101
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Tull TJ, Pitcher MJ, Guesdon W, Siu JH, Lebrero-Fernández C, Zhao Y, Petrov N, Heck S, Ellis R, Dhami P, Kadolsky UD, Kleeman M, Kamra Y, Fear DJ, John S, Jassem W, Groves RW, Sanderson JD, Robson MG, D’Cruz DP, Bemark M, Spencer J. Human marginal zone B cell development from early T2 progenitors. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20202001. [PMID: 33538776 PMCID: PMC7868795 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells emerge from the bone marrow as transitional (TS) B cells that differentiate through T1, T2, and T3 stages to become naive B cells. We have identified a bifurcation of human B cell maturation from the T1 stage forming IgMhi and IgMlo developmental trajectories. IgMhi T2 cells have higher expression of α4β7 integrin and lower expression of IL-4 receptor (IL4R) compared with the IgMlo branch and are selectively recruited into gut-associated lymphoid tissue. IgMhi T2 cells also share transcriptomic features with marginal zone B cells (MZBs). Lineage progression from T1 cells to MZBs via an IgMhi trajectory is identified by pseudotime analysis of scRNA-sequencing data. Reduced frequency of IgMhi gut-homing T2 cells is observed in severe SLE and is associated with reduction of MZBs and their putative IgMhi precursors. The collapse of the gut-associated MZB maturational axis in severe SLE affirms its existence in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Tull
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J. Pitcher
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - William Guesdon
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline H.Y. Siu
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristina Lebrero-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nedyalko Petrov
- Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Susanne Heck
- Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Ellis
- Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Pawan Dhami
- Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Michelle Kleeman
- Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Yogesh Kamra
- Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David J. Fear
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Susan John
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Wayel Jassem
- Liver Transplant Unit, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Richard W. Groves
- St John’s Institute of Dermatology, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Jeremy D. Sanderson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Trust, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael G. Robson
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - David P. D’Cruz
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jo Spencer
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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102
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Jing Y, Xu F, Liang W, Liu J, Zhang L. Role of regulatory B cells in gastric cancer: Latest evidence and therapeutics strategies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107581. [PMID: 33812259 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the second most common cancer globally and kills about 700,000 people annually. Today's knowledge clearly shows a close and complicated relationship between the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the immune system. The immune system components can both stimulate tumor growth and inhibit tumor cells. However, numerous of these mechanisms are not yet fully understood. As an essential immune cell in humoral immunity, B lymphocytes can play a dual role during various pathologic states, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer, depending on their phenotype and environmental signals. Inherently, B cells can inhibit tumor growth by producing antibodies as well as the presentation of tumor antigens. However, evidence suggests that a subset of these cells termed regulatory B cells (Bregs) with an inhibitory phenotype can suppress anti-tumor responses and support the tumor growth by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines and the expression of inhibitory molecules. Therefore, in this review, the role of Bregs in the microenvironment of GC and treatment strategies based on targeting this subset of B cells have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Jing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| | - Fangming Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 355 Xinqiao Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 355 Xinqiao Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shanghai Oriental Hepatobiliary Hospital, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
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103
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Ding T, Su R, Wu R, Xue H, Wang Y, Su R, Gao C, Li X, Wang C. Frontiers of Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Disorders: Crosstalk Between Tfh/Tfr and Regulatory B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641013. [PMID: 33841422 PMCID: PMC8033031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Balance of Tfh/Tfr cell is critically important for the maintenance of immune tolerance, as evidenced by the fact that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are central to the autoantibodies generation through providing necessary help for germinal center (GC) B cells, whereas T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells significantly inhibit autoimmune inflammation process through restraining Tfh cell responses. However, signals underlying the regulation of Tfh and Tfr cells are largely undefined. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a heterogeneous subpopulation of B cells with immunosuppressive function. Considerable advances have been made in their functions to produce anti‐inflammatory cytokines and to regulate Th17, Th1, and Treg cells in autoimmune diseases. The recent identification of their correlations with dysregulated Tfr/Tfh cells and autoantibody production makes Bregs an important checkpoint in GC response. Bregs exert profound impacts on the differentiation, function, and distribution of Tfh and Tfr cells in the immune microenvironment. Thus, unraveling mechanistic information on Tfh-Breg and Tfr-Breg interactions will inspire novel implications for the establishment of homeostasis and prevention of autoantibodies in diverse diseases. This review summarizes the dysregulation of Tfh/Tfr cells in autoimmune diseases with a focus on the emerging role of Bregs in regulating the balance between Tfh and Tfr cells. The previously unsuspected crosstalk between Bregs and Tfh/Tfr cells will be beneficial to understand the cellular mechanisms of autoantibody production and evoke a revolution in immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ding
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruihe Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongwei Xue
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ronghui Su
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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104
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Xiang W, Xie C, Guan Y. The identification, development and therapeutic potential of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 354:577520. [PMID: 33684831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory B cells are a rare B-cell subset widely known to exert their immunosuppressive function via the production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and other mechanisms. B10 cells are a special subset of regulatory B cells with immunoregulatory function that is fully attributed to IL-10. Their unique roles in the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been described, as well as their relevance in MS patients. This review specifically focuses on the identification and development of B10 cells, the signals that promote IL-10 production in B cells, the roles of B10 cells in MS, and the potential and major challenges of the application of B10-based therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai 200127, China.
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105
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B lymphocytes, the gastrointestinal tract and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102777. [PMID: 33609796 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Under homeostatic conditions, bidirectional interactions between the gastrointestinal and the immune system allow production of both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses designed to prevent undesirable inflammation and to respond efficiently to potential insults. This balanced regulation can be disrupted in disorders that affect tissues remote to the gastrointestinal tract, as seen in autoimmune diseases. Recent reports have described a variety of B lymphocyte-mediated functions that likely contribute to gastrointestinal homeostasis to a greater extent than previously thought. Studies have shown that early B cell development takes place within the intestine, and that self-reactive B cells are rendered tolerant using mechanisms known to occur in the bone marrow, indicating that the gastrointestinal tract contributes to maintaining immune tolerance to self. Relatedly, continuous bacterial stimulation is essential for maintaining regulatory B cell functions and for mediating mucosal homeostasis. In studies of neuro-inflammation, intestinal IgA+ B cells, which constitute a prominent source of lymphocytes in the organism, can migrate to inflamed tissues and exert regulatory functions that attenuate inflammation in the central nervous system, indicating that, in addition to its local effects in the intestin, gut microbiota-B cell crosstalk can exert long-range beneficial effects. At the translational level, metabolites produced by gut microbiota can act as B cell-intrinsic epigenetic modulators, reducing inflammation in the skin and kidneys of mice suffering from experimental lupus. Given the significant impact of B cell-intestinal microbiota interactions, there is a momentum for improving our understanding of these pathways in autoinflammatory diseases and for designing novel therapeutic strategies for systemic autoimmune diseases where B cells play key roles.
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106
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Silva BA, Miglietta E, Ferrari CC. Insights into the role of B cells in the cortical pathology of Multiple sclerosis: evidence from animal models and patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 50:102845. [PMID: 33636613 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects both white and gray matter. Although it has been traditionally considered as a T cell mediated disease, the role of B cell in MS pathology has become a topic of great research interest. Cortical lesions, key feature of the progressive forms of MS, are involved in cognitive impairment and worsening of the patients' outcome. These lesions present pathognomonic hallmarks, such as: absence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, limited inflammatory events, reactive microglia, neurodegeneration, demyelination and meningeal inflammation. B cells located in the meninges, either as part of diffuse inflammation or as part of follicle-like structures, are strongly associated with cortical damage. The function of CD20-expressing B cells in MS is further highlighted by the success of specific therapies using anti-CD20 antibodies. The possible roles of B cells in pathology go beyond their ability to produce antibodies, as they also present antigens to T cells, secrete cytokines (both pathogenic and protective) within the CNS to modulate T and myeloid cell functions, and are involved in meningeal inflammation. Here, we will review the contributions of B cells to the pathogenesis of meningeal inflammation and cortical lesions in MS patients as well as in preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Anabel Silva
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Leloir Institute Foundation, Institute for Biochemical Investigations, IIBBA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro Universitario de Esclerosis Múltiple, División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Miglietta
- Leloir Institute Foundation, Institute for Biochemical Investigations, IIBBA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina Cintia Ferrari
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Leloir Institute Foundation, Institute for Biochemical Investigations, IIBBA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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107
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New insights into regulatory B cells biology in viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104753. [PMID: 33545392 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are primarily well known for their contribution to immunity by antibody production, antigen presentation and, the production of cytokines. In recent years several studies demonstrated the existence of B cells with regulatory functions, which have been termed regulatory B cells (Bregs), similar to regulatory T cells (Tregs). Bregs are a subpopulation of B cells that have immunosuppressive effects via the production of regulatory cytokines including interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and IL-35. Bregs limit host defense against various pathogens. In addition, Bregs contribute to increased levels of regulatory cytokines and leads to an induction of suppressive Tregs, which exert broader suppressive functions against various pathogens. The high percentage of Bregs is positively associated with viral and bacterial load and can contribute to poor vaccine responses. Bregs can also facilitate pathogen survival at an early stage of infection, and subsequently cause increased severity of disease by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production, macrophage activation, and inflammatory T cells activation such as Th1, Th17, and Th22. Also, Bregs afford protection against the hyper-inflammatory response in parasitic infections. Here we review the central role of Bregs in many major bacterial and viral human infections, and provide an overview of the immunoregulatory mechanisms used by Bregs.
