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Iqbal Z, Lei Z, Ramkrishnan AS, Liu S, Hasan M, Akter M, Lam YY, Li Y. Adrenergic signalling to astrocytes in anterior cingulate cortex contributes to pain-related aversive memory in rats. Commun Biol 2023; 6:10. [PMID: 36604595 PMCID: PMC9816175 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain contains both sensory and affective dimensions. We identify the role of norepinephrine in colorectal distention (sub-threshold for acute pain) induced conditioned place avoidance and plasticity gene expression in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Activating locus coeruleus (LC)-projecting ACC neurons facilitates pain-evoked aversive consolidation and memory, while inhibiting LC-projecting ACC neurons reversibly blocks it. Optogenetic activation of ACC astrocytes facilitates aversive behaviour. ACC astrocytic Gi manipulation suppressed aversive behaviour and early plasticity gene expression induced by opto-activation of LC neurons projecting to ACC. Evidences for the critical role of β2AR in ACC astrocytes were provided using AAV encoding β2AR miRNAi to knockdown β2AR in astrocytes. In contrast, opto-activation of ACC astrocytic β2ARs promotes aversion memory. Our findings suggest that projection-specific adrenergic astrocytic signalling in ACC is integral to system-wide neuromodulation in response to visceral stimuli, and plays a key role in mediating pain-related aversion consolidation and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhuogui Lei
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aruna S Ramkrishnan
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Mahadi Hasan
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Mastura Akter
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuk Yan Lam
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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102
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Kuo CC, Chan H, Hung WC, Chen RF, Yang HW, Min MY. Carbachol increases locus coeruleus activation by targeting noradrenergic neurons, inhibitory interneurons and inhibitory synaptic transmission. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:32-53. [PMID: 36382388 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) consists of noradrenergic (NA) neurons and plays an important role in controlling behaviours. Although much of the knowledge regarding LC functions comes from studying behavioural outcomes upon administration of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonists into the nucleus, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report that the application of carbachol (CCh), an mAChR agonist, increased the spontaneous action potentials (sAPs) of both LC-NA neurons and local inhibitory interneurons (LC I-INs) in acute brain slices by activating M1/M3 mAChRs (m1/3 AChRs). Optogenetic activation of LC I-INs evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in LC-NA neurons that were mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA ) and glycine receptors, and CCh application decreased the IPSC amplitude through a presynaptic mechanism by activating M4 mAChRs (m4 AChRs). LC-NA neurons also exhibited spontaneous phasic-like activity (sPLA); CCh application increased the incidence of this activity. This effect of CCh application was not observed with blockade of GABAA and glycine receptors, suggesting that the sPLA enhancement occurred likely because of the decreased synaptic transmission of LC I-INs onto LC-NA neurons by the m4 AChR activation and/or increased spiking rate of LC I-INs by the m1/3 AChR activation, which could lead to fatigue of the synaptic transmission. In conclusion, we report that CCh application, while inhibiting their synaptic transmission, increases sAP rates of LC-NA neurons and LC I-INs. Collectively, these effects provide insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying the behaviour modulations following the administration of muscarinic receptor agonists into the LC reported by the previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao Chan
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Hung
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Feng Chen
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Wen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yuan Min
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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103
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Glennon E, Valtcheva S, Zhu A, Wadghiri YZ, Svirsky MA, Froemke RC. Locus coeruleus activity improves cochlear implant performance. Nature 2023; 613:317-323. [PMID: 36544024 PMCID: PMC10681749 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide hearing to deaf people1. Despite the benefits offered by CIs, the time taken for hearing to be restored and perceptual accuracy after long-term CI use remain highly variable2,3. CI use is believed to require neuroplasticity in the central auditory system, and differential engagement of neuroplastic mechanisms might contribute to the variability in outcomes4-7. Despite extensive studies on how CIs activate the auditory system4,8-12, the understanding of CI-related neuroplasticity remains limited. One potent factor enabling plasticity is the neuromodulator noradrenaline from the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). Here we examine behavioural responses and neural activity in LC and auditory cortex of deafened rats fitted with multi-channel CIs. The rats were trained on a reward-based auditory task, and showed considerable individual differences of learning rates and maximum performance. LC photometry predicted when CI subjects began responding to sounds and longer-term perceptual accuracy. Optogenetic LC stimulation produced faster learning and higher long-term accuracy. Auditory cortical responses to CI stimulation reflected behavioural performance, with enhanced responses to rewarded stimuli and decreased distinction between unrewarded stimuli. Adequate engagement of central neuromodulatory systems is thus a potential clinically relevant target for optimizing neuroprosthetic device use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Glennon
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvana Valtcheva
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela Zhu
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Youssef Z Wadghiri
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mario A Svirsky
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Robert C Froemke
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Teal LB, Ingram SM, Bubser M, McClure E, Jones CK. The Evolving Role of Animal Models in the Discovery and Development of Novel Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 30:37-99. [PMID: 36928846 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Historically, animal models have been routinely used in the characterization of novel chemical entities (NCEs) for various psychiatric disorders. Animal models have been essential in the in vivo validation of novel drug targets, establishment of lead compound pharmacokinetic to pharmacodynamic relationships, optimization of lead compounds through preclinical candidate selection, and development of translational measures of target occupancy and functional target engagement. Yet, with decades of multiple NCE failures in Phase II and III efficacy trials for different psychiatric disorders, the utility and value of animal models in the drug discovery process have come under intense scrutiny along with the widespread withdrawal of the pharmaceutical industry from psychiatric drug discovery. More recently, the development and utilization of animal models for the discovery of psychiatric NCEs has undergone a dynamic evolution with the application of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework for better design of preclinical to clinical translational studies combined with innovative genetic, neural circuitry-based, and automated testing technologies. In this chapter, the authors will discuss this evolving role of animal models for improving the different stages of the discovery and development in the identification of next generation treatments for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Teal
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shalonda M Ingram
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Bubser
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elliott McClure
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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105
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Kroeger D, Thundercliffe J, Phung A, De Luca R, Geraci C, Bragg S, McCafferty KJ, Bandaru SS, Arrigoni E, Scammell TE. Glutamatergic pedunculopontine tegmental neurons control wakefulness and locomotion via distinct axonal projections. Sleep 2022; 45:zsac242. [PMID: 36170177 PMCID: PMC9742893 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nucleus is implicated in many brain functions, ranging from sleep/wake control and locomotion, to reward mechanisms and learning. The PPT contains cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons with extensive ascending and descending axonal projections. Glutamatergic PPT (PPTvGlut2) neurons are thought to promote wakefulness, but the mechanisms through which this occurs are unknown. In addition, some researchers propose that PPTvGlut2 neurons promote locomotion, yet even though the PPT is a target for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease, the role of the PPT in locomotion is debated. We hypothesized that PPTvGluT2 neurons drive arousal and specific waking behaviors via certain projections and modulate locomotion via others. METHODS We mapped the axonal projections of PPTvGlut2 neurons using conditional anterograde tracing and then photostimulated PPTvGlut2 soma or their axon terminal fields across sleep/wake states and analyzed sleep/wake behavior, muscle activity, and locomotion in transgenic mice. RESULTS We found that stimulation of PPTvGlut2 soma and their axon terminals rapidly triggered arousals from non-rapid eye movement sleep, especially with activation of terminals in the basal forebrain (BF) and lateral hypothalamus (LH). With photoactivation of PPTvGlut2 terminals in the BF and LH, this wakefulness was accompanied by locomotion and other active behaviors, but stimulation of PPTvGlut2 soma and terminals in the substantia nigra triggered only quiet wakefulness without locomotion. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the importance of the PPTvGluT2 neurons in driving various aspects of arousal and show that heterogeneous brain nuclei, such as the PPT, can promote a variety of behaviors via distinct axonal projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kroeger
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jack Thundercliffe
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex Phung
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberto De Luca
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn Geraci
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Bragg
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kayleen J McCafferty
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Sathyajit S Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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106
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Zhao YN, Jiang JB, Tao SY, Zhang Y, Chen ZK, Qu WM, Huang ZL, Yang SR. GABAergic neurons in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus are essential for rapid eye movement sleep suppression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7552. [PMID: 36477665 PMCID: PMC9729601 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep disturbances are prevalent in various psychiatric disorders. However, the neural circuits that regulate REM sleep remain poorly understood. Here, we found that in male mice, optogenetic activation of rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) GABAergic neurons immediately converted REM sleep to arousal and then initiated non-REM (NREM) sleep. Conversely, laser-mediated inactivation completely converted NREM to REM sleep and prolonged REM sleep duration. The activity of RMTg GABAergic neurons increased to a high discharge level at the termination of REM sleep. RMTg GABAergic neurons directly converted REM sleep to wakefulness and NREM sleep via inhibitory projections to the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT) and lateral hypothalamus (LH), respectively. Furthermore, LDT glutamatergic neurons were responsible for the REM sleep-wake transitions following photostimulation of the RMTgGABA-LDT circuit. Thus, RMTg GABAergic neurons are essential for suppressing the induction and maintenance of REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Zhao
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science; Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jian-Bo Jiang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science; Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Shi-Yuan Tao
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science; Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yang Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science; Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ze-Ka Chen
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science; Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science; Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science; Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Su-Rong Yang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science; Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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107
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Locus Coeruleus Neurons' Firing Pattern Is Regulated by ERG Voltage-Gated K + Channels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315334. [PMID: 36499661 PMCID: PMC9738708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) neurons, with their extensive innervations throughout the brain, control a broad range of physiological processes. Several ion channels have been characterized in LC neurons that control intrinsic membrane properties and excitability. However, ERG (ether-à-go-go-related gene) K+ channels that are particularly important in setting neuronal firing rhythms and automaticity have not as yet been discovered in the LC. Moreover, the neurophysiological and pathophysiological roles of ERG channels in the brain remain unclear despite their expression in several structures. By performing immunohistochemical investigations, we found that ERG-1A, ERG-1B, ERG-2 and ERG-3 are highly expressed in the LC neurons of mice. To examine the functional role of ERG channels, current-clamp recordings were performed on mouse LC neurons in brain slices under visual control. ERG channel blockade by WAY-123,398, a class III anti-arrhythmic agent, increased the spontaneous firing activity and discharge irregularity of LC neurons. Here, we have shown the presence of distinct ERG channel subunits in the LC which play an imperative role in modulating neuronal discharge patterns. Thus, we propose that ERG channels are important players behind the changes in, and/or maintenance of, LC firing patterns that are implicated in the generation of different behaviors and in several disorders.
