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Jabri MA, Rtibi K, Sebai H. Chamomile decoction mitigates high fat diet-induced anxiety-like behavior, neuroinflammation and cerebral ROS overload. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:1350-1361. [PMID: 33314994 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1859727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An abundant literature suggests that obesity-associated with taking a high fat diet is related to an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. However, metabolic disorders may be involved in the induction of the anxiogenic-like symptoms. The current study was designed to elucidate the mechanisms by which a high fat diet (HFD) can cause several complications in the WISTAR rats (Rattus norvegicus) brain. Oxidative stress and inflammation as well as the putative protection afforded by chamomile decoction extract (CDE) were also studied.The results demonstrated that the increased body and brain weight, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities as well as hypercholezterolaemia in response to HFD taking were correlated with anxiogenic-like symptoms. Moreover, HFD feed caused a brain oxidative stress characterized by increased lipoperoxidation, inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities such as SOD, CAT and GPx, depletion of a non-enzymatic antioxidant such as sulfhydryl groups and GSH. Importantly, the results also show that HFD also provoked a cerebral overload in reactive oxygen species such as OH•, H2O2 and O2∙- as well as brain inflammation assessed by the overproduction of cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6.Interestingly, all neurobehavioral changes and all the biochemical and molecular disturbances were abolished in HFD-fed rats treated with CDE.Our results provide clear evidence that obesity and depression as well as anxiety are finely correlated and that M. recutita's decoction may prove to be a potential therapeutic agent to mitigate the behavioral disorders, the biochemical alterations and the neuroinflammation associated to the obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Amine Jabri
- Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources - Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Université de Jendouba, Béja, Tunisia
| | - Kaïs Rtibi
- Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources - Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Université de Jendouba, Béja, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources - Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Université de Jendouba, Béja, Tunisia
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Hsu MY, Mina E, Roetto A, Porporato PE. Iron: An Essential Element of Cancer Metabolism. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122591. [PMID: 33287315 PMCID: PMC7761773 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo considerable metabolic changes to foster uncontrolled proliferation in a hostile environment characterized by nutrient deprivation, poor vascularization and immune infiltration. While metabolic reprogramming has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer, the role of micronutrients in shaping these adaptations remains scarcely investigated. In particular, the broad electron-transferring abilities of iron make it a versatile cofactor that is involved in a myriad of biochemical reactions vital to cellular homeostasis, including cell respiration and DNA replication. In cancer patients, systemic iron metabolism is commonly altered. Moreover, cancer cells deploy diverse mechanisms to increase iron bioavailability to fuel tumor growth. Although iron itself can readily participate in redox reactions enabling vital processes, its reactivity also gives rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, cancer cells further rely on antioxidant mechanisms to withstand such stress. The present review provides an overview of the common alterations of iron metabolism occurring in cancer and the mechanisms through which iron promotes tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Y. Hsu
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Erica Mina
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Antonella Roetto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.E.P.)
| | - Paolo E. Porporato
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.E.P.)
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103
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Gao Z, Daquinag AC, Fussell C, Zhao Z, Dai Y, Rivera A, Snyder BE, Eckel-Mahan KL, Kolonin MG. Age-associated telomere attrition in adipocyte progenitors predisposes to metabolic disease. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1482-1497. [PMID: 33324010 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
White and beige adipocytes in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) are maintained by proliferation and differentiation of adipose progenitor cells (APCs). Here we use mice with tissue-specific telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene knockout (KO), which undergo premature telomere shortening and proliferative senescence in APCs, to investigate the effect of over-nutrition on APC exhaustion and metabolic dysfunction. We find that TERT KO in the Pdgfra+ cell lineage results in adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammation and fibrosis in SAT, while TERT KO in the Pdgfrb+ lineage leads to adipocyte hypertrophy in both SAT and VAT. Systemic insulin resistance is observed in both KO models and is aggravated by a high-fat diet. Analysis of human biopsies demonstrates that telomere shortening in SAT is associated with metabolic disease progression after bariatric surgery. Our data indicate that over-nutrition can promote APC senescence and provide a mechanistic link between ageing, obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanguo Gao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexes C Daquinag
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cale Fussell
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yulin Dai
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Brad E Snyder
- Memorial Hermann Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristin L Eckel-Mahan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mikhail G Kolonin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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104
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Chondronikola M, Sarkar S. Total-body PET Imaging: A New Frontier for the Assessment of Metabolic Disease and Obesity. PET Clin 2020; 16:75-87. [PMID: 33160928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and associated metabolic syndrome are a global public health issue. Understanding the pathophysiology of this systemic disease is of critical importance for the development of future therapeutic interventions to improve clinical outcomes. The multiorgan nature of the pathophysiology of obesity presents a unique challenge. Total-body PET imaging, either static or dynamic, provides a vital set of tools to study organ crosstalk. The visualization and quantification of tissue metabolic kinetics with total-body PET in health and disease provides essential information to better understand disease physiology and potentially develop diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chondronikola
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Harokopio University of Athens, El Venizelou 70, Kallithea 17676, Greece
| | - Souvik Sarkar
- Harokopio University of Athens, El Venizelou 70, Kallithea 17676, Greece; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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105
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BMP7 overexpression in adipose tissue induces white adipogenesis and improves insulin sensitivity in ob/ob mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 45:449-460. [PMID: 33110143 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES During obesity, hypertrophic enlargement of white adipose tissue (WAT) promotes ectopic lipid deposition and development of insulin resistance. In contrast, WAT hyperplasia is associated with preservation of insulin sensitivity. The complex network of factors that regulates white adipogenesis is not fully understood. Bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7) can induce brown adipogenesis, but its role on white adipogenesis remains to be elucidated. Here, we assessed BMP7-mediated effects on white adipogenesis in ob/ob mice. METHODS BMP7 was overexpressed in either WAT or liver of ob/ob mice using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. Analysis of gene expression, histological and morphometric alterations, and metabolites and hormones concentrations were carried out. RESULTS Overexpression of BMP7 in adipocytes of subcutaneous and visceral WAT increased fat mass, the proportion of small-size adipocytes and the expression of adipogenic and mature adipocyte genes, suggesting induction of adipogenesis irrespective of fat depot. These changes were associated with reduced hepatic steatosis and improved insulin sensitivity. In contrast, liver-specific overproduction of BMP7 did not promote WAT hyperplasia despite BMP7 circulating levels were similar to those achieved after genetic engineering of WAT. CONCLUSIONS This study unravels a new autocrine/paracrine role of BMP7 on white adipogenesis and highlights that BMP7 may modulate WAT plasticity and increase insulin sensitivity.
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106
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Fillebeen C, Lam NH, Chow S, Botta A, Sweeney G, Pantopoulos K. Regulatory Connections between Iron and Glucose Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207773. [PMID: 33096618 PMCID: PMC7589414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for energy metabolism, and states of iron deficiency or excess are detrimental for organisms and cells. Therefore, iron and carbohydrate metabolism are tightly regulated. Serum iron and glucose levels are subjected to hormonal regulation by hepcidin and insulin, respectively. Hepcidin is a liver-derived peptide hormone that inactivates the iron exporter ferroportin in target cells, thereby limiting iron efflux to the bloodstream. Insulin is a protein hormone secreted from pancreatic β-cells that stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism via insulin receptor signaling. There is increasing evidence that systemic, but also cellular iron and glucose metabolic pathways are interconnected. This review article presents relevant data derived primarily from mouse models and biochemical studies. In addition, it discusses iron and glucose metabolism in the context of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Fillebeen
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3Y 1P3, Canada;
| | - Nhat Hung Lam
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (N.H.L.); (S.C.); (A.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Samantha Chow
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (N.H.L.); (S.C.); (A.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Amy Botta
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (N.H.L.); (S.C.); (A.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (N.H.L.); (S.C.); (A.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Kostas Pantopoulos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3Y 1P3, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-340-8260 (ext. 25293)
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107
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Human adipocyte differentiation and composition of disease-relevant lipids are regulated by miR-221-3p. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158841. [PMID: 33075494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-221-3p (miR-221-3p) is associated with both metabolic diseases and cancers. However, its role in terminal adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism are uncharacterized. miR-221-3p or its inhibitor was transfected into differentiating or mature human adipocytes. Triglyceride (TG) content and adipogenic gene expression were monitored, global lipidome analysis was carried out, and mechanisms underlying the effects of miR-221-3p were investigated. Finally, cross-talk between miR-221-3p expressing adipocytes and MCF-7 breast carcinoma (BC) cells was studied, and miR-221-3p expression in tumor-proximal adipose biopsies from BC patients analyzed. miR-221-3p overexpression inhibited terminal differentiation of adipocytes, as judged from reduced TG storage and gene expression of the adipogenic markers SCD1, GLUT4, FAS, DGAT1/2, AP2, ATGL and AdipoQ, whereas the miR-221-3p inhibitor increased TG storage. Knockdown of the predicted miR-221-3p target, 14-3-3γ, had similar antiadipogenic effects as miR-221-3p overexpression, indicating it as a potential mediator of mir-221-3p function. Importantly, miR-221-3p overexpression inhibited de novo lipogenesis but increased the concentrations of ceramides and sphingomyelins, while reducing diacylglycerols, concomitant with suppression of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, ATP citrate lyase, and acid ceramidase. miR-221-3p expression was elevated in tumor proximal adipose tissue from patients with invasive BC. Conditioned medium of miR-221-3p overexpressing adipocytes stimulated the invasion and proliferation of BC cells, while medium of the BC cells enhanced miR-221-3p expression in adipocytes. Elevated miR-221-3p impairs adipocyte lipid storage and differentiation, and modifies their ceramide, sphingomyelin, and diacylglycerol content. These alterations are relevant for metabolic diseases but may also affect cancer progression.
