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Dissecting the Involvement of Ras GTPases in Kidney Fibrosis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060800. [PMID: 34073961 PMCID: PMC8225075 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many different regulatory mechanisms of renal fibrosis are known to date, and those related to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced signaling have been studied in greater depth. However, in recent years, other signaling pathways have been identified, which contribute to the regulation of these pathological processes. Several studies by our team and others have revealed the involvement of small Ras GTPases in the regulation of the cellular processes that occur in renal fibrosis, such as the activation and proliferation of myofibroblasts or the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Intracellular signaling mediated by TGF-β1 and Ras GTPases are closely related, and this interaction also occurs during the development of renal fibrosis. In this review, we update the available in vitro and in vivo knowledge on the role of Ras and its main effectors, such as Erk and Akt, in the cellular mechanisms that occur during the regulation of kidney fibrosis (ECM synthesis, accumulation and activation of myofibroblasts, apoptosis and survival of tubular epithelial cells), as well as the therapeutic strategies for targeting the Ras pathway to intervene on the development of renal fibrosis.
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102
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Srivastava SP, Li J, Takagaki Y, Kitada M, Goodwin JE, Kanasaki K, Koya D. Endothelial SIRT3 regulates myofibroblast metabolic shifts in diabetic kidneys. iScience 2021; 24:102390. [PMID: 33981977 PMCID: PMC8086030 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in endothelial cells cause deterioration in kidney function and structure. Here, we found that endothelial SIRT3 regulates metabolic reprogramming and fibrogenesis in the kidneys of diabetic mice. By analyzing, gain of function of the SIRT3 gene by overexpression in a fibrotic mouse strain conferred disease resistance against diabetic kidney fibrosis, whereas its loss of function in endothelial cells exacerbated the levels of diabetic kidney fibrosis. Regulation of endothelial cell SIRT3 on fibrogenic processes was due to tight control over the defective central metabolism and linked activation of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). SIRT3 deficiency in endothelial cells stimulated the TGFβ/Smad3-dependent mesenchymal transformations in renal tubular epithelial cells. These data demonstrate that SIRT3 regulates defective metabolism and EndMT-mediated activation of the fibrogenic pathways in the diabetic kidneys. Together, our findings show that endothelial SIRT3 is a fundamental regulator of defective metabolism regulating health and disease processes in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayam Prakash Srivastava
- Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics (Nephrology) Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jinpeng Li
- Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yuta Takagaki
- Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Munehiro Kitada
- Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Department of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Julie E. Goodwin
- Department of Pediatrics (Nephrology) Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Department of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University, Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Department of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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103
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Liu W, Gu R, Lou Y, He C, Zhang Q, Li D. Emodin-induced autophagic cell death hinders epithelial-mesenchymal transition via regulation of BMP-7/TGF-β1 in renal fibrosis. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 146:216-225. [PMID: 34116735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to explore the effects of emodin and its mechanisms on renal fibrosis (RF). We firstly modeled adriamycin-induced rat RF with unilateral nephrectomy. In vivo and in vitro pharmacological experiments were performed in this study. The presence of collagen deposition was detected by Masson staining. To verify whether emodin attenuates RF by monitoring autophagy, the immunohistochemistry staining for autophagy protein LC3B was performed. We conducted western blot to detect the expression of the autophagy-related proteins in EMT in vitro model after treating with emotin and BMP-7. In vivo, we demonstrated that emodin could improve renal dysfunction and decrease pathological damage of the kidney by activation of autophagy and inhibition of EMT. Upregulation of BMP-7 was recorded in the RF rats subjected to emodin treatment. In vitro studies, emodin has the capacity of reversing EMT and activating autophagy, and emodin could regulate the expression of BMP-7. The results revealed that the attenuation of EMT by emodin could be blocked after the inhibition of BMP-7 and suppression of autophagy. Our findings demonstrated that emodin alleviates EMT during RF by actuating autophagy through BMP-7, suggesting a role of BMP-7 in RF treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Urology Surgery, PuTuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Renze Gu
- Department of Urology Surgery, PuTuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Yujiao Lou
- Department of Urology Surgery, PuTuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Chunfeng He
- Department of Urology Surgery, PuTuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Qingchuan Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, PuTuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, PR China.
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.
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104
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Pei S, Huang M, Huang J, Zhu X, Wang H, Romano S, Deng X, Wang Y, Luo Y, Hao S, Xu J, Yu T, Zhu Q, Yuan J, Shen K, Liu Z, Hu G, Peng C, Luo Q, Wen Z, Dai D, Xiao Y. BFAR coordinates TGFβ signaling to modulate Th9-mediated cancer immunotherapy. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212036. [PMID: 33914044 PMCID: PMC8091105 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TGFβ is essential for the generation of anti-tumor Th9 cells; on the other hand, it causes resistance against anti-tumor immunity. Despite recent progress, the underlying mechanism reconciling the double-edged effect of TGFβ signaling in Th9-mediated cancer immunotherapy remains elusive. Here, we find that TGFβ-induced down-regulation of bifunctional apoptosis regulator (BFAR) represents the key mechanism preventing the sustained activation of TGFβ signaling and thus impairing Th9 inducibility. Mechanistically, BFAR mediates K63-linked ubiquitination of TGFβR1 at K268, which is critical to activate TGFβ signaling. Thus, BFAR deficiency or K268R knock-in mutation suppresses TGFβR1 ubiquitination and Th9 differentiation, thereby inhibiting Th9-mediated cancer immunotherapy. More interestingly, BFAR-overexpressed Th9 cells exhibit promising therapeutic efficacy to curtail tumor growth and metastasis and promote the sensitivity of anti–PD-1–mediated checkpoint immunotherapy. Thus, our findings establish BFAR as a key TGFβ-regulated gene to fine-tune TGFβ signaling that causes Th9 induction insensitivity, and they highlight the translational potential of BFAR in promoting Th9-mediated cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Pei
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhu Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgical Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgical Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Simona Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Xiuyu Deng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixiao Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shumeng Hao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingchen Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Yuan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunwei Shen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingquan Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgical Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongfang Dai
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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105
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The Role of Cell Division Autoantigen 1 (CDA1) in Renal Fibrosis of Diabetic Nephropathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6651075. [PMID: 33997036 PMCID: PMC8102118 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6651075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The common kidney disease diabetic nephropathy (DN) accounts for significant morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes, and its effective diagnosis in incipient stages is still lacking. Renal fibrosis is the main pathological feature of DN. Cell division autoantigen 1 (CDA1), a phosphorylated protein encoded by TSPYL2 on the X chromosome, plays a fibrogenic role by modulating the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. TGF-β signaling has been recognized as the key factor in promoting the development and progression of DN. At present, strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure can significantly lower the development and progression of DN in the early stages, and many studies have shown that blocking TGF-β signaling can delay the progress of DN. However, TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine. Its direct intervention may result in increased side effects. Therefore, the targeted intervention of CDA1 not only can block the TGF-β signaling pathway but also can reduce these side effects. In this article, we review the main physiological roles of CDA1, with particular attention to its effect and potential mechanism in the renal fibrosis of DN.
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106
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Larraufie MH, Gao X, Xia X, Devine PJ, Kallen J, Liu D, Michaud G, Harsch A, Savage N, Ding J, Tan K, Mihalic M, Roggo S, Canham SM, Bushell SM, Krastel P, Gao J, Izaac A, Altinoglu E, Lustenberger P, Salcius M, Harbinski F, Williams ET, Zeng L, Loureiro J, Cong F, Fryer CJ, Klickstein L, Tallarico JA, Jain RK, Rothman DM, Wang S. Phenotypic screen identifies calcineurin-sparing FK506 analogs as BMP potentiators for treatment of acute kidney injury. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1271-1282.e12. [PMID: 33894161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a life-threatening disease with no known curative or preventive therapies. Data from multiple animal models and human studies have linked dysregulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling to AKI. Small molecules that potentiate endogenous BMP signaling should have a beneficial effect in AKI. We performed a high-throughput phenotypic screen and identified a series of FK506 analogs that act as potent BMP potentiators by sequestering FKBP12 from BMP type I receptors. We further showed that calcineurin inhibition was not required for this activity. We identified a calcineurin-sparing FK506 analog oxtFK through late-stage functionalization and structure-guided design. OxtFK demonstrated an improved safety profile in vivo relative to FK506. OxtFK stimulated BMP signaling in vitro and in vivo and protected the kidneys in an AKI mouse model, making it a promising candidate for future development as a first-in-class therapeutic for diseases with dysregulated BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolin Gao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Joerg Kallen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dong Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Michaud
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Harsch
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nik Savage
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jian Ding
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kian Tan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Manuel Mihalic
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Roggo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Simon M Bushell
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philipp Krastel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jinhai Gao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aude Izaac
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erhan Altinoglu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Salcius
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fred Harbinski
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric T Williams
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Liling Zeng
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Loureiro
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Feng Cong
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christy J Fryer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Rishi K Jain
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Shaowen Wang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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107
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Mezawa Y, Orimo A. Phenotypic heterogeneity, stability and plasticity in tumor-promoting carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. FEBS J 2021; 289:2429-2447. [PMID: 33786982 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are essential for full-blown tumor development. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the TME together with a wide variety of stromal cell types including vascular, inflammatory, and immune cells in the extracellular matrix. CAFs not only promote tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, but also dampen the efficacy of various therapies including immune checkpoint inhibitors. CAFs are composed of distinct fibroblast populations presumably with diverse activated fibroblastic states and tumor-promoting phenotypes in a tumor, indicating intratumor heterogeneity in these fibroblasts. Given that CAFs have been implicated in both disease progression and therapeutic responses, elucidating the functional roles of each fibroblast population in CAFs and the molecular mechanisms mediating their phenotypic stability and plasticity in the TME would be crucial for understanding tumor biology. We herein discuss how distinct fibroblast populations comprising CAFs establish their cell identities, in terms of cells-of-origin, stimuli from the TME, and the phenotypes characteristic of activated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Mezawa
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Orimo
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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108
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DHA inhibits Gremlin-1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via ERK suppression in human breast cancer cells. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222308. [PMID: 32141512 PMCID: PMC7087330 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid abundant in fish oils. It is known to have an inhibitory effect on various diseases such as inflammation, diabetes, and cancer. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that epithelial cells gain migratory property to become mesenchymal cells involved in wound healing, organ fibrosis, and cancer progression. Gremlin-1 (GREM1) is a bone morphogenetic protein antagonist known to play a role in EMT. However, the role of GREM1 in the induction of EMT in human breast cancer cells and the effect of DHA on GREM1-induced EMT remain unclear. Establishment of GREM1 knockdown cell lines was performed using lentiviral shRNAs. Expression of EMT markers was determined by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Effect of GREM1 and/or DHA on cell migration was investigated using wound healing assay. The level of GREM1 expression in human breast cancer tissues was determined by Oncomine database mining. GREM1 induced the expression of genes including N-cadherin, vimentin, and Slug. GREM1 promoted the migration of human breast cancer cells. GREM1 enhanced the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) and the ERK activation was involved in EMT. Interestingly, DHA reduced the expression of GREM1. DHA also inhibited the expression of mesenchymal cell-associated genes and cell migration induced by GREM1. Furthermore, DHA suppressed the expression of p-ERK induced by GREM1. These results indicate that GREM1–ERK axis plays a role in EMT in human breast cancer cells and DHA is a putative compound that can inhibit EMT by inhibiting GREM1 signal transduction.