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108
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Kim Y, Kadlaskar G, Keehn RM, Keehn B. Measures of tonic and phasic activity of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in children with autism spectrum disorder: An event-related potential and pupillometry study. Autism Res 2022; 15:2250-2264. [PMID: 36164264 PMCID: PMC9722557 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests that locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system may function differently in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Understanding the dynamics of both tonic (resting pupil diameter) and phasic (pupil dilation response [PDR] and event-related potential [ERP]) indices may provide meaningful insights about the nature of LC-NE function in ASD. Twenty-four children with ASD and 27 age- and nonverbal-IQ matched typically developing (TD) children completed two experiments: (1) a resting eye-tracking task to measure tonic pupil diameter, and (2) a three-stimulus oddball paradigm to measure phasic responsivity using PDR and ERP. Consistent with prior reports, our results indicate that children with ASD exhibit increased tonic (resting pupil diameter) and reduced phasic (PDR and ERP) activity of the LC-NE system compared to their TD peers. For both groups, decreased phasic responsivity was associated with increased resting pupil diameter. Lastly, tonic and phasic LC-NE indices were primarily related to measures of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and not ASD, symptomatology. These findings expand our understanding of neurophysiological differences present in ASD and demonstrate that aberrant LC-NE activation may be associated with atypical arousal and decreased responsivity to behaviorally-relevant information in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesol Kim
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Girija Kadlaskar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | | | - Brandon Keehn
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN,Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, IN
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109
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Barcomb K, Olah SS, Kennedy MJ, Ford CP. Properties and modulation of excitatory inputs to the locus coeruleus. J Physiol 2022; 600:4897-4916. [PMID: 36156249 PMCID: PMC9669264 DOI: 10.1113/jp283605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitatory inputs drive burst firing of locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenaline (NA) neurons in response to a variety of stimuli. Though a small number of glutamatergic LC afferents have been investigated, the overall landscape of these excitatory inputs is largely unknown. The current study used an optogenetic approach to isolate three glutamatergic afferents: the prefrontal cortex (PFC), lateral hypothalamus (LH) and periaqueductal grey (PAG). AAV5-DIO-ChR2 was injected into each region in male and female CaMKII-Cre mice and the properties of excitatory inputs on LC-NA cells were measured. Notably we found differences among these inputs. First, the pattern of axonal innervation differed between inputs such that LH afferents were concentrated in the posterior portion of the LC-NA somatic region while PFC afferents were denser in the medial dendritic region. Second, basal intrinsic properties varied for afferents, with LH inputs having the highest connectivity and the largest amplitude excitatory postsynaptic currents while PAG inputs had the lowest initial release probability. Third, while orexin and oxytocin had minimal effects on any input, dynorphin strongly inhibited excitatory inputs originating from the LH and PAG, and corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) selectively inhibited inputs from the PAG. Overall, these results demonstrate that individual afferents to the LC have differing properties, which may contribute to the modularity of the LC and its ability to mediate various behavioural outcomes. KEY POINTS: Excitatory inputs to the locus coeruleus (LC) are important for driving noradrenaline neuron activity and downstream behaviours in response to salient stimuli, but little is known about the functional properties of different glutamate inputs that innervate these neurons We used a virus-mediated optogenetic approach to compare glutamate afferents from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the periaqueductal grey (PAG). While PFC was predicted to make synaptic inputs, we found that the LH and PAG also drove robust excitatory events in LC noradrenaline neurons. The strength, kinetics, and short-term plasticity of each input differed as did the extent of neuromodulation by both dynorphin and corticotrophin releasing factor. Thus each input displayed a unique set of basal properties and modulation by peptides. This characterization is an important step in deciphering the heterogeneity of the LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Barcomb
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Samantha S. Olah
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Matthew J. Kennedy
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Christopher P. Ford
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
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110
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Antila H, Kwak I, Choi A, Pisciotti A, Covarrubias I, Baik J, Eisch A, Beier K, Thomas S, Weber F, Chung S. A noradrenergic-hypothalamic neural substrate for stress-induced sleep disturbances. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123528119. [PMID: 36331996 PMCID: PMC9659376 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123528119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In our daily life, we are exposed to uncontrollable and stressful events that disrupt our sleep. However, the underlying neural mechanisms deteriorating the quality of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMs) and REM sleep are largely unknown. Here, we show in mice that acute psychosocial stress disrupts sleep by increasing brief arousals (microarousals [MAs]), reducing sleep spindles, and impairing infraslow oscillations in the spindle band of the electroencephalogram during NREMs, while reducing REMs. This poor sleep quality was reflected in an increased number of calcium transients in the activity of noradrenergic (NE) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) during NREMs. Opto- and chemogenetic LC-NE activation in naïve mice is sufficient to change the sleep microarchitecture similar to stress. Conversely, chemogenetically inhibiting LC-NE neurons reduced MAs during NREMs and normalized their number after stress. Specifically inhibiting LC-NE neurons projecting to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA) decreased MAs and enhanced spindles and REMs after stress. Optrode recordings revealed that stimulating LC-NE fibers in the POA indeed suppressed the spiking activity of POA neurons that are activated during sleep spindles and REMs and inactivated during MAs. Our findings reveal that changes in the dynamics of the stress-regulatory LC-NE neurons during sleep negatively affect sleep quality, partially through their interaction with the POA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Antila
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology, and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Iris Kwak
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology, and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ashley Choi
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology, and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alexa Pisciotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology, and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ivan Covarrubias
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology, and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Justin Baik
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology, and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Amelia Eisch
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology, and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kevin Beier
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617
| | - Steven Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Franz Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology, and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Shinjae Chung
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology, and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Machado TA, Kauvar IV, Deisseroth K. Multiregion neuronal activity: the forest and the trees. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:683-704. [PMID: 36192596 PMCID: PMC10327445 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed remarkable advances in the simultaneous measurement of neuronal activity across many brain regions, enabling fundamentally new explorations of the brain-spanning cellular dynamics that underlie sensation, cognition and action. These recently developed multiregion recording techniques have provided many experimental opportunities, but thoughtful consideration of methodological trade-offs is necessary, especially regarding field of view, temporal acquisition rate and ability to guarantee cellular resolution. When applied in concert with modern optogenetic and computational tools, multiregion recording has already made possible fundamental biological discoveries - in part via the unprecedented ability to perform unbiased neural activity screens for principles of brain function, spanning dozens of brain areas and from local to global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Machado
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Isaac V Kauvar
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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112
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Delbono O, Wang Z, Messi ML. Brainstem noradrenergic neurons: Identifying a hub at the intersection of cognition, motility, and skeletal muscle regulation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 236:e13887. [PMID: 36073023 PMCID: PMC9588743 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Brainstem noradrenergic neuron clusters form a node integrating efferents projecting to distinct areas such as those regulating cognition and skeletal muscle structure and function, and receive dissimilar afferents through established circuits to coordinate organismal responses to internal and environmental challenges. Genetic lineage tracing shows the remarkable heterogeneity of brainstem noradrenergic neurons, which may explain their varied functions. They project to the locus coeruleus, the primary source of noradrenaline in the brain, which supports learning and cognition. They also project to pre-ganglionic neurons, which lie within the spinal cord and form synapses onto post-ganglionic neurons. The synapse between descending brainstem noradrenergic neurons and pre-ganglionic spinal neurons, and these in turn with post-ganglionic noradrenergic neurons located at the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia, support an anatomical hierarchy that regulates skeletal muscle innervation, neuromuscular transmission, and muscle trophism. Whether any noradrenergic neuron subpopulation is more susceptible to damaged protein deposit and death with ageing and neurodegeneration is a relevant question that answer will help us to detect neurodegeneration at an early stage, establish prognosis, and anticipate disease progression. Loss of muscle mass and strength with ageing, termed sarcopenia, may predict impaired cognition with ageing and neurodegeneration and establish an early time to start interventions aimed at reducing central noradrenergic neurons hyperactivity. Complex multidisciplinary approaches, including genetic tracing, specific circuit labelling, optogenetics and chemogenetics, electrophysiology, and single-cell transcriptomics and proteomics, are required to test this hypothesis pre-clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal MedicineSection on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine. Wake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Zhong‐Min Wang
- Department of Internal MedicineSection on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine. Wake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - María Laura Messi
- Department of Internal MedicineSection on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine. Wake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
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113
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Jung J, Kim T. General anesthesia and sleep: like and unlike. Anesth Pain Med (Seoul) 2022; 17:343-351. [DOI: 10.17085/apm.22227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia and sleep have long been discussed in the neurobiological context owingto their commonalities, such as unconsciousness, immobility, non-responsiveness to externalstimuli, and lack of memory upon returning to consciousness. Sleep is regulated bycomplex interactions between wake-promoting and sleep-promoting neural circuits. Anestheticsexert their effects partly by inhibiting wake-promoting neurons or activating sleep-promotingneurons. Unconscious but arousable sedation is more related to sleep-wake circuitries,whereas unconscious and unarousable anesthesia is independent of them. Generalanesthesia is notable for its ability to decrease sleep propensity. Conversely, increasedsleep propensity due to insufficient sleep potentiates anesthetic effects. Taken together, it isplausible that sleep and anesthesia are closely related phenomena but not the same ones.Further investigations on the relationship between sleep and anesthesia are warranted.