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108
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Lee W, Wang LT, Yen ML, Hsu PJ, Lee YW, Liu KJ, Lin KI, Su YW, Sytwu HK, Yen BL. Resident vs nonresident multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell interactions with B lymphocytes result in disparate outcomes. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:711-724. [PMID: 33506633 PMCID: PMC8046079 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from multiple organs including the bone marrow (BM) and placenta harbor clinically relevant immunomodulation best demonstrated toward T lymphocytes. Surprisingly, there is limited knowledge on interactions with B lymphocytes, which originate from the BM where there is a resident MSC. With increasing data demonstrating MSC tissue‐specific propensities impacting therapeutic outcome, we therefore investigated the interactions of BM‐MSCs—its resident and “niche” MSC—and placental MSCs (P‐MSCs), another source of MSCs with well‐characterized immunomodulatory properties, on the global functional outcomes of pan‐peripheral B cell populations. We found that P‐MSCs but not BM‐MSCs significantly inhibit proliferation and further differentiation of stimulated human peripheral B populations in vitro. Moreover, although BM‐MSCs preserve multiple IL‐10‐producing regulatory B cell (Breg) subsets, P‐MSCs significantly increase all subsets. To corroborate these in vitro findings in vivo, we used a mouse model of B‐cell activation and found that adoptive transfer of P‐MSCs but not BM‐MSCs significantly decreased activated B220+ B cells. Moreover, adoptive transfer of P‐MSCs but not BM‐MSCs significantly decreased the overall B220+ B‐cell proliferation and further differentiation, similar to the in vitro findings. P‐MSCs also increased two populations of IL‐10‐producing murine Bregs more strongly than BM‐MSCs. Transcriptome analyses demonstrated multifactorial differences between BM‐ and P‐MSCs in the profile of relevant factors involved in B lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. Our results highlight the divergent outcomes of tissue‐specific MSCs interactions with peripheral B cells, and demonstrate the importance of understanding tissue‐specific differences to achieve more efficacious outcome with MSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lee
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center (NDMC), Taipei, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital and College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Men-Luh Yen
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital and College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Hsu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Lee
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Jiunn Liu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, NHRI, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Su
- Immunology Research Center, NHRI, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, NHRI, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, NDMC, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - B Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan
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109
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Use of Cocultures for the Study of Cellular Interactions Influencing B-Cell Regulatory Functions. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33479903 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1237-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Although IL-10-producing B cells have been shown to play key roles in regulating immune responses involved in autoimmunity, inflammation, and cancer, the mechanisms at the base of the generation and maintenance of the pool of regulatory B cells are still poorly characterized. Several evidences show that the cross talk between B cells and other immune cell types promotes IL-10 production by B lymphocytes. Soluble mediators released into the microenvironment, together with direct cell-cell contact, are key signals in the process of regulatory B-cell development and differentiation. Here we describe the methods required to follow IL-10-producing B cells in MC- and MDSC-B-cell cocultures as examples of in vitro systems that induce the expansion of the regulatory B-cell population. These protocols can be also adapted for the study of other immune cell systems.
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110
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Regulatory B Cells in Experimental Mouse Models of Arthritis. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33479909 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1237-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Breg) have been shown to have a role in the suppression of a wide variety of immune responses, yet they are deficient or defective in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. For the study of autoimmune inflammation, experimental models of arthritis have acted as a valuable tool in understanding the development of Bregs and their role in maintaining immune homeostasis. In this chapter, we will focus on the study of transitional-2 marginal zone precursor (T2-MZP) Bregs in the context of two experimental arthritis models: antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). We will specifically focus on how to induce arthritis, as well as on methods for the isolation and functional study of Bregs both in vitro and in vivo.
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111
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Menon M, Hussell T, Ali Shuwa H. Regulatory B cells in respiratory health and diseases. Immunol Rev 2021; 299:61-73. [PMID: 33410165 PMCID: PMC7986090 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B cells are critical mediators of humoral immune responses in the airways through antibody production, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion. In addition, a subset of B cells, known as regulatory B cells (Bregs), exhibit immunosuppressive functions via diverse regulatory mechanisms. Bregs modulate immune responses via the secretion of IL‐10, IL‐35, and tumor growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), and by direct cell contact. The balance between effector and regulatory B cell functions is critical in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. The importance of Bregs in airway immune responses is emphasized by the different respiratory disorders associated with abnormalities in Breg numbers and function. In this review, we summarize the role of immunosuppressive Bregs in airway inflammatory diseases and highlight the importance of this subset in the maintenance of respiratory health. We propose that improved understanding of signals in the lung microenvironment that drive Breg differentiation can provide novel therapeutic avenues for improved management of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhvi Menon
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Tracy Hussell
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Halima Ali Shuwa
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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112
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Michaud D, Steward CR, Mirlekar B, Pylayeva-Gupta Y. Regulatory B cells in cancer. Immunol Rev 2021; 299:74-92. [PMID: 33368346 PMCID: PMC7965344 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis proceeds through discrete steps where acquisition of genetic lesions and changes in the surrounding microenvironment combine to drive unrestricted neoplastic proliferation and metastasis. The ability of tumor-infiltrating immune cells to promote tumor growth via the provision of signals that enable tumor cell survival and proliferation as well as contribute to immune suppression is an active area of research. Recent efforts have provided us with mechanistic insights into how B cells can positively and negatively regulate immune responses. Negative regulation of immune responses in cancer can be mediated by regulatory B cells and is often a result of increased production of cytokines that can directly and indirectly affect anti-tumor immune function and cancer cell growth. Signals that lead to the expansion of regulatory B cells and the spectrum of their functional roles are not well understood and are the subject of active research by many groups. Here, we elaborate broadly on the history of regulatory B cells in cancer and summarize recent studies that have established genetic models for the study of regulatory B cell function and their potential for therapeutic intervention in the setting of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Michaud
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Colleen R Steward
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bhalchandra Mirlekar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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113
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Luo J, Liang S, Jin F. Gut microbiota in antiviral strategy from bats to humans: a missing link in COVID-19. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:942-956. [PMID: 33521857 PMCID: PMC7847806 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bats are a potential natural reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 virus and other viruses detrimental to humans. Accumulated evidence has shown that, in their adaptation to a flight-based lifestyle, remodeling of the gut microbiota in bats may have contributed to immune tolerance to viruses. This evidence from bats provides profound insights into the potential influence of gut microbiota in COVID-19 disease in humans. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota helps bats tolerate deadly viruses, and summarize the current clinical evidence on the influence of gut microbiota on the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of COVID-19 leading to a fatal outcome. In addition, we discuss the implications of gut microbiota-targeted approaches for preventing infection and reducing disease severity in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Department of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068, China
| | - Shan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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114
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Lee DSW, Rojas OL, Gommerman JL. B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune disease: advances and mechanistic insights. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:179-199. [PMID: 33324003 PMCID: PMC7737718 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-00092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the past 15 years, B cells have been rediscovered to be not merely bystanders but rather active participants in autoimmune aetiology. This has been fuelled in part by the clinical success of B cell depletion therapies (BCDTs). Originally conceived as a method of eliminating cancerous B cells, BCDTs such as those targeting CD20, CD19 and BAFF are now used to treat autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. The use of BCDTs in autoimmune disease has led to some surprises. For example, although antibody-secreting plasma cells are thought to have a negative pathogenic role in autoimmune disease, BCDT, even when it controls the disease, has limited impact on these cells and on antibody levels. In this Review, we update our understanding of B cell biology, review the results of clinical trials using BCDT in autoimmune indications, discuss hypotheses for the mechanism of action of BCDT and speculate on evolving strategies for targeting B cells beyond depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis S. W. Lee
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Olga L. Rojas
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Gommerman
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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115