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108
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Field BC, Gordillo R, Scherer PE. The Role of Ceramides in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Regulation of Ceramides by Adipokines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:569250. [PMID: 33133017 PMCID: PMC7564167 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.569250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction is intertwined with the pathophysiology of both diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Recently, one particular lipid class has been shown to influence the development and sustainment of these diseases: ceramides. As a subtype of sphingolipids, these species are particularly central to many sphingolipid pathways. Increased levels of ceramides are known to correlate with impaired cardiovascular and metabolic health. Furthermore, the interaction between ceramides and adipokines, most notably adiponectin and leptin, appears to play a role in the pathophysiology of these conditions. Adiponectin appears to counteract the detrimental effects of elevated ceramides, largely through activation of the ceramidase activity of its receptors. Elevated ceramides appear to worsen leptin resistance, which is an important phenomenon in the pathophysiology of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C. Field
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ruth Gordillo
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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109
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Zhang Z, Kruglikov I, Zhao S, Zi Z, Gliniak CM, Li N, Wang M, Zhu Q, Kusminski CM, Scherer PE. Dermal adipocytes contribute to the metabolic regulation of dermal fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:102-111. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuzhen Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | | | - Shangang Zhao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Zhenzhen Zi
- Department of Biochemistry University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Christy M. Gliniak
- Touchstone Diabetes Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Na Li
- Touchstone Diabetes Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - May‐yun Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Qingzhang Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Christine M. Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
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110
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Chanclón B, Wu Y, Vujičić M, Bauzá-Thorbrügge M, Banke E, Micallef P, Kanerva J, Wilder B, Rorsman P, Wernstedt Asterholm I. Peripancreatic adipose tissue protects against high-fat-diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:2323-2334. [PMID: 32843711 PMCID: PMC7577900 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background/objectives Visceral adiposity is associated with increased diabetes risk, while expansion of subcutaneous adipose tissue may be protective. However, the visceral compartment contains different fat depots. Peripancreatic adipose tissue (PAT) is an understudied visceral fat depot. Here, we aimed to define PAT functionality in lean and high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Subjects/methods Four adipose tissue depots (inguinal, mesenteric, gonadal, and peripancreatic adipose tissue) from chow- and HFD-fed male mice were compared with respect to adipocyte size (n = 4–5/group), cellular composition (FACS analysis, n = 5–6/group), lipogenesis and lipolysis (n = 3/group), and gene expression (n = 6–10/group). Radioactive tracers were used to compare lipid and glucose metabolism between these four fat depots in vivo (n = 5–11/group). To determine the role of PAT in obesity-associated metabolic disturbances, PAT was surgically removed prior to challenging the mice with HFD. PAT-ectomized mice were compared to sham controls with respect to glucose tolerance, basal and glucose-stimulated insulin levels, hepatic and pancreatic steatosis, and gene expression (n = 8–10/group). Results We found that PAT is a tiny fat depot (~0.2% of the total fat mass) containing relatively small adipocytes and many “non-adipocytes” such as leukocytes and fibroblasts. PAT was distinguished from the other fat depots by increased glucose uptake and increased fatty acid oxidation in both lean and obese mice. Moreover, PAT was the only fat depot where the tissue weight correlated positively with liver weight in obese mice (R = 0.65; p = 0.009). Surgical removal of PAT followed by 16-week HFD feeding was associated with aggravated hepatic steatosis (p = 0.008) and higher basal (p < 0.05) and glucose-stimulated insulin levels (p < 0.01). PAT removal also led to enlarged pancreatic islets and increased pancreatic expression of markers of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and islet development (p < 0.05). Conclusions PAT is a small metabolically highly active fat depot that plays a previously unrecognized role in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in advanced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Chanclón
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology Research Unit), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yanling Wu
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology Research Unit), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milica Vujičić
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology Research Unit), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marco Bauzá-Thorbrügge
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology Research Unit), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elin Banke
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology Research Unit), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Micallef
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology Research Unit), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julia Kanerva
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology Research Unit), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Wilder
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology Research Unit), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology Research Unit), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX4 7LE, UK
| | - Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology Research Unit), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Interplay between Peripheral and Central Inflammation in Obesity-Promoted Disorders: The Impact on Synaptic Mitochondrial Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175964. [PMID: 32825115 PMCID: PMC7504224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic dysfunctions induced by high fat diet (HFD) consumption are not limited to organs involved in energy metabolism but cause also a chronic low-grade systemic inflammation that affects the whole body including the central nervous system. The brain has been considered for a long time to be protected from systemic inflammation by the blood–brain barrier, but more recent data indicated an association between obesity and neurodegeneration. Moreover, obesity-related consequences, such as insulin and leptin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, may anticipate and accelerate the physiological aging processes characterized by systemic inflammation and higher susceptibility to neurological disorders. Here, we discussed the link between obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions and neuroinflammation, with particular attention to molecules regulating the interplay between energetic impairment and altered synaptic plasticity, for instance AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The effects of HFD-induced neuroinflammation on neuronal plasticity may be mediated by altered brain mitochondrial functions. Since mitochondria play a key role in synaptic areas, providing energy to support synaptic plasticity and controlling ROS production, the negative effects of HFD may be more pronounced in synapses. In conclusion, it will be emphasized how HFD-induced metabolic alterations, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and impaired brain plasticity are tightly interconnected processes, implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases.
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112
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The balancing act of NEET proteins: Iron, ROS, calcium and metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118805. [PMID: 32745723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NEET proteins belong to a highly conserved group of [2Fe-2S] proteins found across all kingdoms of life. Due to their unique [2Fe2S] cluster structure, they play a key role in the regulation of many different redox and oxidation processes. In eukaryotes, NEET proteins are localized to the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondrial-associated membranes connecting these organelles (MAM), and are involved in the control of multiple processes, ranging from autophagy and apoptosis to ferroptosis, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, redox control and iron and iron‑sulfur homeostasis. Through their different functions and interactions with key proteins such as VDAC and Bcl-2, NEET proteins coordinate different mitochondrial, MAM, ER and cytosolic processes and functions and regulate major signaling molecules such as calcium and reactive oxygen species. Owing to their central role in cells, NEET proteins are associated with numerous human maladies including cancer, metabolic diseases, diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, a new and exciting role for NEET proteins was uncovered, i.e., the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and morphology. This new role places NEET proteins at the forefront of studies into cancer and different metabolic diseases, both associated with the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. Here we review recent studies focused on the evolution, biological role, and structure of NEET proteins, as well as discuss different studies conducted on NEET proteins function using transgenic organisms. We further discuss the different strategies used in the development of drugs that target NEET proteins, and link these with the different roles of NEET proteins in cells.