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109
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Shu DY, Ng K, Wishart TFL, Chui J, Lundmark M, Flokis M, Lovicu FJ. Contrasting roles for BMP-4 and ventromorphins (BMP agonists) in TGFβ-induced lens EMT. Exp Eye Res 2021; 206:108546. [PMID: 33773977 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling play opposing roles in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells, a cellular process integral to the pathogenesis of fibrotic cataract. We previously showed that BMP-7-induced Smad1/5 signaling blocks TGFβ-induced Smad2/3-signaling and EMT in rat lens epithelial cell explants. To further explore the antagonistic role of BMPs on TGFβ-signaling, we tested the capability of BMP-4 or newly described BMP agonists, ventromorphins, in blocking TGFβ-induced lens EMT. Primary rat lens epithelial explants were treated with exogenous TGFβ2 alone, or in combination with BMP-4 or ventromorphins. Treatment with TGFβ2 induced lens epithelial cells to undergo EMT and transdifferentiate into myofibroblastic cells with upregulated α-SMA and nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 immunofluorescence. BMP-4 was able to suppress this EMT without blocking TGFβ2-nuclear translocation of Smad2/3. In contrast, the BMP agonists, ventromorphins, were unable to block TGFβ2-induced EMT, despite a transient and early ability to significantly reduce TGFβ2-induced nuclear translocation of Smad2/3. This intriguing disparity highlights new complexities in the responsiveness of the lens to differing BMP-related signaling. Further research is required to better understand the antagonistic relationship between TGFβ and BMPs in lens EMT leading to cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Y Shu
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin Ng
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Juanita Chui
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Malin Lundmark
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mary Flokis
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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110
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Zhao YX, Chen SR, Huang QY, Chen WC, Xia T, Shi YC, Gao HZ, Shi QY, Lin S. Repair abilities of mouse autologous adipose-derived stem cells and ShakeGel™3D complex local injection with intrauterine adhesion by BMP7-Smad5 signaling pathway activation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:191. [PMID: 33736694 PMCID: PMC7977602 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to explore the therapeutic effect of autologous adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) combined with ShakeGel™3D transplantation to activate the BMP7-Smad5 signaling pathway to treat intrauterine adhesions (IUA). METHODS Autologous ADSCs were isolated and then merged with ShakeGel™3D. The IUA model was established by mechanical injury. The third generation of autologous ADSCs was injected directly into the uterus in combination with ShakeGel™3D. After 7 days of treatment, endometrial morphology, number of endometrial glands, endometrial fibrosis area, and fibrosis biomarker analysis by RT-PCR and IHC were examined. BMP7 and phosphorylation of Smad5 were also detected, and the recovery of infertility function in treated mice was evaluated. RESULTS Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) showed that autologous ADSCs expressed CD105 (99.1%), CD29 (99.6%), and CD73 (98.9%). Autologous ADSCs could still maintain a good growth state in ShakeGel™3D. Histological examination revealed that the number of endometrial glands increased significantly, and the area of fibrosis decreased. At the same time, the expression of BMP7 and Smad5 in the ADSCs + Gel group was significantly upregulated, and the final reproductive function of this group was partly recovered. CONCLUSIONS Autologous ADSCs can be used in combination with ShakeGel™3D to maintain functionality and create a viable three-dimensional growth environment. The combined transplantation of autologous ADSCs and ShakeGel™3D promotes the recovery of damaged endometrial tissue by increasing BMP7-Smad5 signal transduction, resulting in endometrium thickening, increased number of glands, and decreased fibrosis, leading to restoration of partial fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shao-Rong Chen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qiao-Yi Huang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei-Can Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Tian Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian province, China
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, Univeristy of New South Wales, Sydeny, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Hong-Zhi Gao
- Clinical Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qi-Yang Shi
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Shu Lin
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China.
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111
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Kim JY, Lim S, Lim HS, Kim YS, Eun KM, Khalmuratova R, Seo Y, Kim JK, Kim YS, Kim MK, Jin S, Han SC, Pyo S, Hong SN, Park JW, Shin HW, Kim DW. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 as a novel biomarker for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:461-472.e13. [PMID: 33667477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are members of the TGF-β superfamily, regulate bone remodeling by stimulating osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Although the association between osteitis and poor surgical outcomes is well known in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), BMPs have not been fully investigated as potential biomarkers for the prognosis of CRS. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the role of BMPs in osteitis in patients with CRS with nasal polyps (NPs) (CRSwNPs), as well as associations between BMPs and inflammatory markers in sinonasal tissues from patients with CRSwNP. METHODS We investigated the expression of 6 BMPs (BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, BMP-7, BMP-9, and BMP-10) and their cellular origins in NPs of human subjects by using immunohistochemistry and ELISA of NP tissues. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify associations between BMPs and inflammatory markers. Air-liquid interface cell culture of human nasal epithelial cells was performed to evaluate the induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by BMPs. RESULTS Of the 6 BMPs studied, BMP-2 and BMP-7 were associated with refractoriness. Only BMP-2 concentrations were higher in patients with severe osteitis and advanced disease extent according to the computed tomography findings. Eosinophils and some macrophages were identified as cellular sources of BMP-2 in immunofluorescence analysis. An in vitro experiment revealed that BMP-2 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in air-liquid interface-cultured human nasal epithelial cells, particularly in a TH2 milieu. CONCLUSION BMP-2 could reflect the pathophysiology of mucosa and bone remodeling and may be a novel biomarker for refractory CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Youp Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Interdisciplinary Program of Medical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suha Lim
- Obstructive Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Suk Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yi-Sook Kim
- Obstructive Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Mi Eun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Roza Khalmuratova
- Obstructive Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yuju Seo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Kon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Seok Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Siyeon Jin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suyeon Pyo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-No Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Obstructive Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Shin
- Obstructive Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Fu Z, Xu YS, Cai CQ. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits pulmonary fibrosis by preventing HIF-1α nuclear localisation. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:70. [PMID: 33639908 PMCID: PMC7912494 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive fibroblast proliferation during pulmonary fibrosis leads to structural abnormalities in lung tissue and causes hypoxia and cell injury. However, the mechanisms and effective treatment are still limited. Methods In vivo, we used bleomycin to induce pulmonary fibrosis in mice. IHC and Masson staining were used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 in pulmonary fibrosis. In vitro, scanning electron microscopy, transwell and wound healing were used to evaluate the cell phenotype of LL 29 cells. In addition, biacore was used to detect the binding between ginsenoside Rg3 and HIF-1α. Results Here, we found that bleomycin induces the activation of the HIF-1α/TGFβ1 signalling pathway and further enhances the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts through the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, molecular docking and biacore results indicated that ginsenoside Rg3 can bind HIF-1α. Therefore, Ginsenoside Rg3 can slow down the progression of pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the nuclear localisation of HIF-1α. Conclusions This finding suggests that early targeted treatment of hypoxia may have potential value in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12890-021-01426-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fu
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Respiratory, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Xu
- Department of Respiratory, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chun-Quan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Tianjin, No.238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300400, China.