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Moberg S, Takahashi N. Neocortical layer 5 subclasses: From cellular properties to roles in behavior. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:1006773. [PMID: 36387773 PMCID: PMC9650089 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.1006773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Layer 5 (L5) serves as the main output layer of cortical structures, where long-range projecting pyramidal neurons broadcast the columnar output to other cortical and extracortical regions of the brain. L5 pyramidal neurons are grouped into two subclasses based on their projection targets; while intratelencephalic (IT) neurons project to cortical areas and the striatum, extratelencephalic (ET) neurons project to subcortical areas such as the thalamus, midbrain, and brainstem. Each L5 subclass possesses distinct morphological and electrophysiological properties and is incorporated into a unique synaptic network. Thanks to recent advances in genetic tools and methodologies, it has now become possible to distinguish between the two subclasses in the living brain. There is increasing evidence indicating that each subclass plays a unique role in sensory processing, decision-making, and learning. This review first summarizes the anatomical and physiological properties as well as the neuromodulation of IT and ET neurons in the rodent neocortex, and then reviews recent literature on their roles in sensory processing and rodent behavior. Our ultimate goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of each subclass in cortical function by examining their operational regimes based on their cellular properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moberg
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Naoya Takahashi
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
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115
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Hashimoto M, Brito SI, Venner A, Pasqualini AL, Yang TL, Allen D, Fuller PM, Anthony TE. Lateral septum modulates cortical state to tune responsivity to threat stimuli. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111521. [PMID: 36288710 PMCID: PMC9645245 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden unexpected environmental changes capture attention and, when perceived as potentially dangerous, evoke defensive behavioral states. Perturbations of the lateral septum (LS) can produce extreme hyperdefensiveness even to innocuous stimuli, but how this structure influences stimulus-evoked defensive responses and threat perception remains unclear. Here, we show that Crhr2-expressing neurons in mouse LS exhibit phasic activation upon detection of threatening but not rewarding stimuli. Threat-stimulus-driven activity predicts the probability but not vigor or type of defensive behavior evoked. Although necessary for and sufficient to potentiate stimulus-triggered defensive responses, LSCrhr2 neurons do not promote specific behaviors. Rather, their stimulation elicits negative valence and physiological arousal. Moreover, LSCrhr2 activity tracks brain state fluctuations and drives cortical activation and rapid awakening in the absence of threat. Together, our findings suggest that LS directs bottom-up modulation of cortical function to evoke preparatory defensive internal states and selectively enhance responsivity to threat-related stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Hashimoto
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salvador Ignacio Brito
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne Venner
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amanda Loren Pasqualini
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tracy Lulu Yang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Allen
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Michael Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Todd Erryl Anthony
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Salazar Leon LE, Sillitoe RV. Potential Interactions Between Cerebellar Dysfunction and Sleep Disturbances in Dystonia. DYSTONIA 2022; 1. [PMID: 37065094 PMCID: PMC10099477 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2022.10691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is the third most common movement disorder. It causes debilitating twisting postures that are accompanied by repetitive and sometimes intermittent co- or over-contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles. Historically diagnosed as a basal ganglia disorder, dystonia is increasingly considered a network disorder involving various brain regions including the cerebellum. In certain etiologies of dystonia, aberrant motor activity is generated in the cerebellum and the abnormal signals then propagate through a “dystonia circuit” that includes the thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. Importantly, it has been reported that non-motor defects can accompany the motor symptoms; while their severity is not always correlated, it is hypothesized that common pathways may nevertheless be disrupted. In particular, circadian dysfunction and disordered sleep are common non-motor patient complaints in dystonia. Given recent evidence suggesting that the cerebellum contains a circadian oscillator, displays sleep-stage-specific neuronal activity, and sends robust long-range projections to several subcortical regions involved in circadian rhythm regulation, disordered sleep in dystonia may result from cerebellum-mediated dysfunction of the dystonia circuit. Here, we review the evidence linking dystonia, cerebellar network dysfunction, and cerebellar involvement in sleep. Together, these ideas may form the basis for the development of improved pharmacological and surgical interventions that could take advantage of cerebellar circuitry to restore normal motor function as well as non-motor (sleep) behaviors in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. Salazar Leon
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Roy V. Sillitoe, Tel: 832-824-8913, Fax: 832-825-1251,
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Maness EB, Burk JA, McKenna JT, Schiffino FL, Strecker RE, McCoy JG. Role of the locus coeruleus and basal forebrain in arousal and attention. Brain Res Bull 2022; 188:47-58. [PMID: 35878679 PMCID: PMC9514025 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence has implicated multiple neurotransmitter systems in either the direct or indirect modulation of cortical arousal and attention circuitry. In this review, we selectively focus on three such systems: 1) norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC), 2) acetylcholine (ACh)-containing neurons of the basal forebrain (BF), and 3) parvalbumin (PV)-containing gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons of the BF. Whereas BF-PV neurons serve as a rapid and transient arousal system, LC-NE and BF-ACh neuromodulation are typically activated on slower but longer-lasting timescales. Recent findings suggest that the BF-PV system serves to rapidly respond to even subtle sensory stimuli with a microarousal. We posit that salient sensory stimuli, such as those that are threatening or predict the need for a response, will quickly activate the BF-PV system and subsequently activate both the BF-ACh and LC-NE systems if the circumstances require longer periods of arousal and vigilance. We suggest that NE and ACh have overlapping psychological functions with the main difference being the precise internal/environmental sensory situations/contexts that recruit each neurotransmitter system - a goal for future research to determine. Implications of dysfunction of each of these three attentional systems for our understanding of neuropsychiatric conditions are considered. Finally, the contemporary availability of research tools to selectively manipulate and measure the activity of these distinctive neuronal populations promises to answer longstanding questions, such as how various arousal systems influence downstream decision-making and motor responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden B Maness
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA.
| | - Joshua A Burk
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
| | - James T McKenna
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Felipe L Schiffino
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA; Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Robert E Strecker
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA.
| | - John G McCoy
- Department of Psychology, Stonehill College, Easton, MA 02357, USA.
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118
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Huwiler S, Carro Dominguez M, Huwyler S, Kiener L, Stich FM, Sala R, Aziri F, Trippel A, Schmied C, Huber R, Wenderoth N, Lustenberger C. Effects of auditory sleep modulation approaches on brain oscillatory and cardiovascular dynamics. Sleep 2022; 45:6632997. [PMID: 35793672 PMCID: PMC9453626 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Slow waves, the hallmark feature of deep nonrapid eye movement sleep, do potentially drive restorative effects of sleep on brain and body functions. Sleep modulation techniques to elucidate the functional role of slow waves thus have gained large interest. Auditory slow wave stimulation is a promising tool; however, directly comparing auditory stimulation approaches within a night and analyzing induced dynamic brain and cardiovascular effects are yet missing. Here, we tested various auditory stimulation approaches in a windowed, 10 s ON (stimulations) followed by 10 s OFF (no stimulations), within-night stimulation design and compared them to a SHAM control condition. We report the results of three studies and a total of 51 included nights and found a large and global increase in slow-wave activity (SWA) in the stimulation window compared to SHAM. Furthermore, slow-wave dynamics were most pronouncedly increased at the start of the stimulation and declined across the stimulation window. Beyond the changes in brain oscillations, we observed, for some conditions, a significant increase in the mean interval between two heartbeats within a stimulation window, indicating a slowing of the heart rate, and increased heart rate variability derived parasympathetic activity. Those cardiovascular changes were positively correlated with the change in SWA, and thus, our findings provide insight into the potential of auditory slow wave enhancement to modulate cardiovascular restorative conditions during sleep. However, future studies need to investigate whether the potentially increased restorative capacity through slow-wave enhancements translates into a more rested cardiovascular system on a subsequent day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Huwiler
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Carro Dominguez
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silja Huwyler
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Kiener
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabia M Stich
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rossella Sala
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florent Aziri
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Trippel
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schmied
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Huber
- Center of Competence Sleep and Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Child Development Centre, University Children’s Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Center, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Caroline Lustenberger
- Corresponding author. Caroline Lustenberger, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.
