101
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Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. The oxysterome and its receptors as pharmacological targets in inflammatory diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:4917-4940. [PMID: 33817775 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols have gained attention over the last decades and are now considered as fully fledged bioactive lipids. The study of their levels in several conditions, including atherosclerosis, obesity and neurodegenerative diseases, led to a better understanding of their involvement in (patho)physiological processes such as inflammation and immunity. For instance, the characterization of the cholesterol-7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol/GPR183 axis and its implication in immunity represents an important step in the oxysterome study. Besides this axis, others were identified as important in several inflammatory pathologies (such as colitis, lung inflammation and atherosclerosis). However, the oxysterome is a complex system notably due to a redundancy of metabolic enzymes and a wide range of receptors. Indeed, deciphering oxysterol roles and identifying the potential receptor(s) involved in a given pathology remain challenging. Oxysterol properties are very diverse, but most of them could be connected by a common component: inflammation. Here, we review the implication of oxysterol receptors in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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102
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Type I interferons as key players in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 359:1-80. [PMID: 33832648 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by pancreatic islet inflammation (insulitis) and specific pancreatic β-cell destruction by an immune attack. Although the precise underlying mechanisms leading to the autoimmune assault remain poorly understood, it is well accepted that insulitis takes place in the context of a conflicting dialogue between pancreatic β-cells and the immune cells. Moreover, both host genetic background (i.e., candidate genes) and environmental factors (e.g., viral infections) contribute to this inadequate dialogue. Accumulating evidence indicates that type I interferons (IFNs), cytokines that are crucial for both innate and adaptive immune responses, act as key links between environmental and genetic risk factors in the development of T1D. This chapter summarizes some relevant pathways involved in β-cell dysfunction and death, and briefly reviews how enteroviral infections and genetic susceptibility can impact insulitis. Moreover, we present the current evidence showing that, in β-cells, type I IFN signaling pathway activation leads to several outcomes, such as long-lasting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I hyperexpression, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, epigenetic changes, and induction of posttranscriptional as well as posttranslational modifications. MHC class I overexpression, when combined with ER stress and posttranscriptional/posttranslational modifications, might lead to sustained neoantigen presentation to immune system and β-cell apoptosis. This knowledge supports the concept that type I IFNs are implicated in the early stages of T1D pathogenesis. Finally, we highlight the promising therapeutic avenues for T1D treatment directed at type I IFN signaling pathway.
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103
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Zhao M, Wang Z, Yang M, Ding Y, Zhao M, Wu H, Zhang Y, Lu Q. The Roles of Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Autoimmune Diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 60:220-243. [PMID: 33411320 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of plasma membrane receptors in nature and mediate the effects of a variety of extracellular signals, such as hormone, neurotransmitter, odor, and light signals. Due to their involvement in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes and their accessibility, GPCRs are widely used as pharmacological targets of treatment. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors (oGPCRs) are GPCRs for which no natural ligands have been found, and they not only play important roles in various physiological functions, such as sensory perception, reproduction, development, growth, metabolism, and responsiveness, but are also closely related to many major diseases, such as central nervous system (CNS) diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Recently, many studies have reported that oGPCRs play increasingly important roles as key factors in the occurrence and progression of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, oGPCRs are likely to become potential therapeutic targets and may provide a breakthrough in the study of autoimmune diseases. In this article, we focus on reviewing the recent research progress and clinical treatment effects of oGPCRs in three common autoimmune diseases: multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), shedding light on novel strategies for treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheyu Wang
- University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Maternal & Child Health Care Hospital Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Maternal & Child Health Care Hospital Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Hainan Province Dermatol Disease Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
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104
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Ruiz F, Wyss A, Rossel JB, Sulz MC, Brand S, Moncsek A, Mertens JC, Roth R, Clottu AS, Burri E, Juillerat P, Biedermann L, Greuter T, Rogler G, Pot C, Misselwitz B. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene for GPR183 increases its surface expression on blood lymphocytes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3157-3175. [PMID: 33511653 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ruiz
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annika Wyss
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Benoît Rossel
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Christian Sulz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Brand
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Anja Moncsek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim C Mertens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René Roth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie S Clottu
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Burri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Clinic, Kantonsspital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Juillerat
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luc Biedermann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Greuter
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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105
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Fan S, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Luo L, Wang H, Chen G, Xing L, Zheng P, Huang C. LXRα/β Antagonism Protects against Lipid Accumulation in the Liver but Increases Plasma Cholesterol in Rhesus Macaques. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:833-838. [PMID: 33647205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by lipid accumulation in the liver and associates with obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. NAFLD could lead to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even cancers. The development of therapy for NAFLD has been proven difficult. Emerging evidence suggests that liver X receptor (LXR) antagonist is a potential treatment for fatty liver disease. However, concerns about the cholesterol-increasing effects make it questionable for the development of LXR antagonists. Here, the overweight monkeys were fed with LXRβ-selective antagonist sophoricoside or LXRα/β dual-antagonist morin for 3 months. The morphology of punctured liver tissues was examined by H&E staining. The liver, heart, and kidney damage indices were analyzed using plasma. The blood index was assayed using complete blood samples. We show that LXRβ-selective antagonist sophoricoside and LXRα/β dual-antagonist morin alleviated lipid accumulation in the liver in overweight monkeys. The compounds resulted in higher plasma TC or LDL-c contents, increased white blood cell and lymphocyte count, and decreased neutrophile granulocyte count in the monkeys. The compounds did not alter plasma glucose, apolipoprotein A (ApoA), ApoB, ApoE, lipoprotein (a) (LPA), nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), aspartate transaminases (AST), creatinine (CREA), urea nitrogen (UN), and creatine kinase (CK) levels. Our data suggest that LXRβ-selective and LXRα/β dual antagonism may lead to hypercholesterolemia in nonhuman primates, which calls into question the development of LXR antagonist as a therapy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lingling Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongrun Wang
- Hengshu Bio-Technology Company, Yibin HighTech Park, Yibin, Sichuan 644601, China
| | - Gen Chen
- Hengshu Bio-Technology Company, Yibin HighTech Park, Yibin, Sichuan 644601, China
| | - Lianjun Xing
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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106
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Dwyer DF, Ordovas-Montanes J, Allon SJ, Buchheit KM, Vukovic M, Derakhshan T, Feng C, Lai J, Hughes TK, Nyquist SK, Giannetti MP, Berger B, Bhattacharyya N, Roditi RE, Katz HR, Nawijn MC, Berg M, van den Berge M, Laidlaw TM, Shalek AK, Barrett NA, Boyce JA. Human airway mast cells proliferate and acquire distinct inflammation-driven phenotypes during type 2 inflammation. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabb7221. [PMID: 33637594 PMCID: PMC8362933 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb7221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play a pathobiologic role in type 2 (T2) allergic inflammatory diseases of the airway, including asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Distinct MC subsets infiltrate the airway mucosa in T2 disease, including subepithelial MCs expressing the proteases tryptase and chymase (MCTC) and epithelial MCs expressing tryptase without chymase (MCT). However, mechanisms underlying MC expansion and the transcriptional programs underlying their heterogeneity are poorly understood. Here, we use flow cytometry and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to conduct a comprehensive analysis of human MC hyperplasia in CRSwNP, a T2 cytokine-mediated inflammatory disease. We link discrete cell surface phenotypes to the distinct transcriptomes of CRSwNP MCT and MCTC, which represent polarized ends of a transcriptional gradient of nasal polyp MCs. We find a subepithelial population of CD38highCD117high MCs that is markedly expanded during T2 inflammation. These CD38highCD117high MCs exhibit an intermediate phenotype relative to the expanded MCT and MCTC subsets. CD38highCD117high MCs are distinct from circulating MC progenitors and are enriched for proliferation, which is markedly increased in CRSwNP patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, a severe disease subset characterized by increased MC burden and elevated MC activation. We observe that MCs expressing a polyp MCT-like effector program are also found within the lung during fibrotic diseases and asthma, and further identify marked differences between MCTC in nasal polyps and skin. These results indicate that MCs display distinct inflammation-associated effector programs and suggest that in situ MC proliferation is a major component of MC hyperplasia in human T2 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Dwyer