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Sisto M, Ribatti D, Lisi S. Organ Fibrosis and Autoimmunity: The Role of Inflammation in TGFβ-Dependent EMT. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020310. [PMID: 33670735 PMCID: PMC7922523 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular pathways that control the link of inflammation with organ fibrosis and autoimmune diseases point to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) as the common association in the progression of these diseases characterized by an intense inflammatory response. EMT, a process in which epithelial cells are gradually transformed to mesenchymal cells, is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Importantly, the chronic inflammatory microenvironment has emerged as a decisive factor in the induction of pathological EMT. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a multifunctional cytokine, plays a crucial role in the induction of fibrosis, often associated with chronic phases of inflammatory diseases, contributing to marked fibrotic changes that severely impair normal tissue architecture and function. The understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying EMT-dependent fibrosis has both a basic and a translational relevance, since it may be useful to design therapies aimed at counteracting organ deterioration and failure. To this end, we reviewed the recent literature to better elucidate the molecular response to inflammatory/fibrogenic signals in autoimmune diseases in order to further the specific regulation of EMT-dependent fibrosis in more targeted therapies.
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Chen Y, Pu Q, Ma Y, Zhang H, Ye T, Zhao C, Huang X, Ren Y, Qiao L, Liu HM, Esmon CT, Ding BS, Cao Z. Aging Reprograms the Hematopoietic-Vascular Niche to Impede Regeneration and Promote Fibrosis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:395-410.e4. [PMID: 33357457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative capacity is frequently impaired in aged organs. Stress to aged organs often causes scar formation (fibrosis) at the expense of regeneration. It remains to be defined how hematopoietic and vascular cells contribute to aging-induced regeneration to fibrotic transition. Here, we find that aging aberrantly reprograms the crosstalk between hematopoietic and vascular cells to impede the regenerative capacity and enhance fibrosis. In aged lung, liver, and kidney, induction of Neuropilin-1/hypoxia-inducible-factor 2α (HIF2α) suppresses anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) pathway, leading to formation of pro-fibrotic platelet-macrophage rosette. Activated platelets via supplying interleukin 1α synergize with endothelial-produced angiocrine chemokine to recruit fibrogenic TIMP1high macrophages. In mouse models, genetic targeting of endothelial Neuropilin-1-HIF2α, platelet interleukin 1α, or macrophage TIMP1 normalized the pro-fibrotic hematopoietic-vascular niche and restored the regenerative capacity of old organs. Targeting of aberrant endothelial node molecules might help propel "regeneration without scarring" in the repair of multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Pu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Frontier Center of Disease Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengjian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaojuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yafeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lina Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Han-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Charles T Esmon
- Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Fibrosis Research Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhongwei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Clinicopathologic Correlations of Retrocorneal Membranes Associated With Endothelial Corneal Graft Failure. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 222:24-33. [PMID: 32810471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide clinicopathologic correlations for retrocorneal membranes associated with Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) failure. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS The specimens and medical records of the patients diagnosed with clinically significant retrocorneal membranes associated with DSAEK failure at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute or the University of Miami Veterans Hospital between October 2015 and March 2020 were reviewed for demographics, clinical presentation, comorbidities, and surgeries performed. Histopathologic analysis was performed on hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff sections. Immunohistochemical studies were performed for smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), pancytokeratin, and CK7. Immunofluorescence was performed for vimentin, N-cadherin, ROCK1, RhoA, ZEB1, and Snail. RESULTS A total of 7 patients (3 male and 4 female) were identified to have a clinically significant retrocorneal membranes at the time of graft failure. The average age at the time of first DSAEK was 70 years (range: 55-85 years). All patients were pseudophakic and had a glaucoma drainage device in place; 1 had a history of failed DSAEK. Ranging from 0 to 47 months after surgery, a variably thick retrocorneal fibrous membrane was observed, eventually leading to graft failure. Four patients underwent subsequent penetrating keratoplasty and 3 underwent repeat DSAEK. On histopathologic evaluation, a pigmented fibrocellular tissue was identified along the posterior margin of the corneas and DSAEK buttons in all cases. Further characterization with immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence demonstrated membranes to be negative for pancytokeratin and positive for α-SMA, vimentin, CK7, N-cadherin, ZEB1, Snail, ROCK1, and RhoA. CONCLUSIONS Fibrocellular retrocorneal membrane proliferation may be associated with DSAEK failure in patients with previous glaucoma drainage device surgery. Our results demonstrate myofibroblastic differentiation and a lack of epithelial differentiation. Positivity for markers of an endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition indicates possible endothelial origin and could be the hallmark for future targeted pharmacotherapy.
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Akan E, Cetinkaya B, Kipmen-Korgun D, Ozmen A, Koksoy S, Mendilcioğlu İ, Sakinci M, Suleymanlar G, Korgun ET. Effects of amnion derived mesenchymal stem cells on fibrosis in a 5/6 nephrectomy model in rats. Biotech Histochem 2021; 96:594-607. [PMID: 33522283 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2021.1875502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by disruption of the glomerulus, tubule and vascular structures by renal fibrosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) ameliorate CKD. We investigated the effects of human amnion derived MSC (hAMSC) on fibrosis using expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), collagen type I (COL-1) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-7). We also investigated levels of urinary creatinine and nitrogen in CKD. We used a 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx) induced CKD model. We used 36 rats in six groups of six animals: sham group, 5/6 Nx group, 15 days after 5/6 Nx (5/6 Nx + 15) group, 30 days after 5/6 Nx (5/6 Nx + 30) group, transfer of hAMSC 15 days after 5/6 Nx (5/6 Nx + hAMSC + 15) group and transfer of hAMSC 30 days after 5/6 Nx (5/6 Nx + hAMSC + 30) group. We isolated 106 hAMSC from the amnion and transplanted them via the rat tail vein into the 5/6 Nx + hAMSC + 15 and 5/6 Nx + hAMSC + 30 groups. We measured the expression of BMP-7, COL-1 and TGF-β using western blot and immunohistochemistry, and their gene expressions were analyzed by quantitative real time PCR. TGF-β and COL-1 protein, and gene expressions were increased in the 5/6 Nx +30 group compared to the 5/6 Nx + hAMSC + 30 group. Conversely, both protein and gene expression of BMP-7 was increased in 5/6 Nx + hAMSC + 30 group compared to the 5/6 Nx groups. Increased TGF-β together with decreased BMP-7 expression may cause fibrosis by epithelial-mesenchymal transition due to chronic renal injury. Increased COL-1 levels cause accumulation of extracellular matrix in CKD. Levels of urea, creatinine and nitrogen were increased significantly in 5/6 Nx + 15 and 5/6 Nx + 30 groups compared to the hAMSC groups. We found that hAMSC ameliorate CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Akan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Busra Cetinkaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, Medical School, Antalya, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Dijle Kipmen-Korgun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Aslı Ozmen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, Medical School, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sadi Koksoy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya, Turkey
| | - İnanc Mendilcioğlu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sakinci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gultekin Suleymanlar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Emin Turkay Korgun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, Medical School, Antalya, Turkey
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Chan BHC, Moosajee M, Rainger J. Closing the Gap: Mechanisms of Epithelial Fusion During Optic Fissure Closure. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:620774. [PMID: 33505973 PMCID: PMC7829581 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.620774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A key embryonic process that occurs early in ocular development is optic fissure closure (OFC). This fusion process closes the ventral optic fissure and completes the circumferential continuity of the 3-dimensional eye. It is defined by the coming together and fusion of opposing neuroepithelia along the entire proximal-distal axis of the ventral optic cup, involving future neural retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), optic nerve, ciliary body, and iris. Once these have occurred, cells within the fused seam differentiate into components of the functioning visual system. Correct development and progression of OFC, and the continued integrity of the fused margin along this axis, are important for the overall structure of the eye. Failure of OFC results in ocular coloboma-a significant cause of childhood visual impairment that can be associated with several complex ocular phenotypes including microphthalmia and anterior segment dysgenesis. Despite a large number of genes identified, the exact pathways that definitively mediate fusion have not yet been found, reflecting both the biological complexity and genetic heterogeneity of the process. This review will highlight how recent developmental studies have become focused specifically on the epithelial fusion aspects of OFC, applying a range of model organisms (spanning fish, avian, and mammalian species) and utilizing emerging high-resolution live-imaging technologies, transgenic fluorescent models, and unbiased transcriptomic analyses of segmentally-dissected fissure tissue. Key aspects of the fusion process are discussed, including basement membrane dynamics, unique cell behaviors, and the identities and fates of the cells that mediate fusion. These will be set in the context of what is now known, and how these point the way to new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ho Ching Chan
- The Division of Functional Genetics and Development, The Royal Dick School of Veterinary Sciences, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Rainger
- The Division of Functional Genetics and Development, The Royal Dick School of Veterinary Sciences, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe recent advances in the development of therapeutic agents for acute kidney injury (AKI). RECENT FINDINGS Traditional care for AKI is mostly supportive. At present, no specific therapy has been developed to prevent or treat AKI. However, based on a better understanding of the pathophysiology of AKI, various potential compounds have been recently identified and tested. A variety of pathways has been targeted, including oxidative and mitochondrial stress, cellular metabolism and repair, inflammation, apoptosis and hemodynamics. Many of these potential agents are currently ongoing early-phase clinical trials, and the purpose of this review is to provide a summary of those with the most potential. SUMMARY Despite the lack of therapies specifically approved for AKI, many interesting potential agents are entering clinical trials, with the potential to transform the care of patients with AKI.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Renal Progenitor Regulation: How Many Pieces in the Puzzle? Cells 2021; 10:cells10010059. [PMID: 33401654 PMCID: PMC7823786 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys of mice, rats and humans possess progenitors that maintain daily homeostasis and take part in endogenous regenerative processes following injury, owing to their capacity to proliferate and differentiate. In the glomerular and tubular compartments of the nephron, consistent studies demonstrated that well-characterized, distinct populations of progenitor cells, localized in the parietal epithelium of Bowman capsule and scattered in the proximal and distal tubules, could generate segment-specific cells in physiological conditions and following tissue injury. However, defective or abnormal regenerative responses of these progenitors can contribute to pathologic conditions. The molecular characteristics of renal progenitors have been extensively studied, revealing that numerous classical and evolutionarily conserved pathways, such as Notch or Wnt/β-catenin, play a major role in cell regulation. Others, such as retinoic acid, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) and leptin, are also important in this process. In this review, we summarize the plethora of molecular mechanisms directing renal progenitor responses during homeostasis and following kidney injury. Finally, we will explore how single-cell RNA sequencing could bring the characterization of renal progenitors to the next level, while knowing their molecular signature is gaining relevance in the clinic.