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113
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Talton OO, Bates K, Salazar SR, Ji T, Schulz LC. Lean maternal hyperglycemia alters offspring lipid metabolism and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in mice†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:1356-1369. [PMID: 30698664 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously developed a model of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in which dams exhibit glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and reduced insulin response to glucose challenge only during pregnancy, without accompanying obesity. Here, we aimed to determine how lean gestational glucose intolerance affects offspring risk of metabolic dysfunction. One cohort of offspring was sacrificed at 19 weeks, and one at 31 weeks, with half of the second cohort placed on a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHS) at 23 weeks. Exposure to maternal glucose intolerance increased weights of HFHS-fed offspring. Chow-fed offspring of GDM dams exhibited higher body fat percentages at 4, 12, and 20 weeks of age. At 28 weeks, offspring of GDM dams fed the HFHS but not the chow diet (CD) also had higher body fat percentages than offspring of controls (CON). Exposure to GDM increased the respiratory quotient (Vol CO2/Vol O2) in offspring. Maternal GDM increased adipose mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) and adiponectin (Adipoq) in 31-week-old CD-fed male offspring, and increased mRNA levels of insulin receptor (Insr) and lipoprotein lipase (Lpl) in 31-week-old male offspring on both diets. In liver at 31 weeks, mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Ppara) were elevated in CD-fed male offspring of GDM dams, and male offspring of GDM dams exhibited higher mRNA levels of Insr on both diets. Neither fasting insulin nor glucose tolerance was affected by exposure to GDM. Our findings show that GDM comprising glucose intolerance only during pregnancy programs increased adiposity in offspring, and suggests increased insulin sensitivity of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omonseigho O Talton
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Keenan Bates
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Tieming Ji
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Laura Clamon Schulz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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114
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Tst gene mediates protection against palmitate-induced inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:1008-1013. [PMID: 32444140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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115
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Zhang Z, Shao M, Hepler C, Zi Z, Zhao S, An YA, Zhu Y, Ghaben AL, Wang MY, Li N, Onodera T, Joffin N, Crewe C, Zhu Q, Vishvanath L, Kumar A, Xing C, Wang QA, Gautron L, Deng Y, Gordillo R, Kruglikov I, Kusminski CM, Gupta RK, Scherer PE. Dermal adipose tissue has high plasticity and undergoes reversible dedifferentiation in mice. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5327-5342. [PMID: 31503545 DOI: 10.1172/jci130239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermal adipose tissue (also known as dermal white adipose tissue and herein referred to as dWAT) has been the focus of much discussion in recent years. However, dWAT remains poorly characterized. The fate of the mature dermal adipocytes and the origin of the rapidly reappearing dermal adipocytes at different stages remain unclear. Here, we isolated dermal adipocytes and characterized dermal fat at the cellular and molecular level. Together with dWAT's dynamic responses to external stimuli, we established that dermal adipocytes are a distinct class of white adipocytes with high plasticity. By combining pulse-chase lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing, we observed that mature dermal adipocytes undergo dedifferentiation and redifferentiation under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Upon various challenges, the dedifferentiated cells proliferate and redifferentiate into adipocytes. In addition, manipulation of dWAT highlighted an important role for mature dermal adipocytes for hair cycling and wound healing. Altogether, these observations unravel a surprising plasticity of dermal adipocytes and provide an explanation for the dynamic changes in dWAT mass that occur under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and highlight the important contributions of dWAT toward maintaining skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center
| | | | | | - Na Li
- Touchstone Diabetes Center
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ashwani Kumar
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chao Xing
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Qiong A Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope/Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Ilja Kruglikov
- Scientific Department, Wellcomet GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany
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116
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Kahn CR, Wang G, Lee KY. Altered adipose tissue and adipocyte function in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:3990-4000. [PMID: 31573548 DOI: 10.1172/jci129187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, great progress has been made in understanding the complexity of adipose tissue biology and its role in metabolism. This includes new insights into the multiple layers of adipose tissue heterogeneity, not only differences between white and brown adipocytes, but also differences in white adipose tissue at the depot level and even heterogeneity of white adipocytes within a single depot. These inter- and intra-depot differences in adipocytes are developmentally programmed and contribute to the wide range of effects observed in disorders with fat excess (overweight/obesity) or fat loss (lipodystrophy). Recent studies also highlight the underappreciated dynamic nature of adipose tissue, including potential to undergo rapid turnover and dedifferentiation and as a source of stem cells. Finally, we explore the rapidly expanding field of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, and how adipose tissue communicates with other tissues to regulate systemic metabolism both centrally and peripherally through secretion of adipocyte-derived peptide hormones, inflammatory mediators, signaling lipids, and miRNAs packaged in exosomes. Together these attributes and complexities create a robust, multidimensional signaling network that is central to metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guoxiao Wang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Y Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, and.,The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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117
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Vishvanath L, Gupta RK. Contribution of adipogenesis to healthy adipose tissue expansion in obesity. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:4022-4031. [PMID: 31573549 DOI: 10.1172/jci129191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The manner in which white adipose tissue (WAT) expands and remodels directly impacts the risk of developing metabolic syndrome in obesity. Preferential accumulation of visceral WAT is associated with increased risk for insulin resistance, whereas subcutaneous WAT expansion is protective. Moreover, pathologic WAT remodeling, typically characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis, is associated with insulin resistance. Healthy WAT expansion, observed in the "metabolically healthy" obese, is generally associated with the presence of smaller and more numerous adipocytes, along with lower degrees of inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we highlight recent human and rodent studies that support the notion that the ability to recruit new fat cells through adipogenesis is a critical determinant of healthy adipose tissue distribution and remodeling in obesity. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the identity of tissue-resident progenitor populations in WAT made possible through single-cell RNA sequencing analysis. A better understanding of adipose stem cell biology and adipogenesis may lead to novel strategies to uncouple obesity from metabolic disease.
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118
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Seo DY, Bae JH, Kim TN, Kwak HB, Kha PT, Han J. Exercise-Induced Circulating Irisin Level Is Correlated with Improved Cardiac Function in Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3863. [PMID: 32485990 PMCID: PMC7313080 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Irisin, a recently identified myokine, plays an important physiological role in modulating energy homeostasis. However, the role of irisin in cardiac function during exercise has not been evaluated. In this study, we investigated the effect of exercise on irisin, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cardiac function during 12 weeks of exercise in rats. Eight-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into two groups (n = 9 per group): sedentary control (CON) and exercise (EXE) groups. The EXE group was trained on a motorized treadmill at 20 m/min, for 60 min/day, five times/week for 12 weeks. The EXE group showed a decrease in abdominal visceral fat (p < 0.05), epididymal fat (p < 0.01), and total cholesterol (TC) (p < 0.05) and an increase in irisin levels (p < 0.01). Irisin negatively correlated with abdominal visceral (p < 0.05) and epididymal fat (p < 0.05) and positively correlated with the ejection fraction (p < 0.05), fractional shortening (p < 0.05), and cardiac output (p < 0.05). In conclusion, exercise decreases the abdominal visceral and epididymal fat and TC levels, possibly caused by elevated irisin levels, thus improving the cardiac function. This suggests that exercise-induced circulating irisin levels correlate with improved cardiac function in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yun Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea; (D.Y.S.); (T.N.K.); (P.T.K.)
- Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Inje Univeristy, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Jun Hyun Bae
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Tae Nyun Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea; (D.Y.S.); (T.N.K.); (P.T.K.)
- Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Inje Univeristy, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea;
| | - Pham Trong Kha
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea; (D.Y.S.); (T.N.K.); (P.T.K.)
- Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Inje Univeristy, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea; (D.Y.S.); (T.N.K.); (P.T.K.)
- Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Inje Univeristy, Busan 47392, Korea
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119
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Cai H, Li M, Jian W, Song C, Huang Y, Lan X, Lei C, Chen H. A novel lncRNA BADLNCR1 inhibits bovine adipogenesis by repressing GLRX5 expression. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7175-7186. [PMID: 32449295 PMCID: PMC7339203 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipogenesis is a complex cellular process, which needs a series of molecular events, including long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA). In the present study, a novel lncRNA named BADLNCR1 was identified as a regulator during bovine adipocyte differentiation, which plays an inhibitory role in lipid droplet formation and adipogenic marker gene expression. CHIPR‐seq data demonstrated a potential competitive binding motif between BADLNCR1 and sterol regulatory element‐binding proteins 1 and 2 (SREBP1/2). Dual‐luciferase reporter assay indicated target relationship between KLF2 and BADLNCR1. Moreover, after the induction of KLF2, the expression of adipogenic gene reduced, while the expression of BADLNCR1 increased. Real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR) showed that BADLNCR1 negatively regulated mRNA expression of GLRX5 gene, a stimulator of genes that promoted formation of lipid droplets and expression of adipogenic genes. GLRX5 could partially reverse the effect of BADLNCR1 in bovine adipocyte differentiation. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay stated that BADLNCR1 significantly reduced the enhancement of C/EBPα on promoter activity of GLRX5 gene. Furthermore, CHIP‐PCR and CHIRP‐PCR confirmed the suppressing effect of BADLNCR1 on binding of C/EBPα to GLRX5 promoter. Collectively, this study revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying the negative regulation of BADLNCR1 in bovine adipogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingxun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wang Jian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengchuang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongzhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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120
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The biology of lipid droplet-bound mitochondria. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 108:55-64. [PMID: 32446655 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of cellular lipid storage and oxidation is indispensable for the maintenance of cellular energy homeostasis and health. Mitochondrial function has been shown to be a main determinant of functional lipid storage and oxidation, which is of particular interest for the adipose tissue, as it is the main site of triacylglyceride storage in lipid droplets (LDs). Recent studies have identified a subpopulation of mitochondria attached to LDs, peridroplet mitochondria (PDM) that can be separated from cytoplasmic mitochondria (CM) by centrifugation. PDM have distinct bioenergetics, proteome, cristae organization and dynamics that support LD build-up, however their role in adipose tissue biology remains largely unexplored. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis of LD homeostasis and their relationship to mitochondrial function and attachment in adipocytes is of major importance.
