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Liu W, Liu S, Li P, Yao K. Retinitis Pigmentosa: Progress in Molecular Pathology and Biotherapeutical Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094883. [PMID: 35563274 PMCID: PMC9101511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is genetically heterogeneous retinopathy caused by photoreceptor cell death and retinal pigment epithelial atrophy that eventually results in blindness in bilateral eyes. Various photoreceptor cell death types and pathological phenotypic changes that have been disclosed in RP demand in-depth research of its pathogenic mechanism that may account for inter-patient heterogeneous responses to mainstream drug treatment. As the primary method for studying the genetic characteristics of RP, molecular biology has been widely used in disease diagnosis and clinical trials. Current technology iterations, such as gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and optogenetics, are advancing towards precise diagnosis and clinical applications. Specifically, technologies, such as effective delivery vectors, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and iPSC-based cell transplantation, hasten the pace of personalized precision medicine in RP. The combination of conventional therapy and state-of-the-art medication is promising in revolutionizing RP treatment strategies. This article provides an overview of the latest research on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of retinitis pigmentosa, aiming for a convenient reference of what has been achieved so far.
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Roig‐Soriano J, Griñán‐Ferré C, Espinosa‐Parrilla JF, Abraham CR, Bosch A, Pallàs M, Chillón M. AAV-mediated expression of secreted and transmembrane αKlotho isoforms rescues relevant aging hallmarks in senescent SAMP8 mice. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13581. [PMID: 35274439 PMCID: PMC9009104 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence represents a stage in life associated with elevated incidence of morbidity and increased risk of mortality due to the accumulation of molecular alterations and tissue dysfunction, promoting a decrease in the organism's protective systems. Thus, aging presents molecular and biological hallmarks, which include chronic inflammation, epigenetic alterations, neuronal dysfunction, and worsening of physical status. In this context, we explored the AAV9-mediated expression of the two main isoforms of the aging-protective factor Klotho (KL) as a strategy to prevent these general age-related features using the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) model. Both secreted and transmembrane KL isoforms improved cognitive performance, physical state parameters, and different molecular variables associated with aging. Epigenetic landscape was recovered for the analyzed global markers DNA methylation (5-mC), hydroxymethylation (5-hmC), and restoration occurred in the acetylation levels of H3 and H4. Gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in central nervous system such as TNF-α and IL-10, respectively, had improved levels, which were comparable to the senescence-accelerated-mouse resistant 1 (SAMR1) healthy control. Additionally, this improvement in neuroinflammation was supported by changes in the histological markers Iba1, GFAP, and SA β-gal. Furthermore, bone tissue structural variables, especially altered during senescence, recovered in SAMP8 mice to SAMR1 control values after treatment with both KL isoforms. This work presents evidence of the beneficial pleiotropic role of Klotho as an anti-aging therapy as well as new specific functions of the KL isoforms for the epigenetic regulation and aged bone structure alteration in an aging mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Roig‐Soriano
- Institut de Neurociènces (INc) Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Universitat Autònoma Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
| | - C. Griñán‐Ferré
- Pharmacology Section Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences Institut de Neurosciències‐Universitat de Barcelona (NeuroUB) Barcelona Spain
| | - J. F. Espinosa‐Parrilla
- Institut de Neurociènces (INc) Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Universitat Autònoma Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
| | - C. R. Abraham
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - A. Bosch
- Institut de Neurociènces (INc) Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Universitat Autònoma Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR) Barcelona Spain
- Unitat producció de Vectors (UPV) Universitat Autònoma Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - M. Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences Institut de Neurosciències‐Universitat de Barcelona (NeuroUB) Barcelona Spain
| | - Miguel Chillón
- Institut de Neurociènces (INc) Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Universitat Autònoma Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR) Barcelona Spain
- Unitat producció de Vectors (UPV) Universitat Autònoma Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Passeig Lluis Companys Barcelona Spain
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103
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Chen K, Rao Z, Dong S, Chen Y, Wang X, Luo Y, Gong F, Li X. Roles of the fibroblast growth factor signal transduction system in tissue injury repair. BURNS & TRAUMA 2022; 10:tkac005. [PMID: 35350443 PMCID: PMC8946634 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following injury, tissue autonomously initiates a complex repair process, resulting in either partial recovery or regeneration of tissue architecture and function in most organisms. Both the repair and regeneration processes are highly coordinated by a hierarchy of interplay among signal transduction pathways initiated by different growth factors, cytokines and other signaling molecules under normal conditions. However, under chronic traumatic or pathological conditions, the reparative or regenerative process of most tissues in different organs can lose control to different extents, leading to random, incomplete or even flawed cell and tissue reconstitution and thus often partial restoration of the original structure and function, accompanied by the development of fibrosis, scarring or even pathogenesis that could cause organ failure and death of the organism. Ample evidence suggests that the various combinatorial fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and receptor signal transduction systems play prominent roles in injury repair and the remodeling of adult tissues in addition to embryonic development and regulation of metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we attempt to provide a brief update on our current understanding of the roles, the underlying mechanisms and clinical application of FGFs in tissue injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Siyang Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- Department of breast surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yajing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xulan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yongde Luo
- Correspondence. Xiaokun Li, ; Fanghua Gong, ; Yongde Luo,
| | - Fanghua Gong
- Correspondence. Xiaokun Li, ; Fanghua Gong, ; Yongde Luo,
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Correspondence. Xiaokun Li, ; Fanghua Gong, ; Yongde Luo,
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104
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Cardiac Calcifications: Phenotypes, Mechanisms, Clinical and Prognostic Implications. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030414. [PMID: 35336788 PMCID: PMC8945469 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in arterial and heart valve calcifications, as these contribute to cardiovascular outcome, and are leading predictors of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Cardiovascular calcifications are often considered as one disease, but, in effect, they represent multifaced disorders, occurring in different milieus and biological phenotypes, following different pathways. Herein, we explore each different molecular process, its relative link with the specific clinical condition, and the current therapeutic approaches to counteract calcifications. Thus, first, we explore the peculiarities between vascular and valvular calcium deposition, as this occurs in different tissues, responds differently to shear stress, has specific etiology and time courses to calcification. Then, we differentiate the mechanisms and pathways leading to hyperphosphatemic calcification, typical of the media layer of the vessel and mainly related to chronic kidney diseases, to those of inflammation, typical of the intima vascular calcification, which predominantly occur in atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Finally, we examine calcifications secondary to rheumatic valve disease or other bacterial lesions and those occurring in autoimmune diseases. The underlying clinical conditions of each of the biological calcification phenotypes and the specific opportunities of therapeutic intervention are also considered and discussed.
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105
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Takashi Y, Kawanami D. The Role of Bone-Derived Hormones in Glucose Metabolism, Diabetic Kidney Disease, and Cardiovascular Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042376. [PMID: 35216490 PMCID: PMC8879859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone contributes to supporting the body, protecting the central nervous system and other organs, hematopoiesis, the regulation of mineral metabolism (mainly calcium and phosphate), and assists in respiration. Bone has many functions in the body. Recently, it was revealed that bone also works as an endocrine organ and secretes several systemic humoral factors, including fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), osteocalcin (OC), sclerostin, and lipocalin 2. Bone can communicate with other organs via these hormones. In particular, it has been reported that these bone-derived hormones are involved in glucose metabolism and diabetic complications. Some functions of these bone-derived hormones can become useful biomarkers that predict the incidence of diabetes and the progression of diabetic complications. Furthermore, other functions are considered to be targets for the prevention or treatment of diabetes and its complications. As is well known, diabetes is now a worldwide health problem, and many efforts have been made to treat diabetes. Thus, further investigations of the endocrine system through bone-derived hormones may provide us with new perspectives on the prediction, prevention, and treatment of diabetes. In this review, we summarize the role of bone-derived hormones in glucose metabolism, diabetic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disorders.
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106
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Regulation of Cr(VI)-Induced Premature Senescence in L02 Hepatocytes by ROS-Ca2+-NF-κB Signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7295224. [PMID: 35222804 PMCID: PMC8881123 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7295224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stress-induced premature senescence may be involved in the pathogeneses of acute liver injury. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], a common environmental pollutant related to liver injury, likely leads to premature senescence in L02 hepatocytes. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding hepatocyte premature senility in Cr(VI) exposure remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that chronic exposure of L02 hepatocytes to Cr(VI) led to premature senescence characterized by increased β-galactosidase activity, senescence-associated heterochromatin foci, G1 phase arrest, and decreased cell proliferation. Additionally, Cr(VI)-induced senescent L02 hepatocytes showed upregulated inflammation-related factors, such as IL-6 and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), which also exhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation derived from mitochondria accompanied with increased concentration of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) and activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Of note is that ROS inhibition by N-acetyl-Lcysteine pretreatment not only alleviated Cr(VI)-induced premature senescence but also reduced the elevated intracellular Ca2+, activated NF-κB, and secretion of IL-6/FGF23. Intriguingly, the toxic effect of Cr(VI) upon premature senescence of L02 hepatocytes and increased levels of IL-6/FGF23 could be partially reversed by the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM pretreatment. Furthermore, by utilizing the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), we confirmed that NF-κB mediated IL-6/FGF23 to regulate the Cr(VI)-induced L02 hepatocyte premature senescence, whilst the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ was not influenced by PDTC. To the best of our knowledge, our data reports for the first time the role of ROS-Ca2+-NF-κB signaling pathway in Cr(VI)-induced premature senescence. Our results collectively shed light on further exploration of innovative intervention strategies and treatment targeting Cr(VI)-induced chronic liver damage related to premature senescence.