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Li S, Wang W, Li T, Han X, Hu C, Wang Y, Shen M, Du L, Nai Y, Wang J, Jin A. Immune characteristics analysis reveals two key inflammatory factors correlated to the expressions of SARS-CoV-2 S1-specific antibodies. Genes Dis 2020; 9:522-530. [PMID: 33521209 PMCID: PMC7832135 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has made serious threats to the public health. Antibodies have been considered as promising therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of pathogens. So far, effectors that can influence the sustainability of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in COVID-19 patients are still unclear. In this paper, we attempted to find potential key factors correlated with SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. Transcriptional analysis with the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) revealed proportional changes of immune cell subsets in COVID-19 convalescent patients, including a substantial decrease of monocytes and evident increase of dendritic cells (DCs). Moreover, we found that the gene expressions of chemokines associated with monocyte/macrophage were significantly up-regulated during the COVID-19 recovery phase. Most importantly, we found a set of 27 immune genes corresponding to a comparatively lower amount of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies, and identified two hub genes, IL1β and IL6, the protein expressions of which exhibited negative correlation with the immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in COVID-19 convalescent sera. In addition, we found that high expressions of these 2 hub genes during the convalescent stage were negatively associated with the plasma cell marker CD138. Our study presented two key inflammatory factors correlated to the low level of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies, which indicated the potential regulatory process of plasmatic antibodies levels in some COVID-19 convalescent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojian Han
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingming Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meiying Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Li Du
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaru Nai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aishun Jin
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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116
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Ma S, Satitsuksanoa P, Jansen K, Cevhertas L, van de Veen W, Akdis M. B regulatory cells in allergy. Immunol Rev 2020; 299:10-30. [PMID: 33345311 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
B cells have classically been recognized for their unique and indispensable role in the production of antibodies. Their potential as immunoregulatory cells with anti-inflammatory functions has received increasing attention during the last two decades. Herein, we highlight pioneering studies in the field of regulatory B cell (Breg) research. We will review the literature on Bregs with a particular focus on their role in the regulation of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ma
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Kirstin Jansen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Lacin Cevhertas
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
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117
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Waide ML, Polidoro R, Powell WL, Denny JE, Kos J, Tieri DA, Watson CT, Schmidt NW. Gut Microbiota Composition Modulates the Magnitude and Quality of Germinal Centers during Plasmodium Infections. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108503. [PMID: 33326773 PMCID: PMC7772993 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota composition is associated with human and rodent Plasmodium infections, yet the mechanism by which gut microbiota affects the severity of malaria remains unknown. Humoral immunity is critical in mediating the clearance of Plasmodium blood stage infections, prompting the hypothesis that mice with gut microbiota-dependent decreases in parasite burden exhibit better germinal center (GC) responses. In support of this hypothesis, mice with a low parasite burden exhibit increases in GC B cell numbers and parasite-specific antibody titers, as well as better maintenance of GC structures and a more targeted, qualitatively different antibody response. This enhanced humoral immunity affects memory, as mice with a low parasite burden exhibit robust protection against challenge with a heterologous, lethal Plasmodium species. These results demonstrate that gut microbiota composition influences the biology of spleen GCs as well as the titer and repertoire of parasite-specific antibodies, identifying potential approaches to develop optimal treatments for malaria. Research has shown that gut microbiota composition influences malaria severity, but the mechanism has remained unclear. Waide et al. show that microbiota composition drives differences in the humoral immune response, including differences in germinal center cell numbers and parasite-specific antibodies, ultimately affecting the memory response to subsequent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Waide
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rafael Polidoro
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Whitney L Powell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Joshua E Denny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Justin Kos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David A Tieri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Nathan W Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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118
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Atypical immunometabolism and metabolic reprogramming in liver cancer: Deciphering the role of gut microbiome. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 149:171-255. [PMID: 33579424 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Much recent research has delved into understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of HCC pathogenesis, which has revealed to be heterogenous and complex. Two major hallmarks of HCC include: (i) a hijacked immunometabolism and (ii) a reprogramming in metabolic processes. We posit that the gut microbiota is a third component in an entanglement triangle contributing to HCC progression. Besides metagenomic studies highlighting the diagnostic potential in the gut microbiota profile, recent research is pinpointing the gut microbiota as an instigator, not just a mere bystander, in HCC. In this chapter, we discuss mechanistic insights on atypical immunometabolism and metabolic reprogramming in HCC, including the examination of tumor-associated macrophages and neutrophils, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (e.g., T-cell exhaustion, regulatory T-cells, natural killer T-cells), the Warburg effect, rewiring of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and glutamine addiction. We further discuss the potential involvement of the gut microbiota in these characteristics of hepatocarcinogenesis. An immediate highlight is that microbiota metabolites (e.g., short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids) can impair anti-tumor responses, which aggravates HCC. Lastly, we describe the rising 'new era' of immunotherapies (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T-cell transfer) and discuss for the potential incorporation of gut microbiota targeted therapeutics (e.g., probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation) to alleviate HCC. Altogether, this chapter invigorates for continuous research to decipher the role of gut microbiome in HCC from its influence on immunometabolism and metabolic reprogramming.
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119
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Li N, Zuo B, Huang S, Zeng B, Han D, Li T, Liu T, Wu Z, Wei H, Zhao J, Wang J. Spatial heterogeneity of bacterial colonization across different gut segments following inter-species microbiota transplantation. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:161. [PMID: 33208178 PMCID: PMC7677849 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiota presents a compartmentalized distribution across different gut segments. Hence, the exogenous microbiota from a particular gut segment might only invade its homologous gut location during microbiota transplantation. Feces as the excreted residue contain most of the large-intestinal microbes but lack small-intestinal microbes. We speculated that whole-intestinal microbiota transplantation (WIMT), comprising jejunal, ileal, cecal, and colonic microbiota, would be more effective for reshaping the entire intestinal microbiota than conventional fecal microbiota transplantation fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). RESULTS We modeled the compartmentalized colonization of the gut microbiota via transplanting the microbiota from jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon, respectively, into the germ-free mice. Transplanting jejunal or ileal microbiota induced more exogenous microbes' colonization in the small intestine (SI) of germ-free mice rather than the large intestine (LI), primarily containing Proteobacteria, Lactobacillaceae, and Cyanobacteria. Conversely, more saccharolytic anaerobes from exogenous cecal or colonic microbiota, such as Bacteroidetes, Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae, established in the LI of germ-free mice that received corresponding intestinal segmented microbiota transplantation. Consistent compartmentalized colonization patterns of microbial functions in the intestine of germ-free mice were also observed. Genes related to nucleotide metabolism, genetic information processing, and replication and repair were primarily enriched in small-intestinal communities, whereas genes associated with the metabolism of essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, amino acids, cofactors, and vitamins were mainly enriched in large-intestinal communities of germ-free mice. Subsequently, we compared the difference in reshaping the community structure of germ-free mice between FMT and WIMT. FMT mainly transferred LI-derived microorganisms and gene functions into the recipient intestine with sparse SI-derived microbes successfully transplanted. However, WIMT introduced more SI-derived microbes and associated microbial functions to the recipient intestine than FMT. Besides, WIMT also improved intestinal morphological development as well as reduced systematic inflammation responses of recipients compared with FMT. CONCLUSIONS Segmented exogenous microbiota transplantation proved the spatial heterogeneity of bacterial colonization along the gastrointestinal tract, i.e., the microbiota from one specific location selectively colonizes its homologous gut region. Given the lack of exogenous small-intestinal microbes during FMT, WIMT may be a promising alternative for conventional FMT to reconstitute the microbiota across the entire intestinal tract. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Bin Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Benhua Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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120
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The Gut Microbiota: How Does It Influence the Development and Progression of Liver Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110501. [PMID: 33207562 PMCID: PMC7697996 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut–liver axis plays important roles in both the maintenance of a healthy liver and the pathogenesis of liver diseases, where the gut microbiota acts as a major determinant of this relationship. Gut bacteria-derived metabolites and cellular components are key molecules that affect the function of the liver and modulate the pathology of liver diseases. Accumulating evidence showed that gut microbiota produces a myriad of molecules, including lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and DNA, as well as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine, and indole derivatives. The translocation of these components to the liver exerts beneficial or pathogenic effects by interacting with liver immune cells. This is a bidirectional relationship. Therefore, the existence of crosstalk between the gut and liver and its implications on host health and diseases are essential for the etiology and treatment of diseases. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the pathogenesis of liver diseases, but still, the mechanisms behind the pathogenic role of gut-derived components on liver pathogenesis remain elusive and not understandable. This review discusses the current progress on the gut microbiota and its components in terms of the progression of liver diseases, and in turn, how liver diseases indirectly affect the intestinal function and induce intestinal inflammation. Moreover, this paper highlights the current therapeutic and preventive strategies used to restore the gut microbiota composition and improve host health.