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Kaźmierczak M, Nicola SM. The Arousal-motor Hypothesis of Dopamine Function: Evidence that Dopamine Facilitates Reward Seeking in Part by Maintaining Arousal. Neuroscience 2022; 499:64-103. [PMID: 35853563 PMCID: PMC9479757 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine facilitates approach to reward via its actions on dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens. For example, blocking either D1 or D2 dopamine receptors in the accumbens reduces the proportion of reward-predictive cues to which rats respond with cued approach. Recent evidence indicates that accumbens dopamine also promotes wakefulness and arousal, but the relationship between dopamine's roles in arousal and reward seeking remains unexplored. Here, we show that the ability of systemic or intra-accumbens injections of the D1 antagonist SCH23390 to reduce cued approach to reward depends on the animal's state of arousal. Handling the animal, a manipulation known to increase arousal, was sufficient to reverse the behavioral effects of the antagonist. In addition, SCH23390 reduced spontaneous locomotion and increased time spent in sleep postures, both consistent with reduced arousal, but also increased time spent immobile in postures inconsistent with sleep. In contrast, the ability of the D2 antagonist haloperidol to reduce cued approach was not reversible by handling. Haloperidol reduced spontaneous locomotion but did not increase sleep postures, instead increasing immobility in non-sleep postures. We place these results in the context of the extensive literature on dopamine's contributions to behavior, and propose the arousal-motor hypothesis. This novel synthesis, which proposes that two main functions of dopamine are to promote arousal and facilitate motor behavior, accounts both for our findings and many previous behavioral observations that have led to disparate and conflicting conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kaźmierczak
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Forchheimer 111, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Saleem M Nicola
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Forchheimer 111, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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120
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Sciolino NR, Hsiang M, Mazzone CM, Wilson LR, Plummer NW, Amin J, Smith KG, McGee CA, Fry SA, Yang CX, Powell JM, Bruchas MR, Kravitz AV, Cushman JD, Krashes MJ, Cui G, Jensen P. Natural locus coeruleus dynamics during feeding. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn9134. [PMID: 35984878 PMCID: PMC9390985 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn9134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent data demonstrate that noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC-NE) are required for fear-induced suppression of feeding, but the role of endogenous LC-NE activity in natural, homeostatic feeding remains unclear. Here, we found that LC-NE activity was suppressed during food consumption, and the magnitude of this neural response was attenuated as mice consumed more pellets throughout the session, suggesting that LC responses to food are modulated by satiety state. Visual-evoked LC-NE activity was also attenuated in sated mice, suggesting that satiety state modulates LC-NE encoding of multiple behavioral states. We also found that food intake could be attenuated by brief or longer durations of LC-NE activation. Last, we found that activation of the LC to the lateral hypothalamus pathway suppresses feeding and enhances avoidance and anxiety-like responding. Our findings suggest that LC-NE neurons modulate feeding by integrating both external cues (e.g., anxiogenic environmental cues) and internal drives (e.g., satiety).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natale R. Sciolino
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Madeline Hsiang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher M. Mazzone
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Leslie R. Wilson
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jaisal Amin
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen G. Smith
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher A. McGee
- Comparative Medicine, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sydney A. Fry
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Cindy X. Yang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jeanne M. Powell
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael R. Bruchas
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jesse D. Cushman
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael J. Krashes
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guohong Cui
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Memory-enhancing properties of sleep depend on the oscillatory amplitude of norepinephrine. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1059-1070. [PMID: 35798980 PMCID: PMC9817483 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sleep has a complex micro-architecture, encompassing micro-arousals, sleep spindles and transitions between sleep stages. Fragmented sleep impairs memory consolidation, whereas spindle-rich and delta-rich non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep promote it. However, the relationship between micro-arousals and memory-promoting aspects of sleep remains unclear. In this study, we used fiber photometry in mice to examine how release of the arousal mediator norepinephrine (NE) shapes sleep micro-architecture. Here we show that micro-arousals are generated in a periodic pattern during NREM sleep, riding on the peak of locus-coeruleus-generated infraslow oscillations of extracellular NE, whereas descending phases of NE oscillations drive spindles. The amplitude of NE oscillations is crucial for shaping sleep micro-architecture related to memory performance: prolonged descent of NE promotes spindle-enriched intermediate state and REM sleep but also associates with awakenings, whereas shorter NE descents uphold NREM sleep and micro-arousals. Thus, the NE oscillatory amplitude may be a target for improving sleep in sleep disorders.
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Chen JT, Kuo YC, Hsu TY, Wang CA. Fatigue and Arousal Modulations Revealed by Saccade and Pupil Dynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159234. [PMID: 35954585 PMCID: PMC9367726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Saccadic eye movements are directed to the objects of interests and enable high-resolution visual images in the exploration of the visual world. There is a trial-to-trial variation in saccade dynamics even in a simple task, possibly attributed to arousal fluctuations. Previous studies have showed that an increase of fatigue level over time, also known as time-on-task, can be revealed by saccade peak velocity. In addition, pupil size, controlled by the autonomic nervous system, has long been used as an arousal index. However, limited research has been done with regards to the relation between pupil size and saccade behavior in the context of trial-to-trial variation. To investigate fatigue and arousal effects on saccadic and pupillary responses, we used bright and emotional stimuli to evoke pupillary responses in tasks requiring reactive and voluntary saccade generation. Decreased voluntary saccade peak velocities, reduced tonic pupil size and phasic pupillary responses were observed as time-on-task increased. Moreover, tonic pupil size affected saccade latency and dynamics, with steeper saccade main sequence slope as tonic pupil size increased. In summary, saccade dynamics and tonic pupil size were sensitive to fatigue and arousal level, together providing valuable information for the understanding of human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Tai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chun Kuo
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan;
- Cognitive Intelligence and Precision Healthcare Research Center, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness (GIMBC), Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Brain and Consciousness Research Center (BCRC), TMU-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Chin-An Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan;
- Cognitive Intelligence and Precision Healthcare Research Center, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness (GIMBC), Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Brain and Consciousness Research Center (BCRC), TMU-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Olivares MJ, Toledo C, Ortolani D, Ortiz FC, Díaz HS, Iturriaga R, Del Río R. Sleep dysregulation in sympathetic-mediated diseases: implications for disease progression. Sleep 2022; 45:6649852. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role in the coordination of several physiological functions including sleep/wake process. Significant changes in ANS activity occur during wake-to-sleep transition maintaining the adequate cardiorespiratory regulation and brain activity. Since sleep is a complex homeostatic function, partly regulated by the ANS, it is not surprising that sleep disruption trigger and/or evidence symptoms of ANS impairment. Indeed, several studies suggest a bidirectional relationship between impaired ANS function (i.e. enhanced sympathetic drive), and the emergence/development of sleep disorders. Furthermore, several epidemiological studies described a strong association between sympathetic-mediated diseases and the development and maintenance of sleep disorders resulting in a vicious cycle with adverse outcomes and increased mortality risk. However, which and how the sleep/wake control and ANS circuitry becomes affected during the progression of ANS-related diseases remains poorly understood. Thus, understanding the physiological mechanisms underpinning sleep/wake-dependent sympathetic modulation could provide insights into diseases involving autonomic dysfunction. The purpose of this review is to explore potential neural mechanisms involved in both the onset/maintenance of sympathetic-mediated diseases (Rett syndrome, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, obstructive sleep apnoea, type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart failure, hypertension, and neurodegenerative diseases) and their plausible contribution to the generation of sleep disorders in order to review evidence that may serve to establish a causal link between sleep disorders and heightened sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Olivares
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Camilo Toledo
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes , Punta Arenas , Chile
| | - Domiziana Ortolani
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Fernando C Ortiz
- Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Hugo S Díaz
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes , Punta Arenas , Chile
| | - Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes , Punta Arenas , Chile
| | - Rodrigo Del Río
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes , Punta Arenas , Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Johnston R, Snyder AC, Khanna SB, Issar D, Smith MA. The eyes reflect an internal cognitive state hidden in the population activity of cortical neurons. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:3331-3346. [PMID: 34963140 PMCID: PMC9340396 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have shown that global brain states such as arousal can be indexed by measuring the properties of the eyes. The spiking responses of neurons throughout the brain have been associated with the pupil, small fixational saccades, and vigor in eye movements, but it has been difficult to isolate how internal states affect the eyes, and vice versa. While recording from populations of neurons in the visual and prefrontal cortex (PFC), we recently identified a latent dimension of neural activity called "slow drift," which appears to reflect a shift in a global brain state. Here, we asked if slow drift is correlated with the action of the eyes in distinct behavioral tasks. We recorded from visual cortex (V4) while monkeys performed a change detection task, and PFC, while they performed a memory-guided saccade task. In both tasks, slow drift was associated with the size of the pupil and the microsaccade rate, two external indicators of the internal state of the animal. These results show that metrics related to the action of the eyes are associated with a dominant and task-independent mode of neural activity that can be accessed in the population activity of neurons across the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Johnston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Adam C Snyder
