101
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Zhao Y, Shu Y, Lin J, Chen Z, Xie Q, Bao Y, Lu L, Sun N, Wang Y. Discovery of novel BTK PROTACs for B-Cell lymphomas. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113820. [PMID: 34509879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key drug target for B-cell related malignancies. Irreversible covalent BTK inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, yet BTK C481S mutation at the covalent binding site has caused drug-resistance of BTK covalent binding inhibitors. The proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology increases the sensitivity to drug-resistant targets compared to classic inhibitors, which provides a new strategy for mutant BTK related B-cell malignancies. ARQ531, a reversible non-covalent BTK inhibitor that inhibits wild type (WT) and mutated BTK with high selectivity, could be an ideal warhead for PROTACs targeting the mutant BTK. Herein, we designed a novel series of PROTACs using the selective non-covalent BTK inhibitor ARQ531 as warhead, with the goal of improving the degradation of both wild-type and C481S mutant BTKs, and increasing the selectivity of BTK over other kinases. This effort will provide some basis for further preclinical study of BTK PROTACs as a novel strategy for treatment of B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongzhi Shu
- Shanghai Meizer Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, 58 Yuanmei Road, Shanghai, 201109, China
| | - Jun Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhendong Chen
- Shanghai Meizer Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, 58 Yuanmei Road, Shanghai, 201109, China
| | - Qiong Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanning Bao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lixue Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Nannan Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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102
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Steffanoni S, Batchelor TT. Targeting Bruton's tyrosine kinase in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Curr Opin Neurol 2021; 34:848-856. [PMID: 34581302 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the preclinical and clinical experience with first and subsequent generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases, highlighting the rationale for their clinical use in primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PCNSL). RECENT FINDINGS Growing knowledge on the molecular and genetic profile of PCNSL has provided the basis for new drug development targeting aberrantly activated oncogenic signal transduction pathways. PCNSL exhibits frequent genetic alterations of components of the B-cell and Toll-like receptor signalling pathways. On the basis of these discoveries and the limited efficacy obtained with chemotherapy in refractory and relapsed PCNSL, activity of new targeted agents, such as Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, has been explored with promising results. SUMMARY Innovative therapeutic strategies, applied in first line, have contributed to improved outcomes in patients with PCNSL, making this disease potentially curable in young and fit patients. However, response to induction therapies remains suboptimal and the best consolidative therapy has yet to be defined. In this regard, given the activity of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the refractory and relapsed PCNSL setting, these agents are currently being explored as part of combination regimens for induction therapy of newly diagnosed PCNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Steffanoni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Valduce Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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103
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Maillard M, Louveau B, Vilquin P, Goldwirt L, Thomas F, Mourah S. Pharmacogenomics in solid cancers and hematologic malignancies: Improving personalized drug prescription. Therapie 2021; 77:171-183. [PMID: 34922740 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of molecular alterations involved in oncogenesis is evolving rapidly and has led to the development of new innovative targeted therapies in oncology. High-throughput sequencing techniques help to identify genomic targets and to provide predictive molecular biomarkers of response to guide alternative therapeutic strategies. Besides the emergence of these theranostic markers for the new targeted treatments, pharmacogenetic markers (corresponding to genetic variants existing in the constitutional DNA, i.e., the host genome) can help to optimize the use of chemotherapy. In this review, we present the current clinical applications of constitutional PG and the recent concepts and advances in pharmacogenomics, a rapidly evolving field that focuses on various molecular alterations identified on constitutional or somatic (tumor) genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Maillard
- Institut Claudius-Regaud, Institut universitaire du cancer de Toulouse, IUCT-Oncopole, 31059 Toulouse, France; Centre de recherches en cancérologie de Toulouse CRCT, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Paul-Sabatier Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Baptiste Louveau
- Inserm, UMR_S976, 75475 Paris, France; Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France; Pharmacogenomics department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Paul Vilquin
- Inserm, UMR_S976, 75475 Paris, France; Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France; Pharmacogenomics department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Lauriane Goldwirt
- Inserm, UMR_S976, 75475 Paris, France; Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France; Pharmacogenomics department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Thomas
- Institut Claudius-Regaud, Institut universitaire du cancer de Toulouse, IUCT-Oncopole, 31059 Toulouse, France; Centre de recherches en cancérologie de Toulouse CRCT, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Paul-Sabatier Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Samia Mourah
- Inserm, UMR_S976, 75475 Paris, France; Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France; Pharmacogenomics department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.