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121
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Mu Q, Edwards MR, Swartwout BK, Cabana Puig X, Mao J, Zhu J, Grieco J, Cecere TE, Prakash M, Reilly CM, Puglisi C, Bachali P, Grammer AC, Lipsky PE, Luo XM. Gut Microbiota and Bacterial DNA Suppress Autoimmunity by Stimulating Regulatory B Cells in a Murine Model of Lupus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:593353. [PMID: 33240280 PMCID: PMC7683516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.593353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, are characterized by excessive inflammation in response to self-antigens. Loss of appropriate immunoregulatory mechanisms contribute to disease exacerbation. We previously showed the suppressive effect of vancomycin treatment during the "active-disease" stage of lupus. In this study, we sought to understand the effect of the same treatment given before disease onset. To develop a model in which to test the regulatory role of the gut microbiota in modifying autoimmunity, we treated lupus-prone mice with vancomycin in the period before disease development (3-8 weeks of age). We found that administration of vancomycin to female MRL/lpr mice early, only during the pre-disease period but not from 3 to 15 weeks of age, led to disease exacerbation. Early vancomycin administration also reduced splenic regulatory B (Breg) cell numbers, as well as reduced circulating IL-10 and IL-35 in 8-week old mice. Further, we found that during the pre-disease period, administration of activated IL-10 producing Breg cells to mice treated with vancomycin suppressed lupus initiation, and that bacterial DNA from the gut microbiota was an inducer of Breg function. Oral gavage of bacterial DNA to mice treated with vancomycin increased Breg cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph node at 8 weeks of age and reduced autoimmune disease severity at 15 weeks. This work suggests that a form of oral tolerance induced by bacterial DNA-mediated expansion of Breg cells suppress disease onset in the autoimmune-prone MRL/lpr mouse model. Future studies are warranted to further define the mechanism behind bacterial DNA promoting Breg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Mu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Brianna K. Swartwout
- Translational Biology, Medicine and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Xavier Cabana Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jiangdi Mao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Joe Grieco
- Translational Biology, Medicine and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Thomas E. Cecere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Meeta Prakash
- Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin M. Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Mestre L, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Feliú A, Mecha M, Alonso G, Espejo C, Calvo-Barreiro L, Luque-García JL, Estevez H, Villar LM, Guaza C. How oral probiotics affect the severity of an experimental model of progressive multiple sclerosis? Bringing commensal bacteria into the neurodegenerative process. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1813532. [PMID: 32900255 PMCID: PMC7524398 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1813532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies support that the bidirectional interactions between the gut microbiota, the immune system and the CNS are relevant for the pathophysiology of MS. Several studies have reported alterations in the gut microbiome of MS patients. In addition, a variety of studies in animal models of MS have suggested that specific members of the gut commensal microbiota can exacerbate or ameliorate neuroinflammation. Probiotics represent oral nontoxic immunomodulatory agents that would exert benefits when using in combination with current MS therapy. Here we investigate the effect of Vivomixx on the gut microbiome and central and peripheral immune responses in a murine model of primary progressive MS. Vivomixx administration was associated with increased abundance of many taxa such as Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes and TM7. This was accompanied by a clear improvement of the motor disability of Theiler's virus infected mice; in the CNS Vivomixx reduced microgliosis, astrogliosis and leukocyte infiltration. Notably, the presence of Breg cells (CD19+CD5+CD1dhigh) in the CNS was enhanced by Vivomixx, and while spinal cord gene expression of IL-1β and IL-6 was diminished, the probiotic promoted IL-10 gene expression. One of the most significant findings was the increased plasma levels of butyrate and acetate levels in TMEV-mice that received Vivomixx. Peripheral immunological changes were subtle but interestingly, the probiotic restricted IL-17 production by Th17-polarized CD4+ T-cells purified from the mesenteric lymph nodes of Theiler's virus infected mice. Our data reinforce the beneficial effects of oral probiotics that would be coadjuvant treatments to current MS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Mestre
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain,Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM),CONTACT Leyre Mestre ; Carmen Guaza Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department Instituto Cajal, CSIC;; Madrid28002, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Carrillo-Salinas
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana Feliú
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain,Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)
| | - Miriam Mecha
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain,Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)
| | - Graciela Alonso
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain,Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)
| | - Carmen Espejo
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM),Servei de Neurología-Neuroimmunología, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Calvo-Barreiro
- Servei de Neurología-Neuroimmunología, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - José L. Luque-García
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Estevez
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa María Villar
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM),Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Guaza
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain,Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)
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123
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Beckett J, Hester J, Issa F, Shankar S. Regulatory B cells in transplantation: roadmaps to clinic. Transpl Int 2020; 33:1353-1368. [PMID: 32725703 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, an additional and important role for B cells has been established in immune regulation. Preclinical studies demonstrate that regulatory B cells (Breg) can prolong allograft survival in animal models and induce regulatory T cells. Operationally tolerant human kidney transplant recipients demonstrate B-cell-associated gene signatures of immune tolerance, and novel therapeutic agents can induce Bregs in phase I clinical trials in transplantation. Our rapidly expanding appreciation of this novel B-cell subtype has made the road to clinical application a reality. Here, we outline several translational pathways by which Bregs could soon be introduced to the transplant clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Beckett
- Transplant Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplant Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplant Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sushma Shankar
- Transplant Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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124
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Wang A, Rojas O, Lee D, Gommerman JL. Regulation of neuroinflammation by B cells and plasma cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 299:45-60. [PMID: 33107072 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable success of anti-CD20 B cell depletion therapies in reducing the burden of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease has prompted significant interest in how B cells contribute to neuroinflammation. Most focus has been on identifying pathogenic CD20+ B cells. However, an increasing number of studies have also identified regulatory functions of B lineage cells, particularly the production of IL-10, as being associated with disease remission in anti-CD20-treated MS patients. Moreover, IL-10-producing B cells have been linked to the attenuation of inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS. In addition to IL-10-producing B cells, antibody-producing plasma cells (PCs) have also been implicated in suppressing neuroinflammation. This review will examine regulatory roles for B cells and PCs in MS and EAE. In addition, we speculate on the involvement of regulatory PCs and the cytokine BAFF in the context of anti-CD20 treatment. Lastly, we explore how the microbiota could influence anti-inflammatory B cell behavior. A better understanding of the contributions of different B cell subsets to the regulation of neuroinflammation, and factors that impact the development, maintenance, and migration of such subsets, will be important for rationalizing next-generation B cell-directed therapies for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olga Rojas
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dennis Lee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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125
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Gut Microbiota and Immune System Interactions. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101587. [PMID: 33076307 PMCID: PMC7602490 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic interactions between gut microbiota and a host’s innate and adaptive immune systems play key roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and inhibiting inflammation. The gut microbiota metabolizes proteins and complex carbohydrates, synthesize vitamins, and produce an enormous number of metabolic products that can mediate cross-talk between gut epithelial and immune cells. As a defense mechanism, gut epithelial cells produce a mucosal barrier to segregate microbiota from host immune cells and reduce intestinal permeability. An impaired interaction between gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system can lead to an increased abundance of potentially pathogenic gram-negative bacteria and their associated metabolic changes, disrupting the epithelial barrier and increasing susceptibility to infections. Gut dysbiosis, or negative alterations in gut microbial composition, can also dysregulate immune responses, causing inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Over time, chronic dysbiosis and the translocation of bacteria and their metabolic products across the mucosal barrier may increase prevalence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune disease, and a variety of cancers. In this paper, we highlight the pivotal role gut microbiota and their metabolites (short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)) play in mucosal immunity.