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Immunology Center, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel J Allon
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Buchheit
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Immunology Center, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marko Vukovic
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tahereh Derakhshan
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Immunology Center, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chunli Feng
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Immunology Center, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juying Lai
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Immunology Center, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Travis K Hughes
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah K Nyquist
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew P Giannetti
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Immunology Center, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab and Department of Mathematics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Neil Bhattacharyya
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel E Roditi
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Howard R Katz
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Immunology Center, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martijn C Nawijn
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Respiratory Research (EXPIRE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marijn Berg
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Respiratory Research (EXPIRE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tanya M Laidlaw
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Immunology Center, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nora A Barrett
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Immunology Center, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Immunology Center, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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107
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Adamek M, Davies J, Beck A, Jordan L, Becker AM, Mojzesz M, Rakus K, Rumiac T, Collet B, Brogden G, Way K, Bergmann SM, Zou J, Steinhagen D. Antiviral Actions of 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Fish Vary With the Virus-Host Combination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:581786. [PMID: 33717065 PMCID: PMC7943847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.581786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for building and maintaining cell membranes and is critical for several steps in the replication cycle of viruses, especially for enveloped viruses. In mammalian cells virus infections lead to the accumulation of the oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), an antiviral factor, which is produced from cholesterol by the cholesterol 25 hydroxylase (CH25H). Antiviral responses based on CH25H are not well studied in fish. Therefore, in the present study putative genes encoding for CH25H were identified and amplified in common carp and rainbow trout cells and an HPLC-MS method was applied for determination of oxysterol concentrations in these cells under virus infection. Our results give some evidence that the activation of CH25H could be a part of the antiviral response against a broad spectrum of viruses infecting fish, in both common carp and rainbow trout cells in vitro. Quantification of oxysterols showed that fibroblastic cells are capable of producing 25HC and its metabolite 7α,25diHC. The oxysterol 25HC showed an antiviral activity by blocking the entry of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) into KFC cells, but not spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) or common carp paramyxovirus (Para) in the same cells, or viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) into RTG-2 cells. Despite the fact that the CH25H based antiviral response coincides with type I IFN responses, the stimulation of salmonid cells with recombinant type I IFN proteins from rainbow trout could not induce ch25h_b gene expression. This provided further evidence, that the CH25H-response is not type I IFN dependent. Interestingly, the susceptibility of CyHV-3 to 25HC is counteracted by a downregulation of the expression of the ch25h_b gene in carp fibroblasts during CyHV-3 infection. This shows a unique interplay between oxysterol based immune responses and immunomodulatory abilities of certain viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Beck
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Jordan
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna M Becker
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miriam Mojzesz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Typhaine Rumiac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bertrand Collet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Graham Brogden
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Keith Way
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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108
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Lefort C, Cani PD. The Liver under the Spotlight: Bile Acids and Oxysterols as Pivotal Actors Controlling Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020400. [PMID: 33669184 PMCID: PMC7919658 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the myriad of molecules produced by the liver, both bile acids and their precursors, the oxysterols are becoming pivotal bioactive lipids which have been underestimated for a long time. Their actions are ranging from regulation of energy homeostasis (i.e., glucose and lipid metabolism) to inflammation and immunity, thereby opening the avenue to new treatments to tackle metabolic disorders associated with obesity (e.g., type 2 diabetes and hepatic steatosis) and inflammatory diseases. Here, we review the biosynthesis of these endocrine factors including their interconnection with the gut microbiota and their impact on host homeostasis as well as their attractive potential for the development of therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders.
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109
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Abdel-Khalik J, Hearn T, Dickson AL, Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Austin-Muttitt K, Bigger BW, Morris AA, Shackleton CH, Clayton PT, Iida T, Sircar R, Rohatgi R, Marschall HU, Sjövall J, Björkhem I, Mullins JGL, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Bile acid biosynthesis in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome bypassing cholesterol: Potential importance of pathway intermediates. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 206:105794. [PMID: 33246156 PMCID: PMC7816163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol metabolism secreted into bile. They are essential for the absorption of lipids and lipid soluble compounds from the intestine. Here we have identified a series of unusual Δ5-unsaturated bile acids in plasma and urine of patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), a defect in cholesterol biosynthesis resulting in elevated levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), an immediate precursor of cholesterol. Using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) we have uncovered a pathway of bile acid biosynthesis in SLOS avoiding cholesterol starting with 7-DHC and proceeding through 7-oxo and 7β-hydroxy intermediates. This pathway also occurs to a minor extent in healthy humans, but elevated levels of pathway intermediates could be responsible for some of the features SLOS. The pathway is also active in SLOS affected pregnancies as revealed by analysis of amniotic fluid. Importantly, intermediates in the pathway, 25-hydroxy-7-oxocholesterol, (25R)26-hydroxy-7-oxocholesterol, 3β-hydroxy-7-oxocholest-5-en-(25R)26-oic acid and the analogous 7β-hydroxysterols are modulators of the activity of Smoothened (Smo), an oncoprotein that mediates Hedgehog (Hh) signalling across membranes during embryogenesis and in the regeneration of postembryonic tissue. Computational docking of the 7-oxo and 7β-hydroxy compounds to the extracellular cysteine rich domain of Smo reveals that they bind in the same groove as both 20S-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol, known activators of the Hh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Thomas Hearn
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Alison L Dickson
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Karl Austin-Muttitt
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Andrew A Morris
- Willink Unit, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Cedric H Shackleton
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Takashi Iida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8550, Japan
| | - Ria Sircar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
| | - Jan Sjövall
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan G L Mullins
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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110
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Cholesterol metabolism pathways - are the intermediates more important than the products? FEBS J 2021; 288:3727-3745. [PMID: 33506652 PMCID: PMC8653896 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Every cell in vertebrates possesses the machinery to synthesise cholesterol and to metabolise it. The major route of cholesterol metabolism is conversion to bile acids. Bile acids themselves are interesting molecules being ligands to nuclear and G protein‐coupled receptors, but perhaps the intermediates in the bile acid biosynthesis pathways are even more interesting and equally important. Here, we discuss the biological activity of the different intermediates generated in the various bile acid biosynthesis pathways. We put forward the hypothesis that the acidic pathway of bile acid biosynthesis has primary evolved to generate signalling molecules and its utilisation by hepatocytes provides an added bonus of producing bile acids to aid absorption of lipids in the intestine.