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Vasaikar SV, Deshmukh AP, den Hollander P, Addanki S, Kuburich NA, Kudaravalli S, Joseph R, Chang JT, Soundararajan R, Mani SA. EMTome: a resource for pan-cancer analysis of epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes and signatures. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:259-269. [PMID: 33299129 PMCID: PMC7782839 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enables dissociation of tumour cells from the primary tumour mass, invasion through the extracellular matrix, intravasation into blood vessels and colonisation of distant organs. Cells that revert to the epithelial state via the mesenchymal-epithelial transition cause metastases, the primary cause of death in cancer patients. EMT also empowers cancer cells with stem-cell properties and induces resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Understanding the driving factors of EMT is critical for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. METHODS This manuscript describes the generation of a database containing EMT gene signatures derived from cell lines, patient-derived xenografts and patient studies across cancer types and multiomics data and the creation of a web-based portal to provide a comprehensive analysis resource. RESULTS EMTome incorporates (i) EMT gene signatures; (ii) EMT-related genes with multiomics features across different cancer types; (iii) interactomes of EMT-related genes (miRNAs, transcription factors, and proteins); (iv) immune profiles identified from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohorts by exploring transcriptomics, epigenomics, and proteomics, and drug sensitivity and (iv) clinical outcomes of cancer cohorts linked to EMT gene signatures. CONCLUSION The web-based EMTome portal is a resource for primary and metastatic tumour research publicly available at www.emtome.org .
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas V Vasaikar
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Abhijeet P Deshmukh
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Petra den Hollander
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sridevi Addanki
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nick Allen Kuburich
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sriya Kudaravalli
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robiya Joseph
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Chang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Biomedical Informatics University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rama Soundararajan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sendurai A Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Brennan E, Kantharidis P, Cooper ME, Godson C. Pro-resolving lipid mediators: regulators of inflammation, metabolism and kidney function. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:725-739. [PMID: 34282342 PMCID: PMC8287849 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease are risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney failure. Chronic, low-grade inflammation is recognized as a major pathogenic mechanism that underlies the association between CKD and obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and diabetes, through interaction between resident and/or circulating immune cells with parenchymal cells. Thus, considerable interest exists in approaches that target inflammation as a strategy to manage CKD. The initial phase of the inflammatory response to injury or metabolic dysfunction reflects the release of pro-inflammatory mediators including peptides, lipids and cytokines, and the recruitment of leukocytes. In self-limiting inflammation, the evolving inflammatory response is coupled to distinct processes that promote the resolution of inflammation and restore homeostasis. The discovery of endogenously generated lipid mediators - specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators and branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids - which promote the resolution of inflammation and attenuate the microvascular and macrovascular complications of obesity and diabetes mellitus highlights novel opportunities for potential therapeutic intervention through the targeting of pro-resolution, rather than anti-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Brennan
- grid.7886.10000 0001 0768 2743Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Phillip Kantharidis
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Mark E. Cooper
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Catherine Godson
- grid.7886.10000 0001 0768 2743Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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122
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Srivastava SP, Kanasaki K, Goodwin JE. Loss of Mitochondrial Control Impacts Renal Health. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:543973. [PMID: 33362536 PMCID: PMC7756079 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.543973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of mitochondrial biosynthesis or dynamics, or loss of control over mitochondrial regulation leads to a significant alteration in fuel preference and metabolic shifts that potentially affect the health of kidney cells. Mitochondria regulate metabolic networks which affect multiple cellular processes. Indeed, mitochondria have established themselves as therapeutic targets in several diseases. The importance of mitochondria in regulating the pathogenesis of several diseases has been recognized, however, there is limited understanding of mitochondrial biology in the kidney. This review provides an overview of mitochondrial dysfunction in kidney diseases. We describe the importance of mitochondria and mitochondrial sirtuins in the regulation of renal metabolic shifts in diverse cells types, and review this loss of control leads to increased cell-to-cell transdifferentiation processes and myofibroblast-metabolic shifts, which affect the pathophysiology of several kidney diseases. In addition, we examine mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic agents that offer potential leads in combating kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayam Prakash Srivastava
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Julie E. Goodwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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123
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Zhang XT, Wang G, Ye LF, Pu Y, Li RT, Liang J, Wang L, Lee KKH, Yang X. Baicalin reversal of DNA hypermethylation-associated Klotho suppression ameliorates renal injury in type 1 diabetic mouse model. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:3329-3347. [PMID: 33190590 PMCID: PMC7751632 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1843815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalin is a flavone glycoside that possesses numerous pharmacological properties. but its protective mode of action in kidney injury induced by diabetes mellitus remains incompletely understood. Using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model, we found that baicalin could ameliorate diabetes-induced the pathological changes of the kidney function and morphology through suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, baicalin treatment could alleviate interstitial fibrosis in the diabetic kidney via inhibiting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which was accompanied by a sharp upregulation of Klotho, the endogenous inhibitor of renal fibrosis. We further verified that baicalin-rescued expression of Klotho was associated with Klotho promoter hypomethylation due to aberrant methyltransferase 3a expressions. Klotho knockdown via RNA interferences largely abrogated the anti-renal fibrotic effects of Baicalin in HK2 cells. These findings suggested that baicalin could alleviate renal injury-induced by diabates through partly modulating Klotho promoter methylation, which provides new insights into the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tan Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang Wang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu-Fang Ye
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Pu
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Tong Li
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Liang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kenneth Ka Ho Lee
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xuesong Yang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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124
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Frohlich J, Vinciguerra M. Candidate rejuvenating factor GDF11 and tissue fibrosis: friend or foe? GeroScience 2020; 42:1475-1498. [PMID: 33025411 PMCID: PMC7732895 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11 or bone morphogenetic protein 11, BMP11) belongs to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and is closely related to other family member-myostatin (also known as GDF8). GDF11 was firstly identified in 2004 due to its ability to rejuvenate the function of multiple organs in old mice. However, in the past few years, the heralded rejuvenating effects of GDF11 have been seriously questioned by many studies that do not support the idea that restoring levels of GDF11 in aging improves overall organ structure and function. Moreover, with increasing controversies, several other studies described the involvement of GDF11 in fibrotic processes in various organ setups. This review paper focuses on the GDF11 and its pro- or anti-fibrotic actions in major organs and tissues, with the goal to summarize our knowledge on its emerging role in regulating the progression of fibrosis in different pathological conditions, and to guide upcoming research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frohlich
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
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125
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TGF-β Pathway in Salivary Gland Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239138. [PMID: 33266300 PMCID: PMC7730716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is presented in various physiologic and pathologic conditions of the salivary gland. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in several organs, including the salivary glands. Among the TGF-β superfamily members, TGF-β1 and 2 are pro-fibrotic ligands, whereas TGF-β3 and some bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are anti-fibrotic ligands. TGF-β1 is thought to be associated with the pro-fibrotic pathogenesis of sialadenitis, post-radiation salivary gland dysfunction, and Sjögren’s syndrome. Potential therapeutic strategies that target multiple levels in the TGF-β pathway are under preclinical and clinical research for fibrosis. Despite the anti-fibrotic effect of BMPs, their in vivo delivery poses a challenge in terms of adequate clinical efficacy. In this article, we will review the relevance of TGF-β signaling in salivary gland fibrosis and advances of potential therapeutic options in the field.