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126
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Baba Y, Saito Y, Kotetsu Y. Heterogeneous subsets of B-lineage regulatory cells (Breg cells). Int Immunol 2020; 32:155-162. [PMID: 31630184 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells represent a key cellular component of humoral immunity. Besides antigen presentation and antibody production, B cells also play a role in immune regulation and induction of tolerance through several mechanisms. Our understanding of B-lineage cells with regulatory ability has been revolutionized by the delineation of heterogeneous subsets of these cells. Specific environmental signals may further determine the polarization and function of B-lineage regulatory cells. With the availability of new genetic, molecular and pharmacological tools, considerable advances have been made toward our understanding of the surface phenotype, developmental processes and functions of these cells. These exciting discoveries, some of which are still controversial, also raise many new questions, which makes the inhibitory function of B cells a rapidly growing field in immunopathology. Here we review highlights of the regulatory activity of B cells and the recent advances in the function and phenotype of these B-cell subsets in healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Baba
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Saito
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kotetsu
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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127
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Esmaeil Amini M, Shomali N, Bakhshi A, Rezaei S, Hemmatzadeh M, Hosseinzadeh R, Eslami S, Babaie F, Aslani S, Torkamandi S, Mohammadi H. Gut microbiome and multiple sclerosis: New insights and perspective. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:107024. [PMID: 33182024 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal microbiota, also known as the gut microbiota living in the human gastrointestinal tract, has been shown to have a significant impact on several human disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, obesity, and multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is an inflammatory disease characterized by the destruction of the spinal cord and nerve cells in the brain due to an attack of immune cells, causing a wide range of harmful symptoms related to inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Despite extensive studies on MS that have shown that many external and genetic factors are involved in its pathogenesis, the exact role of external factors in the pathophysiology of MS is still unclear. Recent studies on MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of encephalitis, have shown that intestinal microbiota may play a key role in the pathogenesis of MS. Therefore, modification of the intestinal microbiome could be a promising strategy for the future treatment of MS. In this study, the characteristics of intestinal microbiota, the relationship between intestine and brain despite the blood-brain barrier, various factors involved in intestinal microbiota modification, changes in intestinal microbial composition in MS, intestinal microbiome modification strategies, and possible use of intestinal microbiome and factors affecting it have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Esmaeil Amini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Student Research Committee, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Bakhshi
- Student Research Committee, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Somaye Rezaei
- Department of Neurology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solat Eslami
- Dietary Supplements & Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farhad Babaie
- Department of Medical Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Torkamandi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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128
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Clusters of Tolerogenic B Cells Feature in the Dynamic Immunological Landscape of the Pregnant Uterus. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108204. [PMID: 32997982 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-timed interaction of correctly functioning maternal immune cells is essential to facilitate healthy placenta formation, because the uterine immune environment has to tolerate the semi-allogeneic fetus and allow adequate trophoblast invasion. Here, we assess the uterine immune signature before and during pregnancy. Extensive supervised and unsupervised flow cytometry clustering strategies not only show a general increase in immune memory throughout pregnancy but also reveal the continuous presence of B cells. Contrary to the belief that B cells are merely a consequence of uterine pathology, decidual B cells produce IL-10 and are found to be localized in clusters, together with Foxp3pos T cells. Our findings therefore suggest a role for B cells in healthy pregnancy.
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129
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Bundgaard-Nielsen C, Ammitzbøll N, Isse YA, Muqtar A, Jensen AM, Leutscher PDC, Arenholt LTS, Hagstrøm S, Sørensen S. Voided Urinary Microbiota Is Stable Over Time but Impacted by Post Void Storage. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:435. [PMID: 32984068 PMCID: PMC7477311 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: New sensitive techniques have revealed a thriving bacterial community in the human urinary tract, challenging the perception that urine in healthy humans is sterile. While the functional role of this urinary microbiota is unknown, dysbiosis has been linked to urgency urinary incontinence and risk of urinary tract infections. When comparing studies, it is crucial to account for possible confounders introduced due to methodological differences. Here we investigated whether collection and storage conditions had any impact on the urinary microbial composition. Results: For comparison of different storage conditions, midstream urine was collected from five healthy adult female donors and analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Samples stored at -80 and -20°C, but not 4°C, were found to be comparable to freshly handled voided urine. Using the same methods, the daily or day-to-day variation in urinary microbiota was investigated in 19 healthy donors, including four women, five men, five girls, and five boys. Apart from two male adult donors, none of the tested conditions gave rise to significant differences in alpha and beta diversities between individuals. Conclusion: The composition of voided urinary microbiota was found to be effectively maintained by freezing, but not storage at 4°C. In addition, we did not observe any intrapersonal daily or day-to-day variations in microbiota composition in women, girls or boys. Together our study supports present methodologies that can be used in future studies investigating the urinary microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar Bundgaard-Nielsen
- Centre for Clinical Research, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjørring, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nadia Ammitzbøll
- Centre for Clinical Research, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjørring, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Yusuf Abdi Isse
- Centre for Clinical Research, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjørring, Denmark.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Abdisalam Muqtar
- Centre for Clinical Research, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjørring, Denmark.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ann-Maria Jensen
- Centre for Clinical Research, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjørring, Denmark
| | - Peter D C Leutscher
- Centre for Clinical Research, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjørring, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Louise Thomsen Schmidt Arenholt
- Centre for Clinical Research, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjørring, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjørring, Denmark
| | - Søren Hagstrøm
- Centre for Clinical Research, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjørring, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Suzette Sørensen
- Centre for Clinical Research, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjørring, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg, Denmark
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130
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Ran Z, Yue-Bei L, Qiu-Ming Z, Huan Y. Regulatory B Cells and Its Role in Central Nervous System Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1884. [PMID: 32973780 PMCID: PMC7468432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B (Breg) cells represent a population of suppressor B cells that participate in immunomodulatory processes and inhibition of excessive inflammation. The regulatory function of Breg cells have been demonstrated in mice and human with inflammatory diseases, cancer, after transplantation, and particularly in autoinflammatory disorders. In order to suppress inflammation, Breg cells produce anti-inflammatory mediators, induce death ligand-mediated apoptosis, and regulate many kinds of immune cells such as suppressing the proliferation and differentiation of effector T cell and increasing the number of regulatory T cells. Central nervous system Inflammatory demyelinating diseases (CNS IDDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders, which occur against the background of an acute or chronic inflammatory process. With the advent of monoclonal antibodies directed against B cells, breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of CNS IDDs. Therefore, the number and function of B cells in IDDs have attracted attention. Meanwhile, increasing number of studies have confirmed that Breg cells play a role in alleviating autoimmune diseases, and treatment with Breg cells has also been proposed as a new therapeutic direction. In this review, we focus on the understanding of the development and function of Breg cells and on the diversification of Breg cells in CNS IDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Ran
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Luo Yue-Bei
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zeng Qiu-Ming
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Huan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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131
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Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082488. [PMID: 32756323 PMCID: PMC7464500 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts and other single-celled organisms. It is involved in the development and maintenance of both innate and systemic immunity of the body. Emerging evidence has shown its role in liver diseases through the immune system cross-talk. We review herein literature data regarding the triangular interaction between gut microbiota, immune system and liver in health and disease. Methods: We conducted a search on the main medical databases for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials and case series using the following keywords and acronyms and their associations: gut microbiota, microbiome, gut virome, immunity, gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH), alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Results: The gut microbiota consists of microorganisms that educate our systemic immunity through GALT and non-GALT interactions. The latter maintain health but are also involved in the pathophysiology and in the outcome of several liver diseases, particularly those with metabolic, toxic or immune-mediated etiology. In this context, gut virome has an emerging role in liver diseases and needs to be further investigated, especially due to the link reported between severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and hepatic dysfunctions. Conclusions: Changes in gut microbiota composition and alterations in the immune system response are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic and immune-mediated liver diseases.