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111
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Kuang J, Xu P, Shi Y, Yang Y, Liu P, Chen S, Zhou C, Li G, Zhuang Y, Hu R, Hu G, Guo X. Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection Altered the Metabolome Profile and Immune Function of the Bursa of Fabricius in Chicken. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:628270. [PMID: 33553290 PMCID: PMC7858655 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.628270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious, acute viral respiratory disease of chickens, regardless of the strain, and its infection may lead to considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. New nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) strains have increasingly emerged in recent years; hence, evaluating their infection-influenced immune function changes and the alteration of metabolite profiling is important. Initially, chickens were randomly distributed into two groups: the control group (Con) and the disease group (Dis). Here, the partial cytokines were examined, and the metabolome alterations of the bursa of Fabricius (BF) in NIBV infections in chickens were profiled by gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS). The results revealed that the NIBV infection promotes the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines. Metabolic profile analysis indicated that clustering differed between the two groups and there were 75 significantly different metabolites detected between the two groups, suggesting that the host metabolism was significantly changed by NIBV infection. Notably, the following 12 metabolites were identified as the potential biomarkers: 3-phenyllactic acid, 2-deoxytetronic acid, aminomalonic acid, malonamide 5, uric acid, arachidonic acid, 2-methylglutaric acid, linoleic acid, ethanolamine, stearic acid, N-alpha-acetyl-l-ornithine, and O-acetylserine. Furthermore, the results of the correlation analysis showed that a strong correlation existed between metabolic biomarkers and inflammatory cytokines. Our results describe an immune and metabolic profile for the BF of chickens when infected with NIBV and provide new biomarkers of NIBV infection as potential targets and indicators of indicating therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kuang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Puzhi Xu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Shi
- School of Computer and Information Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yitian Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shupeng Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Changming Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guyue Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Zhuang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruiming Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoquan Guo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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112
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Vastagh C, Csillag V, Solymosi N, Farkas I, Liposits Z. Gonadal Cycle-Dependent Expression of Genes Encoding Peptide-, Growth Factor-, and Orphan G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Gonadotropin- Releasing Hormone Neurons of Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:594119. [PMID: 33551743 PMCID: PMC7863983 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.594119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising serum estradiol triggers the surge release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at late proestrus leading to ovulation. We hypothesized that proestrus evokes alterations in peptidergic signaling onto GnRH neurons inducing a differential expression of neuropeptide-, growth factor-, and orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes. Thus, we analyzed the transcriptome of GnRH neurons collected from intact, proestrous and metestrous GnRH-green fluorescent protein (GnRH-GFP) transgenic mice using Affymetrix microarray technique. Proestrus resulted in a differential expression of genes coding for peptide/neuropeptide receptors including Adipor1, Prokr1, Ednrb, Rtn4r, Nmbr, Acvr2b, Sctr, Npr3, Nmur1, Mc3r, Cckbr, and Amhr2. In this gene cluster, Adipor1 mRNA expression was upregulated and the others were downregulated. Expression of growth factor receptors and their related proteins was also altered showing upregulation of Fgfr1, Igf1r, Grb2, Grb10, and Ngfrap1 and downregulation of Egfr and Tgfbr2 genes. Gpr107, an orphan GPCR, was upregulated during proestrus, while others were significantly downregulated (Gpr1, Gpr87, Gpr18, Gpr62, Gpr125, Gpr183, Gpr4, and Gpr88). Further affected receptors included vomeronasal receptors (Vmn1r172, Vmn2r-ps54, and Vmn1r148) and platelet-activating factor receptor (Ptafr), all with marked downregulation. Patch-clamp recordings from mouse GnRH-GFP neurons carried out at metestrus confirmed that the differentially expressed IGF-1, secretin, and GPR107 receptors were operational, as their activation by specific ligands evoked an increase in the frequency of miniature postsynaptic currents (mPSCs). These findings show the contribution of certain novel peptides, growth factors, and ligands of orphan GPCRs to regulation of GnRH neurons and their preparation for the surge release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Vastagh
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Csillag
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Roska Tamás Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Farkas
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
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113
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Misselwitz B, Wyss A, Raselli T, Cerovic V, Sailer AW, Krupka N, Ruiz F, Pot C, Pabst O. The oxysterol receptor GPR183 in inflammatory bowel diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3140-3156. [PMID: 33145756 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell trafficking is an important mechanism for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The oxysterol receptor GPR183 and its ligands, dihydroxylated oxysterols, can mediate positioning of immune cells including innate lymphoid cells. GPR183 has been mapped to an IBD risk locus, however another gene, Ubac2 is encoded on the reverse strand and associated with Behçet's disease, therefore the role of GPR183 as a genetic risk factor requires validation. GPR183 and production of its oxysterol ligands are up-regulated in human IBD and murine colitis. Gpr183 inactivation reduced severity of colitis in group 3 innate lymphoid cells-dependent colitis and in IL-10 colitis but not in dextran sodium sulphate colitis. Irrespectively, Gpr183 knockout strongly reduced accumulation of intestinal lymphoid tissue in health and all colitis models. In conclusion, genetic, translational and experimental studies implicate GPR183 in IBD pathogenesis and GPR183-dependent cell migration might be a therapeutic drug target for IBD. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Misselwitz
- Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annika Wyss
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina Raselli
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Disease Area X, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Niklas Krupka
- Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ruiz
- Service of Neurology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Service of Neurology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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114
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Regulation of Osteoclast Differentiation and Activity by Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010089. [PMID: 33430327 PMCID: PMC7825801 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue and is constantly being remodeled by bone cells. Metabolic reprogramming plays a critical role in the activation of these bone cells and skeletal metabolism, which fulfills the energy demand for bone remodeling. Among various metabolic pathways, the importance of lipid metabolism in bone cells has long been appreciated. More recent studies also establish the link between bone loss and lipid-altering conditions—such as atherosclerotic vascular disease, hyperlipidemia, and obesity—and uncover the detrimental effect of fat accumulation on skeletal homeostasis and increased risk of fracture. Targeting lipid metabolism with statin, a lipid-lowering drug, has been shown to improve bone density and quality in metabolic bone diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of lipid-mediated regulation in osteoclasts are not completely understood. Thus, a better understanding of lipid metabolism in osteoclasts can be used to harness bone cell activity to treat pathological bone disorders. This review summarizes the recent developments of the contribution of lipid metabolism to the function and phenotype of osteoclasts.
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115
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Lee DSW, Rojas OL, Gommerman JL. B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune disease: advances and mechanistic insights. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:179-199. [PMID: 33324003 PMCID: PMC7737718 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-00092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the past 15 years, B cells have been rediscovered to be not merely bystanders but rather active participants in autoimmune aetiology. This has been fuelled in part by the clinical success of B cell depletion therapies (BCDTs). Originally conceived as a method of eliminating cancerous B cells, BCDTs such as those targeting CD20, CD19 and BAFF are now used to treat autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. The use of BCDTs in autoimmune disease has led to some surprises. For example, although antibody-secreting plasma cells are thought to have a negative pathogenic role in autoimmune disease, BCDT, even when it controls the disease, has limited impact on these cells and on antibody levels. In this Review, we update our understanding of B cell biology, review the results of clinical trials using BCDT in autoimmune indications, discuss hypotheses for the mechanism of action of BCDT and speculate on evolving strategies for targeting B cells beyond depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis S. W. Lee
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Olga L. Rojas
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Gommerman
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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116
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Metabolic Fate of Human Immunoactive Sterols in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Mol Biol 2020; 433:166763. [PMID: 33359098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.166763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is among top ten causes of death worldwide, and the number of drug-resistant strains is increasing. The direct interception of human immune signaling molecules by Mtb remains elusive, limiting drug discovery. Oxysterols and secosteroids regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Here we report a functional, structural, and bioinformatics study of Mtb enzymes initiating cholesterol catabolism and demonstrated their interrelation with human immunity. We show that these enzymes metabolize human immune oxysterol messengers. Rv2266 - the most potent among them - can also metabolize vitamin D3 (VD3) derivatives. High-resolution structures show common patterns of sterols binding and reveal a site for oxidative attack during catalysis. Finally, we designed a compound that binds and inhibits three studied proteins. The compound shows activity against Mtb H37Rv residing in macrophages. Our findings contribute to molecular understanding of suppression of immunity and suggest that Mtb has its own transformation system resembling the human phase I drug-metabolizing system.
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117
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Zang R, Case JB, Yutuc E, Ma X, Shen S, Gomez Castro MF, Liu Z, Zeng Q, Zhao H, Son J, Rothlauf PW, Kreutzberger AJB, Hou G, Zhang H, Bose S, Wang X, Vahey MD, Mani K, Griffiths WJ, Kirchhausen T, Fremont DH, Guo H, Diwan A, Wang Y, Diamond MS, Whelan SPJ, Ding S. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication by blocking membrane fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32105-32113. [PMID: 33239446 PMCID: PMC7749331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012197117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is an interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene that shows broad antiviral activities against a wide range of enveloped viruses. Here, using an IFN-stimulated gene screen against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-SARS-CoV and VSV-SARS-CoV-2 chimeric viruses, we identified CH25H and its enzymatic product 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Internalized 25HC accumulates in the late endosomes and potentially restricts SARS-CoV-2 spike protein catalyzed membrane fusion via blockade of cholesterol export. Our results highlight one of the possible antiviral mechanisms of 25HC and provide the molecular basis for its therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Zang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, SA2 8PP Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Xiucui Ma
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63111
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63106
| | - Sheng Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Maria Florencia Gomez Castro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Qiru Zeng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Juhee Son
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alex J B Kreutzberger
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gaopeng Hou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | | | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, China
| | - Michael D Vahey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kartik Mani
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63111
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63106
| | | | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63111
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63106
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, SA2 8PP Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110;
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118
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Standardizing and increasing the utility of lipidomics: a look to the next decade. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:699-717. [PMID: 33191815 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1847086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: We present our views on the current application of mass spectrometry (MS) based lipidomics and how lipidomics can develop in the next decade to be most practical use to society. That is not to say that lipidomics has not already been of value. In-fact, in its earlier guise as metabolite profiling most of the pathways of steroid biosynthesis were uncovered and via focused lipidomics many inborn errors of metabolism are routinely clinically identified. However, can lipidomics be extended to improve biochemical understanding of, and to diagnose, the most prevalent diseases of the 21st century? Areas covered: We will highlight the concept of 'level of identification' and the equally crucial topic of 'quantification'. Only by using a standardized language for these terms can lipidomics be translated to fields beyond academia. We will remind the lipid scientist of the value of chemical derivatization, a concept exploited since the dawn of lipid biochemistry. Expert opinion: Only by agreement of the concepts of identification and quantification and their incorporation in lipidomics reporting can lipidomics maximize its value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, Wales, UK
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119
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Xin Y, Zhang S, Deng Z, Zeng D, Li J, Zhang Y. Identification and verification immune-related regulatory network in acne. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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120
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Multiple Roles of 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Lipid Metabolism, Antivirus Process, Inflammatory Response, and Cell Survival. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8893305. [PMID: 33274010 PMCID: PMC7695496 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8893305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As an essential lipid, cholesterol is of great value in keeping cell homeostasis, being the precursor of bile acid and steroid hormones, and stabilizing membrane lipid rafts. As a kind of cholesterol metabolite produced by enzymatic or radical process, oxysterols have drawn much attention in the last decades. Among which, the role of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, antivirus process, and inflammatory response has been largely disclosed. This review is aimed at revealing these functions and underlying mechanisms of 25-HC.