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121
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Abstract
Obesity contributes to reduced life expectancy, impaired quality of life, and disabilities, mainly in those individuals who develop cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, and cancer. However, there is a large variation in the individual risk to developing obesity-associated comorbid diseases that cannot simply be explained by the extent of adiposity. Observations that a proportion of individuals with obesity have a significantly lower risk for cardiometabolic abnormalities led to the concept of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO). Although there is no clear definition, normal glucose and lipid metabolism parameters-in addition to the absence of hypertension-usually serve as criteria to diagnose MHO. Biological mechanisms underlying MHO lower amounts of ectopic fat (visceral and liver), and higher leg fat deposition, expandability of subcutaneous adipose tissue, preserved insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function as well as better cardiorespiratory fitness compared to unhealthy obesity. Whereas the absence of metabolic abnormalities may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in metabolically healthy individuals compared to unhealthy individuals with obesity, it is still higher in comparison with healthy lean individuals. In addition, MHO seems to be a transient phenotype further justifying therapeutic weight loss attempts-even in this subgroup-which might not benefit from reducing body weight to the same extent as patients with unhealthy obesity. Metabolically healthy obesity represents a model to study mechanisms linking obesity to cardiometabolic complications. Metabolically healthy obesity should not be considered a safe condition, which does not require obesity treatment, but may guide decision-making for a personalized and risk-stratified obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany and Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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122
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Huang CL, Xiao LL, Xu M, Li J, Li SF, Zhu CS, Lin YL, He R, Li X. Chemerin deficiency regulates adipogenesis is depot different through TIMP1. Genes Dis 2020; 8:698-708. [PMID: 34291141 PMCID: PMC8278540 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes and immune cells are vital for the development of adipose tissue. Adipokines secreted by adipocytes regulate adipogenesis and body metabolism. Chemerin is one of the adipokines. However, the function and mechanism of chemerin in adipose tissue are not fully illuminated. Compared with wild type (WT) mice, Rarres2−/− mice gained weight and significantly increased fat distribution in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), rather than visceral adipose tissue (VAT) on high fat diet (HFD). PPARγ and C/EBPα, the master regulators of adipogenesis, were up-regulated in SAT and down-regulated in VAT in Rarres2−/− mice comparing with WT mice. Inspite of chemerin deficiency or not, the ratio of adipocyte-progenitors to total cells and the differentiation capacity of adipocyte-progenitors were similar in SAT and VAT, but macrophage infiltration in VAT was more severe than in SAT in Rarres2−/− mice. Furthermore, CD45+ immune cells supernatant from Rarres2−/− SAT promoted the differentiation of adipocyte-progenitors and 3T3-L1 cells. Adipokine array assay of CD45+ immune cells supernatant revealed that metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1), an inhibitor of adipogenesis, was reduced in Rarres2−/− SAT, but increased in Rarres2−/− VAT. As we specifically knocked down chemerin in SAT, TIMP1 was down-regulated and adipogenesis was promoted with reducing infiltration of macrophages. The present study demonstrates that the effects of chemerin on adipose tissue is depot different, and specific knock down chemerin in SAT promote adipogenesis and improve glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT). This suggests a potential therapeutic target for chemerin in the treatment of obesity related metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Long Huang
- Biology Science Institutes, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Liu-Ling Xiao
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Min Xu
- Biology Science Institutes, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Biology Science Institutes, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Shu-Fen Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Cui-Song Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, PR China
| | - Yu-Li Lin
- Department of Immunology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Rui He
- Department of Immunology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Xi Li
- Biology Science Institutes, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
- Corresponding author. Biology Science Institutes, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Chongqing 400032, PR China.
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123
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Eckel-Mahan K, Ribas Latre A, Kolonin MG. Adipose Stromal Cell Expansion and Exhaustion: Mechanisms and Consequences. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040863. [PMID: 32252348 PMCID: PMC7226766 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is comprised of a diverse number of cell types, including adipocytes, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and infiltrating leukocytes. Adipose stromal cells (ASCs) are a mixed population containing adipose progenitor cells (APCs) as well as fibro-inflammatory precursors and cells supporting the vasculature. There is growing evidence that the ability of ASCs to renew and undergo adipogenesis into new, healthy adipocytes is a hallmark of healthy fat, preventing disease-inducing adipocyte hypertrophy and the spillover of lipids into other organs, such as the liver and muscles. However, there is building evidence indicating that the ability for ASCs to self-renew is not infinite. With rates of ASC proliferation and adipogenesis tightly controlled by diet and the circadian clock, the capacity to maintain healthy AT via the generation of new, healthy adipocytes appears to be tightly regulated. Here, we review the contributions of ASCs to the maintenance of distinct adipocyte pools as well as pathogenic fibroblasts in cancer and fibrosis. We also discuss aging and diet-induced obesity as factors that might lead to ASC senescence, and the consequences for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Eckel-Mahan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Aleix Ribas Latre
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research Center, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Mikhail G. Kolonin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence:
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124
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Fathzadeh M, Li J, Rao A, Cook N, Chennamsetty I, Seldin M, Zhou X, Sangwung P, Gloudemans MJ, Keller M, Attie A, Yang J, Wabitsch M, Carcamo-Orive I, Tada Y, Lusis AJ, Shin MK, Molony CM, McLaughlin T, Reaven G, Montgomery SB, Reilly D, Quertermous T, Ingelsson E, Knowles JW. FAM13A affects body fat distribution and adipocyte function. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1465. [PMID: 32193374 PMCID: PMC7081215 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in the FAM13A (Family with Sequence Similarity 13 Member A) locus has been associated with several glycemic and metabolic traits in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here, we demonstrate that in humans, FAM13A alleles are associated with increased FAM13A expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and an insulin resistance-related phenotype (e.g. higher waist-to-hip ratio and fasting insulin levels, but lower body fat). In human adipocyte models, knockdown of FAM13A in preadipocytes accelerates adipocyte differentiation. In mice, Fam13a knockout (KO) have a lower visceral to subcutaneous fat (VAT/SAT) ratio after high-fat diet challenge, in comparison to their wild-type counterparts. Subcutaneous adipocytes in KO mice show a size distribution shift toward an increased number of smaller adipocytes, along with an improved adipogenic potential. Our results indicate that GWAS-associated variants within the FAM13A locus alter adipose FAM13A expression, which in turn, regulates adipocyte differentiation and contribute to changes in body fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Fathzadeh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jiehan Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abhiram Rao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, School of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naomi Cook
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Indumathi Chennamsetty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Seldin
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Panjamaporn Sangwung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Allan Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ivan Carcamo-Orive
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuko Tada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Myung Kyun Shin
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Cliona M Molony
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Tracey McLaughlin
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gerald Reaven
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen B Montgomery
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, California, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, California, CA, USA
| | - Dermot Reilly
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Joshua W Knowles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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125
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Kusminski CM, Ghaben AL, Morley TS, Samms RJ, Adams AC, An Y, Johnson JA, Joffin N, Onodera T, Crewe C, Holland WL, Gordillo R, Scherer PE. A Novel Model of Diabetic Complications: Adipocyte Mitochondrial Dysfunction Triggers Massive β-Cell Hyperplasia. Diabetes 2020; 69:313-330. [PMID: 31882562 PMCID: PMC7034182 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) entails insulin resistance and loss of β-cell mass. Adipose tissue mitochondrial dysfunction is emerging as a key component in the etiology of T2DM. Identifying approaches to preserve mitochondrial function, adipose tissue integrity, and β-cell mass during obesity is a major challenge. Mitochondrial ferritin (FtMT) is a mitochondrial matrix protein that chelates iron. We sought to determine whether perturbation of adipocyte mitochondria influences energy metabolism during obesity. We used an adipocyte-specific doxycycline-inducible mouse model of FtMT overexpression (FtMT-Adip mice). During a dietary challenge, FtMT-Adip mice are leaner but exhibit glucose intolerance, low adiponectin levels, increased reactive oxygen species damage, and elevated GDF15 and FGF21 levels, indicating metabolically dysfunctional fat. Paradoxically, despite harboring highly dysfunctional fat, transgenic mice display massive β-cell hyperplasia, reflecting a beneficial mitochondria-induced fat-to-pancreas interorgan signaling axis. This identifies the unique and critical impact that adipocyte mitochondrial dysfunction has on increasing β-cell mass during obesity-related insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Alexandra L Ghaben
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Thomas S Morley
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ricardo J Samms
- Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Andrew C Adams
- Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Yu An
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Joshua A Johnson
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Nolwenn Joffin
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Toshiharu Onodera
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Clair Crewe