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132
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Interleukin 35 Regulatory B Cells. J Mol Biol 2020; 433:166607. [PMID: 32755620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes play a central role in host immunity. They orchestrate humoral immune responses that modulate activities of other immune cells and produce neutralizing antibodies that confer lasting immunity to infectious diseases including smallpox, measles and poliomyelitis. In addition to these traditional functions is the recent recognition that B cells also play critical role in maintaining peripheral tolerance and suppressing the development or severity of autoimmune diseases. Their immune suppressive function is attributed to relatively rare populations of regulatory B cells (Bregs) that produce anti-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-35 and transforming growth factor-β. The IL-35-producing B cell (i35-Breg) is the newest Breg subset described. i35-Bregs suppress central nervous system autoimmune diseases by inducing infectious tolerance whereby conventional B cells acquire regulatory functions that suppress pathogenic Th17 responses. In this review, we discuss immunobiology of i35-Breg cell, i35-Breg therapies for autoimmune diseases and potential therapeutic strategies for depleting i35-Bregs that suppress immune responses against pathogens and tumor cells.
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133
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Zhou Q, Zhang Y, Wang B, Zhou W, Bi Y, Huai W, Chen X, Chen Y, Liu Z, Liu X, Zhan Z. KDM2B promotes IL-6 production and inflammatory responses through Brg1-mediated chromatin remodeling. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:834-842. [PMID: 31197256 PMCID: PMC7395766 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-6 plays important and pleiotropic roles in infection and inflammatory diseases, and its production needs to be tightly regulated. However, the epigenetic mechanism underlying Il6 gene transcription remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we report that lysine-specific demethylase 2b (KDM2B), which demethylates H3K4me3 and H3K36me2, is required in macrophages and dendritic cells for the induction of IL-6 but not TNF-α, IL-1, and IFN-β. Compared to wild-type mice, KDM2B-deficient mice were more resistant to endotoxin shock and colitis, with a less severe inflammatory pathogenesis phenotype and decreased IL-6 production in sera. KDM2B selectively bound the Il6 promoter but did not alter histone demethylation; instead, KDM2B interacted with Brahma-related gene 1 (Brg1), the core ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes, to facilitate chromatin accessibility of the Il6 promoter. Furthermore, KDM2B directly recruited RNA Polymerase II to further initiate and promote Il6 transcription. Thus, our finding identifies a novel nonclassical function of KDM2B in gene-specific transcription initiation and enhancement of Il6 independent of its demethylase activity and adds new insight into the specific epigenetic modification mechanism of inflammatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhou
- Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunkai Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Zhou
- Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Bi
- Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200081, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanwan Huai
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingguang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Zhan
- Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200081, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120, Shanghai, China.
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134
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Chodisetti SB, Fike AJ, Domeier PP, Choi NM, Soni C, Rahman ZSM. TLR7 Negatively Regulates B10 Cells Predominantly in an IFNγ Signaling Dependent Manner. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1632. [PMID: 32849556 PMCID: PMC7399053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-10 producing B cells (B10 cells) play an important immunoregulatory role in various autoimmune and infection conditions. However, the factors that regulate their development and maintenance are incompletely understood. Recently, we and others have established a requirement for TLR7 in promoting autoimmune antibody forming cell (AFC) and germinal center (GC) responses. Here we report an important additional role of TLR7 in the negative regulation of B10 cell development. TLR7 overexpression or overstimulation promoted the reduction of B10 cells whereas TLR7 deficiency rescued these cells in both non-autoimmune and autoimmune-prone mice. TLR7 expression was further inversely correlated with B cell-dependent IL-10 production and its inhibition of CD4 T cell proliferation and IFNγ production in an in vitro B cell and T cell co-culture system. Further, B10 cells displayed elevated TLR7, IFNγR, and STAT1 expression compared to non-B10 cells. Interestingly, deficiency of IFNγR in TLR7 overexpressing lupus-prone mice rescued B10 cells from TLR7-mediated reduction. Finally, B cell intrinsic deletion of IFNγR was sufficient to restore B10 cells in the spleens of TLR7-promoted autoimmune mouse model. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate a novel role for the IFNγR-STAT1 pathway in TLR7-mediated negative regulation of B10 cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathi Babu Chodisetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Adam J Fike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Phillip P Domeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Nicholas M Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Chetna Soni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Ziaur S M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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135
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Premkumar K, Shankar BS. TGF-βR inhibitor SB431542 restores immune suppression induced by regulatory B–T cell axis and decreases tumour burden in murine fibrosarcoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:153-168. [DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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136
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Nguyen TG. Harnessing Newton’s third-law paradigm to treat autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammations. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:813-824. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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137
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Extracellular Vesicles Mediate B Cell Immune Response and Are a Potential Target for Cancer Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061518. [PMID: 32580358 PMCID: PMC7349483 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly understood to participate directly in many essential aspects of host antitumor immune response. Tumor- and immune-cell-derived EVs function in local and systemic contexts with roles in immune processes including cancer antigen conveyance, immune cell priming and activation, as well as immune escape. Current practice of cancer immunotherapy has de facto focused on eliciting T-cell-mediated cytotoxic responses. Humoral immunity is also known to exert antitumor effects, and B cells have been demonstrated to have functions that extend beyond antibody production to include antigen presentation and activation and modulation of T cells and innate immune effectors. Evidence of B cell response against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) is observed in early stages of tumorigenesis and in most solid tumor types. It is known that EVs convey diverse TAAs, express antigenic-peptide-loaded MHCs, and complex with circulating plasma antitumoral autoantibodies. In this review, we will consider the relationships between EVs, B cells, and other antigen-presenting cells, especially in relation to TAAs. Understanding the intersection of EVs and the cancer immunome will enable opportunities for developing tumor antigen targets, antitumor vaccines and harnessing the full potential of multiple immune system components for next-generation cancer immunotherapies.
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138
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Nahid-Samiei M, Rahimian G, Shafigh M, Taheri F, Karami-Hurestani M, Sanaei MJ, Heshmati M, Bagheri N. Enhanced Frequency of CD19+IL-10+B Cells in Human Gastric Mucosa Infected by Helicobacter pylori. Am J Med Sci 2020; 359:347-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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139
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Ramos-Martinez E, Falfán-Valencia R, Pérez-Rubio G, Mejia M, Buendía-Roldán I, González-Pérez MI, Mateos-Toledo HN, Rojas Serrano J. Anti-Aminoacyl Transfer-RNA-Synthetases (Anti-tRNA) Autoantibodies Associated with Interstitial Lung Disease: Pulmonary Disease Progression has a Persistent Elevation of the Th17 Cytokine Profile. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051356. [PMID: 32384594 PMCID: PMC7290669 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-tRNA autoantibodies are associated with interstitial lung disease (ILD), in at least two clinical scenarios: the anti-synthetase syndrome (ASSD) and interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF). Under pathological conditions, cytokines indicate the participating elements and the course of inflammatory phenomena. We aimed to quantify serum concentrations of different inflammatory cytokines profiles in patients with anti-tRNA associated ILD (anti-tRNA-ILD) and estimate the association between these and ILD improvement and progression. Serum levels of 18 cytokines from baseline and after six months of treatment of ILD patients’ positives to anti-tRNA were included in the current study. At six months, patients were classified as with or without ILD progression. A total of 39 patients were included (10 anti-Jo1, eight anti-PL7, 11 anti-PL12, and 10 anti-Ej). Three patients (7.6%) had ILD progression (progressors patients, PP) and showed statistically higher levels in IL-4, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-22, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-α, compared to patients without disease progression (no progressors patients, NPP). IL-17A, IL-1β, and IL-6 (T-helper-lymphocyte (Th)17 inflammatory cytokine profile) were elevated and had a high discriminatory capacity in distinguishing ILD PP of those NPP at follow-up. Overall, there is an association between the cytokines of the Th17 inflammatory profile and the ASSD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espiridión Ramos-Martinez
- Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.F.-V.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.F.-V.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Mayra Mejia
- Interstitial Lung Disease and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.M.); (M.I.G.-P.); (H.N.M.-T.)
| | - Ivette Buendía-Roldán
- Translational Research Laboratory on Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Montserrat I. González-Pérez
- Interstitial Lung Disease and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.M.); (M.I.G.-P.); (H.N.M.-T.)
| | - Heidegger N. Mateos-Toledo
- Interstitial Lung Disease and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.M.); (M.I.G.-P.); (H.N.M.-T.)
| | - Jorge Rojas Serrano
- Interstitial Lung Disease and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.M.); (M.I.G.-P.); (H.N.M.-T.)