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121
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Bartlett S, Gemiarto AT, Ngo MD, Sajiir H, Hailu S, Sinha R, Foo CX, Kleynhans L, Tshivhula H, Webber T, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, West NP, Hiemstra AM, MacDonald CE, Christensen LVV, Schlesinger LS, Walzl G, Rosenkilde MM, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Ronacher K. GPR183 Regulates Interferons, Autophagy, and Bacterial Growth During Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Is Associated With TB Disease Severity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:601534. [PMID: 33240287 PMCID: PMC7677584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized cholesterols have emerged as important signaling molecules of immune function, but little is known about the role of these oxysterols during mycobacterial infections. We found that expression of the oxysterol-receptor GPR183 was reduced in blood from patients with tuberculosis (TB) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to TB patients without T2D and was associated with TB disease severity on chest x-ray. GPR183 activation by 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC) reduced growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium bovis BCG in primary human monocytes, an effect abrogated by the GPR183 antagonist GSK682753. Growth inhibition was associated with reduced IFN-β and IL-10 expression and enhanced autophagy. Mice lacking GPR183 had significantly increased lung Mtb burden and dysregulated IFNs during early infection. Together, our data demonstrate that GPR183 is an important regulator of intracellular mycobacterial growth and interferons during mycobacterial infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autophagy
- Bacterial Load
- Case-Control Studies
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Interferons/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/microbiology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium bovis/growth & development
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Mycobacterium bovis/pathogenicity
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Severity of Illness Index
- Signal Transduction
- THP-1 Cells
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Bartlett
- Translational Research Institute–Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrian Tandhyka Gemiarto
- Translational Research Institute–Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Minh Dao Ngo
- Translational Research Institute–Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Haressh Sajiir
- Translational Research Institute–Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Semira Hailu
- Translational Research Institute–Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Roma Sinha
- Translational Research Institute–Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Cheng Xiang Foo
- Translational Research Institute–Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Happy Tshivhula
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tariq Webber
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas P. West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andriette M. Hiemstra
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Candice E. MacDonald
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogens Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Katharina Ronacher
- Translational Research Institute–Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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122
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Alhouayek M, Ameraoui H, Muccioli GG. Bioactive lipids in inflammatory bowel diseases - From pathophysiological alterations to therapeutic opportunities. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158854. [PMID: 33157277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are lifelong diseases that remain challenging to treat. IBDs are characterized by alterations in intestinal barrier function and dysregulation of the innate and adaptive immunity. An increasing number of lipids are found to be important regulators of inflammation and immunity as well as gut physiology. Therefore, the study of lipid mediators in IBDs is expected to improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and lead to novel therapeutic opportunities. Here, through selected examples - such as fatty acids, specialized proresolving mediators, lysophospholipids, endocannabinoids, and oxysterols - we discuss how lipid signaling is involved in IBD physiopathology and how modulating lipid signaling pathways could affect IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Hafsa Ameraoui
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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123
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Kasbi Chadli F, Treguier M, Briand F, Sulpice T, Ouguerram K. Ezetimibe Enhances Macrophage-to-Feces Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Golden Syrian Hamsters Fed a High-Cholesterol Diet. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:349-356. [PMID: 32873624 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in hamster, animal model expressing CETP under a high cholesterol diet (HF) supplemented with Ezetimibe using primary labelled macrophages. We studied three groups of hamsters (n=8/group) for 4 weeks: 1) chow diet group: Chow, 2) High cholesterol diet group: HF and 3) HF group supplemented with 0.01% of ezetimibe: HF+0.01%Ezet. Following intraperitoneal injection of 3H-cholesterol-labelled hamster primary macrophages, we measured the in vivo macrophage-to-feces RCT. .HF group exhibited an increase of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, glucose in plasma and higher TG and cholesterol content in liver (p<0.01) compared to Chow group. Ezetimibe induced a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol with a lower LDL and VLDL cholesterol (p<0.001) and in liver cholesterol (p<0.001) and TG (p<0.01) content compared to HF. In vivo RCT essay showed an increase of tracer level in plasma and liver (p<0.05) but not in feces in HF compared to Chow group. The amount of labelled total sterol and cholesterol in liver and feces was significantly reduced (p<0.05) and increased (p=0.05) respectively with Ezetimibe treatment. No significant increase was obtained for labelled feces bile acids in HF+0.01%Ezet compared to HF. Ezetimibe decreased SCD1 gene expression and increased SR-B1 (p<0.05) in liver but did not affect NPC1L1 nor ABCG5 and ABCG8 expression in jejunum. In conclusion, ezetimibe exhibited an atheroprotective effect by enhancing RCT in hamster and decreasing LDL cholesterol. Ours findings showed also a hepatoprotective effect of ezetimibe by decreasing hepatic fat content. Significance Statement This work was assessed to determine the effect of ezetimibe treatment on high cholesterol diet induced disturbances and especially the effect on reverse cholesterol transport in animal model with CETP activity and using labelled primary hamster macrophages. We were able to demonstrate that ezetimibe exhibited an atheroprotective effect by enhancing RCT and by decreasing LDL cholesterol in hamster. We showed also a hepatoprotective effect of ezetimibe by decreasing hepatic fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan Treguier
- 1 INRAe, UMR 1280, Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hotel-Dieu, F-44 000 Nantes, France;, France
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124
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West H, Reid GE. Hybrid 213 nm photodissociation of cationized Sterol lipid ions yield [M] +. Radical products for improved structural characterization using multistage tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1141:100-109. [PMID: 33248642 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sterols are a class of lipid molecules that include cholesterol, oxysterols, and sterol esters. Sterol lipids play critical functional roles in mammalian biology, including the dynamic regulation of cell membrane fluidity, as precursors for the synthesis of bile acids, steroid hormones and vitamin D, as regulators of gene expression in lipid metabolism, and for cholesterol transport and storage. The most common method employed for sterol analysis is high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). However, conventional collision induced dissociation (CID) methods used for ion activation during MS/MS typically fail to provide sufficient structural information for unambiguous assignment of sterol species based on their fragmentation behaviour alone. This places a significant burden on the efficiency of the chromatographic separation methods for the effective separation of isomeric sterols. Here, toward developing an improved analysis strategy for sterol lipids, we have explored the novel use of 213 nm photodissociation MS/MS and hybrid multistage-MS/MS (i.e., MSn) data acquisition approaches for the improved structural characterization of cholesterol, representative isomeric oxysterols, and cholesteryl esters. Most notably, UVPD-MS/MS of ammoniated, lithiated and sodiated adducts of cholesterol, several representative oxysterol species, and an oxosterol lipid, are shown to give rise to abundant [M]+. radical cation products, that subsequently fragment during collision induced MS3 to yield extensive structurally informative product ions, similar to those observed by Electron Ionization, and that enable their unambiguously assignment, including isomeric differentiation of oxysterols. For cholesterol esters, a reversed hybrid collision induced-MS/MS and UVPD-MS3 approach is shown to enable assignment of the sterol backbone, and localization of the site(s) of unsaturation within esterified fatty acyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry West
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Bio 21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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125
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Mizuno H, Kihara Y. Druggable Lipid GPCRs: Past, Present, and Prospects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:223-258. [PMID: 32894513 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have seven transmembrane spanning domains and comprise the largest superfamily with ~800 receptors in humans. GPCRs are attractive targets for drug discovery because they transduce intracellular signaling in response to endogenous ligands via heterotrimeric G proteins or arrestins, resulting in a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological responses. The endogenous ligands for GPCRs are highly chemically diverse and include ions, biogenic amines, nucleotides, peptides, and lipids. In this review, we follow the KonMari method to better understand druggable lipid GPCRs. First, we have a comprehensive tidying up of lipid GPCRs including receptors for prostanoids, leukotrienes, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), lysophospholipids, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), cannabinoids, platelet-activating factor (PAF), free fatty acids (FFAs), and sterols. This tidying up consolidates 46 lipid GPCRs and declutters several perplexing lipid GPCRs. Then, we further tidy up the lipid GPCR-directed drugs from the literature and databases, which identified 24 clinical drugs targeting 16 unique lipid GPCRs available in the market and 44 drugs under evaluation in more than 100 clinical trials as of 2019. Finally, we introduce drug designs for GPCRs that spark joy, such as positive or negative allosteric modulators (PAM or NAM), biased agonism, functional antagonism like fingolimod, and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). These strategic drug designs may increase the efficacy and specificity of drugs and reduce side effects. Technological advances will help to discover more endogenous lipid ligands from the vast number of remaining orphan GPCRs and will also lead to the development novel lipid GPCR drugs to treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuyuki Kihara
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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126
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Choi C, Finlay DK. Diverse Immunoregulatory Roles of Oxysterols-The Oxidized Cholesterol Metabolites. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10100384. [PMID: 32998240 PMCID: PMC7601797 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediates of both cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol metabolism can have diverse roles in the control of cellular processes that go beyond the control of cholesterol homeostasis. For example, oxidized forms of cholesterol, called oxysterols have functions ranging from the control of gene expression, signal transduction and cell migration. This is of particular interest in the context of immunology and immunometabolism where we now know that metabolic processes are key towards shaping the nature of immune responses. Equally, aberrant metabolic processes including altered cholesterol homeostasis contribute to immune dysregulation and dysfunction in pathological situations. This review article brings together our current understanding of how oxysterols affect the control of immune responses in diverse immunological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Choi
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street 152-160, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (D.K.F.); Tel.: +353-1-896-3564 (D.K.F.)