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107
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Glorieux FH, Bonewald LF, Harvey NC, van der Meulen MCH. Potential influences on optimizing long-term musculoskeletal health in children and adolescents with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:30. [PMID: 35101067 PMCID: PMC8802511 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, much progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of bone growth and development over a lifespan, including the crosstalk between muscle and bone, to achieve optimal structure and function. While there have been significant advances in understanding how to help improve and maintain bone health in normal individuals, there is limited knowledge on whether these mechanisms apply or are compromised in pathological states. X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) (ORPHA:89936) is a rare, heritable, renal phosphate-wasting disorder. The resultant chronic hypophosphatemia leads to progressive deterioration in musculoskeletal function, including impaired growth, rickets, and limb deformities in children, as well as lifelong osteomalacia with reduced bone quality and impaired muscle structure and function. The clinical manifestations of the disease vary both in presentation and severity in affected individuals, and many of the consequences of childhood defects persist into adulthood, causing significant morbidity that impacts physical function and quality of life. Intervention to restore phosphate levels early in life during the critical stages of skeletal development in children with XLH could optimize growth and may prevent or reduce bone deformities in childhood. A healthier bone structure, together with improved muscle function, can lead to physical activity enhancing musculoskeletal health throughout life. In adults, continued management may help to maintain the positive effects acquired from childhood treatment, thereby slowing or halting disease progression. In this review, we summarize the opinions from members of a working group with expertise in pediatrics, epidemiology, and bone, joint and muscle biology, on potential outcomes for people with XLH, who have been optimally treated from an early age and continue treatment throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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108
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Yuan Q, Ren Q, Li L, Tan H, Lu M, Tian Y, Huang L, Zhao B, Fu H, Hou FF, Zhou L, Liu Y. A Klotho-derived peptide protects against kidney fibrosis by targeting TGF-β signaling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:438. [PMID: 35064106 PMCID: PMC8782923 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of Klotho, an anti-aging protein, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney diseases. As Klotho is a large transmembrane protein, it is challenging to harness it as a therapeutic remedy. Here we report the discovery of a Klotho-derived peptide 1 (KP1) protecting kidneys by targeting TGF-β signaling. By screening a series of peptides derived from human Klotho protein, we identified KP1 that repressed fibroblast activation by binding to TGF-β receptor 2 (TβR2) and disrupting the TGF-β/TβR2 engagement. As such, KP1 blocked TGF-β-induced activation of Smad2/3 and mitogen-activated protein kinases. In mouse models of renal fibrosis, intravenous injection of KP1 resulted in its preferential accumulation in injured kidneys. KP1 preserved kidney function, repressed TGF-β signaling, ameliorated renal fibrosis and restored endogenous Klotho expression. Together, our findings suggest that KP1 recapitulates the anti-fibrotic action of Klotho and offers a potential remedy in the fight against fibrotic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huishi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meizhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boxin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Fan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Arroyo E, Troutman AD, Moorthi RN, Avin KG, Coggan AR, Lim K. Klotho: An Emerging Factor With Ergogenic Potential. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 2:807123. [PMID: 36188832 PMCID: PMC9397700 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.807123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia and impaired cardiorespiratory fitness are commonly observed in older individuals and patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Declines in skeletal muscle function and aerobic capacity can progress into impaired physical function and inability to perform activities of daily living. Physical function is highly associated with important clinical outcomes such as hospitalization, functional independence, quality of life, and mortality. While lifestyle modifications such as exercise and dietary interventions have been shown to prevent and reverse declines in physical function, the utility of these treatment strategies is limited by poor widespread adoption and adherence due to a wide variety of both perceived and actual barriers to exercise. Therefore, identifying novel treatment targets to manage physical function decline is critically important. Klotho, a remarkable protein with powerful anti-aging properties has recently been investigated for its role in musculoskeletal health and physical function. Klotho is involved in several key processes that regulate skeletal muscle function, such as muscle regeneration, mitochondrial biogenesis, endothelial function, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This is particularly important for older adults and patients with CKD, which are known states of Klotho deficiency. Emerging data support the existence of Klotho-related benefits to exercise and for potential Klotho-based therapeutic interventions for the treatment of sarcopenia and its progression to physical disability. However, significant gaps in our understanding of Klotho must first be overcome before we can consider its potential ergogenic benefits. These advances will be critical to establish the optimal approach to future Klotho-based interventional trials and to determine if Klotho can regulate physical dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliott Arroyo
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Ashley D. Troutman
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Ranjani N. Moorthi
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Keith G. Avin
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Andrew R. Coggan
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kenneth Lim
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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110
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Sun X, Chen L, He Y, Zheng L. Circulating α-Klotho Levels in Relation to Cardiovascular Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:842846. [PMID: 35197934 PMCID: PMC8859151 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.842846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported a protective role of circulating α-Klotho on cardiovascular diseases (CVD); however, the causality remains unclear. We aim to elucidate whether genetically predicted circulating α-Klotho levels were causally associated with the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF), stroke, ischemic stroke (IS), and IS subtypes. METHODS A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was designed, with 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with circulating α-Klotho levels utilized as instrumental variables. MR estimates on each CVD outcome derived from the fixed-effects inverse-variance weighted (IVW) approach in different data sources were combined by the fixed-effects meta-analysis approach, complemented by several sensitivity analyses including the simple median, the weighed median, MR-Egger regression, and MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier. RESULTS In the meta-analysis combining different data sources, suggestive inverse causal association of circulating α-Klotho concentrations with CAD [Odds ratio (OR), 0.97; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.94, 1.00; P = 0.044] and significant inverse association of circulating α-Klotho concentrations with AF (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93, 0.99; P = 0.005) was observed. However, there was no causal association of α-Klotho with HF, any stroke, IS, or IS subtypes neither in different data sources nor in the meta-analysis. Complementary sensitivity analyses showed consistent and robust results in general. CONCLUSION Evidence was found for a protective effect of circulating α-Klotho on the prevention of AF risk. However, no significant causal association between genetically predicted circulating α-Klotho levels and risk of CAD, HF, stroke, IS, or IS subtypes was found.
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111
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Yu X, Xia Y, Jia J, Yuan G. The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 Subfamily in Different Populations Suffering From Osteoporosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:830022. [PMID: 35574015 PMCID: PMC9097273 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.830022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 subfamily, also known as endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), is a newly discovered metabolic regulator, including FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23. They play significant roles in maintaining systemic homeostasis, regulating the balance of bile acid and glucolipid metabolism in humans. Osteoporosis is a chronic disease, especially in the current status of aging population, osteoporosis is the most prominent chronic bone disease, leading to multiple complications and a significant economic burden that requires long-term or even lifelong management. Members of the FGF family have been shown to be associated with bone mineral density (BMD), fracture repair and cartilage regeneration. Studies of the FGF19 subfamily in different populations with osteoporosis have been increasing in recent years. This review summarizes the role of the FGF19 subfamily in bone metabolism, and provides new options for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jue Jia
- *Correspondence: Jue Jia, ; Guoyue Yuan,
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112
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Yu J, Li T, Zhu J. Gene Therapy Strategies Targeting Aging-Related Diseases. Aging Dis 2022; 14:398-417. [PMID: 37008065 PMCID: PMC10017145 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid advancements have taken place in gene therapy technology. However, effective methods for treating aging- or age-related chronic diseases, which are often closely related to genes or even multiple genes, are still lacking. The path to developing cures is winding, while gene therapy that targets genes related to aging represents an exciting research direction with tremendous potential. Among aging-related genes, some candidates have been studied at different levels, from cell to organismal levels (e.g., mammalian models) with different methods, from overexpression to gene editing. The TERT and APOE have even entered the stage of clinical trials. Even those displaying only a preliminary association with diseases have potential applications. This article discusses the foundations and recent breakthroughs in the field of gene therapy, providing a summary of current mainstream strategies and gene therapy products with clinical and preclinical applications. Finally, we review representative target genes and their potential for treating aging or age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianhong Zhu
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Prof. Jianhong Zhu, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .
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113
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Abstract
Apart from its phosphaturic action, the bone-derived hormone fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is also an essential regulator of vitamin D metabolism. The main target organ of FGF23 is the kidney, where FGF23 suppresses transcription of the key enzyme in vitamin D hormone (1,25(OH)2D) activation, 1α-hydroxylase, and activates transcription of the key enzyme responsible for vitamin D degradation, 24-hydroxylase, in proximal renal tubules. The circulating concentration of 1,25(OH)2D is a positive regulator of FGF23 secretion in bone, forming a feedback loop between kidney and bone. The importance of FGF23 as regulator of vitamin D metabolism is underscored by the fact that in the absence of FGF23 signaling, the tight control of renal 1α-hydroxylase fails, resulting in overproduction of 1,25(OH)2D in mice and men. During recent years, big strides have been made toward a more complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying the FGF23-mediated regulation of vitamin D metabolism, especially at the genomic level. However, there are still major gaps in our knowledge that need to be filled by future research. Importantly, the intracellular signaling cascades downstream of FGF receptors regulating transcription of 1α-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase in proximal renal tubules still remain unresolved. The purpose of this review is to highlight our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of vitamin D metabolism by FGF23, and to discuss the role of these mechanisms in physiology and pathophysiology. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejla Latic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria
| | - Reinhold G Erben
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria
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Alber J, Freisinger P, Föller M. The synthesis of fibroblast growth factor 23 is upregulated by homocysteine in UMR106 osteoblast-like cells. Nutrition 2021; 96:111573. [PMID: 35091320 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) controls the production and degradation of biologically active vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, and phosphate reabsorption in the kidney as a hormone synthesized by bone cells. Additional paracrine effects in other organs exist as well. As a biomarker, the FGF23 plasma concentration increases in renal and cardiovascular diseases, and is correlated with outcome. The regulation of FGF23 is incompletely understood and dependent on several factors, including oxidative stress. L-homocysteine is an amino acid produced in methionine metabolism, and can be converted into further metabolites depending on the availability of vitamin B. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a potential cardiovascular risk factor. Our study aimed to explore whether homocysteine impacts FGF23 synthesis. METHODS Experiments were performed in UMR106 osteoblast-like cells. Fgf23 gene expression and FGF23 protein concentration were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Oxidative stress was determined by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence. RESULTS Homocysteine dose-dependently upregulated Fgf23 gene expression and protein synthesis. Moreover, homocysteine imposed oxidative stress on UMR106 cells. The effect of homocysteine on Fgf23 was abrogated by antioxidant ascorbic acid. CONCLUSIONS Homocysteine is a potent stimulator of FGF23 production, an effect at least in part mediated by oxidative stress. The homocysteine-dependent upregulation of FGF23 presumably contributes to its role as a cardiovascular risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Alber
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Physiology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Freisinger
- Kreiskliniken Reutlingen, Department of Pediatrics, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Michael Föller
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Physiology, Stuttgart, Germany.