- Profesor, Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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140
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Rosser EC, Piper CJM, Matei DE, Blair PA, Rendeiro AF, Orford M, Alber DG, Krausgruber T, Catalan D, Klein N, Manson JJ, Drozdov I, Bock C, Wedderburn LR, Eaton S, Mauri C. Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Suppress Arthritis by Amplifying Aryl-Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation in Regulatory B Cells. Cell Metab 2020; 31:837-851.e10. [PMID: 32213346 PMCID: PMC7156916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (Bregs) in response to gut-microbiota-derived signals supports the maintenance of tolerance. However, whether microbiota-derived metabolites can modulate Breg suppressive function remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and arthritic mice have a reduction in microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) compared to healthy controls and that in mice, supplementation with the SCFA butyrate reduces arthritis severity. Butyrate supplementation suppresses arthritis in a Breg-dependent manner by increasing the level of the serotonin-derived metabolite 5-Hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), which activates the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a newly discovered transcriptional marker for Breg function. Thus, butyrate supplementation via AhR activation controls a molecular program that supports Breg function while inhibiting germinal center (GC) B cell and plasmablast differentiation. Our study demonstrates that butyrate supplementation may serve as a viable therapy for the amelioration of systemic autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Rosser
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH and GOSH, London, UK; Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, UCL, London WC1E 6JF, UK; Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | | | - Diana E Matei
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, UCL, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Paul A Blair
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, UCL, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - André F Rendeiro
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Orford
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dagmar G Alber
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diego Catalan
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH and GOSH, London, UK; Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nigel Klein
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jessica J Manson
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH and GOSH, London, UK; Department of Rheumatology, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lucy R Wedderburn
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH and GOSH, London, UK; Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Simon Eaton
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Claudia Mauri
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, UCL, London WC1E 6JF, UK.
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141
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Challenges, Progress, and Prospects of Developing Therapies to Treat Autoimmune Diseases. Cell 2020; 181:63-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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142
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Bahrini K, Belghith M, Maghrebi O, Bekir J, Kchaou M, Jeridi C, Amouri R, Hentati F, Belal S, Ben Sassi S, Barbouche MR. Discriminative expression of CD39 and CD73 in Cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Neuro-Behçet's disease. Cytokine 2020; 130:155054. [PMID: 32151963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Treg-mediated immune suppression involves many molecular mechanisms including the cleavage of inflammatory extracellular ATP to adenosine by CD39 ectoenzyme. In the peripheral blood of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients, it has been suggested that CD39+ Treg cells have the potential to suppress pro-inflammatory IL-17 secreting cells. Herein, we studied cellular phenotype and mRNA expression of CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes in the Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients and another neuro-inflammatory disease: the Neuro-behçet's disease (NBD). Using qRT-PCR, we assessed mRNA expression of CD39 and CD73 as well as anti-inflammatory (IL-10) and pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) cytokines in patients Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CSF of 28 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), 20 NBD and 22 controls with non inflammatory neurological disorders (NIND). The most substantial result in the CSF was the higher expression of CD39 in both RRMS and NBD patients compared to NIND. While, the expression of CD73 in CSF samples of NBD was low. In RRMS samples, we detected a significant positive correlation of both CD39 and CD73 with IL-10 expression. Moreover, results by flow cytometry revealed a high percentage of CD39 Treg cells in RRMS CSF. CD39 was preferentially expressed on B cells of NBD. Regarding inflammatory response, we showed a significant increase of IL-6 mRNA expression in NBD patients CSF while in RRMS this increase concerned TNF-α. These results bring evidence that CD39 correlates positively with an anti-inflammatory IL-10 response in RRMS. In contrast, no such association was observed in CSF of NBD patients and CD39 was preferentially expressed on B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Bahrini
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11IPT02, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia.
| | - Meriam Belghith
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11IPT02, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia.
| | - Olfa Maghrebi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11IPT02, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia.
| | - Jihène Bekir
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11IPT02, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia.
| | - Mariem Kchaou
- Neurological Department of Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Cyrine Jeridi
- Neurology's Department, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Rim Amouri
- Neurology's Department, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Faycel Hentati
- Neurology's Department, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Samir Belal
- Neurology's Department, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 1006, Tunisia.
| | - Samia Ben Sassi
- Neurology's Department, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed-Ridha Barbouche
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11IPT02, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 1006, Tunisia.
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143
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Crowe J, Lumb FE, Doonan J, Broussard M, Tarafdar A, Pineda MA, Landabaso C, Mulvey L, Hoskisson PA, Babayan SA, Selman C, Harnett W, Harnett MM. The parasitic worm product ES-62 promotes health- and life-span in a high calorie diet-accelerated mouse model of ageing. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008391. [PMID: 32163524 PMCID: PMC7108737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in hygiene and health management have driven significant increases in human lifespan over the last 50 years. Frustratingly however, this extension of lifespan has not been matched by equivalent improvements in late-life health, not least due to the global pandemic in type-2 diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease, all ageing-associated conditions exacerbated and accelerated by widespread adoption of the high calorie Western diet (HCD). Recently, evidence has begun to emerge that parasitic worm infection might protect against such ageing-associated co-morbidities, as a serendipitous side-effect of their evolution of pro-survival, anti-inflammatory mechanisms. As a novel therapeutic strategy, we have therefore investigated the potential of ES-62, an anti-inflammatory secreted product of the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae, to improve healthspan (the period of life before diseases of ageing appear) by targeting the chronic inflammation that drives metabolic dysregulation underpinning ageing-induced ill-health. We administered ES-62 subcutaneously (at a dose of 1 μg/week) to C57BL/6J mice undergoing HCD-accelerated ageing throughout their lifespan, while subjecting the animals to analysis of 120 immunometabolic responses at various time-points. ES-62 improved a number of inflammatory parameters, but markedly, a range of pathophysiological, metabolic and microbiome parameters of ageing were also successfully targeted. Notably, ES-62-mediated promotion of healthspan in male and female HCD-mice was associated with different mechanisms and reflecting this, machine learning modelling identified sex-specific signatures predictive of ES-62 action against HCD-accelerated ageing. Remarkably, ES-62 substantially increased the median survival of male HCD-mice. This was not the case with female animals and unexpectedly, this difference between the two sexes could not be explained in terms of suppression of the chronic inflammation driving ageing, as ES-62 tended to be more effective in reducing this in female mice. Rather, the difference appeared to be associated with ES-62's additional ability to preferentially promote a healthier gut-metabolic tissue axis in male animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Crowe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity E. Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James Doonan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Margaux Broussard
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anuradha Tarafdar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel A. Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Landabaso
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Mulvey
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A. Babayan
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Selman
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret M. Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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144
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Regulatory B cells in infection, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Cell Immunol 2020; 352:104076. [PMID: 32143836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory B (Breg) cells are characterized by differential expression of CD5 and CD1d in mouse and CD24 and CD38 in human immune systems. The Breg family also includes LAG-3+CD138hi plasma cells, CD1d CD5 CD21 CD23 cells, Tim1, PD-L1, PD-L2, CD200- expressing B cells, and CD39hiKi67+ cells originating from the transitional, marginal zone or germinal centre of the spleen. Breg cells produce IL10 and IL35 and to cause immunosuppression. These cells respond to TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 agonists, CD40 ligands, IL12p35 and heat shock proteins. Emerging evidence suggests that TLR signalling component Myd88 impacts the modulation of Breg cell responses and the host's susceptibility to infection. Breg cells are found to reduce relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, the Breg-mediated mechanism used to control T cell-mediated immune responses is still unclear. Here, we review the existing literature to find gaps in the current knowledge and to build a pathway to further research.