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104
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Kotulová J, Hajdúch M, Džubák P. Current Adenosinergic Therapies: What Do Cancer Cells Stand to Gain and Lose? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12569. [PMID: 34830449 PMCID: PMC8617980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A key objective in immuno-oncology is to reactivate the dormant immune system and increase tumour immunogenicity. Adenosine is an omnipresent purine that is formed in response to stress stimuli in order to restore physiological balance, mainly via anti-inflammatory, tissue-protective, and anti-nociceptive mechanisms. Adenosine overproduction occurs in all stages of tumorigenesis, from the initial inflammation/local tissue damage to the precancerous niche and the developed tumour, making the adenosinergic pathway an attractive but challenging therapeutic target. Many current efforts in immuno-oncology are focused on restoring immunosurveillance, largely by blocking adenosine-producing enzymes in the tumour microenvironment (TME) and adenosine receptors on immune cells either alone or combined with chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy. However, the effects of adenosinergic immunotherapy are not restricted to immune cells; other cells in the TME including cancer and stromal cells are also affected. Here we summarise recent advancements in the understanding of the tumour adenosinergic system and highlight the impact of current and prospective immunomodulatory therapies on other cell types within the TME, focusing on adenosine receptors in tumour cells. In addition, we evaluate the structure- and context-related limitations of targeting this pathway and highlight avenues that could possibly be exploited in future adenosinergic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petr Džubák
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (M.H.)
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105
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Ran F, Liu Y, Wang C, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhao G, Ling Y. Review of the development of BTK inhibitors in overcoming the clinical limitations of ibrutinib. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 229:114009. [PMID: 34839996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) regulates multiple important signaling pathways and plays a key role in the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of B-lineage cells and myeloid cells. BTK is a promising target for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Ibrutinib, the first-generation BTK inhibitor, was approved to treat several B-cell malignancies. Despite the remarkable potency and efficacy of ibrutinib against various lymphomas and leukemias in the clinics, there are also some clinical limitations, such as off-target toxicities and primary/acquired drug resistance. As strategies to overcome these challenges, second- and third-generation BTK inhibitors, BTK-PROTACs, as well as combination therapies have been explored. In this review, we summarize clinical developments of the first-, second- and third-generation BTK inhibitors, as well as recent advances in BTK-PROTACs and ibrutinib-based combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fansheng Ran
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Guisen Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
| | - Yong Ling
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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106
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Zhu S, Jung J, Victor E, Arceo J, Gokhale S, Xie P. Clinical Trials of the BTK Inhibitors Ibrutinib and Acalabrutinib in Human Diseases Beyond B Cell Malignancies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:737943. [PMID: 34778053 PMCID: PMC8585514 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.737943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The BTK inhibitors ibrutinib and acalabrutinib are FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of B cell malignances. Both drugs have demonstrated clinical efficacy and safety profiles superior to chemoimmunotherapy regimens in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mounting preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that both ibrutinib and acalabrutinib are versatile and have direct effects on many immune cell subsets as well as other cell types beyond B cells. The versatility and immunomodulatory effects of both drugs have been exploited to expand their therapeutic potential in a wide variety of human diseases. Over 470 clinical trials are currently registered at ClinicalTrials.gov to test the efficacy of ibrutinib or acalabrutinib not only in almost every type of B cell malignancies, but also in hematological malignancies of myeloid cells and T cells, solid tumors, chronic graft versus host disease (cGHVD), autoimmune diseases, allergy and COVID-19 (http:www.clinicaltrials.gov). In this review, we present brief discussions of the clinical trials and relevant key preclinical evidence of ibrutinib and acalabrutinib as monotherapies or as part of combination therapies for the treatment of human diseases beyond B cell malignancies. Adding to the proven efficacy of ibrutinib for cGVHD, preliminary results of clinical trials have shown promising efficacy of ibrutinib or acalabrutinib for certain T cell malignancies, allergies and severe COVID-19. However, both BTK inhibitors have no or limited efficacy for refractory or recurrent solid tumors. These clinical data together with additional pending results from ongoing trials will provide valuable information to guide the design and improvement of future trials, including optimization of combination regimens and dosing sequences as well as better patient stratification and more efficient delivery strategies. Such information will further advance the precise implementation of BTK inhibitors into the clinical toolbox for the treatment of different human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Jaeyong Jung