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115
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Amin HA, Cordell HJ, Martin-Ruiz C, Robinson L, Kirkwood T, Blakemore AI, Drenos F. No Evidence That Genetic Variation At The Klotho Locus Is Associated With Longevity In Caucasians From The Newcastle 85 Plus Study And The Uk Biobank. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:457-461. [PMID: 34893828 PMCID: PMC8893196 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The demographics of Western populations are changing, with an increase in the proportion of older adults. There is evidence to suggest that genetic factors may influence the aging process: studying these may lead to interventions to help individuals live a longer and healthier life. Evidence from several groups indicates that Klotho (KL), a gene encoding a single-pass transmembrane protein that acts as an FGF23 co-receptor, may be associated with longevity and healthy aging. We aimed to explore this area further by comparing the genotype counts in 642 long-lived individuals from the Newcastle 85+ Study with 18 295 middle-aged Newcastle-based controls from the UK Biobank to test whether variants at the KL gene locus are over- or under-represented in older individuals. If KL is associated with longevity, then we would expect the genotype counts to differ between the 2 cohorts. We found that the rs2283368 CC genotype and the rs9536338 C allele, but not the KL-VS haplotype, were associated with reaching very old age. However, these associations did not replicate in the remainder of the UK Biobank cohort. Thus, our results do not reliably support the role of KL as a longevity factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnat A Amin
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Heather J Cordell
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Martin-Ruiz
- BioScreening Core Facility, Biosciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Robinson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Kirkwood
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra I Blakemore
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Küng CJ, Haykir B, Schnitzbauer U, Egli-Spichtig D, Hernando N, Wagner CA. Fibroblast growth factor 23 leads to endolysosomal routing of the renal phosphate cotransporters NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F785-F798. [PMID: 34719948 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00250.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+-dependent phosphate cotransporters NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc, located at the brush-border membrane of renal proximal tubules, are regulated by numerous factors, including fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). FGF23 downregulates NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc abundance after activating a signaling pathway involving phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (phospho-ERK1/2). FGF23 also downregulates expression of renal 1-α-hydroxylase (Cyp27b1) and upregulates 24-hydroxylase (Cyp24a1), thus reducing plasma calcitriol levels. Here, we examined the time course of FGF23-induced internalization of NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc and their intracellular pathway toward degradation in vivo. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with recombinant human (rh)FGF23 in the absence (biochemical analysis) or presence (immunohistochemistry) of leupeptin, an inhibitor of lysosomal proteases. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was enhanced 60 min after rhFGF23 administration, and increased phosphorylation was still detected 480 min after injection. Colocalization of phospho-ERK1/2 with NaPi-IIa was seen at 60 and 120 min and partly at 480 min. The abundance of both cotransporters was reduced 240 min after rhFGF23 administration, with a further reduction at 480 min. NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc were found to colocalize with clathrin and early endosomal antigen 1 as early as 120 min after rhFGF23 injection. Both cotransporters partially colocalized with cathepsin B and lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1, markers of lysosomes, 120 min after rhFGF23 injection. Thus, NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc are internalized within 2 h upon rhFGF23 injection. Both cotransporters share the pathway of clathrin-mediated endocytosis that leads first to early endosomes, finally resulting in trafficking toward the lysosome as early as 120 min after rhFGF23 administration.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) controls phosphate homeostasis by regulating renal phosphate excretion. FGF23 acts on several phosphate transporters in the kidney. Here, we define the time course of this action and demonstrate how phosphate transporters NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc are internalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina J Küng
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and National Center of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Betül Haykir
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and National Center of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Udo Schnitzbauer
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and National Center of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Egli-Spichtig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and National Center of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nati Hernando
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and National Center of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and National Center of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
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117
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Usmanov ES, Chubarova MA, Saidov SK. Emerging Trends in the Use of Therapeutic Hypothermia as a Method for Neuroprotection in Brain Damage (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 12:94-104. [PMID: 34796010 PMCID: PMC8596265 DOI: 10.17691/stm2020.12.5.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The review analyzes current clinical studies on the use of therapeutic hypothermia as a neuroprotective method for treatment of brain damage. This method yields good outcomes in patients with acute brain injuries and chronic critical conditions. There has been shown the interest of researchers in studying the preventive potential of therapeutic hypothermia in secondary neuronal damage. There has been described participation of new molecules producing positive effect on tissues and cells of the central nervous system - proteins and hormones of cold stress - in the mechanisms of neuroprotection in the brain. The prospects of using targeted temperature management in treatment of brain damage are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sh Usmanov
- Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology; Federal Clinical Research Centre for Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 777 Lytkino Village, Solnechnogorsk District, Moscow Region, 141534, Russia
| | - M A Chubarova
- Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology; Federal Clinical Research Centre for Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 777 Lytkino Village, Solnechnogorsk District, Moscow Region, 141534, Russia
| | - Sh Kh Saidov
- Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology Federal Clinical Research Centre for Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 777 Lytkino Village, Solnechnogorsk District, Moscow Region, 141534, Russia
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118
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Leifheit-Nestler M, Wagner MA, Richter B, Piepert C, Eitner F, Böckmann I, Vogt I, Grund A, Hille SS, Foinquinos A, Zimmer K, Thum T, Müller OJ, Haffner D. Cardiac Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Excess Does Not Induce Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Healthy Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:745892. [PMID: 34778257 PMCID: PMC8581397 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.745892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 is elevated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) to maintain phosphate homeostasis. FGF23 is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in CKD and induces LVH via klotho-independent FGFR4-mediated activation of calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling in animal models, displaying systemic alterations possibly contributing to heart injury. Whether elevated FGF23 per se causes LVH in healthy animals is unknown. By generating a mouse model with high intra-cardiac Fgf23 synthesis using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing murine Fgf23 (AAV-Fgf23) under the control of the cardiac troponin T promoter, we investigated how cardiac Fgf23 affects cardiac remodeling and function in C57BL/6 wild-type mice. We report that AAV-Fgf23 mice showed increased cardiac-specific Fgf23 mRNA expression and synthesis of full-length intact Fgf23 (iFgf23) protein. Circulating total and iFgf23 levels were significantly elevated in AAV-Fgf23 mice compared to controls with no difference in bone Fgf23 expression, suggesting a cardiac origin. Serum of AAV-Fgf23 mice stimulated hypertrophic growth of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) and induced pro-hypertrophic NFAT target genes in klotho-free culture conditions in vitro. Further analysis revealed that renal Fgfr1/klotho/extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 signaling was activated in AAV-Fgf23 mice, resulting in downregulation of sodium-phosphate cotransporter NaPi2a and NaPi2c and suppression of Cyp27b1, further supporting the bioactivity of cardiac-derived iFgf23. Of interest, no LVH, LV fibrosis, or impaired cardiac function was observed in klotho sufficient AAV-Fgf23 mice. Verified in NRVM, we show that co-stimulation with soluble klotho prevented Fgf23-induced cellular hypertrophy, supporting the hypothesis that high cardiac Fgf23 does not act cardiotoxic in the presence of its physiological cofactor klotho. In conclusion, chronic exposure to elevated cardiac iFgf23 does not induce LVH in healthy mice, suggesting that Fgf23 excess per se does not tackle the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Leifheit-Nestler
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Miriam A Wagner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Beatrice Richter
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Corinna Piepert
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Fiona Eitner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ineke Böckmann
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Isabel Vogt
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andrea Grund
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Susanne S Hille
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ariana Foinquinos
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Karina Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Oliver J Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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119
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Chen L, Zhang Y, Yin L, Cai B, Huang P, Li X, Liang G. Fibroblast growth factor receptor fusions in cancer: opportunities and challenges. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:345. [PMID: 34732230 PMCID: PMC8564965 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) play critical roles in many biological processes and developmental functions. Chromosomal translocation of FGFRs result in the formation of chimeric FGFR fusion proteins, which often cause aberrant signaling leading to the development and progression of human cancer. Due to the high recurrence rate and carcinogenicity, oncogenic FGFR gene fusions have been identified as promising therapeutic targets. Erdafitinib and pemigatinib, two FGFR selective inhibitors targeting FGFR fusions, have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat patients with urothelial cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, respectively. Futibatinib, a third-generation FGFR inhibitor, is under phase III clinical trials in patients with FGFR gene rearrangements. Herein, we review the current understanding of the FGF/FGFRs system and the oncogenic effect of FGFR fusions, summarize promising inhibitors under clinical development for patients with FGFR fusions, and highlight the challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Chen
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binhao Cai
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China. .,Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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120