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Sanjeev B Khanna
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Deepa Issar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Matthew A Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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125
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Role of noradrenergic arousal for fear extinction processes in rodents and humans. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 194:107660. [PMID: 35870717 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fear extinction is a learning mechanism that is pivotal for the inhibition of fear responses towards cues or contexts that no longer predict the occurrence of a threat. Failure of fear extinction leads to fear expression under safe conditions and is regarded to be a cardinal characteristic of many anxiety-related disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. Importantly, the neurotransmitter noradrenaline was shown to be a potent modulator of fear extinction. Rodent studies demonstrated that excessive noradrenaline transmission after acute stress opens a time window of vulnerability, in which fear extinction learning results in attenuated long-term extinction success. In contrast, when excessive noradrenergic transmission subsides, well-coordinated noradrenaline transmission is necessary for the formation of a long-lasting extinction memory. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that the neuropeptide corticotropin releasing hormone (CRF), which strongly regulates noradrenaline transmission under conditions of acute stress, also impedes long-term extinction success. Recent rodent work - using sophisticated methods - provides evidence for a hypothetical mechanistic framework of how noradrenaline and CRF dynamically orchestrate the neural fear and extinction circuitry to attenuate or to improve fear extinction and extinction recall. Accordingly, we review the evidence from rodent studies linking noradrenaline and CRF to fear extinction learning and recall and derive the hypothetical mechanistic framework of how different levels of noradrenaline and CRF may create a time window of vulnerability which impedes successful long-term fear extinction. We also address evidence from human studies linking noradrenaline and fear extinction success. Moreover, we accumulate emerging approaches to non-invasively measure and manipulate the noradrenergic system in healthy humans. Finally, we emphasize the importance of future studies to account for sex (hormone) differences when examining the interaction between fear extinction, noradrenaline, and CRF. To conclude, NA's effects on fear extinction recall strongly depend on the arousal levels at the onset of fear extinction learning. Our review aimed at compiling the available (mainly rodent) data in a neurobiological framework, suited to derive testable hypotheses for future work in humans.
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Taylor NL, D'Souza A, Munn BR, Lv J, Zaborszky L, Müller EJ, Wainstein G, Calamante F, Shine JM. Structural connections between the noradrenergic and cholinergic system shape the dynamics of functional brain networks. Neuroimage 2022; 260:119455. [PMID: 35809888 PMCID: PMC10114918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex cognitive abilities are thought to arise from the ability of the brain to adaptively reconfigure its internal network structure as a function of task demands. Recent work has suggested that this inherent flexibility may in part be conferred by the widespread projections of the ascending arousal systems. While the different components of the ascending arousal system are often studied in isolation, there are anatomical connections between neuromodulatory hubs that we hypothesise are crucial for mediating key features of adaptive network dynamics, such as the balance between integration and segregation. To test this hypothesis, we estimated the strength of structural connectivity between key hubs of the noradrenergic and cholinergic arousal systems (the locus coeruleus [LC] and nucleus basalis of Meynert [nbM], respectively). We then asked whether the strength of structural LC and nbM inter-connectivity was related to individual differences in the emergent, dynamical signatures of functional integration measured from resting state fMRI data, such as network and attractor topography. We observed a significant positive relationship between the strength of white-matter connections between the LC and nbM and the extent of network-level integration following BOLD signal peaks in LC relative to nbM activity. In addition, individuals with denser white-matter streamlines interconnecting neuromodulatory hubs also demonstrated a heightened ability to shift to novel brain states. These results suggest that individuals with stronger structural connectivity between the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems have a greater capacity to mediate the flexible network dynamics required to support complex, adaptive behaviour. Furthermore, our results highlight the underlying static features of the neuromodulatory hubs can impose some constraints on the dynamic features of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Taylor
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A D'Souza
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Sydney School of Medicine, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - B R Munn
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Lv
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - L Zaborszky
- School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA
| | - E J Müller
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - G Wainstein
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - F Calamante
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Imaging, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - J M Shine
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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127
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Slater C, Liu Y, Weiss E, Yu K, Wang Q. The Neuromodulatory Role of the Noradrenergic and Cholinergic Systems and Their Interplay in Cognitive Functions: A Focused Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:890. [PMID: 35884697 PMCID: PMC9320657 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The noradrenergic and cholinergic modulation of functionally distinct regions of the brain has become one of the primary organizational principles behind understanding the contribution of each system to the diversity of neural computation in the central nervous system. Decades of work has shown that a diverse family of receptors, stratified across different brain regions, and circuit-specific afferent and efferent projections play a critical role in helping such widespread neuromodulatory systems obtain substantial heterogeneity in neural information processing. This review briefly discusses the anatomical layout of both the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems, as well as the types and distributions of relevant receptors for each system. Previous work characterizing the direct and indirect interaction between these two systems is discussed, especially in the context of higher order cognitive functions such as attention, learning, and the decision-making process. Though a substantial amount of work has been done to characterize the role of each neuromodulator, a cohesive understanding of the region-specific cooperation of these two systems is not yet fully realized. For the field to progress, new experiments will need to be conducted that capitalize on the modular subdivisions of the brain and systematically explore the role of norepinephrine and acetylcholine in each of these subunits and across the full range of receptors expressed in different cell types in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, ET 351, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (E.W.); (K.Y.)
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, ET 351, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (E.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Evan Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, ET 351, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (E.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kunpeng Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, ET 351, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (E.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, ET 351, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (E.W.); (K.Y.)
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128
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Zhang K, Pan J, Yu Y. Regulation of Neural Circuitry under General Anesthesia: New Methods and Findings. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070898. [PMID: 35883456 PMCID: PMC9312763 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia has been widely utilized since the 1840s, but its underlying neural circuits remain to be completely understood. Since both general anesthesia and sleep are reversible losses of consciousness, studies on the neural-circuit mechanisms affected by general anesthesia have mainly focused on the neural nuclei or the pathways known to regulate sleep. Three advanced technologies commonly used in neuroscience, in vivo calcium imaging, chemogenetics, and optogenetics, are used to record and modulate the activity of specific neurons or neural circuits in the brain areas of interest. Recently, they have successfully been used to study the neural nuclei and pathways of general anesthesia. This article reviews these three techniques and their applications in the brain nuclei or pathways affected by general anesthesia, to serve as a reference for further and more accurate exploration of other neural circuits under general anesthesia and to contribute to other research fields in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (K.Z.); (J.P.)
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jiacheng Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (K.Z.); (J.P.)
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (K.Z.); (J.P.)
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin 300052, China
- Correspondence:
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129
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Abstract
Behavioral states naturally alternate between wakefulness and the sleep phases rapid eye movement and nonrapid eye movement sleep. Waking and sleep states are complex processes that are elegantly orchestrated by spatially fine-tuned neurochemical changes of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators including glutamate, acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, hypocretin, melanin concentrating hormone, adenosine, and melatonin. However, as highlighted in this brief overview, no single neurotransmitter or neuromodulator, but rather their complex interactions within organized neuronal ensembles, regulate waking and sleep states. The neurochemical pathways presented here are aimed to provide a conceptual framework for the understanding of the effects of currently used sleep medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian C Holst
- Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland.