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - William L Holland
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ruth Gordillo
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Whole Body Irradiation Induces Diabetes and Adipose Insulin Resistance in Nonhuman Primates. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 106:878-886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Schöttl T, Pachl F, Giesbertz P, Daniel H, Kuster B, Fromme T, Klingenspor M. Proteomic and Metabolite Profiling Reveals Profound Structural and Metabolic Reorganization of Adipocyte Mitochondria in Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:590-600. [PMID: 32034895 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have revealed decreased mitochondrial respiration in adipocytes of obese mice. This study aimed to identify the molecular underpinnings of altered mitochondrial metabolism in adipocytes. METHODS Untargeted proteomics of mitochondria isolated from adipocytes and metabolite profiling of adipose tissues were conducted in diet-induced obese (DIO) and lean mice. Subcutaneous and intra-abdominal adipose tissues were studied to depict depot-specific alterations. RESULTS In subcutaneous adipocytes of DIO mice, changes in proteins related to mitochondrial structure and function were observed. Mitochondrial proteins of the inner and outer membrane were strongly reduced, whereas proteins of key matrix metabolic pathways were increased in the obese versus lean state, as further substantiated by metabolite profiling. A pronounced decrease in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) enzymatic equipment and cristae density of the inner membrane was identified. In intra-abdominal adipocytes, similar systematic downregulation of the OXPHOS machinery in obesity occurred, but there was no regulation of outer membrane or matrix proteins. CONCLUSIONS Protein components of the OXPHOS machinery are systematically downregulated in adipose tissues of DIO mice compared with lean mice. Loss of the mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity in adipocytes may aggravate the development of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Schöttl
- Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- EKFZ-Else Kröner Fresenius Zentrum for Nutritional Medicine, Technical Universtiy of Munich, Freising, Germany
- ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Fiona Pachl
- ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Pieter Giesbertz
- Chair of Nutritional Physiology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Chair of Nutritional Physiology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Fromme
- Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- EKFZ-Else Kröner Fresenius Zentrum for Nutritional Medicine, Technical Universtiy of Munich, Freising, Germany
- ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- EKFZ-Else Kröner Fresenius Zentrum for Nutritional Medicine, Technical Universtiy of Munich, Freising, Germany
- ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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128
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Yang P, Dong X, Zhang Y. MicroRNA profiles in plasma samples from young metabolically healthy obese patients and miRNA-21 are associated with diastolic dysfunction via TGF-β1/Smad pathway. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23246. [PMID: 32108968 PMCID: PMC7307369 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolically healthy obese patients accounts for a large part of obese population, but its clinical significance and cardiac dysfunction are often underestimated. The microRNA profiles of metabolically healthy obese patients were investigated in the study, and the selected microRNA (miRNA) based on our microarray assay will be further verified in a relatively large metabolically healthy obese population. Methods microRNA microarray was performed from six metabolically healthy obese and 6 health control blood samples. Based on the bioinformatics analysis, we further measured RT‐PCR, fibrosis markers, echocardiograms, and TGF‐β1/Smad signaling pathway in 600 metabolically healthy obese population. Results We found that miRNAs expression characteristics in metabolically healthy obese groups were markedly different from healthy control group. MiRNA‐21 was significantly increased in the samples of metabolically healthy obese patients. Besides, miRNA‐21 levels were associated with cardiac fibrosis marker. Meanwhile, higher miRNA‐21 levels were related to elevated E/E′. Besides, patients with the highest miRNA‐21 quartile showed the lowest ratio of E/A. These associations between miRNA‐21 and diastolic function parameters were independent of obesity and other confounding variables. Of note, TGF‐β1and Smad 3 were significantly upregulated while Smad 7 was downregulated according to the miRNA‐21 quartiles in metabolically healthy obese group. Conclusions We demonstrated the profiles of circulating microRNAs in metabolically healthy obese patients. Increased plasma miRNA‐21 levels were related to impaired diastolic function independent of other relevant confounding variables. MiRNA‐21 could be one of the mechanistic links between obesity and diastolic dysfunction through regulating cardiac fibrosis via TGF‐β1/Smad signaling pathway in obese hearts, which may serve as a novel target of disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengkang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an No.1 hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an No.4 hospital, Xi'an, China.,Health Science Center Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an No.1 hospital, Xi'an, China
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Hsiung KC, Liu KY, Tsai TF, Yoshina S, Mitani S, Chin-Ming Tan B, Lo SJ. Defects in CISD-1, a mitochondrial iron-sulfur protein, lower glucose level and ATP production in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biomed J 2020; 43:32-43. [PMID: 32200954 PMCID: PMC7090286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CDGSH iron sulfur domain-containing protein 1 (CISD-1) belongs to the CISD protein family that is evolutionary conserved across different species. In mammals, CISD-1 protein has been implicated in diseases such as cancers and diabetes. As a tractable model organism to study disease-associated proteins, we employed Caenorhabditis elegans in this study with an aim to establish a model for interrogating the functional relevance of CISD-1 in human metabolic conditions. Methods We first bioinformatically identified the human Cisd-1 homologue in worms. We then employed N2 wild-type and cisd-1(tm4993) mutant to investigate the consequences of CISD-1 loss-of-function on: 1) the expression pattern of CISD-1, 2) mitochondrial morphology pattern, 3) mitochondrial function and bioenergetics, and 4) the effects of anti-diabetes drugs. Results We first identified C. elegans W02B12.15 gene as the human Cisd-1 homologous gene, and pinpointed the localization of CISD-1 to the outer membrane of mitochondria. As compared with the N2 wild-type worm, cisd-1(tm4993) mutant exhibited a higher proportion of hyperfused form of mitochondria. This structural abnormality was associated with the generation of higher levels of ROS and mitochondrial superoxide but lower ATP. These physiological changes in mutants did not result in discernable effects on animal motility and lifespan. Moreover, the amount of glucose in N2 wild-type worms treated with troglitazone and pioglitazone, derivatives of TZD, was reduced to a comparable level as in the mutant animals. Conclusions By focusing on the Cisd-1 gene, our study established a C. elegans genetic system suitable for modeling human diabetes-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Ching Hsiung
- Department and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Liu
- Department and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fen Tsai
- National Yang Ming University, Department of Life Science, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sawako Yoshina
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine and CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Mitani
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine and CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bertrand Chin-Ming Tan
- Department and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Szecheng J Lo
- Department and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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130
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Chait A, den Hartigh LJ. Adipose Tissue Distribution, Inflammation and Its Metabolic Consequences, Including Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:22. [PMID: 32158768 PMCID: PMC7052117 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays essential roles in maintaining lipid and glucose homeostasis. To date several types of adipose tissue have been identified, namely white, brown, and beige, that reside in various specific anatomical locations throughout the body. The cellular composition, secretome, and location of these adipose depots define their function in health and metabolic disease. In obesity, adipose tissue becomes dysfunctional, promoting a pro-inflammatory, hyperlipidemic and insulin resistant environment that contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Concurrently, similar features that result from adipose tissue dysfunction also promote cardiovascular disease (CVD) by mechanisms that can be augmented by T2DM. The mechanisms by which dysfunctional adipose tissue simultaneously promote T2DM and CVD, focusing on adipose tissue depot-specific adipokines, inflammatory profiles, and metabolism, will be the focus of this review. The impact that various T2DM and CVD treatment strategies have on adipose tissue function and body weight also will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Chait
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Laura J den Hartigh
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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131
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Bioenergetic restoration and neuroprotection after therapeutic targeting of mitoNEET: New mechanism of pioglitazone following traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 327:113243. [PMID: 32057797 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a pivotal event in many neurodegenerative disease states including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). One possible mechanism driving mitochondrial dysfunction is glutamate excitotoxicity leading to Ca2+-overload in neuronal or glial mitochondria. Therapies that reduce calcium overload and enhance bioenergetics have been shown to improve neurological outcomes. Pioglitazone, an FDA approved compound, has shown neuroprotective properties following TBI and SCI, but the underlying mechanism(s) are unknown. We hypothesized that the interaction between pioglitazone and a novel mitochondrial protein called mitoNEET was the basis for neuroprotection following CNS injury. We discovered that mitoNEET is an important mediator of Ca2+-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and show that binding mitoNEET with pioglitazone can prevent Ca2+-induced dysfunction. By utilizing wild-type (WT) and mitoNEET null mice, we show that pioglitazone mitigates mitochondrial dysfunction and provides neuroprotection in WT mice, though produces no restorative effects in mitoNEET null mice. We also show that NL-1, a novel mitoNEET ligand, is neuroprotective following TBI in both mice and rats. These results support the crucial role of mitoNEET for mitochondrial bioenergetics, its importance in the neuropathological sequelae of TBI and the necessity of mitoNEET for pioglitazone-mediated neuroprotection. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is a pathobiological complication seen in other diseases such as diabetes, motor neuron disease and cancer, targeting mitoNEET may provide a novel mitoceutical target and therapeutic intervention for diseases that expand beyond TBI.