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126
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Xian S, Zeng Z. Signalling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:76. [PMID: 33365076 PMCID: PMC7716644 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is frequently encountered in underdeveloped areas and primarily affects patients under the age of 40 years old. The pathogenesis of RHD has yet to be fully elucidated and surgical treatment remains the only option, which is expensive and technically demanding for patients in less developed areas. Signalling pathways are crucial for the occurrence and development of several diseases, and researchers worldwide have made progress in elucidating the signalling pathways associated with the pathogenesis of RHD. The aim of the present review was to discuss 6 signalling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of RHD, summarize the methods and progress of these studies and propose future research directions. Important information on the pathogenesis of RHD according to the current progress of signalling pathway studies was also summarized, in the hope that this review may serve as a reference for future research on the signalling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of RHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglin Xian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease Control and Prevention and Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease Control and Prevention and Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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127
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Fragiadaki M, Macleod FM, Ong ACM. The Controversial Role of Fibrosis in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238936. [PMID: 33255651 PMCID: PMC7728143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is characterized by the progressive growth of cysts but it is also accompanied by diffuse tissue scarring or fibrosis. A number of recent studies have been published in this area, yet the role of fibrosis in ADPKD remains controversial. Here, we will discuss the stages of fibrosis progression in ADPKD, and how these compare with other common kidney diseases. We will also provide a detailed overview of some key mechanistic pathways to fibrosis in the polycystic kidney. Specifically, the role of the 'chronic hypoxia hypothesis', persistent inflammation, Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ), Janus Kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (JAK/STAT) and microRNAs will be examined. Evidence for and against a pathogenic role of extracellular matrix during ADPKD disease progression will be provided.
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128
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Kim S, Jeong CH, Song SH, Um JE, Kim HS, Yun JS, Han D, Cho ES, Nam BY, Yook JI, Ku M, Yang J, Kim MD, Kim NH, Yoo TH. Micellized Protein Transduction Domain-Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 Efficiently Blocks Renal Fibrosis Via Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:591275. [PMID: 33364962 PMCID: PMC7751754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.591275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial renal fibrosis is a chronic disease process affecting chronic kidney disease (CKD). While the etiological role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is well known for epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in chronic kidney disease, effective therapeutics for renal fibrosis are largely limited. As a member of the TGF-β superfamily, bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) plays an important role as an endogenous antagonist of TGF-β, inhibiting fibrotic progression in many organs. However, soluble rhBMP-7 is hardly available for therapeutics due to its limited pharmacodynamic profile and rapid clearance in clinical settings. In this study, we have developed a novel therapeutic approach with protein transduction domain (PTD) fused BMP-7 in micelle (mPTD-BMP-7) for long-range signaling in vivo. Contrary to rhBMP-7 targeting its cognate receptors, the nano-sized mPTD-BMP-7 is transduced into cells through an endosomal pathway and secreted to the exosome having active BMP-7. Further, transduced mPTD-BMP-7 successfully activates SMAD1/5/8 and inhibits the TGF-β–mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition process in vitro and in an in vivo unilateral ureter obstruction model. To determine the clinical relevance of our strategy, we also developed an intra-arterial administration of mPTD-BMP-7 through renal artery in pigs. Interestingly, mPTD-BMP-7 through renal artery intervention effectively delivered into Bowman’s space and inhibits unilateral ureter obstruction–induced renal fibrosis in pigs. Our results provide a novel therapeutic targeting TGF-β–mediated renal fibrosis and other organs as well as a clinically available approach for kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghun Kim
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,MET Life Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Jeong
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Song
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Hyun Sil Kim
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Seop Yun
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dawool Han
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunae Sandra Cho
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Young Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong In Yook
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minhee Ku
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Convergence Research Center for Systems Molecular Radiological Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaemoon Yang
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Convergence Research Center for Systems Molecular Radiological Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Man-Deuk Kim
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Hee Kim
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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129
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Xian S, Chen A, Wu X, Lu C, Wu Y, Huang F, Zeng Z. Activation of activin/Smad2 and 3 signaling pathway and the potential involvement of endothelial‑mesenchymal transition in the valvular damage due to rheumatic heart disease. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:10. [PMID: 33179113 PMCID: PMC7673319 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is an autoimmune disease caused by rheumatic fever following group A hemolytic streptococcal infection and primarily affects the mitral valve. RHD is currently a major global health problem. However, the exact pathological mechanisms associated with RHD-induced cardiac valve damage remain to be elucidated. The endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) serves a key role in a number of diseases with an important role in cardiac fibrosis and the activin/Smad2 and 3 signaling pathway is involved in regulating the EndMT. Nevertheless, there are no studies to date, to the best of the authors' knowledge, investigating the association between RHD and EndMT. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the potential role of EndMT in cardiac valve damage and assess whether activin/Smad2 and 3 signaling was activated during RHD-induced valvular injury in a rat model of RHD induced by inactivated Group A streptococci and complete Freund's adjuvant. Inflammation and fibrosis were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red staining. Serum cytokine and rheumatoid factor levels were measured using ELISA kits. Expression levels of activin/Smad2 and 3 signaling pathway-related factors [activin A, Smad2, Smad3, phosphorylated (p-)Smad2 and p-Smad3], EndMT-related factors [lymphoid enhancer factor-1 (LEF-1), Snail1, TWIST, zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox (ZEB)1, ZEB2, α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type I collagen α 1 (COL1A1)], apoptosis-related markers (BAX and cleaved caspase-3) and valvular inflammation markers (NF-κB and p-NF-κB) were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analyses. Compared with the control group, the degree of valvular inflammation and fibrosis, serum levels of IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α and expression of apoptosis-related markers (BAX and cleaved caspase-3) and valvular inflammation marker (p-NF-κB), activin/Smad2 and 3 signaling pathway-related factors (activin A, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3), EndMT-related factors (LEF-1, Snail1, TWIST, ZEB 1, ZEB2, α-SMA and COL1A1) were significantly increased in the RHD group. These results suggested that the activin/Smad2 and 3 signaling pathway was activated during the development of valvular damage caused by RHD and that the EndMT is involved in RHD-induced cardiac valve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglin Xian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chuanghong Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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130
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Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis, the expansion of the cardiac interstitium through deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, is a common pathophysiologic companion of many different myocardial conditions. Fibrosis may reflect activation of reparative or maladaptive processes. Activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the central cellular effectors in cardiac fibrosis, serving as the main source of matrix proteins. Immune cells, vascular cells and cardiomyocytes may also acquire a fibrogenic phenotype under conditions of stress, activating fibroblast populations. Fibrogenic growth factors (such as transforming growth factor-β and platelet-derived growth factors), cytokines [including tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4], and neurohumoral pathways trigger fibrogenic signalling cascades through binding to surface receptors, and activation of downstream signalling cascades. In addition, matricellular macromolecules are deposited in the remodelling myocardium and regulate matrix assembly, while modulating signal transduction cascades and protease or growth factor activity. Cardiac fibroblasts can also sense mechanical stress through mechanosensitive receptors, ion channels and integrins, activating intracellular fibrogenic cascades that contribute to fibrosis in response to pressure overload. Although subpopulations of fibroblast-like cells may exert important protective actions in both reparative and interstitial/perivascular fibrosis, ultimately fibrotic changes perturb systolic and diastolic function, and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of arrhythmias. This review article discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis in various myocardial diseases, including myocardial infarction, heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction, genetic cardiomyopathies, and diabetic heart disease. Development of fibrosis-targeting therapies for patients with myocardial diseases will require not only understanding of the functional pluralism of cardiac fibroblasts and dissection of the molecular basis for fibrotic remodelling, but also appreciation of the pathophysiologic heterogeneity of fibrosis-associated myocardial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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131
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Varankar SS, More M, Abraham A, Pansare K, Kumar B, Narayanan NJ, Jolly MK, Mali AM, Bapat SA. Functional balance between Tcf21-Slug defines cellular plasticity and migratory modalities in high grade serous ovarian cancer cell lines. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:515-526. [PMID: 31241128 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular plasticity and transitional phenotypes add to complexities of cancer metastasis that can be initiated by single cell epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) or cooperative cell migration (CCM). Our study identifies novel regulatory cross-talks between Tcf21 and Slug in mediating phenotypic and migration plasticity in high-grade serous ovarian adenocarcinoma (HGSC). Differential expression and subcellular localization associate Tcf21, Slug with epithelial, mesenchymal phenotypes, respectively; however, gene manipulation approaches identify their association with additional intermediate phenotypic states, implying the existence of a multistep epithelial-mesenchymal transition program. Live imaging further associated distinct migratory modalities with the Tcf21/Slug status of cell systems and discerned proliferative/passive CCM, active CCM and EMT modes of migration. Tcf21-Slug balance identified across a phenotypic spectrum in HGSC cell lines, associated with microenvironment-induced transitions and the emergence of an epithelial phenotype following drug exposure. Phenotypic transitions and associated functionalities following drug exposure were affirmed to ensue from occupancy of Slug promoter E-box sequences by Tcf21. Our study effectively provides a framework for understanding the relevance of ovarian cancer plasticity as a function of two transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar S Varankar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Madhuri More