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145
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Maerz JK, Trostel C, Lange A, Parusel R, Michaelis L, Schäfer A, Yao H, Löw HC, Frick JS. Bacterial Immunogenicity Is Critical for the Induction of Regulatory B Cells in Suppressing Inflammatory Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3093. [PMID: 32038631 PMCID: PMC6993086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells fulfill multifaceted functions that influence immune responses during health and disease. In autoimmune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, depletion of functional B cells results in an aggravation of disease in humans and respective mouse models. This could be due to a lack of a pivotal B cell subpopulation: regulatory B cells (Bregs). Although Bregs represent only a small proportion of all immune cells, they exhibit critical properties in regulating immune responses, thus contributing to the maintenance of immune homeostasis in healthy individuals. In this study, we report that the induction of Bregs is differentially triggered by the immunogenicity of the host microbiota. In comparative experiments with low immunogenic Bacteroides vulgatus and strong immunogenic Escherichia coli, we found that the induction and longevity of Bregs depend on strong Toll-like receptor activation mediated by antigens of strong immunogenic commensals. The potent B cell stimulation via E. coli led to a pronounced expression of suppressive molecules on the B cell surface and an increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10. These bacteria-primed Bregs were capable of efficiently inhibiting the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs), preventing the proliferation and polarization of T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells while simultaneously promoting Th2 cell differentiation in vitro. In addition, Bregs facilitated the development of regulatory T cells (Tregs) resulting in a possible feedback cooperation to establish immune homeostasis. Moreover, the colonization of germfree wild type mice with E. coli but not B. vulgatus significantly reduced intestinal inflammatory processes in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis associated with an increase induction of immune suppressive Bregs. The quantity of Bregs directly correlated with the severity of inflammation. These findings may provide new insights and therapeutic approaches for B cell-controlled treatments of microbiota-driven autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kevin Maerz
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Trostel
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Lange
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raphael Parusel
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena Michaelis
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Schäfer
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans Yao
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hanna-Christine Löw
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia-Stefanie Frick
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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146
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Yamamoto EA, Jørgensen TN. Relationships Between Vitamin D, Gut Microbiome, and Systemic Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3141. [PMID: 32038645 PMCID: PMC6985452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing recognition of the role the microbiome plays in states of health and disease. Microbiome studies in systemic autoimmune diseases demonstrate unique microbial patterns in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus to a lesser extent, whereas there is no single bug or pattern that characterizes Multiple Sclerosis. Autoimmune diseases tend to share a predisposition for vitamin D deficiency, which alters the microbiome and integrity of the gut epithelial barrier. In this review, we summarize the influence of intestinal bacteria on the immune system, explore the microbial patterns that have emerged from studies on autoimmune diseases, and discuss how vitamin D deficiency may contribute to autoimmunity via its effects on the intestinal barrier function, microbiome composition, and/or direct effects on immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Yamamoto
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Trine N Jørgensen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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147
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Interleukin-10 production by B cells is regulated by cytokines, but independently of GATA-3 or FoxP3 expression. Cell Immunol 2020; 347:103987. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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148
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Quaglia M, Dellepiane S, Guglielmetti G, Merlotti G, Castellano G, Cantaluppi V. Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Cellular Crosstalk Between Immune System and Kidney Graft. Front Immunol 2020; 11:74. [PMID: 32180768 PMCID: PMC7057849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known immune-modulators exerting a critical role in kidney transplantation (KT). EV bioactive cargo includes graft antigens, costimulatory/inhibitory molecules, cytokines, growth factors, and functional microRNAs (miRNAs) that may modulate expression of recipient cell genes. As paracrine factors, neutrophil- and macrophage-derived EVs exert immunosuppressive and immune-stimulating effects on dendritic cells, respectively. Dendritic cell-derived EVs mediate alloantigen spreading and modulate antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. At systemic level, EVs exert pleiotropic effects on complement and coagulation. Depending on their biogenesis, they can amplify complement activation or shed complement inhibitors and prevent cell lysis. Likewise, endothelial- and platelet-derived EVs can exert procoagulant/prothrombotic effects and also promote endothelial survival and angiogenesis after ischemic injury. Kidney endothelial- and tubular-derived EVs play a key role in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and during the healing process; additionally, they can trigger rejection by inducing both alloimmune and autoimmune responses. Endothelial EVs have procoagulant/pro-inflammatory effects and can release sequestered self-antigens, generating a tissue-specific autoimmunity. Renal tubule-derived EVs shuttle pro-fibrotic mediators (TGF-β and miR-21) to interstitial fibroblasts and modulate neutrophil and T-lymphocyte influx. These processes can lead to peritubular capillary rarefaction and interstitial fibrosis-tubular atrophy. Different EVs, including those from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), have been employed as a therapeutic tool in experimental models of rejection and IRI. These particles protect tubular and endothelial cells (by inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation-fibrogenesis or by inducing autophagy) and stimulate tissue regeneration (by triggering angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and migration). Finally, urinary and serum EVs represent potential biomarkers for delayed graft function (DGF) and acute rejection. In conclusion, EVs sustain an intricate crosstalk between graft tissue and innate/adaptive immune systems. EVs play a major role in allorecognition, IRI, autoimmunity, and alloimmunity and are promising as biomarkers and therapeutic tools in KT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Quaglia
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Sergio Dellepiane
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gabriele Guglielmetti
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Guido Merlotti
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vincenzo Cantaluppi
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Colas L, Mongodin EF, Montassier E, Chesneau M, Guerif P, Hittle L, Giral M, Bromberg JS, Brouard S. Unique and specific Proteobacteria diversity in urinary microbiota of tolerant kidney transplanted recipients. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:145-158. [PMID: 31374143 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Host-microbiota interactions can modulate the immune system both at local and systemic levels, with potential consequences for organ transplantation outcomes. In this study, we hypothesized that differences in the urinary microbiome following kidney transplantation would be associated with posttransplantation status: stable, minimally immunosuppressed, or tolerant. One hundred thirteen urine samples from stable (n = 51), minimally immunosuppressed (n = 19), and spontaneously tolerant (n = 16) patients, paired with age-matched controls (n = 27) were profiled and compared to each other at a taxonomic level with special interest in the immunosuppressive regimen. All comparisons and correlations were adjusted on sex and time posttransplantation. Our results highlighted a unique and specific urinary microbiota associated with spontaneous tolerance characterized by a high diversity and a clear Proteobacteria profile. Finally, we report that this profile is (1) impacted by gender, (2) inversely correlated with immunosuppressive drugs (calcineurin inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors), and (3) stable in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Colas
- Plateforme Transversale d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Mélanie Chesneau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pierrick Guerif
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Lauren Hittle
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Magali Giral
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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150
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Malaguarnera L. Vitamin D and microbiota: Two sides of the same coin in the immunomodulatory aspects. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 79:106112. [PMID: 31877495 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is crucial for host immune response, vitamin synthesis, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production, intestinal permeability, nutrient digestion energy metabolism and protection from pathogens. Therefore, gut microbiota guarantees the host's predisposition to gastrointestinal diseases. Intestinal microbiota may be damaged by environmental components with negative health conditions. Dysbiosis consisting in alteration in the gut microbiota has been involved in several disorders including inflammation, allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, obesity, and metabolic syndrome and even in the state of malignant carcinogenesis existing in humans. Several epidemiological studies have shown that inadequate solar exposure results in vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency which has a strong impact on different immune responses and the occurrence of a wide range of pathological conditions. Additionally, new evidence indicates that the vitamin D pathway plays a key role in gut homeostasis. Due to the strong connection between vitamin D and microbiota, herein we focus on the new findings about intestinal bacteria-immune crosstalk and the impact of vitamin D in gut microbiota regulation, in order to offer new clarifications on their interaction. Understanding the mechanism by which vitamin D can affect the gut microbiota composition and its dynamic activities, as well as the innate and adaptive state of the immune system, is not only a fundamental research but also an opportunity to improve health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Malaguarnera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97, Catania, Italy.
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