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132
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Wei D, Liao L, Wang H, Zhang W, Wang T, Xu Z. Canagliflozin ameliorates obesity by improving mitochondrial function and fatty acid oxidation via PPARα in vivo and in vitro. Life Sci 2020; 247:117414. [PMID: 32035928 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been reported to significantly reduce body weight. This study investigated whether SGLT2 inhibitors directly affect adipose tissues and the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. MAIN METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal diet, high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD with canagliflozin for 14 weeks. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with canagliflozin. Metabolic parameters were measured. KEY FINDINGS Canagliflozin reduced body weight, fat mass, and white adipose tissue (WAT) weight and inhibited adipocyte hypertrophy. Canagliflozin improved glucose and lipid metabolic disorders induced by HFD. Furthermore, canagliflozin treatment reversed the suppressed mRNA and protein expression of PGC-1α, NRF1, tfam and CPT1b, which are markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, function and fatty acid oxidation in mice with obesity. In vitro, canagliflozin increased mitochondrial DNA to nuclear DNA and upregulated the expression of PGC-1α, NRF1, tfam, COX5b, COX8b, Atp5o, and CPT1b mRNA and PGC-1α, NRF1, tfam, COX5b, CPT1b protein in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner, while these increases were inhibited by GW6471, a PPARα antagonist. SIGNIFICANCE Our study showed that canagliflozin protected against HFD-induced obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders by improving mitochondrial function and fatty acid oxidation in adipose tissue and adipocytes. Such energy-dissipating effects of canagliflozin may be mediated by PPARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Lin Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huanjun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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133
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Ponce AJ, Galván-Salas T, Lerma-Alvarado RM, Ruiz-Herrera X, Hernández-Cortés T, Valencia-Jiménez R, Cárdenas-Rodríguez LE, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C, Macotela Y. Low prolactin levels are associated with visceral adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance in humans. Endocrine 2020; 67:331-343. [PMID: 31919769 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low prolactin (PRL) serum levels are associated with glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes in adults, and with metabolic syndrome and obesity in children. In obese rodents, PRL treatment promotes insulin sensitivity by maintaining adipose tissue fitness, and lack of PRL signaling exacerbates obesity-derived metabolic alterations. Since adipose tissue dysfunction is a key factor triggering metabolic alterations, we evaluated whether PRL serum levels are associated with adipocyte hypertrophy (a marker of adipose tissue dysfunction), insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in lean, overweight, and obese adult men and women. METHODS Samples of serum and adipose tissue from 40 subjects were obtained to evaluate insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)), signs of metabolic syndrome (glucose levels, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, blood pressure, and waist circumference), as well as adipocyte size and gene expression in fat. RESULTS Lower PRL serum levels are associated with adipocyte hypertrophy, in visceral but not in subcutaneous fat, and with a higher HOMA-IR. Furthermore, low systemic PRL levels together with high waist circumference predict an elevated HOMA-IR whereas low serum PRL values in combination with high blood glucose predicts visceral adipocyte hypertrophy. In agreement, visceral fat from insulin resistant subjects shows reduced expression of prolactin receptor. However, there is no association between PRL levels and obesity or signs of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Our results support that low levels of PRL are markers of visceral fat dysfunction and insulin resistance, and suggest the potential therapeutic value of medications elevating PRL levels to help maintain metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Ponce
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Tomás Galván-Salas
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
- Hospital General de Querétaro, Servicio de Cirugía General, SESEQ, 76170, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Xarubet Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Tomás Hernández-Cortés
- Hospital General de Querétaro, Servicio de Cirugía General, SESEQ, 76170, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Laura E Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Hospital General de Querétaro, Centro Estatal de Diagnóstico Especializado, SESEQ, 76170, Querétaro, México
| | - Gonzalo Martínez de la Escalera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Yazmín Macotela
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México.
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134
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Heinonen S, Jokinen R, Rissanen A, Pietiläinen KH. White adipose tissue mitochondrial metabolism in health and in obesity. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12958. [PMID: 31777187 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue is one of the largest organs of the body. It plays a key role in whole-body energy status and metabolism; it not only stores excess energy but also secretes various hormones and metabolites to regulate body energy balance. Healthy adipose tissue capable of expanding is needed for metabolic well-being and to prevent accumulation of triglycerides to other organs. Mitochondria govern several important functions in the adipose tissue. We review the derangements of mitochondrial function in white adipose tissue in the obese state. Downregulation of mitochondrial function or biogenesis in the white adipose tissue is a central driver for obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Mitochondrial functions compromised in obesity include oxidative functions and renewal and enlargement of the adipose tissue through recruitment and differentiation of adipocyte progenitor cells. These changes adversely affect whole-body metabolic health. Dysfunction of the white adipose tissue mitochondria in obesity has long-term consequences for the metabolism of adipose tissue and the whole body. Understanding the pathways behind mitochondrial dysfunction may help reveal targets for pharmacological or nutritional interventions that enhance mitochondrial biogenesis or function in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini Heinonen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Jokinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aila Rissanen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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135
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Song A, Dai W, Jang MJ, Medrano L, Li Z, Zhao H, Shao M, Tan J, Li A, Ning T, Miller MM, Armstrong B, Huss JM, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Gradinaru V, Wu X, Jiang L, Scherer PE, Wang QA. Low- and high-thermogenic brown adipocyte subpopulations coexist in murine adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:247-257. [PMID: 31573981 PMCID: PMC6934193 DOI: 10.1172/jci129167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), as the main site of adaptive thermogenesis, exerts beneficial metabolic effects on obesity and insulin resistance. BAT has been previously assumed to contain a homogeneous population of brown adipocytes. Utilizing multiple mouse models capable of genetically labeling different cellular populations, as well as single-cell RNA sequencing and 3D tissue profiling, we discovered a brown adipocyte subpopulation with low thermogenic activity coexisting with the classical high-thermogenic brown adipocytes within the BAT. Compared with the high-thermogenic brown adipocytes, these low-thermogenic brown adipocytes had substantially lower Ucp1 and Adipoq expression, larger lipid droplets, and lower mitochondrial content. Functional analyses showed that, unlike the high-thermogenic brown adipocytes, the low-thermogenic brown adipocytes have markedly lower basal mitochondrial respiration, and they are specialized in fatty acid uptake. Upon changes in environmental temperature, the 2 brown adipocyte subpopulations underwent dynamic interconversions. Cold exposure converted low-thermogenic brown adipocytes into high-thermogenic cells. A thermoneutral environment had the opposite effect. The recruitment of high-thermogenic brown adipocytes by cold stimulation is not affected by high-fat diet feeding, but it does substantially decline with age. Our results revealed a high degree of functional heterogeneity of brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anying Song
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Wenting Dai
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Min Jee Jang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Leonard Medrano
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, and
| | - Zhuo Li
- Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Mengle Shao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jiayi Tan
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Aimin Li
- Pathology Core of Shared Resources and
| | - Tinglu Ning
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Marcia M. Miller
- Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Brian Armstrong
- Light Microscopy Digital Imaging Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Janice M. Huss
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Qiong A. Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
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136
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Bai N, Ma J, Alimujiang M, Xu J, Hu F, Xu Y, Leng Q, Chen S, Li X, Han J, Jia W, Bao Y, Yang Y. Bola3 Regulates Beige Adipocyte Thermogenesis via Maintaining Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Lipolysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:592154. [PMID: 33505355 PMCID: PMC7829353 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.592154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster is an important cofactor for the maturation of Fe-S proteins, which are ubiquitously involved in energy metabolism; however, factors facilitating this process in beige fat have not been established. Here, we identified BolA family member 3 (Bola3), as one of 17 mitochondrial Fe-S cluster assembly genes, was the most significant induced gene in the browning program of white adipose tissue. Using lentiviral-delivered shRNA in vitro, we determined that Bola3 deficiency inhibited thermogenesis activity without affecting lipogenesis in differentiated beige adipocytes. The inhibition effect of Bola3 knockdown might be through impairing mitochondrial homeostasis and lipolysis. This was evidenced by the decreased expression of mitochondria related genes and respiratory chain complexes, attenuated mitochondrial formation, reduced mitochondrial maximal respiration and inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. Furthermore, BOLA3 mRNA levels were higher in human deep neck brown fat than in the paired subcutaneous white fat, and were positively correlated with thermogenesis related genes (UCP1, CIDEA, PRDM16, PPARG, COX7A1, and LIPE) expression in human omental adipose depots. This study demonstrates that Bola3 is associated with adipose tissue oxidative capacity both in mice and human, and it plays an indispensable role in beige adipocyte thermogenesis via maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and adrenergic signaling-induced lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Bai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyuan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Miriayi Alimujiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuejie Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyang Leng
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Yang, ; Yuqian Bao,
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Yang, ; Yuqian Bao,
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137
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Abstract
Obesity is characterized by increased adipose tissue mass and has been associated with a strong predisposition towards metabolic diseases and cancer. Thus, it constitutes a public health issue of major proportion. The expansion of adipose depots can be driven either by the increase in adipocyte size (hypertrophy) or by the formation of new adipocytes from precursor differentiation in the process of adipogenesis (hyperplasia). Notably, adipocyte expansion through adipogenesis can offset the negative metabolic effects of obesity, and the mechanisms and regulators of this adaptive process are now emerging. Over the past several years, we have learned a considerable amount about how adipocyte fate is determined and how adipogenesis is regulated by signalling and systemic factors. We have also gained appreciation that the adipogenic niche can influence tissue adipogenic capability. Approaches aimed at increasing adipogenesis over adipocyte hypertrophy can now be explored as a means to treat metabolic diseases.