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Ancy Abraham
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Kshama Pansare
- Institute for Plasma Research & Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi-Mumbai, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Nivedhitha J Narayanan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Avinash M Mali
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Sharmila A Bapat
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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132
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Kim S, Shin DH, Nam BY, Kang HY, Park J, Wu M, Kim NH, Kim HS, Park JT, Han SH, Kang SW, Yook JI, Yoo TH. Newly designed Protein Transduction Domain (PTD)-mediated BMP-7 is a potential therapeutic for peritoneal fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13507-13522. [PMID: 33079436 PMCID: PMC7701504 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While the bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP‐7) is a well‐known therapeutic growth factor reverting many fibrotic diseases, including peritoneal fibrosis by peritoneal dialysis (PD), soluble growth factors are largely limited in clinical applications owing to their short half‐life in clinical settings. Recently, we developed a novel drug delivery model using protein transduction domains (PTD) overcoming limitation of soluble recombinant proteins, including bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP‐7). This study aims at evaluating the therapeutic effects of PTD‐BMP‐7 consisted of PTD and full‐length BMP‐7 on epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related fibrosis. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) were then treated with TGF‐β1 or TGF‐β1 + PTD‐BMP‐7. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheters were inserted into Sprague‐Dawley rats, and these rats were infused intra‐peritoneally with saline, peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) or PDF + PTD‐BMP‐7. In vitro, TGF‐β1 treatment significantly increased fibronectin, type I collagen, α‐SMA and Snail expression, while reducing E‐cadherin expression in HPMCs (P < .001). PTD‐BMP‐7 treatment ameliorated TGF‐β1‐induced fibronectin, type I collagen, α‐SMA and Snail expression, and restored E‐cadherin expression in HPMCs (P < .001). In vivo, the expressions of EMT‐related molecules and the thickness of the sub‐mesothelial layer were significantly increased in the peritoneum of rats treated with PDF, and these changes were significantly abrogated by the intra‐peritoneal administration of PTD‐BMP‐7. PTD‐BMP‐7 treatment significantly inhibited the progression of established PD fibrosis. These findings suggest that PTD‐BMP‐7, as a prodrug of BMP‐7, can be an effective therapeutic agent for peritoneal fibrosis in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghun Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Young Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jimin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Meiyan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nam Hee Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Sil Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong In Yook
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,MET Life Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Ziller N, Kotolloshi R, Esmaeili M, Liebisch M, Mrowka R, Baniahmad A, Liehr T, Wolf G, Loeffler I. Sex Differences in Diabetes- and TGF-β1-Induced Renal Damage. Cells 2020; 9:E2236. [PMID: 33023010 PMCID: PMC7600610 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While females are less affected by non-diabetic kidney diseases compared to males, available data on sex differences in diabetic nephropathy (DN) are controversial. Although there is evidence for an imbalance of sex hormones in diabetes and hormone-dependent mechanisms in transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) signaling, causes and consequences are still incompletely understood. Here we investigated the influence of sex hormones and sex-specific gene signatures in diabetes- and TGF-β1-induced renal damage using various complementary approaches (a db/db diabetes mouse model, ex vivo experiments on murine renal tissue, and experiments with a proximal tubular cell line TKPTS). Our results show that: (i) diabetes affects sex hormone concentrations and renal expression of their receptors in a sex-specific manner; (ii) sex, sex hormones and diabetic conditions influence differences in expression of TGF-β1, its receptor and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7); (iii) the sex and sex hormones, in combination with variable TGF-β1 doses, determine the net outcome in TGF-β1-induced expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a profibrotic cytokine. Altogether, these results suggest complex crosstalk between sex hormones, sex-dependent expression pattern and profibrotic signals for the precise course of DN development. Our data may help to better understand previous contradictory findings regarding sex differences in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Ziller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (N.Z.); (M.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Roland Kotolloshi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (R.K.); (M.E.); (A.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Mohsen Esmaeili
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (R.K.); (M.E.); (A.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Marita Liebisch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (N.Z.); (M.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Ralf Mrowka
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (N.Z.); (M.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (R.K.); (M.E.); (A.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (R.K.); (M.E.); (A.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Gunter Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (N.Z.); (M.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Ivonne Loeffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (N.Z.); (M.L.); (R.M.)
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134
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Shati AA, Alfaifi MY. Salidroside protects against diabetes mellitus-induced kidney injury and renal fibrosis by attenuating TGF-β1 and Wnt1/3a/β-catenin signalling. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1692-1704. [PMID: 32472701 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated if the nephroprotective effect of Salidroside in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) involves modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathways. Control or Streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg, iv)-induced T1DM adult male Wister rats were treated with the vehicle and Salidroside (100 mg/kg, orally) for 8 weeks daily. As compared to T1DM-induced rats, Salidroside improved kidney structure, reduced urinary protein and albumin level, increased creatinine clearance, and suppressed renal fibrosis. It also decreased mRNA and protein levels of Wnt1, Wnt3, and TGF-β1, phosphorylation of Smad-3, total and nuclear levels of β-catenin, and levels and activities of cleaved caspase-3. Concomitantly, Salidroside significantly increased the levels of p-β-catenin (Ser33/37 /Thr41 ) and suppressed protein levels of Axin-2, fibronectin, and, mRNA and protein levels of collagen IIIa, the main targets of β-catenin. In both control and T1DM rats, Salidroside significantly lowered fasting glucose levels and reduced renal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) p-and GS3Kβ (Ser9) but significantly increased levels of SOD and GSH. In conclusion, Salidroside protected the kidney of rats against T1DM-induced injury and fibrosis by activating GS3Kβ-induced inhibition of Wnt1/Wnt3a β-catenin. This was associated with hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Shati
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alfaifi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
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135
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Lee M, Kim SH, Jhee JH, Kim TY, Choi HY, Kim HJ, Park HC. Microparticles derived from human erythropoietin mRNA-transfected mesenchymal stem cells inhibit epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and ameliorate renal interstitial fibrosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:422. [PMID: 32993806 PMCID: PMC7523343 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) plays an important role in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its pathogenesis involves epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) upon renal injury. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) has been shown to display novel cytoprotective effects, in part by inhibiting transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced EMT. Here, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of microparticles (MPs) derived from human EPO gene-transfected kidney mesenchymal stem cells (hEPO-KMSCs) against TGF-β1-induced EMT in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and against TIF in mouse kidneys with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Methods EMT was induced in MDCK cells by treatment with TGF-β1 (5 ng/mL) for 48 h and then inhibited by co-treatment with rhEPO (100 IU/mL), mock gene-transfected KMSC-derived MPs (MOCK-MPs), or hEPO-KMSC-derived MPs (hEPO-MPs) for a further 48 h. UUO was induced in FVB/N mice, which were then treated with rhEPO (1000 IU/kg, intraperitoneally, every other day for 1 week), MOCK-MPs, or hEPO-MPs (80 μg, intravenously). Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, and E-cadherin expression were evaluated in MDCK cells and kidney tissues, and the extent of TIF in UUO kidneys was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. Results TGF-β1 treatment significantly increased α-SMA and fibronectin expression in MDCK cells and decreased that of E-cadherin, while co-treatment with rhEPO, MOCK-MPs, or hEPO-MPs markedly attenuated these changes. In addition, rhEPO and hEPO-MP treatment effectively decreased phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3, as well as phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression, suggesting that rhEPO and rhEPO-MPs can inhibit TGF-β1-induced EMT via both Smad and non-Smad pathways. rhEPO and hEPO-MP treatment also significantly attenuated the extent of renal TIF after 1 week of UUO compared to MOCK-MPs, with hEPO-MPs significantly reducing myofibroblast and F4/80+ macrophage infiltration as well as EMT marker expression in UUO renal tissues in a similar manner to rhEPO. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that hEPO-MPs modulate TGF-β1-induced EMT in MDCK cells via the Smad2, Smad3, and p38 MAPK pathways and significantly attenuated renal TIF in UUO kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirae Lee
- Graduate Program of Nano Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Jhee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Yeon Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Young Choi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Jong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyeong Cheon Park
- Graduate Program of Nano Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. .,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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136
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Ji X, Cao J, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Shuai W, Yin W. Kaempferol Protects Renal Fibrosis through Activating the BMP-7-Smad1/5 Signaling Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:533-539. [PMID: 32115512 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is a common pathological characteristic associated with end-stage renal disease. However, treatment strategies for RIF are still very limited. In this study, we reported that kaempferol, a classic flavonoid, exhibited strong and widely inhibitory effect on the expression of fibrosis related genes in transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) treated NRK-52E cells. Further studies revealed that kaempferol inhibited TGF-β1 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of NRK-52E cells and improved renal function deterioration and RIF in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rats. After exploring the underlying mechanisms, we found that kaempferol was able to activate the BMP-7-Smad1/5 pathway, rather than the TGF-β1-Smad2/3 pathway. To further validate these results, DMH1 and BMP-7 knockdown were utilized at the cellular level and the results showed that both methods were able to antagonize the effects of kaempferol on the EMT process of NRK-52E cells induced by TGF-β1. In UUO rats, inhibition of BMP-7 signaling by DMH1 also reversed the effects of kaempferol on renal function decline and RIF. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that kaempferol could be a good candidate for renal fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Ji