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Irsik DL, Bollag WB, Isales CM. Renal Contributions to Age-Related Changes in Mineral Metabolism. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10517. [PMID: 34693188 PMCID: PMC8520061 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging results in a general decline in function in most systems. This is particularly true with respect to the skeleton and renal systems, impacting mineral homeostasis. Calcium and phosphate regulation requires tight coordination among the intestine, bone, parathyroid gland, and kidney. The role of the intestine is to absorb calcium and phosphate from the diet. The bone stores or releases calcium and phosphate depending on the body's needs. In response to low plasma ionized calcium concentration, the parathyroid gland produces parathyroid hormone, which modulates bone turnover. The kidney reabsorbs or excretes the minerals and serves as the final regulator of plasma concentration. Many hormones are involved in this process in addition to parathyroid hormone, including fibroblast growth factor 23 produced by the bone and calcitriol synthesized by the kidney. Sclerostin, calcitonin, osteoprotegerin, and receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand also contribute to tissue‐specific regulation. Changes in the function of organs due to aging or disease can perturb this balance. During aging, the intestine cannot absorb calcium efficiently due to decreased expression of key proteins. In the bone, the balance between bone formation and bone resorption tends toward the latter in older individuals. The kidney may not filter blood as efficiently in the later decades of life, and the expression of certain proteins necessary for mineral homeostasis declines with age. These changes often lead to dysregulation of organismal mineral homeostasis. This review will focus on how mineral homeostasis is impacted by aging with a particular emphasis on the kidney's role in this process. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Irsik
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center Augusta GA USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University Augusta GA USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center Augusta GA USA.,Department of Physiology Augusta University Augusta GA USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University Augusta GA USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine Augusta University Augusta GA USA
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121
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Abstract
Nephrolithiasis is a worldwide problem with increasing prevalence, enormous costs, and significant morbidity. Calcium-containing kidney stones are by far the most common kidney stones encountered in clinical practice. Consequently, hypercalciuria is the greatest risk factor for kidney stone formation. Hypercalciuria can result from enhanced intestinal absorption, increased bone resorption, or altered renal tubular transport. Kidney stone formation is complex and driven by high concentrations of calcium-oxalate or calcium-phosphate in the urine. After discussing the mechanism mediating renal calcium salt precipitation, we review recent discoveries in renal tubular calcium transport from the proximal tubule, thick ascending limb, and distal convolution. Furthermore, we address how calcium is absorbed from the intestine and mobilized from bone. The effect of acidosis on bone calcium resorption and urinary calcium excretion is also considered. Although recent discoveries provide insight into these processes, much remains to be understood in order to provide improved therapies for hypercalciuria and prevent kidney stone formation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 84 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Alexander
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; .,Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - D G Fuster
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - H Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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122
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) has become a global health crisis with very limited therapeutic options. Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) is a matrix extracellular protein secreted by osteocytes that has generated recent interest for its possible involvement in CKD-MBD pathogenesis. This is a review of DMP1 established regulation and function, and early studies implicating DMP1 in CKD-MBD. RECENT FINDINGS Patients and mice with CKD show perturbations of DMP1 expression in bone, associated with impaired osteocyte maturation, mineralization, and increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) production. In humans with CKD, low circulating DMP1 levels are independently associated with increased cardiovascular events. We recently showed that DMP1 supplementation lowers circulating FGF23 levels and improves bone mineralization and cardiac outcomes in mice with CKD. Mortality rates are extremely high among patients with CKD and have only marginally improved over decades. Bone disease and FGF23 excess contribute to mortality in CKD by increasing the risk of bone fractures and cardiovascular disease, respectively. Previous studies focused on DMP1 loss-of-function mutations have established its role in the regulation of FGF23 and bone mineralization. Recent studies show that DMP1 supplementation may fill a crucial therapeutic gap by improving bone and cardiac health in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Martin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Dominik Kentrup
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Lu H, Xu J, Hu Y, Luo H, Chen Y, Xie B, Song X. Differences in the skin microbial community between patients with active and stable vitiligo based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Australas J Dermatol 2021; 62:e516-e523. [PMID: 34523726 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Recent studies have described an association between altered skin microbial community and epidemiology of skin diseases, such as vitiligo, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. In this study, we conducted microbiological analysis on patients at different stages of vitiligo to determine whether the dysbiosis is associated with disease progression. METHODS To characterise the skin microbes in vitiligo patients, we profiled samples collected from 40 patients with active and stable vitiligo using the Novaseq sequencer. Alpha diversity was used to measure richness and uniformity, while Beta diversity (Non-Metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling) analysis was used to show the differences. Moreover, the species differences were evaluated by LEfSe analysis and the flora gene function was predicted using Statistical Analysis of Metagenomic Profiles (STAMP). RESULTS The alpha diversity results showed no significant differences between active vitiligo and stable vitiligo, while beta diversity and LEfSe analysis results showed the differences in community composition. Streptomyces and Streptococcus were enriched in active vitiligo compared to stable vitiligo. In addition, the flora gene function of mixed acid fermentation was more pronounced in active vitiligo, while the function of lipid IVA biosynthesis was more significant in stable vitiligo. CONCLUSION This study has shown the differences in epidermal microbes between active vitiligo and stable vitiligo. Our results suggest that maintaining the flora balance might be a potential therapeutic target for vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Lu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Xu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yebei Hu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haixin Luo
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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124
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell-signaling proteins with diverse functions in cell development, repair, and metabolism. The human FGF family consists of 22 structurally related members, which can be classified into three separate groups based on their action of mechanisms, namely: intracrine, paracrine/autocrine, and endocrine FGF subfamilies. FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 belong to the hormone-like/endocrine FGF subfamily. These endocrine FGFs are mainly associated with the regulation of cell metabolic activities such as homeostasis of lipids, glucose, energy, bile acids, and minerals (phosphate/active vitamin D). Endocrine FGFs function through a unique protein family called klotho. Two members of this family, α-klotho, or β-klotho, act as main cofactors which can scaffold to tether FGF19/21/23 to their receptor(s) (FGFRs) to form an active complex. There are ongoing studies pertaining to the structure and mechanism of these individual ternary complexes. These studies aim to provide potential insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the history, structure–function relationship(s), downstream signaling, physiological roles, and future perspectives on endocrine FGFs.
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125
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Epstein M, Freundlich M. The intersection of Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR) activation and the FGF23 - Klotho cascade. A Duopoly that promotes renal and cardiovascular injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 37:211-221. [PMID: 34459924 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nexus of CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) amplifies the morbidity and mortality of CKD, emphasizing the need for defining and establishing therapeutic initiatives to modify and abrogate the progression of CKD and concomitant CV risks. In addition to the traditional CV risk factors, disturbances of mineral metabolism are specific risk factors that contribute to the excessive CV mortality in patients with CKD. These risk factors include dysregulations of circulating factors that modulate phosphate metabolism including fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and soluble Klotho. Reduced circulating levels and suppressed renal klotho expression may be associated with adverse outcomes in CKD patients. While elevated circulating concentrations or locally produced FGF23 in the strained heart exert pro-hypertrophic mechanisms on the myocardium, Klotho attenuates tissue fibrosis, progression of CKD, cardiomyopathy, endothelial dysfunction, vascular stiffness, and vascular calcification. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation in non-classical targets, mediated by aldosterone and other ligands, amplifies CVD in CKD. In concert, we detail how the interplay of elevated FGF23, activation of the MR, and concomitant reductions of circulating Klotho in CKD, may potentiate each other's deleterious effects on kidney and the heart, thereby contributing to the initiation and progression of kidney and cardiac functional deterioration, acting through multipronged albeit complementary mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray Epstein
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael Freundlich
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Klotho and calciprotein particles as therapeutic targets against accelerated ageing. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1915-1927. [PMID: 34374422 PMCID: PMC8355631 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The klotho gene, named after a Greek goddess who spins the thread of life, was identified as a putative 'ageing-suppressor' gene. Klotho-deficient mice exhibit complex ageing-like phenotypes including hypogonadism, arteriosclerosis (vascular calcification), cardiac hypertrophy, osteopenia, sarcopenia, frailty, and premature death. Klotho protein functions as the obligate co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), a bone-derived hormone that promotes urinary phosphate excretion in response to phosphate intake. Thus, Klotho-deficient mice suffer not only from accelerated ageing but also from phosphate retention due to impaired phosphate excretion. Importantly, restoration of the phosphate balance by placing Klotho-deficient mice on low phosphate diet rescued them from premature ageing, leading us to the notion that phosphate accelerates ageing. Because the extracellular fluid is super-saturated in terms of phosphate and calcium ions, an increase in the phosphate concentration can trigger precipitation of calcium-phosphate. In the blood, calcium-phosphate precipitated upon increase in the blood phosphate concentration is adsorbed by serum protein fetuin-A to form colloidal nanoparticles called calciprotein particles (CPPs). In the urine, CPPs appear in the renal tubular fluid when FGF23 increases phosphate load excreted per nephron. CPPs can induce cell damage, ectopic calcification, and inflammatory responses. CPPs in the blood can induce arteriosclerosis and non-infectious chronic inflammation, whereas CPPs in the urine can induce renal tubular damage and interstitial inflammation/fibrosis. Thus, we propose that CPPs behave like a pathogen that accelerates ageing and should be regarded as a novel therapeutic target against age-related disorders including chronic kidney disease.