| | - David K. Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street 152-160, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street 152-160, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (D.K.F.); Tel.: +353-1-896-3564 (D.K.F.)
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127
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Braden K, Giancotti LA, Chen Z, DeLeon C, Latzo N, Boehn T, D'Cunha N, Thompson BM, Doyle TM, McDonald JG, Walker JK, Kolar GR, Arnatt CK, Salvemini D. GPR183-Oxysterol Axis in Spinal Cord Contributes to Neuropathic Pain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:367-375. [PMID: 32913007 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating public health concern for which novel non-narcotic therapeutic targets are desperately needed. Using unbiased transcriptomic screening of the dorsal horn spinal cord after nerve injury we have identified that Gpr183 (Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2) is upregulated after chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rats. GPR183 is a chemotactic receptor known for its role in the maturation of B cells, and the endogenous ligand is the oxysterol 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC). The role of GPR183 in the central nervous system is not well characterized, and its role in pain is unknown. The profile of commercially available probes for GPR183 limits their use as pharmacological tools to dissect the roles of this receptor in pathophysiological settings. Using in silico modeling, we have screened a library of 5 million compounds to identify several novel small-molecule antagonists of GPR183 with nanomolar potency. These compounds are able to antagonize 7α,25-OHC-induced calcium mobilization in vitro with IC50 values below 50 nM. In vivo intrathecal injections of these antagonists during peak pain after CCI surgery reversed allodynia in male and female mice. Acute intrathecal injection of the GPR183 ligand 7α,25-OHC in naïve mice induced dose-dependent allodynia. Importantly, this effect was blocked using our novel GPR183 antagonists, suggesting spinal GPR183 activation as pronociceptive. These studies are the first to reveal a role for GPR183 in neuropathic pain and identify this receptor as a potential target for therapeutic intervention. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We have identified several novel GPR183 antagonists with nanomolar potency. Using these antagonists, we have demonstrated that GPR183 signaling in the spinal cord is pronociceptive. These studies are the first to reveal a role for GPR183 in neuropathic pain and identify it as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Braden
- INRAe, UMR 1280, Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France (F.K.-C., M.T., K.O.) and Physiogenex SAS, Prologue Biotech, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoryège-Innopole, France (F.B., T.S.)
| | - Luigino Antonio Giancotti
- INRAe, UMR 1280, Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France (F.K.-C., M.T., K.O.) and Physiogenex SAS, Prologue Biotech, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoryège-Innopole, France (F.B., T.S.)
| | - Zhoumou Chen
- INRAe, UMR 1280, Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France (F.K.-C., M.T., K.O.) and Physiogenex SAS, Prologue Biotech, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoryège-Innopole, France (F.B., T.S.)
| | - Chelsea DeLeon
- INRAe, UMR 1280, Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France (F.K.-C., M.T., K.O.) and Physiogenex SAS, Prologue Biotech, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoryège-Innopole, France (F.B., T.S.)
| | - Nick Latzo
- INRAe, UMR 1280, Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France (F.K.-C., M.T., K.O.) and Physiogenex SAS, Prologue Biotech, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoryège-Innopole, France (F.B., T.S.)
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128
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The genetics of asthma and the promise of genomics-guided drug target discovery. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2020; 8:1045-1056. [PMID: 32910899 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory airway disease that is estimated to affect 339 million people globally. The symptoms of about 5-10% of patients with asthma are not adequately controlled with current therapy, and little success has been achieved in developing drugs that target the underlying mechanisms of asthma rather than suppressing symptoms. Over the past 3 years, well powered genetic studies of asthma have increased the number of independent asthma-associated genetic loci to 128. In this Series paper, we describe the immense progress in asthma genetics over the past 13 years and link asthma genetic variants to possible drug targets. Further studies are needed to establish the functional significance of gene variants associated with asthma in subgroups of patients and to describe the biological networks within which they function. The genomics-guided discovery of plausible drug targets for asthma could pave the way for the repurposing of existing drugs for asthma and the development of new treatments.
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129
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Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase protects against experimental colitis in mice by modulating epithelial gut barrier function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14246. [PMID: 32859970 PMCID: PMC7455728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) encodes the enzyme that converts cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC). 25-HC has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. However, the role of CH25H in experimental colitis remains unknown. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis was monitored in wild type and Ch25h−/− mice in 8-week-old male for 7 days by assessment of body weight, histology, inflammatory cellular infiltration, and colon length. The function of CH25H was investigated using loss-of-function and gain-of-function such as Ch25h-deficient mice, supplementation with exogenous 25-HC and treatment of 25-HC into Caco2 and HCT116 colonic epithelial cells. Ch25h−/− mice with DSS-induced colitis exhibited aggravated injury, including higher clinical colitis scores, severe injury of the epithelial barrier, lower tight junction protein levels and higher levels of IL-6. Supplementation with exogenous 25-HC ameliorated disease symptoms and reduced the extent of damage in DSS-induced colitis, which was characterized by lower colon damage, higher tight junction protein expression, significantly decreased local and systemic production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6. In Caco2 and HCT116 cells, 25-HC induced tight junction genes expression in colon cancer epithelial cells. These effects of CH25H were obtained by promoting ATF3 expression. Taken together, our findings reveal a protective role for 25-HC in DSS-induced colitis and the ability of CH25H to maintain epithelial gut barrier function through ATF3 expression. Supplementation with exogenous 25-HC ameliorates disease symptoms, which provides a new therapeutic strategy for ulcerative colitis.