- State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital)
| | - Liting Zhang
- State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University
| | - Zhirui Zhang
- State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University
| | - Weiwei Shuai
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital)
| | - Wu Yin
- State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University
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137
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Xiao W, E J, Bao L, Fan Y, Jin Y, Wang A, Bauman D, Li Z, Zheng YL, Liu R, Lee K, He JC. Tubular HIPK2 is a key contributor to renal fibrosis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136004. [PMID: 32701510 PMCID: PMC7526443 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously used global Hipk2-null mice in various models of kidney disease to demonstrate the central role of homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) in renal fibrosis development. However, renal tubular epithelial cell–specific (RTEC-specific) HIPK2 function in renal fibrogenesis has yet to be determined. Here, we show that modulation of tubular HIPK2 expression and activity affects renal fibrosis development in vivo. The loss of HIPK2 expression in RTECs resulted in a marked diminution of renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse models and HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) mouse models, which was associated with the reduction of Smad3 activation and downstream expression of profibrotic markers. Conversely, WT HIPK2 overexpression in RTECs accentuated the extent of renal fibrosis in the setting of UUO, HIVAN, and folic acid–induced nephropathy in mice. Notably, kinase-dead HIPK2 mutant overexpression or administration of BT173, an allosteric inhibitor of HIPK2-Smad3 interaction, markedly attenuated the renal fibrosis in these mouse models of kidney disease, indicating that HIPK2 requires both the kinase activity and its interaction with Smad3 to promote TGF-β–mediated renal fibrosis. Together, these results establish an important RTEC-specific role of HIPK2 in kidney fibrosis and further substantiate the inhibition of HIPK2 as a therapeutic approach against renal fibrosis. Modulation of HIPK2 expression in murine renal tubular epithelial cells reveals an important role in renal fibrosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jing E
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia, China
| | - Li Bao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanmeng Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrew Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Bauman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zhengzhe Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ya-Li Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia, China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kyung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - John Cijiang He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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138
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Midgley AC, Wei Y, Zhu D, Gao F, Yan H, Khalique A, Luo W, Jiang H, Liu X, Guo J, Zhang C, Feng G, Wang K, Bai X, Ning W, Yang C, Zhao Q, Kong D. Multifunctional Natural Polymer Nanoparticles as Antifibrotic Gene Carriers for CKD Therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2292-2311. [PMID: 32769144 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019111160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive fibrosis is the underlying pathophysiological process of CKD, and targeted prevention or reversal of the profibrotic cell phenotype is an important goal in developing therapeutics for CKD. Nanoparticles offer new ways to deliver antifibrotic therapies to damaged tissues and resident cells to limit manifestation of the profibrotic phenotype. METHODS We focused on delivering plasmid DNA expressing bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-NK1 (HGF/NK1) by encapsulation within chitosan nanoparticles coated with hyaluronan, to safely administer multifunctional nanoparticles containing the plasmid DNA to the kidneys for localized and sustained expression of antifibrotic factors. We characterized and evaluated nanoparticles in vitro for biocompatibility and antifibrotic function. To assess antifibrotic activity in vivo, we used noninvasive delivery to unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse models of CKD. RESULTS Synthesis of hyaluronan-coated chitosan nanoparticles containing plasmid DNA expressing either BMP7 or NGF/NKI resulted in consistently sized nanoparticles, which-following endocytosis driven by CD44+ cells-promoted cellular growth and inhibited fibrotic gene expression in vitro. Intravenous tail injection of these nanoparticles resulted in approximately 40%-45% of gene uptake in kidneys in vivo. The nanoparticles attenuated the development of fibrosis and rescued renal function in unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse models of CKD. Gene delivery of BMP7 reversed the progression of fibrosis and regenerated tubules, whereas delivery of HGF/NK1 halted CKD progression by eliminating collagen fiber deposition. CONCLUSIONS Nanoparticle delivery of HGF/NK1 conveyed potent antifibrotic and proregenerative effects. Overall, this research provided the proof of concept on which to base future investigations for enhanced targeting and transfection of therapeutic genes to kidney tissues, and an avenue toward treatment of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Midgley
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China .,Rongxiang Xu Center for Regenerative Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongzhen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dashuai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Rongxiang Xu Center for Regenerative Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Anila Khalique
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Rongxiang Xu Center for Regenerative Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenya Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Rongxiang Xu Center for Regenerative Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiasen Guo
- Department of Genetics and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuangnian Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Guowei Feng
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Ning
- Department of Genetics and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Deling Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China .,Rongxiang Xu Center for Regenerative Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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139
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Colangelo MT, Galli C, Guizzardi S. The effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide on wound healing and tissue regeneration: a systematic review of the literature. Regen Med 2020; 15:1801-1821. [PMID: 32757710 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study evaluated the effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) on tissue regeneration, paying special attention to the molecular mechanisms that underlie its tissue remodeling actions to better identify its effective therapeutic potential in wound healing. Materials & methods: Strategic searches were conducted through MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from their earliest available dates to March 2020. The studies were included with the following eligibility criteria: studies evaluating tissue regeneration, and being an in vitro, in vivo and clinical study. Results: Out of more than 90 articles, 34 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All data obtained proved the ability of PDRN in promoting a physiological tissue repair through salvage pathway and adenosine A2A receptor activation. Conclusion: Up to date PDRN has proved promising results in term of wound regeneration, healing time and absence of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Colangelo
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Histology & Embryology Lab, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Galli
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Guizzardi
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Histology & Embryology Lab, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Zabala M, Lobo NA, Antony J, Heitink LS, Gulati GS, Lam J, Parashurama N, Sanchez K, Adorno M, Sikandar SS, Kuo AH, Qian D, Kalisky T, Sim S, Li L, Dirbas FM, Somlo G, Newman A, Quake SR, Clarke MF. LEFTY1 Is a Dual-SMAD Inhibitor that Promotes Mammary Progenitor Growth and Tumorigenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:284-299.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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141
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Xiao L, Luo D, Pi P, Hu ML, Li XY, Yin QQ. Up-regulation of miR-135b expression induced by oxidative stress promotes the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells under high glucose condition. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1410-1419. [PMID: 32278326 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of miR-135b in high glucose-induced oxidative stress of renal tubular epithelial cells. Here, in vivo experiments found that compared to the control group, miR-135b expression was significantly up-regulated in the diabetes group, whereas BMP7 mRNA and protein levels were down-regulated. In high glucose-treated renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) in vitro, oxidative stress was induced, which up-regulated miR-135b expression. In addition, the regulation of miR-135b on BMP7 expression was confirmed in HK-2 cells. Under high glucose conditions, oxidative stress promoted the apoptosis of HK-2 cells through the up-regulation of miR-135b expression. In vivo experiments indicated that interference with miR-135b improved renal function in mice with diabetic nephropathy. In conclusion, these results indicated that the up-regulation of miR-135b expression induced by oxidative stress promotes the apoptosis of HK-2 cells under high glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Pi
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Man-Li Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-You Li
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Qiao Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, China
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142
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TrkB Inhibits the BMP Signaling-Mediated Growth Inhibition of Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082095. [PMID: 32731498 PMCID: PMC7464134 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously observed that tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) induces breast cancer metastasis by activating both the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) and phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways and inhibiting runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1). These studies indicated that TrkB expression is crucial to the pathogenesis of breast cancer. However, how TrkB regulates bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and tumor suppression is largely unknown. Herein, we report that TrkB is a key regulator of BMP-mediated tumor suppression. TrkB enhances the metastatic potential of cancer cells by promoting cell anchorage-independent growth, migration, and suppressing BMP-2-mediated growth inhibition. TrkB inhibits the BMP-mediated activation of SMAD family member 1 (SMAD1) by promoting the formation of the TrkB/BMP type II receptor complex and suppresses RUNX3 by depleting BMP receptor I (BMPRI) expression. In addition, the knockdown of TrkB restored the tumor-inhibitory effect of BMP-2 via the activation of SMAD1. Moreover, the TrkB kinase activity was required for its effect on BMP signaling. Our study identified a unique role of TrkB in the regulation of BMP-mediated growth inhibition and BMP-2-induced RUNX3 expression.