| | - Hans-Peter Landolt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland; Zürich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research (ZiS), University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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130
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Baral S, Hosseini H, More K, Fabrin TMC, Braun J, Prigge M. Spike-Dependent Dynamic Partitioning of the Locus Coeruleus Network through Noradrenergic Volume Release in a Simulation of Nucleus Core. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060728. [PMID: 35741613 PMCID: PMC9221380 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Locus coeruleus (LC) modulates various neuronal circuits throughout the brain. Its unique architectural organization encompasses a net of axonal innervation that spans the entire brain, while its somatic core is highly compact. Recent research revealed an unexpected cellular input specificity within the nucleus that can give rise to various network states that either broadcast norepinephrine signals throughout the brain or pointedly modulate specific brain areas. Such adaptive input–output functions likely surpass our existing network models that build upon a given synaptic wiring configuration between neurons. As the distances between noradrenergic neurons in the core of the LC are unusually small, neighboring neurons could theoretically impact each other via volume transmission of NE. We therefore set out to investigate if such interaction could be mediated through noradrenergic alpha2-receptors in a spiking neuron model of the LC. We validated our model of LC neurons through comparison with experimental patch-clamp data and identified key variables that impact alpha2-mediated inhibition of neighboring LC neurons. Our simulation confirmed a reliable autoinhibition of LC neurons after episodes of high neuronal activity that continue even after neuronal activity subsided. Additionally, dendro-somatic synapses inhibited spontaneous spiking in the somatic compartment of connected neurons in our model. We determined the exact position of hundreds of LC neurons in the mouse brain stem via a tissue clearing approach and, based on this, further determined that 25 percent of noradrenergic neurons have a neighboring LC neuron within less than a 25-micrometer radius. By modeling NE diffusion, we estimated that more than 15 percent of the alpha2-adrenergic receptors fraction can bind NE within such a diffusion radius. Our spiking neuron model of LC neurons predicts that repeated or long-lasting episodes of high neuronal activity induce partitioning of the gross LC network and reduce the spike rate in neighboring neurons at distances smaller than 25 μm. As these volume-mediating neighboring effects are challenging to test with the current methodology, our findings can guide future experimental approaches to test this phenomenon and its physiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Baral
- Research Group Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.B.); (H.H.); (K.M.); (T.M.C.F.)
- Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Otto-von Guericke University, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hassan Hosseini
- Research Group Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.B.); (H.H.); (K.M.); (T.M.C.F.)
| | - Kaushik More
- Research Group Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.B.); (H.H.); (K.M.); (T.M.C.F.)
| | - Thomaz M. C. Fabrin
- Research Group Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.B.); (H.H.); (K.M.); (T.M.C.F.)
| | - Jochen Braun
- Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Otto-von Guericke University, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Matthias Prigge
- Research Group Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.B.); (H.H.); (K.M.); (T.M.C.F.)
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (M.P.)
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131
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Gu L, Yu Q, Shen Y, Wang Y, Xu Q, Zhang H. The role of monoaminergic neurons in modulating respiration during sleep and the connection with SUDEP. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112983. [PMID: 35453009 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of death among epilepsy patients, occurring even more frequently in cases with anti-epileptic drug resistance. Despite some advancements in characterizing SUDEP, the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. This review summarizes the latest advances in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of SUDEP, in order to identify possible targets for the development of new strategies to prevent SUDEP. Based on our previous research along with the current literature, we focus on the role of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and its related neural mechanisms to consider the possible roles of monoaminergic neurons in the modulation of respiration during sleep and the occurrence of SUDEP. Overall, this review suggests that targeting the monoaminergic neurons is a promising approach to preventing SUDEP. The proposed roles of SDB and related monoaminergic neural mechanisms in SUDEP provide new insights for explaining the pathogenesis of SUDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeYuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - YuLing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - HongHai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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132
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Wang CA, White B, Munoz DP. Pupil-linked Arousal Signals in the Midbrain Superior Colliculus. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:1340-1354. [PMID: 35579984 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The orienting response evoked by the appearance of a salient stimulus is modulated by arousal; however, neural underpinnings for the interplay between orienting and arousal are not well understood. The superior colliculus (SC), causally involved in multiple components of the orienting response including gaze and attention shifts, receives not only multisensory and cognitive inputs but also arousal-regulated inputs from various cortical and subcortical structures. To investigate the impact of moment-by-moment fluctuations in arousal on orienting saccade responses, we used microstimulation of the monkey SC to trigger saccade responses, and we used pupil size and velocity to index the level of arousal at stimulation onset because these measures correlate with changes in brain states and locus coeruleus activity. Saccades induced by SC microstimulation correlated with prestimulation pupil velocity, with higher pupil velocities on trials without evoked saccades than with evoked saccades. In contrast, prestimulation absolute pupil size did not correlate with saccade behavior. However, pupil velocity correlated with evoked saccade latency and metrics. Together, our results demonstrated that small fluctuations in arousal, indexed by pupil velocity, can modulate the saccade response evoked by SC microstimulation in awake behaving monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian White
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Omoluabi T, Power KD, Sepahvand T, Yuan Q. Phasic and Tonic Locus Coeruleus Stimulation Associated Valence Learning Engages Distinct Adrenoceptors in the Rat Basolateral Amygdala. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:886803. [PMID: 35614971 PMCID: PMC9124852 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.886803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reward exploitation and aversion are mediated in part by the locus coeruleus (LC), a brainstem structure significantly involved in learning and memory via the release of norepinephrine. Different LC firing patterns are associated with different functions. Previously, we have shown that high tonic and phasic LC activation signal negative and positive valence, respectively, via basolateral amygdala (BLA) circuitry. Tonic LC activation is associated preferentially with BLA-central amygdala (CeA) activation, while phasic LC stimulation preferentially recruits the BLA-nucleus accumbens (NAc) pathway. Here, we ask if phasic and tonic LC activation-associated valence learning requires different adrenoceptors in the BLA, in comparison with the odor valence learning induced by natural reward and aversive conditioning. Using optogenetic activation of the LC and local drug infusions in the BLA, we show that phasic LC activation-induced positive odor valence learning is dependent on both α1 and β-adrenoceptors, whereas tonic LC activation induced-negative odor valence learning depends on β-adrenoceptors only. In parallel, both α1 and β-adrenoceptors were required in the odor valence learning induced by reward while aversive conditioning was dependent on β-adrenoceptors. Phasic stimulation and reward conditioning likewise activated more NAc-projectors of the BLA, in comparison to tonic and aversive conditioning. There was a higher proportion of α1+ cells in the NAc-projectors compared to CeA-projectors in the BLA. Together, these results provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the effects of tonic and phasic activation of the LC, and more generally, negative and positive valence signaling.
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Distinct ensembles in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus are associated with diverse cortical states. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116507119. [PMID: 35486692 PMCID: PMC9170047 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116507119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Brainstem locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons produce an arousal-related state characterized by a broadband increase in high-frequency oscillations. This perspective was built upon electrical or optogenetic stimulation that artificially activates LC neurons synchronously. This has led to the conceptual model that LC activation is associated with a single cortical state. Here, we show that natural, spontaneously occurring LC single-unit activity consists of ensembles with largely nonoverlapping activation dynamics. Spontaneous activations of different LC ensembles are associated with different cortical states. Our results suggest that the role of the LC in controlling a single type of cortical state associated with arousal is an oversimplification. Instead, ensembles of LC neurons may control a diverse multitude of cortical states. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) is a controller of brain and behavioral states. Activating LC neurons en masse by electrical or optogenetic stimulation promotes a stereotypical “activated” cortical state of high-frequency oscillations. However, it has been recently reported that spontaneous activity of LC cell pairs has sparse yet structured time-averaged cross-correlations, which is unlike the highly synchronous neuronal activity evoked by stimulation. Therefore, LC population activity could consist of distinct multicell ensembles each with unique temporal evolution of activity. We used nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) to analyze large populations of simultaneously recorded LC single units in the rat LC. NMF identified ensembles of spontaneously coactive LC neurons and their activation time courses. Since LC neurons selectively project to specific forebrain regions, we hypothesized that distinct ensembles activate during different cortical states. To test this hypothesis, we calculated band-limited power and spectrograms of local field potentials in cortical area 24a aligned to spontaneous activations of distinct LC ensembles. A diversity of state modulations occurred around activation of different LC ensembles, including a typical activated state with increased high-frequency power as well as other states including decreased high-frequency power. Thus—in contrast to the stereotypical activated brain state evoked by en masse LC stimulation—spontaneous activation of distinct LC ensembles is associated with a multitude of cortical states.
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Osorio-Forero A, Cherrad N, Banterle L, Fernandez LMJ, Lüthi A. When the Locus Coeruleus Speaks Up in Sleep: Recent Insights, Emerging Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095028. [PMID: 35563419 PMCID: PMC9099715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, numerous seminal studies have built our understanding of the locus coeruleus (LC), the vertebrate brain’s principal noradrenergic system. Containing a numerically small but broadly efferent cell population, the LC provides brain-wide noradrenergic modulation that optimizes network function in the context of attentive and flexible interaction with the sensory environment. This review turns attention to the LC’s roles during sleep. We show that these roles go beyond down-scaled versions of the ones in wakefulness. Novel dynamic assessments of noradrenaline signaling and LC activity uncover a rich diversity of activity patterns that establish the LC as an integral portion of sleep regulation and function. The LC could be involved in beneficial functions for the sleeping brain, and even minute alterations in its functionality may prove quintessential in sleep disorders.