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Kobayashi T, Imanishi I. Epithelial-immune crosstalk with the skin microbiota in homeostasis and atopic dermatitis - a mini review. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:533-e147. [PMID: 34378246 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a complex and dynamic ecosystem, wherein epithelial cells, immune cells and the skin microbiota actively interact and maintain barrier integrity and functional immunity. Skin microbes actively tune the functions of the resident immune cells. Dysbiosis - alterations in the resident microbiota - leads to the dysregulation of host immunity. Microbiome analyses in humans and dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD) have shown shifts in microbial diversity, and in particular, an increased proportion of staphylococci. Monogenic diseases that manifest AD-like symptoms provide insights into the pathogenesis of AD and the mechanisms of dysbiosis, from both the epithelial and immunological perspectives. The symbiotic relationships between the host and microbiota must be maintained constitutively. Detailed mechanisms of how host immunity regulates commensal bacteria in the steady state have been reported. The skin harbours multiple tissue-resident immune cells, including both innate and adaptive immune cells. Recent studies have highlighted the fundamental role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the maintenance of barrier functions and tissue homeostasis. ILCs directly respond to tissue-derived signals and are instrumental in barrier immunity. Epithelial cells produce alarmins such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and interleukins (IL)-33 and IL-25, all of which activate group 2 ILCs (ILC2s), which produce type 2 cytokines, such as IL-5 and IL-13, boosting type 2 immune reactions. Dysregulation of the epithelial-ILC crosstalk results in allergic inflammation. This review highlights our understanding of the active interactions between the host epithelial and immune cells, and microbiota, providing a foundation for novel therapeutic strategies for inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ichiro Imanishi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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Landry T, Shookster D, Huang H. Circulating α-klotho regulates metabolism via distinct central and peripheral mechanisms. Metabolism 2021; 121:154819. [PMID: 34153302 PMCID: PMC8277751 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicates the circulating α-klotho protein as a prominent regulator of energy balance and substrate metabolism, with diverse, tissue-specific functions. Despite its well-documented ubiquitous role inhibiting insulin signaling, α-klotho elicits potent antidiabetic and anti-obesogenic effects. α-Klotho facilitates insulin release and promotes β cell health in the pancreas, stimulates lipid oxidation in liver and adipose tissue, attenuates hepatic gluconeogenesis, and increases whole-body energy expenditure. The mechanisms underlying α-klotho's peripheral functions are multifaceted, including hydrolyzing transient receptor potential channels, stimulating integrin β1➔focal adhesion kinase signaling, and activating PPARα via inhibition of insulin-like growth factor receptor 1. Moreover, until recently, potential metabolic roles of α-klotho in the central nervous system remained unexplored; however, a novel α-klotho➔fibroblast growth factor receptor➔PI3kinase signaling axis in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus has been identified as a critical regulator of energy balance and glucose metabolism. Overall, the role of circulating α-klotho in the regulation of metabolism is a new focus of research, but accumulating evidence identifies this protein as an encouraging therapeutic target for Type 1 and 2 Diabetes and obesity. This review analyzes the new literature investigating α-klotho-mediated regulation of metabolism and proposes impactful future directions to progress our understanding of this complex metabolic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Landry
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Shookster
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Hu Huang
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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Morevati M, Mace ML, Egstrand S, Nordholm A, Doganli C, Strand J, Rukov JL, Torsetnes SB, Gorbunova V, Olgaard K, Lewin E. Extrarenal expression of α-klotho, the kidney related longevity gene, in Heterocephalus glaber, the long living Naked Mole Rat. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15375. [PMID: 34321565 PMCID: PMC8319335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Naked Mole Rat (NMR), Heterocephalus glaber, provides an interesting model for studying biomarkers of longevity due to its long lifespan of more than 30 years, almost ten times longer than that of mice and rats. α-Klotho (klotho) is an aging-suppressor gene, and overexpression of klotho is associated with extended lifespan in mice. Klotho is predominantly expressed in the kidney. The expression profile of klotho in the NMR has not previously been reported. The present investigation studied the expression of klotho in the kidney of NMR with that of Rattus Norvegicus (RN) and demonstrated that klotho was expressed in the kidney of NMR at the same level as found in RN. Besides, a significant expression of Kl mRNA was found in the liver of NMR, in contrast to RN, where no hepatic expression was detected. The Klotho expression was further confirmed at the protein level. Thus, the results of the present comparative study indicate a differential tissue expression of klotho between different species. Besides its important function in the kidney, Klotho might also be of significance in the liver of NMR. It is suggested that the hepatic extrarenal expression of klotho may function as a further longevity-related factor in supplement to the Klotho in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morevati
- Nephrological Department P 2131, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - M L Mace
- Nephrological Department P 2131, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Egstrand
- Nephrological Department P 2131, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Nephrological Department B, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Nordholm
- Nephrological Department P 2131, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Nephrological Department B, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Doganli
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Strand
- Randers Regnskov, Randers, Denmark
| | - J L Rukov
- Nephrological Department P 2131, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S B Torsetnes
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - V Gorbunova
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - K Olgaard
- Nephrological Department P 2131, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Lewin
- Nephrological Department P 2131, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Nephrological Department B, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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130
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Inflammation: a putative link between phosphate metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:201-227. [PMID: 33416083 PMCID: PMC7796315 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary habits in the western world lead to increasing phosphate intake. Under physiological conditions, extraosseous precipitation of phosphate with calcium is prevented by a mineral buffering system composed of calcification inhibitors and tight control of serum phosphate levels. The coordinated hormonal regulation of serum phosphate involves fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), αKlotho, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol. A severe derangement of phosphate homeostasis is observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), a patient collective with extremely high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Higher phosphate levels in serum have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in CKD patients, but also in the general population. The causal connections between phosphate and CVD are currently incompletely understood. An assumed link between phosphate and cardiovascular risk is the development of medial vascular calcification, a process actively promoted and regulated by a complex mechanistic interplay involving activation of pro-inflammatory signalling. Emerging evidence indicates a link between disturbances in phosphate homeostasis and inflammation. The present review focuses on critical interactions of phosphate homeostasis, inflammation, vascular calcification and CVD. Especially, pro-inflammatory responses mediating hyperphosphatemia-related development of vascular calcification as well as FGF23 as a critical factor in the interplay between inflammation and cardiovascular alterations, beyond its phosphaturic effects, are addressed.
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Schweizer JROL, Schilbach K, Haenelt M, Giannetti AV, Bizzi MF, Soares BS, Paulino E, Schopohl J, Störmann S, Ribeiro-Oliveira A, Bidlingmaier M. Soluble Alpha Klotho in Acromegaly: Comparison With Traditional Markers of Disease Activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2887-e2899. [PMID: 33864468 PMCID: PMC8277223 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Soluble alpha klotho (sαKL) has been linked to growth hormone (GH) action, but systematic evaluation and comparisons with traditional biomarkers in acromegaly are lacking. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential of sαKL to aid classification of disease activity. METHODS This retrospective study at 2 academic centers included acromegaly patients before surgery (A, n = 29); after surgery (controlled, discordant, or uncontrolled) without (B1, B2, B3, n = 28, 11, 8); or with somatostatin analogue treatment (C1, C2, C3, n = 17, 11, 5); nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (n = 20); and healthy controls (n = 31). sαKL was measured by immunoassay and compared with traditional biomarkers (random and nadir GH, insulin-like growth factor I [IGF-I], IGF binding protein 3). Associations with disease activity were assessed. RESULTS sαKL was correlated to traditional biomarkers, particularly IGF-I (rs=0.80, P <0.0001). High concentrations before treatment (A, median, interquartile range: 4.04 × upper limit of normal [2.26-8.08]) dropped to normal after treatment in controlled and in most discordant patients. A cutoff of 1548 pg/mL for sαKL discriminated controlled (B1, C1) and uncontrolled (B3, C3) patients with 97.8% (88.4%-99.9%) sensitivity and 100% (77.1%-100%) specificity. sαKL was below the cutoff in 84% of the discordant subjects. In the remaining 16%, elevated sαKL and IGF-I persisted, despite normal random GH. Sex, age, body mass index, and markers of bone and calcium metabolism did not significantly affect sαKL concentrations. CONCLUSION Our data support sαKL as a biomarker to assess disease activity in acromegaly. sαKL exhibits close association with GH secretory status, large dynamic range, and robustness toward biological confounders. Its measurement could be helpful particularly when GH and IGF-I provide discrepant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júnia R O L Schweizer
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Schilbach
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Haenelt
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Mariana F Bizzi
- Endocrine Laboratory–Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Soares
- Endocrine Laboratory–Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Paulino
- Pathology Department–Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jochen Schopohl
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany
| | - Sylvère Störmann
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: Martin Bidlingmaier, Endocrine Laboratory, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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132
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Tyurenkov IN, Perfilova VN, Nesterova AA, Glinka Y. Klotho Protein and Cardio-Vascular System. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:132-145. [PMID: 33832412 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Klotho protein affects a number of metabolic pathways essential for pathogenesis of cardio-vascular diseases and their prevention. It inhibits lipid peroxidation and inflammation, as well as prevents endothelial injury and calcification of blood vessels. Klotho decreases rigidity of blood vessels and suppresses development of the heart fibrosis. Low level of its expression is associated with a number of diseases. Cardioprotective effect of klotho is based on its ability to interact with multiple receptors and ion channels. Being a pleiotropic protein, klotho could be a useful target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of cardio-vascular diseases. In this review we present data on pharmaceuticals that stimulate klotho expression and suggest some promising research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N Tyurenkov
- Volgograd State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Volgograd, 400066, Russia
| | - Valentina N Perfilova
- Volgograd State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Volgograd, 400066, Russia.
| | - Alla A Nesterova
- Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute, Branch of the Volgograd State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Pyatigorsk, 357500, Russia
| | - Yelena Glinka
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
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133
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Liu YJ, Wang W, Yeh J, Wu Y, Mantilla JG, Fletcher CDM, Ricciotti RW, Chen EY. Calcified chondroid mesenchymal neoplasms with FN1-receptor tyrosine kinase gene fusions including FGFR2, FGFR1, MERTK, NTRK1, and TEK: a molecular and clinicopathologic analysis. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:1373-1383. [PMID: 33727696 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Translocations involving FN1 have been described in a variety of neoplasms that share the presence of a cartilage matrix and may also contain a variable extent of calcification. Fusions of FN1 to FGFR1 or FGFR2 have been reported in nine soft tissue chondromas, mostly demonstrated indirectly by FISH analysis. Delineation of FN1 fusions with various partner genes will facilitate our understanding of the pathogenesis and diagnostic classification of these neoplasms. In this study, we present molecular, clinical, and pathologic features of 12 cartilaginous soft tissue neoplasms showing a predilection for the TMJ region and the distal extremities. We analyzed for gene fusions with precise breakpoints using targeted RNA-seq with a 115-gene panel. We detected gene fusions in ten cases, including three novel fusions, FN1-MERTK, FN1-NTRK1, and FN1-TEK, each in one case, recurrent FN1-FGFR2 fusion in five cases, FN1-FGFR1 in one case, and FGFR1-PLAG1 in one case. The breakpoints in the 5' partner gene FN1 ranged from exons 11-48, retaining the domains of a signal peptide, FN1, FN2, and/or FN3, while the 3' partner genes retained the transmembrane domain, tyrosine kinase (TK) domains, and/or Ig domain. The tumors are generally characterized by nodular/lobular growth of polygonal to stellate cells within a chondroid matrix, often accompanied by various patterns of calcification, resembling those described for the chondroblastoma-like variant of soft tissue chondroma. Additional histologic findings include extensive calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition in two cases and features resembling tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT). Overall, while the tumors from our series show significant morphologic overlap with chondroblastoma-like soft tissue chondroma, we describe findings that expand the morphologic spectrum of these neoplasms and therefore refer to them as "calcified chondroid mesenchymal neoplasms." These neoplasms represent a spectrum of chondroid/cartilage matrix-forming tumors harboring FN1-receptor TK fusions that include those classified as soft tissue chondroma as well as chondroid TGCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan J Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Yeh
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jose G Mantilla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christopher D M Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert W Ricciotti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Eleanor Y Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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134
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Stockman J, Villaverde C. Concerns related to dietary phosphorus intake in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:1325-1331. [PMID: 34061616 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.12.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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135
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Pathophysiological Implications of Imbalances in Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in the Development of Diabetes. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122583. [PMID: 34208131 PMCID: PMC8230948 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have associated the increase in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 levels, the main regulator of phosphate levels, with the onset of diabetes. These studies open the debate on the plausible existence of undescribed diabetogenic mechanisms derived from chronic supraphysiological levels of FGF23, a prevalent condition in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. These maladaptive and diabetogenic responses to FGF23 may occur at different levels, including a direct effect on the pancreatic ß cells, and an indirect effect derived from the stimulation of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory factors. Both mechanisms could be mediated by the binding of FGF23 to noncanonical receptor complexes with the subsequent overactivation of signaling pathways that leads to harmful effects. The canonical binding of FGF23 to the receptor complex formed by the receptor FGFR1c and the coreceptor αKlotho activates Ras/MAPK/ERK signaling. However, supraphysiological concentrations of FGF23 favor non-αKlotho-dependent binding of this molecule to other FGFRs, which could generate an undesired overactivation of the PLCγ/CN/NFAT pathway, as observed in cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Moreover, the decrease in αKlotho expression may constitute a contributing factor to the appearance of these effects by promoting the nonspecific activation of the PLCγ/CN/NFAT to the detriment of the αKlotho-dependent Ras/MAPK/ERK pathway. The description of these mechanisms would allow the development of new therapeutic targets susceptible to be modified by dietary changes or by pharmacological intervention.