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138
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Loss of Transcriptional Repression by BCL6 Confers Insulin Sensitivity in the Setting of Obesity. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3283-3298.e6. [PMID: 30566857 PMCID: PMC6377366 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of visceral adiposity is directly linked to the morbidity of obesity, while subcutaneous body fat is considered more benign. We have identified an unexpected role for B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), a critical regulator of immunity, in the developmental expansion of subcutaneous adipose tissue. In adipocyte-specific knockout mice (Bcl6AKO), we found that Bcl6 deletion results in strikingly increased inguinal, but not perigonadal, adipocyte size and tissue mass in addition to marked insulin sensitivity. Genome-wide RNA expression and DNA binding analyses revealed that BCL6 controls gene networks involved in cell growth and fatty acid biosynthesis. Using deuterium label incorporation and comprehensive adipokine and lipid profiling, we discovered that ablation of adipocyte Bcl6 enhances subcutaneous adipocyte lipogenesis, increases levels of adiponectin and fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), and prevents steatosis. Thus, our studies identify BCL6 as a negative regulator of subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and metabolic health. Senagolage et al. identify BCL6 as a key regulator of body fat distribution. BCL6 directly represses fatty acid biosynthetic and growth genes in adipocytes. Mice constitutively lacking adipocyte Bcl6 exhibit expansion of their subcutaneous adipose tissue, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and protection from hepatic steatosis.
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139
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Drareni K, Ballaire R, Barilla S, Mathew MJ, Toubal A, Fan R, Liang N, Chollet C, Huang Z, Kondili M, Foufelle F, Soprani A, Roussel R, Gautier JF, Alzaid F, Treuter E, Venteclef N. GPS2 Deficiency Triggers Maladaptive White Adipose Tissue Expansion in Obesity via HIF1A Activation. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2957-2971.e6. [PMID: 30208320 PMCID: PMC6153369 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic white adipose tissue (WAT) represents a maladaptive mechanism linked to the risk for developing type 2 diabetes in humans. However, the molecular events that predispose WAT to hypertrophy are poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that adipocyte hypertrophy is triggered by loss of the corepressor GPS2 during obesity. Adipocyte-specific GPS2 deficiency in mice (GPS2 AKO) causes adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction during surplus energy. This phenotype is driven by HIF1A activation that orchestrates inadequate WAT remodeling and disrupts mitochondrial activity, which can be reversed by pharmacological or genetic HIF1A inhibition. Correlation analysis of gene expression in human adipose tissue reveals a negative relationship between GPS2 and HIF1A, adipocyte hypertrophy, and insulin resistance. We propose therefore that the obesity-associated loss of GPS2 in adipocytes predisposes for a maladaptive WAT expansion and a pro-diabetic status in mice and humans. Adipose-specific GPS2 deficiency predisposes for adipocyte hypertrophy Loss of GPS2 triggers transcriptional activation of HIF1A pathways Deregulation of GPS2-HIF1A interplay provokes disrupted mitochondrial activity GPS2 and HIF1A levels are negatively correlated in human adipose tissue
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Drareni
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Raphaëlle Ballaire
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Inovarion, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Serena Barilla
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mano J Mathew
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Amine Toubal
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Rongrong Fan
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ning Liang
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Catherine Chollet
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Kondili
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Foufelle
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Soprani
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Clinique Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Ramsey General de Santé, Paris, France
| | - Ronan Roussel
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, DHU FIRE, Bichat Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Gautier
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Diabetes, Clinical Investigation Centre (CIC-9504), University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France; Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Fawaz Alzaid
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Eckardt Treuter
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
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140
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An YA, Crewe C, Asterholm IW, Sun K, Chen S, Zhang F, Shao M, Funcke JB, Zhang Z, Straub L, Yoshino J, Klein S, Kusminski CM, Scherer PE. Dysregulation of Amyloid Precursor Protein Impairs Adipose Tissue Mitochondrial Function and Promotes Obesity. Nat Metab 2019; 1:1243-1257. [PMID: 31984308 PMCID: PMC6980705 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function in white adipose tissue (WAT) is an important yet understudied aspect in adipocyte biology. Here, we report a role for amyloid precursor protein (APP) in compromising WAT mitochondrial function through a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced, unconventional mis-localization to mitochondria that further promotes obesity. In humans and mice, obese conditions significantly induce APP production in WAT and its enrichment in mitochondria. Mechanistically, a HFD-induced dysregulation of signal recognition particle subunit 54c is responsible for the mis-targeting of APP to adipocyte mitochondria. Mis-localized APP blocks the protein import machinery, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in WAT. Adipocyte-specific and mitochondria-targeted APP overexpressing mice display increased body mass and reduced insulin sensitivity, along with dysfunctional WAT due to a dramatic hypertrophic program in adipocytes. Elimination of adipocyte APP rescues HFD-impaired mitochondrial function with significant protection from weight gain and systemic metabolic deficiency. Our data highlights an important role of APP in modulating WAT mitochondrial function and obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu A An
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Clair Crewe
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (Metabolic Physiology), Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kai Sun
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shiuhwei Chen
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Fang Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengle Shao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhuzhen Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Leon Straub
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jun Yoshino
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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141
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Hwang I, Kim JB. Two Faces of White Adipose Tissue with Heterogeneous Adipogenic Progenitors. Diabetes Metab J 2019; 43:752-762. [PMID: 31902145 PMCID: PMC6943255 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic energy surplus increases body fat, leading to obesity. Since obesity is closely associated with most metabolic complications, pathophysiological roles of adipose tissue in obesity have been intensively studied. White adipose tissue is largely divided into subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). These two white adipose tissues are similar in their appearance and lipid storage functions. Nonetheless, emerging evidence has suggested that SAT and VAT have different characteristics and functional roles in metabolic regulation. It is likely that there are intrinsic differences between VAT and SAT. In diet-induced obese animal models, it has been reported that adipogenic progenitors in VAT rapidly proliferate and differentiate into adipocytes. In obesity, VAT exhibits elevated inflammatory responses, which are less prevalent in SAT. On the other hand, SAT has metabolically beneficial effects. In this review, we introduce recent studies that focus on cellular and molecular components modulating adipogenesis and immune responses in SAT and VAT. Given that these two fat depots show different functions and characteristics depending on the nutritional status, it is feasible to postulate that SAT and VAT have different developmental origins with distinct adipogenic progenitors, which would be a key determining factor for the response and accommodation to metabolic input for energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Injae Hwang
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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142
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Mitochondria regulation in ferroptosis. Eur J Cell Biol 2019; 99:151058. [PMID: 31810634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2019.151058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is recognized as a new form of regulated cell death which is initiated by severe lipid peroxidation relying on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and iron overload. This iron-dependent cell death manifests evident morphological, biochemical and genetic differences from other forms of regulated cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis and pyroptosis. Ferroptosis was primarily characterized by condensed mitochondrial membrane densities and smaller volume than normal mitochondria, as well as the diminished or vanished of mitochondria crista and outer membrane ruptured. Mitochondria take the center role in iron metabolism, as well as substance and energy metabolism as it's the major organelle in iron utilization, catabolic and anabolic pathways. Interference of key regulators of mitochondrial lipid metabolism (e.g., ASCF2 and CS), iron homeostasis (e.g., ferritin, mitoferrin1/2 and NEET proteins), glutamine metabolism and other signaling pathways make a difference to ferroptotic sensitivity. Targeted induction of ferroptosis was also considered as a potential therapeutic strategy to some oxidative stress diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia-reperfusion injury, traumatic spinal cord injury. However, the pertinence between mitochondria and ferroptosis is still in dispute. Here we systematic elucidate the morphological characteristics and metabolic regulation of mitochondria in the regulation of ferroptosis.