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130
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Neuro-oxysterols and neuro-sterols as ligands to nuclear receptors, GPCRs, ligand-gated ion channels and other protein receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3176-3193. [PMID: 32621622 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is the most cholesterol rich organ in the body containing about 25% of the body's free cholesterol. Cholesterol cannot pass the blood-brain barrier and be imported or exported; instead, it is synthesised in situ and metabolised to oxysterols, oxidised forms of cholesterol, which can pass the blood-brain barrier. 24S-Hydroxycholesterol is the dominant oxysterol in the brain after parturition, but during development, a myriad of other oxysterols are produced, which persist as minor oxysterols after birth. During both development and in later life, sterols and oxysterols interact with a variety of different receptors, including nuclear receptors, membrane bound GPCRs, the oxysterol/sterol sensing proteins INSIG and SCAP, and the ligand-gated ion channel NMDA receptors found in nerve cells. In this review, we summarise the different oxysterols and sterols found in the CNS whose biological activity is transmitted via these different classes of protein receptors. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
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131
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Abrams ME, Johnson KA, Perelman SS, Zhang LS, Endapally S, Mar KB, Thompson BM, McDonald JG, Schoggins JW, Radhakrishnan A, Alto NM. Oxysterols provide innate immunity to bacterial infection by mobilizing cell surface accessible cholesterol. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:929-942. [PMID: 32284563 PMCID: PMC7442315 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is an interferon-stimulated gene that converts cholesterol to the oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Circulating 25HC modulates essential immunological processes including antiviral immunity, inflammasome activation and antibody class switching; and dysregulation of CH25H may contribute to chronic inflammatory disease and cancer. Although 25HC is a potent regulator of cholesterol storage, uptake, efflux and biosynthesis, how these metabolic activities reprogram the immunological state of target cells remains poorly understood. Here, we used recently designed toxin-based biosensors that discriminate between distinct pools of plasma membrane cholesterol to elucidate how 25HC prevents Listeria monocytogenes from traversing the plasma membrane of infected host cells. The 25HC-mediated activation of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) triggered rapid internalization of a biochemically defined fraction of cholesterol, termed 'accessible' cholesterol, from the plasma membrane while having little effect on cholesterol in complexes with sphingomyelin. We show that evolutionarily distinct bacterial species, L. monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri, exploit the accessible pool of cholesterol for infection and that acute mobilization of this pool by oxysterols confers immunity to these pathogens. The significance of this signal-mediated membrane remodelling pathway probably extends beyond host defence systems, as several other biologically active oxysterols also mobilize accessible cholesterol through an ACAT-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Abrams
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sofya S Perelman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, NY, NY, USA
| | - Li-Shu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shreya Endapally
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Katrina B Mar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Neal M Alto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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132
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Pirgova G, Chauveau A, MacLean AJ, Cyster JG, Arnon TI. Marginal zone SIGN-R1 + macrophages are essential for the maturation of germinal center B cells in the spleen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12295-12305. [PMID: 32424104 PMCID: PMC7275705 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921673117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate germinal center (GC) B cell responses in the spleen are not fully understood. Here we use a combination of pharmacologic and genetic approaches to delete SIGN-R1+ marginal zone (MZ) macrophages and reveal their specific contribution to the regulation of humoral immunity in the spleen. We find that while SIGN-R1+ macrophages were not essential for initial activation of B cells, they were required for maturation of the response and development of GC B cells. These defects could be corrected when follicular helper T (Tfh) cells were induced before macrophage ablation or when Tfh responses were enhanced. Moreover, we show that in the absence of SIGN-R1+ macrophages, DCIR2+ dendritic cells (DCs), which play a key role in priming Tfh responses, were unable to cluster to the interfollicular regions of the spleen and were instead displaced to the MZ. Restoring SIGN-R1+ macrophages to the spleen corrected positioning of DCIR2+ DCs and rescued the GC B cell response. Our study reveals a previously unappreciated role for SIGN-R1+ macrophages in regulation of the GC reaction and highlights the functional specification of macrophage subsets in the MZ compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pirgova
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Chauveau
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J MacLean
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Tal I Arnon
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY Oxford, United Kingdom;
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133
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Turner JS, Benet ZL, Grigorova IL. Signals 1, 2 and B cell fate or: Where, when and for how long? Immunol Rev 2020; 296:9-23. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson S. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
| | - Zachary L. Benet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
| | - Irina L. Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
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134
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Brown AJ, Sharpe LJ, Rogers MJ. Oxysterols: From physiological tuners to pharmacological opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3089-3103. [PMID: 32335907 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated forms of cholesterol generated via autooxidation by free radicals and ROS, or formed enzymically by a variety of enzymes such as those involved in the synthesis of bile acids. Although found at very low concentrations in vivo, these metabolites play key roles in health and disease, particularly in development and regulating immune cell responses, by binding to effector proteins such as LXRα, RORγ and Insig and directly or indirectly regulating transcriptional programmes that affect cell metabolism and function. In this review, we summarise the routes by which oxysterols can be generated and subsequently modified to other oxysterol metabolites and highlight their diverse and profound biological functions and opportunities to alter their levels using pharmacological approaches. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura J Sharpe
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael J Rogers
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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135
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Hamilton N, Claudio NM, Armstrong RJ, Pucci F. Cell Surface Labeling by Engineered Extracellular Vesicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000007. [PMID: 32390342 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate local and long-range intercellular communication via cell surface signaling. In order to perform in vivo studies of unmanipulated, endogenously released EVs, sensitive but stringent approaches able to detect EV-cell surface interactions are needed. However, isolation and reinfusion of EVs can introduce biases. A rigorous way to study EVs in vivo is by genetically engineering membrane-bound reporters into parental cells. Still, the amount of reporter molecules that EVs can carry is relatively small, and thus, the sensitivity of the approach is suboptimal. This work addresses this issue by engineering EVs to display a membrane-bound form of Sortase A (SrtA), a bacterial transpeptidase that can catalyze the transfer of reporter molecules on the much bigger surface of EV-binding cells. SrtA design and reaction requirements are optimized and validated. Efficient in vitro labeling of EV-binding cells is achieved, even in the presence of only one N-terminal glycine on cell surface proteins. As compared to indirect labeling of EV-binding cells (e.g., using CD63-GFP fusion), the SrtA-based approach shows 1-2 log increase in sensitivity, depending on the EV source. This novel approach will be useful to identify and study the full set of host cells interacting with native EVs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Hamilton
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Natalie M Claudio
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Randall J Armstrong
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ferdinando Pucci
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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136
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Downregulation of GPR183 on infection restricts the early infection and intracellular replication of mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophage. Microb Pathog 2020; 145:104234. [PMID: 32353576 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
GPR183/EBI2 is a key chemotactic receptor for the positioning of B cells in lymphoid organs, and also for the migration of T cells and other immune cells. Here, we demonstrate that the downregulation of GPR183 in macrophage induced during Mtb infection restrains the bacterial early infection and intracellular replication. Overexpression of GPR183 or stimulation with its natural ligand favors Mtb replication in macrophage, while treatment with its antagonist represses both Mtb early infection and intracellular replication. With mutational analysis, we find that substitution of Asp-73, Arg-83, Tyr-112, Tyr-256 abolished the promotive effect of GPR183 on Mtb early infection and replication in macrophage. In conclusion, we demonstrated that beside the known role of chemotaxis receptor, GPR183 also functions directly in the interaction between macrophage and Mtb in a cell-autonomous way.
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137
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Huang J, Lee SJ, Kang S, Choi MH, Im DS. 7 α,25-Dihydroxycholesterol Suppresses Hepatocellular Steatosis through GPR183/EBI2 in Mouse and Human Hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:142-150. [PMID: 32341017 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.264960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a chronic inflammatory liver disease. It is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Oxycholesterols are metabolites of cholesterol, and several of them can act on the G protein-coupled receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 183 (GPR183)/Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2. We found expression of GPR183 in human hepatoma cell lines and in vivo induction of GPR183 expression in mouse livers after high-fat diet feeding. Therefore, the role of oxycholesterols and GPR183 in hepatocytes was studied using a model of hepatic steatosis induced by liver X receptor (LXR) activation. LXR activation by T0901317 resulted in fat accumulation in Hep3B human hepatoma cells. This lipid accumulation was inhibited by 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol, the most potent agonist of GPR183. The protective effects of 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol were suppressed by a specific GPR183 antagonist, NIBR189 [(2E)-3-(4-Bromophenyl)-1-[4-4-methoxybenzoyl)-1-piperazinyl]-2-propene-1-one]. T0901317 treatment induced expression of the major transcription factor for lipogenesis, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). 7α,25-Dihydroxycholesterol inhibited the induction of SREBP-1c proteins in a GPR183-dependent manner. Using inhibitors specific for intracellular signaling molecules, 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol-induced suppression of hepatocellular steatosis was shown to be mediated through Gi/o proteins, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and AMP-activated protein kinase. In addition, the inhibitory effect of 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol was validated in HepG2 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes. Therefore, the present report suggests that 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol-GPR183 signaling may suppress hepatocellular steatosis in the liver. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Oxycholesterols, which are metabolites of cholesterol, act on the G protein-coupled receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 183 (GPR183)/Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2, which is expressed in human hepatoma cell lines, and its expression is induced in vivo in mouse livers after high-fat diet feeding. Activation of GPR183 inhibits fat accumulation in primary mouse hepatocytes and HepG2 cells through Gi/o proteins, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and AMP-activated protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.H., S.-J.L., S.K., D.-S.I.); Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea (M.H.C.); and Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Scicenses, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.-S.I.)