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136
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Si Y, Kazamel M, Benatar M, Wuu J, Kwon Y, Kwan T, Jiang N, Kentrup D, Faul C, Alesce L, King PH. FGF23, a novel muscle biomarker detected in the early stages of ALS. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12062. [PMID: 34103575 PMCID: PMC8187665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness. Skeletal muscle is a prime source for biomarker discovery since it is one of the earliest sites to manifest disease pathology. From a prior RNA sequencing project, we identified FGF23 as a potential muscle biomarker in ALS. Here, we validate this finding with a large collection of ALS muscle samples and found a 13-fold increase over normal controls. FGF23 was also increased in the SOD1G93A mouse, beginning at a very early stage and well before the onset of clinical symptoms. FGF23 levels progressively increased through end-stage in the mouse. Immunohistochemistry of ALS muscle showed prominent FGF23 immunoreactivity in the endomysial connective tissue and along the muscle membrane and was significantly higher around grouped atrophic fibers compared to non-atrophic fibers. ELISA of plasma samples from the SOD1G93A mouse showed an increase in FGF23 at end-stage whereas no increase was detected in a large cohort of ALS patients. In conclusion, FGF23 is a novel muscle biomarker in ALS and joins a molecular signature that emerges in very early preclinical stages. The early appearance of FGF23 and its progressive increase with disease progression offers a new direction for exploring the molecular basis and response to the underlying pathology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Si
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Mohamed Kazamel
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Michael Benatar
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Joanne Wuu
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Yuri Kwon
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Thaddaeus Kwan
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Dominik Kentrup
- Department of Medicine (Division of Nephrology and Hypertension), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Christian Faul
- Department of Medicine (Division of Nephrology and Hypertension), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Lyndsy Alesce
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Peter H King
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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137
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Hanson K, Fisher K, Hooper N. Exploiting the neuroprotective effects of α-klotho to tackle ageing- and neurodegeneration-related cognitive dysfunction. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20200101. [PMID: 34194816 PMCID: PMC8204227 DOI: 10.1042/ns20200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a key symptom of ageing and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Strategies to enhance cognition would impact the quality of life for a significant proportion of the ageing population. The α-klotho protein may protect against cognitive decline through multiple mechanisms: such as promoting optimal synaptic function via activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signalling; stimulating the antioxidant defence system; reducing inflammation; promoting autophagy and enhancing clearance of amyloid-β. However, the molecular and cellular pathways by which α-klotho mediates these neuroprotective functions have yet to be fully elucidated. Key questions remain unanswered: which form of α-klotho (transmembrane, soluble or secreted) mediates its cognitive enhancing properties; what is the neuronal receptor for α-klotho and which signalling pathways are activated by α-klotho in the brain to enhance cognition; how does peripherally administered α-klotho mediate neuroprotection; and what is the molecular basis for the beneficial effect of the VS variant of α-klotho? In this review, we summarise the recent research on neuronal α-klotho and discuss how the neuroprotective properties of α-klotho could be exploited to tackle age- and neurodegeneration-associated cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Hanson
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Kate Fisher
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Nigel M. Hooper
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance and University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
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Xiao Z, Liu J, Liu SH, Petridis L, Cai C, Cao L, Wang G, Chin AL, Cleveland JW, Ikedionwu MO, Carrick JD, Smith JC, Quarles LD. Novel Small Molecule Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Inhibitors Increase Serum Phosphate and Improve Skeletal Abnormalities in Hyp Mice. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 101:408-421. [PMID: 35339985 PMCID: PMC11033927 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 causes hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, such as X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO). A small molecule that specifically binds to FGF23 to prevent activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor/α-Klotho complex has potential advantages over the currently approved systemically administered FGF23 blocking antibody. Using structure-based drug design, we previously identified ZINC13407541 (N-[[2-(2-phenylethenyl)cyclopenten-1-yl]methylidene]hydroxylamine) as a small molecule antagonist for FGF23. Additional structure-activity studies developed a series of ZINC13407541 analogs with enhanced drug-like properties. In this study, we tested in a preclinical Hyp mouse homolog of XLH a direct connect analog [(E)-2-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)cyclopent-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde oxime] (8n), which exhibited the greatest stability in microsomal assays, and [(E)-2-((E)-4-methylstyryl)benzaldehyde oxime] (13a), which exhibited increased in vitro potency. Using cryo-electron microscopy structure and computational docking, we identified a key binding residue (Q156) of the FGF23 antagonists, ZINC13407541, and its analogs (8n and 13a) in the N-terminal domain of FGF23 protein. Site-directed mutagenesis and bimolecular fluorescence complementation-fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay confirmed the binding site of these three antagonists. We found that pharmacological inhibition of FGF23 with either of these compounds blocked FGF23 signaling and increased serum phosphate and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] concentrations in Hyp mice. Long-term parenteral treatment with 8n or 13a also enhanced linear bone growth, increased mineralization of bone, and narrowed the growth plate in Hyp mice. The more potent 13a compound had greater therapeutic effects in Hyp mice. Further optimization of these FGF23 inhibitors may lead to versatile drugs to treat excess FGF23-mediated disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study used structure-based drug design and medicinal chemistry approaches to identify and optimize small molecules with different stability and potency, which antagonize excessive actions of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets. The findings confirmed that these antagonists bind to the N-terminus of FGF23 to inhibit its binding to and activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptors/α-Klotho signaling complex. Administration of these lead compounds improved phosphate homeostasis and abnormal skeletal phenotypes in a preclinical Hyp mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (Z.X., C.C., L.C., G.W.W., L.D.Q.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee (UT)/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (S.H.L., L.P., J.C.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (L.P., J.C.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee (A.L.C., J.W.C., M.O.I., J.D.C.)
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (Z.X., C.C., L.C., G.W.W., L.D.Q.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee (UT)/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (S.H.L., L.P., J.C.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (L.P., J.C.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee (A.L.C., J.W.C., M.O.I., J.D.C.)
| | - Shih-Hsien Liu
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (Z.X., C.C., L.C., G.W.W., L.D.Q.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee (UT)/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (S.H.L., L.P., J.C.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (L.P., J.C.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee (A.L.C., J.W.C., M.O.I., J.D.C.)
| | - Loukas Petridis
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (Z.X., C.C., L.C., G.W.W., L.D.Q.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee (UT)/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (S.H.L., L.P., J.C.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (L.P., J.C.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee (A.L.C., J.W.C., M.O.I., J.D.C.)
| | - Chun Cai
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (Z.X., C.C., L.C., G.W.W., L.D.Q.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee (UT)/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (S.H.L., L.P., J.C.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (L.P., J.C.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee (A.L.C., J.W.C., M.O.I., J.D.C.)
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (Z.X., C.C., L.C., G.W.W., L.D.Q.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee (UT)/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (S.H.L., L.P., J.C.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (L.P., J.C.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee (A.L.C., J.W.C., M.O.I., J.D.C.)
| | - Guangwei Wang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (Z.X., C.C., L.C., G.W.W., L.D.Q.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee (UT)/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (S.H.L., L.P., J.C.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (L.P., J.C.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee (A.L.C., J.W.C., M.O.I., J.D.C.)
| | - Ai Lin Chin
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (Z.X., C.C., L.C., G.W.W., L.D.Q.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee (UT)/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (S.H.L., L.P., J.C.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (L.P., J.C.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee (A.L.C., J.W.C., M.O.I., J.D.C.)
| | - Jacob W Cleveland
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (Z.X., C.C., L.C., G.W.W., L.D.Q.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee (UT)/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (S.H.L., L.P., J.C.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (L.P., J.C.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee (A.L.C., J.W.C., M.O.I., J.D.C.)
| | - Munachi O Ikedionwu
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (Z.X., C.C., L.C., G.W.W., L.D.Q.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee (UT)/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (S.H.L., L.P., J.C.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (L.P., J.C.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee (A.L.C., J.W.C., M.O.I., J.D.C.)
| | - Jesse D Carrick
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (Z.X., C.C., L.C., G.W.W., L.D.Q.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee (UT)/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (S.H.L., L.P., J.C.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (L.P., J.C.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee (A.L.C., J.W.C., M.O.I., J.D.C.)
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (Z.X., C.C., L.C., G.W.W., L.D.Q.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee (UT)/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (S.H.L., L.P., J.C.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (L.P., J.C.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee (A.L.C., J.W.C., M.O.I., J.D.C.)
| | - Leigh Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (Z.X., C.C., L.C., G.W.W., L.D.Q.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee (UT)/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (S.H.L., L.P., J.C.S.); Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (L.P., J.C.S.); and Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee (A.L.C., J.W.C., M.O.I., J.D.C.)
