We examined data on derived scales measuring acquired capability, belongingness, and burdensomeness (the determinants of suicidal behavior, according to theory) from 348 adolescent male twins. Univariate biometrical models were used to estimate the magnitude of additive genetic (A), non-additive genetic (D), shared environmental (C), and non-shared environmental (E) effects associated with the variance in acquired capability, belongingness, and burdensomeness. The best fitting model for the acquired capability allowed for additive genetic and environmental effects, whereas the best fitting model for burdensomeness and belongingness allowed for shared and non-shared environmental effects. The present research extends prior work by specifying the environmental and genetic contributions to the components of the IPTS, and our findings suggest that belongingness and burdensomeness may be more appropriate targets for clinical intervention than acquired capability as these factors may be more malleable or amenable to change.
Collapse
|
149
|
Kowdley G, Srikantan S, Abdelmohsen K, Gorospe M, Khan J. Molecular biology techniques for the surgeon. World J Surg Proced 2012; 2:5-15. [DOI: 10.5412/wjsp.v2.i2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
New technologies are constantly being introduced into the medical and surgical fields. These technologies come in the form of newer medicines, imaging methods and prognostic tools, among others, and allow clinicians to make more rational and informed decisions on the care of their patients. Many of these technologies utilize advanced techniques which are at the forefront of many research fields and represent a transition of bench advances into the clinical realm. This review will highlight four technologies that are at the forefront in the treatment of oncology patients treated by surgeons on a daily basis. Circulating tumor cells, microarray analysis, proteomic studies and rapid sequencing technologies will be highlighted. These technologies will be reviewed and their potential use in the care of surgical patients will be discussed.
Collapse
|
150
|
Dalley JW, Roiser JP. Dopamine, serotonin and impulsivity. Neuroscience 2012; 215:42-58. [PMID: 22542672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Impulsive people have a strong urge to act without thinking. It is sometimes regarded as a positive trait but rash impulsiveness is also widely present in clinical disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), drug dependence, mania, and antisocial behaviour. Contemporary research has begun to make major inroads into unravelling the brain mechanisms underlying impulsive behaviour with a prominent focus on the limbic cortico-striatal systems. With this progress has come the understanding that impulsivity is a multi-faceted behavioural trait involving neurally and psychologically diverse elements. We discuss the significance of this heterogeneity for clinical disorders expressing impulsive behaviour and the pivotal contribution made by the brain dopamine and serotonin systems in the aetiology and treatment of behavioural syndromes expressing impulsive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Dalley
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK. jwd20@cam. ac. uk
| | | |
Collapse
|