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.H., S.-J.L., S.K., D.-S.I.); Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea (M.H.C.); and Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Scicenses, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.-S.I.)
| | - Saeromi Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.H., S.-J.L., S.K., D.-S.I.); Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea (M.H.C.); and Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Scicenses, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.-S.I.)
| | - Man Ho Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.H., S.-J.L., S.K., D.-S.I.); Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea (M.H.C.); and Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Scicenses, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.-S.I.)
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.H., S.-J.L., S.K., D.-S.I.); Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea (M.H.C.); and Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Scicenses, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.-S.I.)
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138
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Silva-Cayetano A, Linterman MA. Stromal cell control of conventional and ectopic germinal centre reactions. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 64:26-33. [PMID: 32325390 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The germinal centre (GC) is a specialized cellular structure that forms in response to antigenic stimulation. It generates long-term humoral immunity through the production of memory B cells and long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells. Conventional GCs form within secondary lymphoid organs, where networks of specialised stromal cells that form during embryogenesis act as the stage upon which the various GC immune cell players are brought together, nurtured and co-ordinated to generate a productive response. In non-lymphoid organs, ectopic GCs can form in response to persistent antigenic and inflammatory stimuli. Unlike secondary lymphoid tissues, non-lymphoid organs do not have a developmentally programmed stromal cell network capable of supporting the germinal centre reaction; therefore, the local tissue stroma must be remodelled by inflammatory stimuli in order to host a GC reaction. These ectopic GCs produce memory B cells and plasma cells that form a critical component of the humoral immune response.
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139
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Carrasco YR. Molecular cues involved in the regulation of B cell dynamics: Assistants of antigen hunting. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:1107-1113. [PMID: 32293062 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0220-276r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a cell to migrate, adhere, and change its morphology is determinant in developing its functions; these capacities reach their maximum relevance in immune cells. For an efficient immune response, immune cells must localize in the right place at the right time; that implies crossing tissue barriers and migrating in the interstitial space of the tissues at high velocities. The dependency on trafficking abilities is even higher for B cells, one of the arms of the adaptive immune system, considering that they must encounter specific antigens for their clonal receptor in the enormous tissue volume of the secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer patches). The regulated interplay between cell motility and cell adhesion allows B cells to reach distinct lymphoid tissues and, within them, to explore the stromal cell networks where antigen might be exposed. In this meeting-invited review, I summarize the current knowledge on the molecular cues and mechanisms that shapes B cell dynamics at the initial phase of the humoral immune response, including homeostatic chemoattractants and innate/inflammatory stimuli. I also revised the B cell behavior alterations caused by BCR recognition of antigen and the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda R Carrasco
- B Cell Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Darwin, Madrid, Spain
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140
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Vejux A, Abed-Vieillard D, Hajji K, Zarrouk A, Mackrill JJ, Ghosh S, Nury T, Yammine A, Zaibi M, Mihoubi W, Bouchab H, Nasser B, Grosjean Y, Lizard G. 7-Ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol: In vitro and animal models used to characterize their activities and to identify molecules preventing their toxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 173:113648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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141
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Haynes WA, Haddon DJ, Diep VK, Khatri A, Bongen E, Yiu G, Balboni I, Bolen CR, Mao R, Utz PJ, Khatri P. Integrated, multicohort analysis reveals unified signature of systemic lupus erythematosus. JCI Insight 2020; 5:122312. [PMID: 31971918 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that follows an unpredictable disease course and affects multiple organs and tissues. We performed an integrated, multicohort analysis of 7,471 transcriptomic profiles from 40 independent studies to identify robust gene expression changes associated with SLE. We identified a 93-gene signature (SLE MetaSignature) that is differentially expressed in the blood of patients with SLE compared with healthy volunteers; distinguishes SLE from other autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases; and persists across diverse tissues and cell types. The SLE MetaSignature correlated significantly with disease activity and other clinical measures of inflammation. We prospectively validated the SLE MetaSignature in an independent cohort of pediatric patients with SLE using a microfluidic quantitative PCR (qPCR) array. We found that 14 of the 93 genes in the SLE MetaSignature were independent of IFN-induced and neutrophil-related transcriptional profiles that have previously been associated with SLE. Pathway analysis revealed dysregulation associated with nucleic acid biosynthesis and immunometabolism in SLE. We further refined a neutropoiesis signature and identified underappreciated transcripts related to immune cells and oxidative stress. In our multicohort, transcriptomic analysis has uncovered underappreciated genes and pathways associated with SLE pathogenesis, with the potential to advance clinical diagnosis, biomarker development, and targeted therapeutics for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston A Haynes
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection.,Division of Biomedical Informatics Research
| | - D James Haddon
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Vivian K Diep
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Avani Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Erika Bongen
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Gloria Yiu
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Imelda Balboni
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Rong Mao
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Paul J Utz
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection.,Division of Biomedical Informatics Research
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142
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Nguyen TMN, Le HS, Le BV, Kim YH, Hwang I. Anti-allergic effect of inotodiol, a lanostane triterpenoid from Chaga mushroom, via selective inhibition of mast cell function. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106244. [PMID: 32035309 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inotodiol is a lanostane triterpenoid found only in Chaga mushroom. In the previous study investigating anti-allergic effects of fractionated Chaga mushroom extracts, we have found evidence that purified inotodiol holds an activity to suppress the mast cell function in vivo. To address the therapeutic relevance of the finding, in this study, we investigated whether inotodiol could also alleviate allergy symptoms observed in a chicken ovalbumin (cOVA)-induced mouse model of food allergy. Like the crude 70% ethanol extract of Chaga mushroom (320 mg/kg), oral administration of inotodiol (20 mg/kg), regardless of whether that was for preventive or treatment purpose, resulted in a significant improvement in allergic symptoms and inflammatory lesions in the small intestine appearing after repeated oral challenge with cOVA. Despite the results that inotodiol (20 mg/kg) and the Chaga mushroom extract (320 mg/kg) took effect to a similar extent, immunological mechanisms underlying those effects were found to be distinct from each other. That is, the results obtained from several in vivo assays, including mast cell-mediated passive systemic anaphylaxis, activation/proliferation of adoptively transferred antigen-specific T cells and immunoglobulin (IgG1, IgE, IgA) production by antigen-specific B cells, illustrated that inotodiol selectively inhibited the mast cell function without having any noticeable effect on other immune responses while the crude Chaga mushroom extract indiscriminately suppressed diverse immune responses. The strong anti-allergic activity of inotodiol, along with its remarkable selectivity to mast cell, makes it an excellent therapeutic candidate for food allergy with both high efficacy and outstanding safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Minh Nguyet Nguyen
- Immunology and Immunopharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Son Le
- Immunology and Immunopharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ba Vinh Le
- Natural Products Laboratory, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Natural Products Laboratory, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Hwang
- Immunology and Immunopharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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143
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Thierry GR, Gentek R, Bajenoff M. Remodeling of reactive lymph nodes: Dynamics of stromal cells and underlying chemokine signaling. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:42-61. [PMID: 30977194 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary immune organs dispersed throughout the body. They are primarily composed of lymphocytes, "transient passengers" that are only present for a few hours. During this time, they extensively interact with a meshwork of stromal cells. Although these cells constitute less than 5% of all LN cells, they are integral to LN function: Stromal cells create a three-dimensional network that provides a rigid backbone for the transport of lymph and generates "roads" for lymphocyte migration. Beyond structural support, the LN stroma also produces survival signals for lymphocytes and provides nutrients, soluble factors, antigens, and immune cells collectively required for immune surveillance and the generation of adaptive immune responses. A unique feature of LNs is their ability to considerably and rapidly change size: the volume and cellularity of inflamed LNs can increase up to 20-fold before returning to homeostatic levels. This cycle will be repeated many times during life and is accommodated by stromal cells. The dynamics underlying this dramatic remodeling are subject of this review. We will first introduce the main types of LN stromal cells and explain their known functions. We will then discuss how these cells enable LN growth during immune responses, with a particular focus on underlying cellular mechanisms and molecular cues. Similarly, we will elaborate on stromal dynamics mediating the return to LN homeostasis, a process that is mechanistically much less understood than LN expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem R Thierry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Bajenoff
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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144