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139
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The Complexity of FGF23 Effects on Cardiomyocytes in Normal and Uremic Milieu. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051266. [PMID: 34065339 PMCID: PMC8161087 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) appears to be one of the most promising biomarkers and predictors of cardiovascular risk in patients with heart disease and normal kidney function, but moreover in those with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review summarizes the current knowledge of FGF23 mechanisms of action in the myocardium in the physiological and pathophysiological state of CKD, as well as its cross-talk to other important signaling pathways in cardiomyocytes. In this regard, current therapeutic possibilities and future perspectives are also discussed.
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140
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Li L, Pastor J, Zhang J, Davidson T, Hu MC, Moe OW. In search of alternatively spliced alpha-Klotho Kl1 protein in mouse brain. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:531-540. [PMID: 34258522 PMCID: PMC8255843 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha‐Klotho is a multi‐functional protein essential for maintenance of a myriad of cell functions. αKlotho is a single transmembrane protein with a large extracellular segment consisting of two domains (termed Kl1 and Kl2) which is shed into the extracellular fluid by proteolytic cleavage to furnish circulating soluble αKlotho. Based on cDNA sequence, an alternatively spliced mRNA is predicted to translate to a putative soluble αKlotho protein in mouse and human with only the Kl1 domain that represents a “spliced αKlotho Kl1” (spKl1) and is released from the cell without membrane targeting or cleavage. The existence of this protein remains in silico for two decades. We generated a novel antibody (anti‐spE15) against the 15 amino acid epitope (E15; VSPLTKPSVGLLLPH) which is not present in Kl1 or full‐length αKlotho and validated its specific reactivity against spKl1 in vitro. Using anti‐spE15 and two well‐established anti‐αKlotho monoclonal antibodies, we performed immunoblots, immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemistry to investigate for expression of spKl1 in the mouse brain. We found anti‐spE15 labeling in mouse brain but were not able to see co‐labelling of Kl1 and spE15 epitopes on the same protein, which is the pre‐requisite for the existence of a spKl1 polypeptide, indicating that anti‐spE15 likely binds to another protein other than the putative spKl1. In isolated choroid plexus from mouse brain, we found strong staining with anti‐spE15, but did not find the spliced αKlotho transcript. We conclude that using reliable reagents and inclusion of proper controls, there is no evidence of the spKl1 protein in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research Dallas TX USA
| | - Johanne Pastor
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research Dallas TX USA
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Taylor Davidson
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research Dallas TX USA
| | - Ming-Chang Hu
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research Dallas TX USA
| | - Orson W Moe
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research Dallas TX USA.,Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA.,Department of Physiology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
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141
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Bayer J, Vaghela R, Drechsler S, Osuchowski MF, Erben RG, Andrukhova O. The bone is the major source of high circulating intact fibroblast growth factor-23 in acute murine polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecum ligation puncture. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251317. [PMID: 33989306 PMCID: PMC8121358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), a bone-produced hormone, plays a critical role in mineral homeostasis. Human diseases associated with excessive intact circulating FGF23 (iFGF23) result in hypophosphatemia and low vitamin D hormone in patients with normal kidney function. In addition, there is accumulating evidence linking FGF23 with inflammation. Based on these studies and the frequent observation of hypophosphatemia among septic patients, we sought to elucidate further the relationship between FGF23 and mineral homeostasis in a clinically relevant murine polymicrobial sepsis model. Medium-severity sepsis was induced by cecum ligation puncture (CLP) in adult CD-1 mice of both sexes. Healthy CD-1 mice (without CLP) were used as controls. Forty-eight hours post-CLP, spontaneous urine was collected, and serum, organs and bones were sampled at necropsy. Serum iFGF23 increased ~20-fold in CLP compared to control mice. FGF23 protein concentration was increased in the bones, but not in spleen or liver of CLP mice. Despite the ~20-fold iFGF23 increase, we did not observe any significant changes in mineral homeostasis or parathyroid hormone levels in the blood of CLP animals. Urinary excretion of phosphate, calcium, and sodium remained unchanged in male CLP mice, whereas female CLP mice exhibited lower urinary calcium excretion, relative to healthy controls. In line with renal FGF23 resistance, expression of phosphate-, calcium- and sodium-transporting proteins did not show consistent changes in the kidneys of male and female CLP mice. Renal expression of the co-receptor αKlotho was downregulated in female, but not in male CLP mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that the dramatic, sex-independent rise in serum iFGF23 post-CLP was mainly caused by an upregulation of FGF23 secretion in the bone. Surprisingly, the upsurge in circulating iFGF23 did not alter humoral mineral homeostasis in the acutely septic mice. Hence, the biological function of elevated FGF23 in sepsis remains unclear and warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bayer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ravikumar Vaghela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Drechsler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcin F. Osuchowski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhold G. Erben
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Olena Andrukhova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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142
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Tsuchiya K, Akihisa T. The Importance of Phosphate Control in Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051670. [PMID: 34069053 PMCID: PMC8156430 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of problems including osteopathy, abnormal serum data, and vascular calcification associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are now collectively called CKD-mineral bone disease (CKD-MBD). The pathophysiology of CKD-MBD is becoming clear with the emerging of αKlotho, originally identified as a progeria-causing protein, and bone-derived phosphaturic fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) as associated factors. Meanwhile, compared with calcium and parathyroid hormone, which have long been linked with CKD-MBD, phosphate is now attracting more attention because of its association with complications and outcomes. Incidentally, as the pivotal roles of FGF23 and αKlotho in phosphate metabolism have been unveiled, how phosphate metabolism and hyperphosphatemia are involved in CKD-MBD and how they can be clinically treated have become of great interest. Thus, the aim of this review is reconsider CKD-MBD from the viewpoint of phosphorus, its involvement in the pathophysiology, causing complications, therapeutic approach based on the clinical evidence, and clarifying the importance of phosphorus management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Tsuchiya
- Department of Blood Purification, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Taro Akihisa
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan;
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143
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Tippen SP, Noonan ML, Ni P, Metzger CE, Swallow EA, Sacks SA, Chen NX, Thompson WR, Prideaux M, Atkins GJ, Moe SM, Allen MR, White KE. Age and sex effects on FGF23-mediated response to mild phosphate challenge. Bone 2021; 146:115885. [PMID: 33618073 PMCID: PMC8009839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During aging, there is a normal and mild loss in kidney function that leads to abnormalities of the kidney-bone metabolic axis. In the setting of increased phosphorus intake, hyperphosphatemia can occur despite increased concentrations of the phosphaturic hormone FGF23. This is likely from decreased expression of the FGF23 co-receptor Klotho (KL) with age; however, the roles of age and sex in the homeostatic responses to mild phosphate challenges remain unclear. METHODS Male and female 16-week and 78-week mice were placed on either normal grain-based chow or casein (higher bioavailable phosphate) diets for 8 weeks. Gene expression, serum biochemistries, micro-computed tomography, and skeletal mechanics were used to assess the impact of mild phosphate challenge on multiple organ systems. Cell culture of differentiated osteoblast/osteocytes was used to test mechanisms driving key outcomes. RESULTS Aging female mice responded to phosphate challenge by significantly elevating serum intact FGF23 (iFGF23) versus control diet; males did not show this response. Male mice, regardless of age, exhibited higher kidney KL mRNA with similar phosphate levels across both sexes. However, males and females had similar blood phosphate, calcium, and creatinine levels irrespective of age, suggesting that female mice upregulated FGF23 to maintain blood phosphorus, and compromised renal function could not explain the increased serum iFGF23. The 17β-estradiol levels were not different between groups, and in vivo bone steroid receptor (estrogen receptor 1 [Esr1], estrogen receptor 2 [Esr2], androgen receptor [Ar]) expression was not different by age, sex, or diet. Trabecular bone volume was higher in males but decreased with both age and phosphate challenge in both sexes. Cortical porosity increased with age in males but not females. In vitro studies demonstrated that 17β-estradiol treatment upregulated FGF23 and Esr2 mRNAs in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that aging female mice upregulate FGF23 to a greater degree during a mild phosphate challenge to maintain blood phosphorus versus young female and young/old male mice, potentially due to direct estradiol effects on osteocytes. Thus, the control of phosphate intake during aging could have modifiable outcomes for FGF23-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha P Tippen
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Megan L Noonan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Pu Ni
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Corinne E Metzger
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Swallow
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Spencer A Sacks
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Neal X Chen
- Medicine/Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - William R Thompson
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, Indiana University School of Health and Human Sciences, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Matthew Prideaux
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sharon M Moe
- Medicine/Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Medicine/Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kenneth E White
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Medicine/Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Kalantar‐Zadeh K, Ganz T, Trumbo H, Seid MH, Goodnough LT, Levine MA. Parenteral iron therapy and phosphorus homeostasis: A review. Am J Hematol 2021; 96:606-616. [PMID: 33471363 PMCID: PMC8248123 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus has an essential role in cellular and extracellular metabolism; maintenance of normal phosphorus homeostasis is critical. Phosphorus homeostasis can be affected by diet and certain medications; some intravenous iron formulations can induce renal phosphate excretion and hypophosphatemia, likely through increasing serum concentrations of intact fibroblast growth factor 23. Case studies provide insights into two types of hypophosphatemia: acute symptomatic and chronic hypophosphatemia, while considering the role of pre‐existing conditions and comorbidities, medications, and intravenous iron. This review examines phosphorus homeostasis and hypophosphatemia, with emphasis on effects of iron deficiency and iron replacement using intravenous iron formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Kalantar‐Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation University of California Irvine Orange California USA
| | - Tomas Ganz
- David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
| | - Henry Trumbo
- St. Mary Medical Center Langhorne Pennsylvania USA
| | - Melvin H. Seid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Southern California Verdugo Hills Hospital Glendale California USA
| | | | - Michael A. Levine
- Center for Bone Health and Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