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Oyarzabal EA, Hsu LM, Das M, Chao THH, Zhou J, Song S, Zhang W, Smith KG, Sciolino NR, Evsyukova IY, Yuan H, Lee SH, Cui G, Jensen P, Shih YYI. Chemogenetic stimulation of tonic locus coeruleus activity strengthens the default mode network. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9898. [PMID: 35486721 PMCID: PMC9054017 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) of the brain is functionally associated with a wide range of behaviors. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and spectral fiber photometry to investigate the selective neuromodulatory effect of norepinephrine (NE)-releasing noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) on the mouse DMN. Chemogenetic-induced tonic LC activity decreased cerebral blood volume (CBV) and glucose uptake and increased synchronous low-frequency fMRI activity within the frontal cortices of the DMN. Fiber photometry results corroborated these findings, showing that LC-NE activation induced NE release, enhanced calcium-weighted neuronal spiking, and reduced CBV in the anterior cingulate cortex. These data suggest that LC-NE alters conventional coupling between neuronal activity and CBV in the frontal DMN. We also demonstrated that chemogenetic activation of LC-NE neurons strengthened functional connectivity within the frontal DMN, and this effect was causally mediated by reduced modulatory inputs from retrosplenial and hippocampal regions to the association cortices of the DMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban A. Oyarzabal
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Li-Ming Hsu
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Manasmita Das
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tzu-Hao Harry Chao
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jingheng Zhou
- In Vivo Neurobiology Group, Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sheng Song
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weiting Zhang
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen G. Smith
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Natale R. Sciolino
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Irina Y. Evsyukova
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Hong Yuan
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guohong Cui
- In Vivo Neurobiology Group, Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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137
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Babushkina N, Manahan-Vaughan D. Frequency-dependency of the involvement of dopamine D1/D5 and beta-adrenergic receptors in hippocampal LTD triggered by locus coeruleus stimulation. Hippocampus 2022; 32:449-465. [PMID: 35478421 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Patterned stimulation of the locus coeruleus (LC, 100 Hz), in conjunction with test-pulse stimulation of hippocampal afferents, results in input-specific long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Effects are long-lasting and have been described in Schaffer-collateral-CA1 and perforant path-dentate gyrus synapses in behaving rats. To what extent LC-mediated hippocampal LTD (LC-LTD) is frequency-dependent is unclear. Here, we report that LC-LTD can be triggered by LC stimulation with 2 and 5 Hz akin to tonic activity, 10 Hz equivalent to phasic activity, and 100 Hz akin to high-phasic activity in the dentate gyrus (DG) of freely behaving rats. LC-LTD at both 2 and 100 Hz can be significantly prevented by an NMDA receptor antagonist. The LC releases both noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) from its hippocampal terminals and may also trigger hippocampal DA release by activating the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Unclear is whether both neurotransmitters contribute equally to hippocampal LTD triggered by LC stimulation (LC-LTD). Both DA D1/D5 receptors (D1/D5R) and beta-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) are critically required for hippocampal LTD that is induced by patterned stimulation of hippocampal afferents, or is facilitated by spatial learning. We, therefore, explored to what extent these receptor subtypes mediate frequency-dependent hippocampal LC-LTD. LC-LTD elicited by 2, 5, and 10 Hz stimulation was unaffected by antagonism of β-AR with propranolol, whereas LC-LTD induced by these frequencies was prevented by D1/D5R-antagonism using SCH23390. By contrast, LC-LTD evoked at 100 Hz was prevented by β-AR-antagonism and only mildly affected by D1/D5R-antagonism. Taken together, these findings support that LC-LTD can be triggered by LC activity at a wide range of frequencies. Furthermore, the contribution of D1/D5R and β-AR to hippocampal LTD that is triggered by LC activity is frequency-dependent and suggests that D1/D5R may be involved in LC-mediated hippocampal tonus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Babushkina
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Denise Manahan-Vaughan
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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138
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Chen W, Li C, Liang W, Li Y, Zou Z, Xie Y, Liao Y, Yu L, Lin Q, Huang M, Li Z, Zhu X. The Roles of Optogenetics and Technology in Neurobiology: A Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:867863. [PMID: 35517048 PMCID: PMC9063564 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.867863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic is a technique that combines optics and genetics to control specific neurons. This technique usually uses adenoviruses that encode photosensitive protein. The adenovirus may concentrate in a specific neural region. By shining light on the target nerve region, the photosensitive protein encoded by the adenovirus is controlled. Photosensitive proteins controlled by light can selectively allow ions inside and outside the cell membrane to pass through, resulting in inhibition or activation effects. Due to the high precision and minimally invasive, optogenetics has achieved good results in many fields, especially in the field of neuron functions and neural circuits. Significant advances have also been made in the study of many clinical diseases. This review focuses on the research of optogenetics in the field of neurobiology. These include how to use optogenetics to control nerve cells, study neural circuits, and treat diseases by changing the state of neurons. We hoped that this review will give a comprehensive understanding of the progress of optogenetics in the field of neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wanmin Liang
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yunqi Li
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhuoheng Zou
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yangzeng Liao
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qianyi Lin
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Meiying Huang
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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139
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Wainstein G, Müller EJ, Taylor N, Munn B, Shine JM. The role of the locus coeruleus in shaping adaptive cortical melodies. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:527-538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Waselenchuk Q, Ballanyi K. Autocrine Neuromodulation and Network Activity Patterns in the Locus Coeruleus of Newborn Rat Slices. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040437. [PMID: 35447969 PMCID: PMC9024645 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Already in newborns, the locus coeruleus (LC) controls multiple brain functions and may have a complex organization as in adults. Our findings in newborn rat brain slices indicate that LC neurons (i) generate at ~1 Hz a ~0.3 s-lasting local field potential (LFP) comprising summated phase-locked single spike discharge, (ii) express intrinsic ‘pacemaker’ or ‘burster’ properties and (iii) receive solely excitatory or initially excitatory−secondary inhibitory inputs. μ-opioid or ɑ2 noradrenaline receptor agonists block LFP rhythm at 100−250 nM whereas slightly lower doses transform its bell-shaped pattern into slower crescendo-shaped multipeak bursts. GABAA and glycine receptors hyperpolarize LC neurons to abolish rhythm which remains though unaffected by blocking them. Rhythm persists also during ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) inhibition whereas <10 mV depolarization during iGluR agonists accelerates spiking to cause subtype-specific fast (spindle-shaped) LFP oscillations. Similar modest neuronal depolarization causing a cytosolic Ca2+ rise occurs (without effect on neighboring astrocytes) during LFP acceleration by CNQX activating a TARP-AMPA-type iGluR complex. In contrast, noradrenaline lowers neuronal Ca2+ baseline via ɑ2 receptors, but evokes an ɑ1 receptor-mediated ‘concentric’ astrocytic Ca2+ wave. In summary, the neonatal LC has a complex (possibly modular) organization to enable discharge pattern transformations that might facilitate discrete actions on target circuits.
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141
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Wang Z, Zhong YH, Jiang S, Qu WM, Huang ZL, Chen CR. Case Report: Dysfunction of the Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus Area Induces Hypersomnia in Patients. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:830474. [PMID: 35360167 PMCID: PMC8964012 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.830474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHypersomnia is a common and highly impairing symptom marked by pathological excessive sleepiness, which induces suboptimal functioning and poor quality of life. Hypersomnia can be both a primary (e.g., hypersomnolence disorder) and secondary (e.g., tumors, and head trauma) symptom of disorders. However, its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.Case PresentationWe report that three clinical cases with lesions around the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) area showed excessive daytime sleepiness and a prolonged nocturnal sleep lasting more than 20 h per day. Sleep architecture and subjective daytime sleepiness were examined by polysomnography. These cases were presented with stroke, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody associated disorders and neuromyelitis optical spectrum disorder (NMOSD), respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed lesions around the PVH area in all these three patients. After treatment of their primary disorders, their excessive sleep decreased as the PVH area recovered.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the PVH may play an essential role in the occurrence of hypersomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Zan Wang, ,
| | - Yu-Heng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Rui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Chang-Rui Chen,
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142
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Li SB, Damonte VM, Chen C, Wang GX, Kebschull JM, Yamaguchi H, Bian WJ, Purmann C, Pattni R, Urban AE, Mourrain P, Kauer JA, Scherrer G, de Lecea L. Hyperexcitable arousal circuits drive sleep instability during aging. Science 2022; 375:eabh3021. [PMID: 35201886 PMCID: PMC9107327 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep quality declines with age; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We found that hyperexcitable hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt/OX) neurons drive sleep fragmentation during aging. In aged mice, Hcrt neurons exhibited more frequent neuronal activity epochs driving wake bouts, and optogenetic activation of Hcrt neurons elicited more prolonged wakefulness. Aged Hcrt neurons showed hyperexcitability with lower KCNQ2 expression and impaired M-current, mediated by KCNQ2/3 channels. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing revealed adaptive changes to Hcrt neuron loss in the aging brain. Disruption of Kcnq2/3 genes in Hcrt neurons of young mice destabilized sleep, mimicking aging-associated sleep fragmentation, whereas the KCNQ-selective activator flupirtine hyperpolarized Hcrt neurons and rejuvenated sleep architecture in aged mice. Our findings demonstrate a mechanism underlying sleep instability during aging and a strategy to improve sleep continuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bin Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Valentina Martinez Damonte
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gordon X. Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wen-Jie Bian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolin Purmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Reenal Pattni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Eckehart Urban
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philippe Mourrain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- INSERM 1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Julie A. Kauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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143
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Functional Coupling of the Locus Coeruleus Is Linked to Successful Cognitive Control. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030305. [PMID: 35326262 PMCID: PMC8946131 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a brainstem structure that sends widespread efferent projections throughout the mammalian brain. The LC constitutes the major source of noradrenaline (NE), a modulatory neurotransmitter that is crucial for fundamental brain functions such as arousal, attention, and cognitive control. This role of the LC-NE is traditionally not believed to reflect functional influences on the frontoparietal network or the striatum, but recent advances in chemogenetic manipulations of the rodent brain have challenged this notion. However, demonstrations of LC-NE functional connectivity with these areas in the human brain are surprisingly sparse. Here, we close this gap. Using an established emotional stroop task, we directly compared trials requiring response conflict control with trials that did not require this, but were matched for visual stimulus properties, response modality, and controlled for pupil dilation differences across both trial types. We found that LC-NE functional coupling with the parietal cortex and regions of the striatum is substantially enhanced during trials requiring response conflict control. Crucially, the strength of this functional coupling was directly related to individual reaction time differences incurred by conflict resolution. Our data concur with recent rodent findings and highlight the importance of converging evidence between human and nonhuman neurophysiology to further understand the neural systems supporting adaptive and maladaptive behavior in health and disease.