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Hajeyah AA, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y, Finch AJ, O’Donnell VB. The Biosynthesis of Enzymatically Oxidized Lipids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591819. [PMID: 33329396 PMCID: PMC7711093 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatically oxidized lipids are a specific group of biomolecules that function as key signaling mediators and hormones, regulating various cellular and physiological processes from metabolism and cell death to inflammation and the immune response. They are broadly categorized as either polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing (free acid oxygenated PUFA "oxylipins", endocannabinoids, oxidized phospholipids) or cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols, steroid hormones, and bile acids). Their biosynthesis is accomplished by families of enzymes that include lipoxygenases (LOX), cyclooxygenases (COX), cytochrome P450s (CYP), and aldo-keto reductases (AKR). In contrast, non-enzymatically oxidized lipids are produced by uncontrolled oxidation and are broadly considered to be harmful. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemistry and enzymology of LOXs, COXs, CYPs, and AKRs in humans. Next, we present biosynthetic pathways for oxylipins, oxidized phospholipids, oxysterols, bile acids and steroid hormones. Last, we address gaps in knowledge and suggest directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Hajeyah
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ali A. Hajeyah,
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Finch
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie B. O’Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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145
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Chu C, Moriyama S, Li Z, Zhou L, Flamar AL, Klose CSN, Moeller JB, Putzel GG, Withers DR, Sonnenberg GF, Artis D. Anti-microbial Functions of Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues Are Regulated by G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 183. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3750-3758. [PMID: 29949760 PMCID: PMC6209103 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is constantly exposed to various stimuli. Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) reside in lymphoid organs and in the intestinal tract and are required for immunity to enteric bacterial infection. However, the mechanisms that regulate the ILC3s in vivo remain incompletely defined. Here, we show that GPR183, a chemotactic receptor expressed on murine and human ILC3s, regulates ILC3 migration toward its ligand 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC) in vitro, and GPR183 deficiency in vivo leads to a disorganized distribution of ILC3s in mesenteric lymph nodes and decreased ILC3 accumulation in the intestine. GPR183 functions intrinsically in ILC3s, and GPR183-deficient mice are more susceptible to enteric bacterial infection. Together, thes1e results reveal a role for the GPR183-7α,25-OHC pathway in regulating the accumulation, distribution, and anti-microbial and tissue-protective functions of ILC3s and define a critical role for this pathway in promoting innate immunity to enteric bacterial infection. Chu et al. demonstrate that GPR183 and its ligand 7α,25-OHC regulate the accumulation, distribution, and antimicrobial and tissue-protective functions of group 3 innate lymphoid cells, thus revealing a critical role for this pathway in promoting innate immunity against enteric bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coco Chu
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Saya Moriyama
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Zhi Li
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lei Zhou
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Flamar
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jesper B Moeller
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Gregory G Putzel
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gregory F Sonnenberg
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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146
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Shao F, Zheng P, Yu D, Zhou Z, Jia L. Follicular helper T cells in type 1 diabetes. FASEB J 2019; 34:30-40. [PMID: 31914661 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901637r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shao
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Peilin Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Di Yu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan China
- China‐Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology Shanghai Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Lijing Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
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147
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Pangrazzi L, Reidla J, Carmona Arana JA, Naismith E, Miggitsch C, Meryk A, Keller M, Krause AAN, Melzer FL, Trieb K, Schirmer M, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Weinberger B. CD28 and CD57 define four populations with distinct phenotypic properties within human CD8 + T cells. Eur J Immunol 2019; 50:363-379. [PMID: 31755098 PMCID: PMC7079235 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After repeated antigen exposure, both memory and terminally differentiated cells can be generated within CD8+ T cells. Although, during their differentiation, activated CD8+ T cells may first lose CD28, and CD28- cells may eventually express CD57 as a subsequent step, a population of CD28+ CD57+ (DP) CD8+ T cells can be identified in the peripheral blood. How this population is distinct from CD28- CD57- (DN) CD8+ T cells, and from the better characterized non-activated/early-activated CD28+ CD57- and senescent-like CD28- CD57+ CD8+ T cell subsets is currently unknown. Here, RNA expression of the four CD8+ T cell subsets isolated from human PBMCs was analyzed using microarrays. DN cells were more similar to "early" highly differentiated cells, with decreased TNF and IFN-γ production, impaired DNA damage response and apoptosis. Conversely, increased apoptosis and expression of cytokines, co-inhibitory, and chemokine receptors were found in DP cells. Higher levels of DP CD8+ T cells were observed 7 days after Hepatitis B vaccination, and decreased levels of DP cells were found in rheumatoid arthritis patients. More DP and DN CD8+ T cells were present in the bone marrow, in comparison with PBMCs. In summary, our results indicate that DP and DN cells are distinct CD8+ T cell subsets displaying defined properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pangrazzi
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jürgen Reidla
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - José Antonio Carmona Arana
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erin Naismith
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Carina Miggitsch
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Meryk
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Keller
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adelheid Alma Nora Krause
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franz Leonard Melzer
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klemens Trieb
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Wels-Grieskirchen, Grieskirchnerstrasse 42, Wels, Austria
| | - Michael Schirmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Beatrix Grubeck-Loebenstein
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Birgit Weinberger
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
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148
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Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Abdel-Khalik J, Saeed A, Betsholtz C, Genove G, Björkhem I, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Formation and metabolism of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids found in the mouse circulation: Lessons learnt from deuterium-enrichment experiments and the CYP46A1 transgenic mouse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 195:105475. [PMID: 31541728 PMCID: PMC6880786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While the presence and abundance of the major oxysterols and cholestenoic acids in the circulation is well established, minor cholesterol metabolites may also have biological importance and be of value to investigate. In this study by observing the metabolism of deuterium-labelled cholesterol in the pdgfbret/ret mouse, a mouse model with increased vascular permeability in brain, and by studying the sterol content of plasma from the CYP46A1 transgenic mouse overexpressing the human cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase enzyme we have been able to identify a number of minor cholesterol metabolites found in the circulation, make approximate-quantitative measurements and postulate pathways for their formation. These "proof of principle" data may have relevance when using mouse models to mimic human disease and in respect of the increasing possibility of treating human neurodegenerative diseases with pharmaceuticals designed to enhance the activity of CYP46A1 or by adeno-associated virus delivery of CYP46A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Ahmed Saeed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Guillem Genove
- ICMC Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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149
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Oxysterols as lipid mediators: Their biosynthetic genes, enzymes and metabolites. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 147:106381. [PMID: 31698146 PMCID: PMC7081179 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathways of oxysterol biosynthesis. Pathways of oxysterol metabolism. Oxysterols as bioactive molecules. Disorders of oxysterol metabolism.
There is growing evidence that oxysterols are more than simple metabolites in the pathway from cholesterol to bile acids. Recent data has shown oxysterols to be ligands to nuclear receptors and to G protein-coupled receptors, modulators of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis. In this mini-review we will discuss the biosynthetic mechanisms for the formation of different oxysterols and the implication of disruption of these mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, UK.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, UK.
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150
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Dong H, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. Antiviral effect of 25-hydroxycholesterol against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vitro. Antivir Ther 2019; 23:395-404. [PMID: 29561734 DOI: 10.3851/imp3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that causes economically huge losses to the pig industry worldwide. Current control of PRRSV infection remains inadequate although various means have been implemented. Thus, investigating novel antiviral therapeutics to combat PRRSV infection is essential. In the present study, the antiviral effect in vitro of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) against PRRSV was investigated. METHODS Cell viability assay was performed to examine the impact of 25HC on the cell viability. Indirect immunofluorescence assay and virus titration were utilized to evaluate the levels of PRRSV growth. Viral attachment assay, penetration assay and release assay were conducted to investigate the antiviral mechanism of 25HC against PRRSV. Real-time RT-PCR assay was used to analyse the effect of 25HC on the genome synthesis of PRRSV. RESULTS We demonstrated that the growth of PRRSV was significantly inhibited in 25HC-pretreated cells and PRRSV-infected cells by 25HC. Moreover, 25HC could impair the attachment and entry of PRRSV in vitro, but not affect viral genome synthesis and virion release. CONCLUSIONS Our findings clearly indicate that 25HC can exert antiviral effect against PRRSV infection in vitro, suggesting that 25HC might be a novel potential agent to control PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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