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Radloff J, Pagitz M, Andrukhova O, Oberbauer R, Burgener IA, Erben RG. Aldosterone Is Positively Associated With Circulating FGF23 Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease Across Four Species, and May Drive FGF23 Secretion Directly. Front Physiol 2021; 12:649921. [PMID: 33995120 PMCID: PMC8117232 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is accompanied by increases in circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and aldosterone levels. Here, we tested the hypothesis that aldosterone may be one of the driving forces behind increased FGF23 secretion in CKD. Methods Using data from a prospective study in humans, a retrospective study in dogs and cats, and an experimental study in 5/6-nephrectomized mice, we analyzed the relationship between circulating FGF23 and serum aldosterone levels in CKD across four species. To assess the effects of acute inhibition of aldosterone signaling on circulating FGF23, we acutely treated mice with established CKD with the mineralocorticoid receptor blocker canrenone (50 mg/kg iv/sc), and measured intact FGF23 before and 24 h as well as 72 h after start of administration of the drug. Results We found a tight positive association between circulating intact FGF23 and serum aldosterone in human, canine, and feline CKD patients, as well as in experimental murine CKD (humans: r S = 0.57, p = 0.0368; dogs: r S = 0.66, p = 0.0019; cats: r S = 0.75, p = 0.0003; mice: r S = 0.49, p = 0.0004). Injection of canrenone in mice with established CKD did not lead to changes in FGF23 levels within 24 h, but reduced FGF23 in all mice at 72 h. Conclusion Aldosterone may drive enhanced FGF23 secretion in CKD, possibly explaining the tight positive association between circulating intact FGF23 and aldosterone in human, canine, and feline CKD patients as well as in experimental CKD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Radloff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Pagitz
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olena Andrukhova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Oberbauer
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A Burgener
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhold G Erben
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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146
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Clemens Z, Sivakumar S, Pius A, Sahu A, Shinde S, Mamiya H, Luketich N, Cui J, Dixit P, Hoeck JD, Kreuz S, Franti M, Barchowsky A, Ambrosio F. The biphasic and age-dependent impact of klotho on hallmarks of aging and skeletal muscle function. eLife 2021; 10:e61138. [PMID: 33876724 PMCID: PMC8118657 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by disrupted information flow, resulting from accumulation of molecular mistakes. These mistakes ultimately give rise to debilitating disorders including skeletal muscle wasting, or sarcopenia. To derive a global metric of growing 'disorderliness' of aging muscle, we employed a statistical physics approach to estimate the state parameter, entropy, as a function of genes associated with hallmarks of aging. Escalating network entropy reached an inflection point at old age, while structural and functional alterations progressed into oldest-old age. To probe the potential for restoration of molecular 'order' and reversal of the sarcopenic phenotype, we systemically overexpressed the longevity protein, Klotho, via AAV. Klotho overexpression modulated genes representing all hallmarks of aging in old and oldest-old mice, but pathway enrichment revealed directions of changes were, for many genes, age-dependent. Functional improvements were also age-dependent. Klotho improved strength in old mice, but failed to induce benefits beyond the entropic tipping point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Clemens
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Sruthi Sivakumar
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Abish Pius
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Amrita Sahu
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Sunita Shinde
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Hikaru Mamiya
- Department of Bioengineering, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Nathaniel Luketich
- Department of Bioengineering, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Purushottam Dixit
- Department of Physics, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Joerg D Hoeck
- Department of Research Beyond Borders, Regenerative Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, IncRheinGermany
| | - Sebastian Kreuz
- Department of Research Beyond Borders, Regenerative Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, IncRheinGermany
| | - Michael Franti
- Department of Research Beyond Borders, Regenerative Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, IncRheinGermany
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Fabrisia Ambrosio
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
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147
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Bird RP, Eskin NAM. The emerging role of phosphorus in human health. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 96:27-88. [PMID: 34112356 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus, an essential nutrient, performs vital functions in skeletal and non-skeletal tissues and is pivotal for energy production. The last two decades of research on the physiological importance of phosphorus have provided several novel insights about its dynamic nature as a nutrient performing functions as a phosphate ion. Phosphorous also acts as a signaling molecule and induces complex physiological responses. It is recognized that phosphorus homeostasis is critical for health. The intake of phosphorus by the general population world-wide is almost double the amount required to maintain health. This increase is attributed to the incorporation of phosphate containing food additives in processed foods purchased by consumers. Research findings assessed the impact of excessive phosphorus intake on cells' and organs' responses, and highlighted the potential pathogenic consequences. Research also identified a new class of bioactive phosphates composed of polymers of phosphate molecules varying in chain length. These polymers are involved in metabolic responses including hemostasis, brain and bone health, via complex mechanism(s) with positive or negative health effects, depending on their chain length. It is amazing, that phosphorus, a simple element, is capable of exerting multiple and powerful effects. The role of phosphorus and its polymers in the renal and cardiovascular system as well as on brain health appear to be important and promising future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana P Bird
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada.
| | - N A Michael Eskin
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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148
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Boeri L, Perottoni S, Izzo L, Giordano C, Albani D. Microbiota-Host Immunity Communication in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Bioengineering Challenges for In Vitro Modeling. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002043. [PMID: 33661580 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human microbiota communicates with its host by secreting signaling metabolites, enzymes, or structural components. Its homeostasis strongly influences the modulation of human tissue barriers and immune system. Dysbiosis-induced peripheral immunity response can propagate bacterial and pro-inflammatory signals to the whole body, including the brain. This immune-mediated communication may contribute to several neurodegenerative disorders, as Alzheimer's disease. In fact, neurodegeneration is associated with dysbiosis and neuroinflammation. The interplay between the microbial communities and the brain is complex and bidirectional, and a great deal of interest is emerging to define the exact mechanisms. This review focuses on microbiota-immunity-central nervous system (CNS) communication and shows how gut and oral microbiota populations trigger immune cells, propagating inflammation from the periphery to the cerebral parenchyma, thus contributing to the onset and progression of neurodegeneration. Moreover, an overview of the technological challenges with in vitro modeling of the microbiota-immunity-CNS axis, offering interesting technological hints about the most advanced solutions and current technologies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Boeri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Simone Perottoni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Luca Izzo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Carmen Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS via Mario Negri 2 Milan 20156 Italy
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149
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Egli-Spichtig D, Zhang MYH, Li A, Pastor Arroyo EM, Hernando N, Wagner CA, Chang W, Perwad F. Renal Dnase1 expression is regulated by FGF23 but loss of Dnase1 does not alter renal phosphate handling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6175. [PMID: 33731726 PMCID: PMC7969776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived endocrine hormone that regulates phosphate and vitamin D metabolism. In models of FGF23 excess, renal deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase1) mRNA expression is downregulated. Dnase-1 is an endonuclease which binds monomeric actin. We investigated whether FGF23 suppresses renal Dnase-1 expression to facilitate endocytic retrieval of renal sodium dependent phosphate co-transporters (NaPi-IIa/c) from the brush border membrane by promoting actin polymerization. We showed that wild type mice on low phosphate diet and Fgf23−/− mice with hyperphosphatemia have increased renal Dnase1 mRNA expression while in Hyp mice with FGF23 excess and hypophosphatemia, Dnase1 mRNA expression is decreased. Administration of FGF23 in wild type and Fgf23−/− mice lowered Dnase1 expression. Taken together, our data shows that Dnase1 is regulated by FGF23. In 6-week-old Dnase1−/− mice, plasma phosphate and renal NaPi-IIa protein were significantly lower compared to wild-type mice. However, these changes were transient, normalized by 12 weeks of age and had no impact on bone morphology. Adaptation to low and high phosphate diet were similar in Dnase1−/− and Dnase1+/+ mice, and loss of Dnase1 gene expression did not rescue hyperphosphatemia in Fgf23−/− mice. We conclude that Dnase-1 does not mediate FGF23-induced inhibition of renal tubular phosphate reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Egli-Spichtig
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Martin Y H Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Alfred Li
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Eva Maria Pastor Arroyo
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland and National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nati Hernando
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland and National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland and National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Farzana Perwad
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA. .,Children's Renal Center, University of California San Francisco, 550, 16th Street, 5th Floor, MH-5351, San Francisco, CA, 94143-3214, USA.
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150
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Devesa J. The Complex World of Regulation of Pituitary Growth Hormone Secretion: The Role of Ghrelin, Klotho, and Nesfatins in It. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:636403. [PMID: 33776931 PMCID: PMC7991839 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.636403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The classic concept of how pituitary GH is regulated by somatostatin and GHRH has changed in recent years, following the discovery of peripheral hormones involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and mineral homeostasis. These hormones are ghrelin, nesfatins, and klotho. Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone, released primarily by the gastric mucosa, although it is widely expressed in many different tissues, including the central nervous system and the pituitary. To be active, ghrelin must bind to an n-octanoyl group (n = 8, generally) on serine 3, forming acyl ghrelin which can then bind and activate a G-protein-coupled receptor leading to phospholipase C activation that induces the formation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol that produce an increase in cytosolic calcium that allows the release of GH. In addition to its direct action on somatotrophs, ghrelin co-localizes with GHRH in several neurons, facilitating its release by inhibiting somatostatin, and acts synergistically with GHRH stimulating the synthesis and secretion of pituitary GH. Gastric ghrelin production declines with age, as does GH. Klotho is an anti-aging agent, produced mainly in the kidneys, whose soluble circulating form directly induces GH secretion through the activation of ERK1/2 and inhibits the inhibitory effect that IGF-I exerts on GH. Children and adults with untreated GH-deficiency show reduced plasma levels of klotho, but treatment with GH restores them to normal values. Deletions or mutations of the Klotho gene affect GH production. Nesfatins 1 and 2 are satiety hormones, they inhibit food intake. They have been found in GH3 cell cultures where they significantly reduce the expression of gh mRNA and that of pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1, consequently acting as inhibitors of GH production. This is a consequence of the down-regulation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. Interestingly, nesfatins eliminate the strong positive effect that ghrelin has on GH synthesis and secretion. Throughout this review, we will attempt to broadly analyze the role of these hormones in the complex world of GH regulation, a world in which these hormones already play a very important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Devesa
- Scientific and Medical Direction, Medical Center Foltra, Teo, Spain
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