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143
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Park J, Huh JY, Oh J, Kim JI, Han SM, Shin KC, Jeon YG, Choe SS, Park J, Kim JB. Activation of invariant natural killer T cells stimulates adipose tissue remodeling via adipocyte death and birth in obesity. Genes Dev 2019; 33:1657-1672. [PMID: 31727774 PMCID: PMC6942052 DOI: 10.1101/gad.329557.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Park et al. set out to elucidate the mechanism by which adipose-resident invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) cells impact adipose tissue remodeling in obesity. Using in vitro and ex vivo approaches, the authors found that, in obesity, adipose iNKT cells can kill hypertrophic and pro-inflammatory adipocytes via FasL-Fas-dependent apoptosis, thus providing new insight into the role adipose iNKT cells play in promoting healthy adipose tissue remodeling. In obesity, adipose tissue undergoes dynamic remodeling processes such as adipocyte hypertrophy, hypoxia, immune responses, and adipocyte death. However, whether and how invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells contribute to adipose tissue remodeling are elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that iNKT cells remove unhealthy adipocytes and stimulate the differentiation of healthy adipocytes. In obese adipose tissue, iNKT cells were abundantly found nearby dead adipocytes. FasL-positive adipose iNKT cells exerted cytotoxic effects to eliminate hypertrophic and pro-inflammatory Fas-positive adipocytes. Furthermore, in vivo adipocyte-lineage tracing mice model showed that activation of iNKT cells by alpha-galactosylceramide promoted adipocyte turnover, eventually leading to potentiation of the insulin-dependent glucose uptake ability in adipose tissue. Collectively, our data propose a novel role of adipose iNKT cells in the regulation of adipocyte turnover in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeu Park
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Huh
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Jong In Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sang Mun Han
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung Cheul Shin
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Yong Geun Jeon
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sung Sik Choe
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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144
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Eirin A, Lerman LO. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for renal repair: do cardiovascular comorbidities matter? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1414-F1419. [PMID: 31630544 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00434.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-based regenerative therapy has shown promising results in preclinical models of renal disease and might be useful for patients with several forms of chronic kidney disease. However, individuals with chronic kidney disease often present with comorbidities, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, or even metabolic syndrome, which may alter the endogenous characteristics and impair the reparative capacity of stem cells and their daughter EVs. This brief review summarizes evidence of alterations in the morphology, cargo, and function of mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs in the face of cardiovascular disease. We further discuss the important ramifications for their use in patients with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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145
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Funcke JB, Scherer PE. Beyond adiponectin and leptin: adipose tissue-derived mediators of inter-organ communication. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1648-1684. [PMID: 31209153 PMCID: PMC6795086 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r094060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough discoveries of leptin and adiponectin more than two decades ago led to a widespread recognition of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Many more adipose tissue-secreted signaling mediators (adipokines) have been identified since then, and much has been learned about how adipose tissue communicates with other organs of the body to maintain systemic homeostasis. Beyond proteins, additional factors, such as lipids, metabolites, noncoding RNAs, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by adipose tissue participate in this process. Here, we review the diverse signaling mediators and mechanisms adipose tissue utilizes to relay information to other organs. We discuss recently identified adipokines (proteins, lipids, and metabolites) and briefly outline the contributions of noncoding RNAs and EVs to the ever-increasing complexities of adipose tissue inter-organ communication. We conclude by reflecting on central aspects of adipokine biology, namely, the contribution of distinct adipose tissue depots and cell types to adipokine secretion, the phenomenon of adipokine resistance, and the capacity of adipose tissue to act both as a source and sink of signaling mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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146
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During Adipocyte Remodeling, Lipid Droplet Configurations Regulate Insulin Sensitivity through F-Actin and G-Actin Reorganization. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00210-19. [PMID: 31308132 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00210-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes have unique morphological traits in insulin sensitivity control. However, how the appearance of adipocytes can determine insulin sensitivity has not been understood. Here, we demonstrate that actin cytoskeleton reorganization upon lipid droplet (LD) configurations in adipocytes plays important roles in insulin-dependent glucose uptake by regulating GLUT4 trafficking. Compared to white adipocytes, brown/beige adipocytes with multilocular LDs exhibited well-developed filamentous actin (F-actin) structure and potentiated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane in the presence of insulin. In contrast, LD enlargement and unilocularization in adipocytes downregulated cortical F-actin formation, eventually leading to decreased F-actin-to-globular actin (G-actin) ratio and suppression of insulin-dependent GLUT4 trafficking. Pharmacological inhibition of actin polymerization accompanied with impaired F/G-actin dynamics reduced glucose uptake in adipose tissue and conferred systemic insulin resistance in mice. Thus, our study reveals that adipocyte remodeling with different LD configurations could be an important factor to determine insulin sensitivity by modulating F/G-actin dynamics.
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147
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Shah SI, Paine JG, Perez C, Ullah G. Mitochondrial fragmentation and network architecture in degenerative diseases. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223014. [PMID: 31557225 PMCID: PMC6762132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragmentation of mitochondrial network has been implicated in many neurodegenerative, renal, and metabolic diseases. However, a quantitative measure of the microscopic parameters resulting in the impaired balance between fission and fusion of mitochondria and consequently the fragmented networks in a wide range of pathological conditions does not exist. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial networks in cells with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), optic neuropathy (OPA), diabetes/cancer, acute kidney injury, Ca2+ overload, and Down Syndrome (DS) pathologies that indicates significant network fragmentation in all these conditions. Furthermore, we found key differences in the way the microscopic rates of fission and fusion are affected in different conditions. The observed fragmentation in cells with AD, HD, DS, kidney injury, Ca2+ overload, and diabetes/cancer pathologies results from the imbalance between the fission and fusion through lateral interactions, whereas that in OPA, PD, and ALS results from impaired balance between fission and fusion arising from longitudinal interactions of mitochondria. Such microscopic difference leads to major disparities in the fine structure and topology of the network that could have significant implications for the way fragmentation affects various cell functions in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed I. Shah
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Johanna G. Paine
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Carlos Perez
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Ghanim Ullah
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
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148
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Controlling Obesity and Metabolic Diseases by Hydrodynamic Delivery of a Fusion Gene of Exendin-4 and α1 Antitrypsin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13427. [PMID: 31530849 PMCID: PMC6748963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities represent a growing public health problem. In this study, we demonstrate the use of a newly created fusion gene of exendin-4 and α1-antitrypsin to control obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders including insulin resistance, fatty liver and hyperglycemia. The fusion gene encodes a protein with exendin-4 peptide placed at the N-terminus of human α-1 antitrypsin, and is named EAT. Hydrodynamic transfer of the EAT gene to mice prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and fatty liver development. In diet-induced obese mice, expression of EAT gene induces weight loss, improves glucose homeostasis, and attenuates hepatic steatosis. In ob/ob mice, EAT gene transfer suppresses body weight gain, maintains metabolic homeostasis, and completely blocks fatty liver development. Six-month overexpression of the EAT fusion gene in healthy mice does not lead to any detectable toxicity. Mechanistic study reveals that the resulting metabolic benefits are achieved by a reduced food take and down-regulation of transcription of pivotal genes responsible for lipogenesis and lipid droplet formation in the liver and chronic inflammation in visceral fat. These results validate the feasibility of gene therapy in preventing and restoring metabolic homeostasis under diverse pathologic conditions, and provide evidence in support of a new strategy to control obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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149
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Abstract
This work demonstrates that the outer mitochondrial-anchored [2Fe-2S] mitoNEET is able to bind within the central cavity of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and regulate its gating in a redox-dependent manner. These findings have implications for ferroptosis, apoptosis, and iron metabolism by linking VDAC function, mitoNEET, and the redox environment of the cell. Furthermore, these findings introduce a potential player to the many mechanisms that may alter VDAC’s governance in times of homeostasis or strife. MitoNEET is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein essential for sensing and regulation of iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. It is a key player in multiple human maladies including diabetes, cancer, neurodegeneration, and Parkinson’s diseases. In healthy cells, mitoNEET receives its clusters from the mitochondrion and transfers them to acceptor proteins in a process that could be altered by drugs or during illness. Here, we report that mitoNEET regulates the outer-mitochondrial membrane (OMM) protein voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1). VDAC1 is a crucial player in the cross talk between the mitochondria and the cytosol. VDAC proteins function to regulate metabolites, ions, ROS, and fatty acid transport, as well as function as a “governator” sentry for the transport of metabolites and ions between the cytosol and the mitochondria. We find that the redox-sensitive [2Fe-2S] cluster protein mitoNEET gates VDAC1 when mitoNEET is oxidized. Addition of the VDAC inhibitor 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate (DIDS) prevents both mitoNEET binding in vitro and mitoNEET-dependent mitochondrial iron accumulation in situ. We find that the DIDS inhibitor does not alter the redox state of MitoNEET. Taken together, our data indicate that mitoNEET regulates VDAC in a redox-dependent manner in cells, closing the pore and likely disrupting VDAC’s flow of metabolites.
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150
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Diverse repertoire of human adipocyte subtypes develops from transcriptionally distinct mesenchymal progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17970-17979. [PMID: 31420514 PMCID: PMC6731669 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906512116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell sequencing technologies have revealed an unexpectedly broad repertoire of cells required to mediate complex functions in multicellular organisms. Despite the multiple roles of adipose tissue in maintaining systemic metabolic homeostasis, adipocytes are thought to be largely homogenous with only 2 major subtypes recognized in humans so far. Here we report the existence and characteristics of 4 distinct human adipocyte subtypes, and of their respective mesenchymal progenitors. The phenotypes of these distinct adipocyte subtypes are differentially associated with key adipose tissue functions, including thermogenesis, lipid storage, and adipokine secretion. The transcriptomic signature of "brite/beige" thermogenic adipocytes reveals mechanisms for iron accumulation and protection from oxidative stress, necessary for mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration upon activation. Importantly, this signature is enriched in human supraclavicular adipose tissue, confirming that these cells comprise thermogenic depots in vivo, and explain previous findings of a rate-limiting role of iron in adipose tissue browning. The mesenchymal progenitors that give rise to beige/brite adipocytes express a unique set of cytokines and transcriptional regulators involved in immune cell modulation of adipose tissue browning. Unexpectedly, we also find adipocyte subtypes specialized for high-level expression of the adipokines adiponectin or leptin, associated with distinct transcription factors previously implicated in adipocyte differentiation. The finding of a broad adipocyte repertoire derived from a distinct set of mesenchymal progenitors, and of the transcriptional regulators that can control their development, provides a framework for understanding human adipose tissue function and role in metabolic disease.
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