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144
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Kaduk
- Decision and Awareness Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fadila Hadj-Bouziane
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Impact Team, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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145
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Megemont M, McBurney-Lin J, Yang H. Pupil diameter is not an accurate real-time readout of locus coeruleus activity. eLife 2022; 11:70510. [PMID: 35107419 PMCID: PMC8809893 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pupil diameter is often treated as a noninvasive readout of activity in the locus coeruleus (LC). However, how accurately it can be used to index LC activity is not known. To address this question, we established a graded relationship between pupil size changes and LC spiking activity in mice, where pupil dilation increased monotonically with the number of LC spikes. However, this relationship exists with substantial variability such that pupil diameter can only be used to accurately predict a small fraction of LC activity on a moment-by-moment basis. In addition, pupil exhibited large session-to-session fluctuations in response to identical optical stimulation in the LC. The variations in the pupil–LC relationship were strongly correlated with decision bias-related behavioral variables. Together, our data show that substantial variability exists in an overall graded relationship between pupil diameter and LC activity, and further suggest that the pupil–LC relationship is dynamically modulated by brain states, supporting and extending our previous findings (Yang et al., 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Megemont
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, United States
| | - Jim McBurney-Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, United States
| | - Hongdian Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, United States
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146
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Ashwood ZC, Roy NA, Stone IR, Urai AE, Churchland AK, Pouget A, Pillow JW. Mice alternate between discrete strategies during perceptual decision-making. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:201-212. [PMID: 35132235 PMCID: PMC8890994 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-01007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Classical models of perceptual decision-making assume that subjects use a single, consistent strategy to form decisions, or that decision-making strategies evolve slowly over time. Here we present new analyses suggesting that this common view is incorrect. We analyzed data from mouse and human decision-making experiments and found that choice behavior relies on an interplay among multiple interleaved strategies. These strategies, characterized by states in a hidden Markov model, persist for tens to hundreds of trials before switching, and often switch multiple times within a session. The identified decision-making strategies were highly consistent across mice and comprised a single 'engaged' state, in which decisions relied heavily on the sensory stimulus, and several biased states in which errors frequently occurred. These results provide a powerful alternate explanation for 'lapses' often observed in rodent behavioral experiments, and suggest that standard measures of performance mask the presence of major changes in strategy across trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe C Ashwood
- Deptartment of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Iris R Stone
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Anne E Urai
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anne K Churchland
- David Geffen School of Medicine, The University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexandre Pouget
- Faculty of Medicine & Deptartment of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan W Pillow
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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147
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Tseng YT, Zhao B, Chen S, Ye J, Liu J, Liang L, Ding H, Schaefke B, Yang Q, Wang L, Wang F, Wang L. The subthalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons mediate adaptive REM-sleep responses to threat. Neuron 2022; 110:1223-1239.e8. [PMID: 35065715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
When an animal faces a threatening situation while asleep, rapid arousal is the essential prerequisite for an adequate response. Here, we find that predator stimuli induce immediate arousal from REM sleep compared with NREM sleep. Using in vivo neural activity recording and cell-type-specific manipulations, we identify neurons in the medial subthalamic nucleus (mSTN) expressing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) that mediate arousal and defensive responses to acute predator threats received through multiple sensory modalities across REM sleep and wakefulness. We observe involvement of the same neurons in the normal regulation of REM sleep and the adaptive increase in REM sleep induced by sustained predator stress. Projections to the lateral globus pallidus (LGP) are the effector pathway for the threat-coping responses and REM-sleep expression. Together, our findings suggest adaptive REM-sleep responses could be protective against threats and uncover a critical component of the neural circuitry at their basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Tseng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Binghao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shanping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jialin Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lisha Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bernhard Schaefke
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lina Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liping Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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148
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Van Egroo M, Koshmanova E, Vandewalle G, Jacobs HI. Importance of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in sleep-wake regulation: implications for aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 62:101592. [PMID: 35124476 PMCID: PMC9064973 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Five decades ago, seminal studies positioned the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine (NE) system as a key substrate for the regulation of wakefulness and sleep, and this picture has recently been elaborated thanks to methodological advances in the precise investigation and experimental modulation of LC structure and functions. This review presents and discusses findings that support the major role of the LC-NE system at different levels of sleep-wake organization, ranging from its involvement in the overall architecture of the sleep-wake cycle to its associations with sleep microstructure, while accounting for the intricate neuroanatomy surrounding the LC. Given the particular position held by the LC-NE system by being at the intersection of sleep-wake dysregulation and initial pathophysiological processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we conclude by examining emerging opportunities to investigate LC-NE mediated relationships between sleep-wake alteration and AD in human aging. We further propose several research perspectives that could support the LC-NE system as a promising target for the identification of at-risk individuals in the preclinical stages of AD, and for the development of novel preventive interventions.
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149
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Grady FS, Boes AD, Geerling JC. A Century Searching for the Neurons Necessary for Wakefulness. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:930514. [PMID: 35928009 PMCID: PMC9344068 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wakefulness is necessary for consciousness, and impaired wakefulness is a symptom of many diseases. The neural circuits that maintain wakefulness remain incompletely understood, as do the mechanisms of impaired consciousness in many patients. In contrast to the influential concept of a diffuse "reticular activating system," the past century of neuroscience research has identified a focal region of the upper brainstem that, when damaged, causes coma. This region contains diverse neuronal populations with different axonal projections, neurotransmitters, and genetic identities. Activating some of these populations promotes wakefulness, but it remains unclear which specific neurons are necessary for sustaining consciousness. In parallel, pharmacological evidence has indicated a role for special neurotransmitters, including hypocretin/orexin, histamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, adenosine and acetylcholine. However, genetically targeted experiments have indicated that none of these neurotransmitters or the neurons producing them are individually necessary for maintaining wakefulness. In this review, we emphasize the need to determine the specific subset of brainstem neurons necessary for maintaining arousal. Accomplishing this will enable more precise mapping of wakefulness circuitry, which will be useful in developing therapies for patients with coma and other disorders of arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fillan S Grady
- Geerling Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Boes Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Geerling Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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150
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Abstract
Brain PCO2 is sensed primarily via changes in [H+]. Small pH changes are detected in the medulla oblongata and trigger breathing adjustments that help maintain arterial PCO2 constant. Larger perturbations of brain CO2/H+, possibly also sensed elsewhere in the CNS, elicit arousal, dyspnea, and stress, and cause additional breathing modifications. The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), a rostral medullary cluster of glutamatergic neurons identified by coexpression of Phoxb and Nmb transcripts, is the lynchpin of the central respiratory chemoreflex. RTN regulates breathing frequency, inspiratory amplitude, and active expiration. It is exquisitely responsive to acidosis in vivo and maintains breathing autorhythmicity during quiet waking, slow-wave sleep, and anesthesia. The RTN response to [H+] is partly an intrinsic neuronal property mediated by proton sensors TASK-2 and GPR4 and partly a paracrine effect mediated by astrocytes and the vasculature. The RTN also receives myriad excitatory or inhibitory synaptic inputs including from [H+]-responsive neurons (e.g., serotonergic). RTN is silenced by moderate hypoxia. RTN inactivity (periodic or sustained) contributes to periodic breathing and, likely, to central sleep apnea. RTN development relies on transcription factors Egr2, Phox2b, Lbx1, and Atoh1. PHOX2B mutations cause congenital central hypoventilation syndrome; they impair RTN development and consequently the central respiratory chemoreflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice G Guyenet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Douglas A Bayliss
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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