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143
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Zhang T, Zhou Y, You B, You Y, Yan Y, Zhang J, Pei Y, Zhang W, Chen J. miR-30a-5p Inhibits Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition by Targeting CDK6 in Nasal Polyps. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2020; 35:152-163. [PMID: 32623901 DOI: 10.1177/1945892420939814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is considered as a crucial event in disease development and dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is involved in the regulation of EMT in various human diseases. Emerging evidences congregated over the years have demonstrated that miR-30a-5p was decreased in diseases and its overexpression inhibited the process of diseases via attenuating EMT. Although aberrant expression of miRNAs and occurrence of EMT were previously reported in Nasal Polyps (NPs), the role of miR-30a-5p in EMT of NPs is still remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of our present study was to explore the expression and potential function of miR-30a-5p in EMT of NPs. METHODS The expression of miR-30a-5p and mRNA expression level were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) - induced EMT model and NPs patients. Western Blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to evaluate the protein expression level of EMT markers. The cells mobility was assessed by Wound-Healing assay. Luciferase reporter assay was utilized to verify the relationship between Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) and miR-30a-5p. RESULTS Firstly, we observed that miR-30a-5p was down-regulated notably, accompanying with the alteration of EMT markers expression in NPs tissues and EMT model induced by TGF-β1 in primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cells (pHNECs) and A549 cells in vitro. Moreover, the functional assays demonstrated that overexpression of miR-30a-5p significantly inhibited EMT and cells mobility. Subsequently, CDK6 was validated as a direct target of miR-30a-5p. Finally, we performed the rescue experiments indicating that overexpression of CDK6 eliminated the suppressive effects of miR-30a-5p in TGF-β1-induced EMT in pHNECs and A549 cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggested that EMT was involved in NPs, and overexpression of miR-30a-5p could attenuate EMT via repressing the expression of the CDK6 in pHNECs and A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo You
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiwen You
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongbing Yan
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinyin Pei
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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144
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Guo Y, Wang L, Gou R, Tang L, Liu P. Noncoding RNAs in peritoneal fibrosis: Background, Mechanism, and Therapeutic Approach. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110385. [PMID: 32768932 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is the main reason for patients to withdraw from peritoneal dialysis, while the mechanism underlying PF remains unclear. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the regulatory roles of different classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in PF. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which belong to a distinct class of ncRNAs, play crucial roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Studies have suggested that miRNAs play important roles in the pathogenesis of PF and have the potential to be used as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for PF in the future. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have raised much attention in the recent years, which are involved in the pathophysiological processes of many diseases, including tumors, heart diseases and so on. Recently, some researchers have begun to notice the roles of lncRNAs in PF, and found that lncRNAs play certain roles in the pathogenesis of PF. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been proven to be participated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including tumor metastasis, organ fibrosis and so on. However, studies on the correlation of circRNAs and PF are rather poor compared with miRNAs and lncRNAs. In this review, we will focus on the findings of ncRNAs in peritoneal dialysis therapy and discuss the rising interests in ncRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic targets of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Guo
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Liuwei Wang
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Rong Gou
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
| | - Peipei Liu
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
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145
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Gaponova AV, Rodin S, Mazina AA, Volchkov PV. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Role in Cancer Progression and the Perspectives of Antitumor Treatment. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:4-23. [PMID: 33173593 PMCID: PMC7604894 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
About 90% of all malignant tumors are of epithelial nature. The epithelial tissue is characterized by a close interconnection between cells through cell-cell interactions, as well as a tight connection with the basement membrane, which is responsible for cell polarity. These interactions strictly determine the location of epithelial cells within the body and are seemingly in conflict with the metastatic potential that many cancers possess (the main criteria for highly malignant tumors). Tumor dissemination into vital organs is one of the primary causes of death in patients with cancer. Tumor dissemination is based on the so-called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process when epithelial cells are transformed into mesenchymal cells possessing high mobility and migration potential. More and more studies elucidating the role of the EMT in metastasis and other aspects of tumor progression are published each year, thus forming a promising field of cancer research. In this review, we examine the most recent data on the intracellular and extracellular molecular mechanisms that activate EMT and the role they play in various aspects of tumor progression, such as metastasis, apoptotic resistance, and immune evasion, aspects that have usually been attributed exclusively to cancer stem cells (CSCs). In conclusion, we provide a detailed review of the approved and promising drugs for cancer therapy that target the components of the EMT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Gaponova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701 Russia
| | - S. Rodin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - A. A. Mazina
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701 Russia
| | - P. V. Volchkov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701 Russia
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146
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Hirudin Ameliorates Renal Interstitial Fibrosis via Regulating TGF- β1/Smad and NF- κB Signaling in UUO Rat Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7291075. [PMID: 32714415 PMCID: PMC7336220 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7291075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Hirudin, a polypeptide structure containing 65 amino acids, is a potent natural thrombin inhibitor with anticoagulant property extracted from Hirudo medicinalis. It has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic property. Here we explored the renoprotective effect of hirudin on unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) induced renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). Methods Rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham group, UUO alone group, and three UUO + hirudin-treatment groups (10, 20, or 40 IU/kg/d, for 14 continuous days). At the end of the experiment period, animals were sacrificed. Pathologic changes in renal specimens were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining. The expressions of collagen III (Col III), fibronectin (FN), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1), and proteins in the TGF-β1/Smad and NF-κB pathways in renal tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry and/or Western blotting. Results HE and Masson staining showed that hirudin-treated UUO rats had lower extent of renal injury and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in renal interstitium than those in the UUO group. The results of immunohistochemistry and WB indicated decreased protein expressions of Col III, FN, α-SMA, PAR-1, and inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 after hirudin treatment. Furthermore, hirudin reduced the expressions of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), phosphorylated-Smad2, and phosphorylated-Smad3 in the UUO model. In parallel, we found inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling after hirudin treatment, with downregulated protein expressions of P65, phosphorylated-P65, and phosphorylated-iκBα and increased iκBα. Conclusion Hirudin improves kidney injury and suppresses inflammatory response and ECM accumulation in UUO rats; its underlying mechanism may be associated with the inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad and NF-κB signaling.
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147
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Tsuji K, Kitamura S, Sang Y, Fukushima K, Wada J. Adult kidney stem/progenitor cells contribute to regeneration through the secretion of trophic factors. Stem Cell Res 2020; 46:101865. [PMID: 32505897 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult kidney stem cells are known to have important roles in renal regeneration after acute kidney injury. Although trophic factors from tissue stem cells have been reported to promote the regeneration of other organs, there is limited number of evidence of this phenomenon in the kidneys. Here, we explored the effects of secreted factors from kidney stem cells. We intraperitoneally administered culture supernatant obtained from adult rat kidney stem/progenitor cells into rat kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury models, and the treatment significantly ameliorated renal tubulointerstitial injury, suppressed tubular cell apoptosis, diminished inflammation and promoted the proliferation of both residual renal cells and immature cells. In vitro, treatment with culture supernatant from kidney stem cells significantly promoted cell proliferation and suppressed cisplatin-induced cell apoptosis in both normal rat kidney cells and kidney stem cells. In addition, treatment with culture supernatant increased the expression of nestin in normal rat kidney cells, suggesting the dedifferentiation of tubular cells into stem-like cells. Analysis of the culture supernatant revealed that it contained a variety of growth factors. Taken together, the results suggest that these factors together lead to renal regeneration. In conclusion, adult kidney stem cells contribute to renal regeneration indirectly through the secretion of regenerative factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsuji
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Shinji Kitamura
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Yizhen Sang
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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148
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Alyaseer AAA, de Lima MHS, Braga TT. The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Process During the Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:883. [PMID: 32508821 PMCID: PMC7251178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is considered a complex form of tissue damage commonly present in the end stage of many diseases. It is also related to a high percentage of death, whose predominant characteristics are an excessive and abnormal deposition of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts -derived extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process in which epithelial cells gradually change to mesenchymal ones, is a major contributor in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. The key mediator of EMT is a multifunctional cytokine called transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) that acts as the main inducer of the ECM assembly and remodeling through the phosphorylation of Smad2/3, which ultimately forms a complex with Smad4 and translocates into the nucleus. On the other hand, the bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP-7), a member of the TGF family, reverses EMT by directly counteracting TGF-β induced Smad-dependent cell signaling. NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3), in turn, acts as cytosolic sensors of microbial and self-derived molecules and forms an immune complex called inflammasome in the context of inflammatory commitments. NLRP3 inflammasome assembly is triggered by extracellular ATP, reactive oxygen species (ROS), potassium efflux, calcium misbalance, and lysosome disruption. Due to its involvement in multiple diseases, NLRP3 has become one of the most studied pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Nevertheless, the role of NLRP3 in fibrosis development has not been completely elucidated. In this review, we described the relation of the previously mentioned fibrosis pathway with the NLRP3 inflammasome complex formation, especially EMT-related pathways. For now, it is suggested that the EMT happens independently from the oligomerization of the whole inflammasome complex, requiring just the presence of the NLRP3 receptor and the ASC protein to trigger the EMT events, and we will present different pieces of research that give controversial point of views.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tarcio Teodoro Braga
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.,Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz-Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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149
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Canonical BMP Signaling Executes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Downstream of SNAIL1. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12041019. [PMID: 32326239 PMCID: PMC7226241 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a pivotal process in development and disease. In carcinogenesis, various signaling pathways are known to trigger EMT by inducing the expression of EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs) like SNAIL1, ultimately promoting invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. However, how EMT is executed downstream of EMT-TFs is incompletely understood. Here, using human colorectal cancer (CRC) and mammary cell line models of EMT, we demonstrate that SNAIL1 critically relies on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling for EMT execution. This activity requires the transcription factor SMAD4 common to BMP/TGFβ pathways, but is TGFβ signaling-independent. Further, we define a signature of BMP-dependent genes in the EMT-transcriptome, which orchestrate EMT-induced invasiveness, and are found to be regulated in human CRC transcriptomes and in developmental EMT processes. Collectively, our findings substantially augment the knowledge of mechanistic routes whereby EMT can be effectuated, which is relevant for the conceptual understanding and therapeutic targeting of EMT processes.
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150
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Zhao L, Zou Y, Liu F. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1 in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:187. [PMID: 32266267 PMCID: PMC7105573 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have shown efficacy in reducing the risk of ESRD. However, patients vary in their response to RAAS blockades, and the pharmacodynamic responses to SGLT2 inhibitors decline with increasing severity of renal impairment. Thus, effective therapy for DKD is yet unmet. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), expressed by nearly all kidney cell types and infiltrating leukocytes and macrophages, is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in angiogenesis, immunomodulation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation. An overactive TGF-β1 signaling pathway has been implicated as a critical profibrotic factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease in human DKD. In animal studies, TGF-β1 neutralizing antibodies and TGF-β1 signaling inhibitors were effective in ameliorating renal fibrosis in DKD. Conversely, a clinical study of TGF-β1 neutralizing antibodies failed to demonstrate renal efficacy in DKD. However, overexpression of latent TGF-β1 led to anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis effects in non-DKD. This evidence implied that complete blocking of TGF-β1 signaling abolished its multiple physiological functions, which are highly associated with undesirable adverse events. Ideal strategies for DKD therapy would be either specific and selective inhibition of the profibrotic-related TGF-β1 pathway or blocking conversion of latent TGF-β1 to active TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yutong Zou
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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