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Eton Victor
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Johann Arceo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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107
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Ramuthai M, Jeyavijayan S, Jayram ND. Molecular Structure, Spectroscopic Investigation, Docking and in Vitro Cytotoxicity Studies of 7-Methoxycoumarin as anti-Leukemia Agent. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1994430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ramuthai
- Department of Physics, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
| | - S. Jeyavijayan
- Department of Physics, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
| | - Naidu Dhanpal Jayram
- Department of Physics, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
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108
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Al Shboul S, Curran OE, Alfaro JA, Lickiss F, Nita E, Kowalski J, Naji F, Nenutil R, Ball KL, Krejcir R, Vojtesek B, Hupp TR, Brennan PM. Kinomics platform using GBM tissue identifies BTK as being associated with higher patient survival. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/12/e202101054. [PMID: 34645618 PMCID: PMC8548209 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BTK is a dominant bioactive kinase expressed within both cancer and immune cells of GBM tissue. Complex cell co-cultures might better model the impact of kinase inhibitors as therapeutics in GBM. Better understanding of GBM signalling networks in-vivo would help develop more physiologically relevant ex vivo models to support therapeutic discovery. A “functional proteomics” screen was undertaken to measure the specific activity of a set of protein kinases in a two-step cell-free biochemical assay to define dominant kinase activities to identify potentially novel drug targets that may have been overlooked in studies interrogating GBM-derived cell lines. A dominant kinase activity derived from the tumour tissue, but not patient-derived GBM stem-like cell lines, was Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK). We demonstrate that BTK is expressed in more than one cell type within GBM tissue; SOX2-positive cells, CD163-positive cells, CD68-positive cells, and an unidentified cell population which is SOX2-negative CD163-negative and/or CD68-negative. The data provide a strategy to better mimic GBM tissue ex vivo by reconstituting more physiologically heterogeneous cell co-culture models including BTK-positive/negative cancer and immune cells. These data also have implications for the design and/or interpretation of emerging clinical trials using BTK inhibitors because BTK expression within GBM tissue was linked to longer patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofian Al Shboul
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK .,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Olimpia E Curran
- Department of Neuropathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.,Cardiff University Hospital, Cellular Pathology, Cardiff, UK
| | - Javier A Alfaro
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Fiona Lickiss
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Erisa Nita
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jacek Kowalski
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Faris Naji
- Pamgene International BV, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Nenutil
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kathryn L Ball
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Radovan Krejcir
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ted R Hupp
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paul M Brennan
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK .,Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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109
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Kawahata W, Asami T, Kiyoi T, Irie T, Kashimoto S, Furuichi H, Sawa M. Discovery of AS-1763: A Potent, Selective, Noncovalent, and Orally Available Inhibitor of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14129-14141. [PMID: 34529443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) has been recognized as a validated drug target for the treatment of B-cell malignances, the emergence of clinical resistance to the first-generation covalent BTK inhibitors is becoming a serious concern. As a part of our effort to develop noncovalent BTK inhibitors, a series of novel pyrrolopyrimidines was identified as noncovalent inhibitors of both the wild-type and C481S mutant BTKs. Subsequent lead optimization led to the identification of an orally available, potent, and selective BTK inhibitor 13f (AS-1763) as a next-generation noncovalent BTK inhibitor. With significant efficacies in vivo tumor xenograft models, AS-1763 has advanced to phase 1 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kawahata
- Research and Development, Carna Biosciences, Inc., 3F BMA, 1-5-5 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tokiko Asami
- Research and Development, Carna Biosciences, Inc., 3F BMA, 1-5-5 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takao Kiyoi
- Research and Development, Carna Biosciences, Inc., 3F BMA, 1-5-5 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takayuki Irie
- Research and Development, Carna Biosciences, Inc., 3F BMA, 1-5-5 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kashimoto
- Research and Development, Carna Biosciences, Inc., 3F BMA, 1-5-5 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hatsuo Furuichi
- Research and Development, Carna Biosciences, Inc., 3F BMA, 1-5-5 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sawa
- Research and Development, Carna Biosciences, Inc., 3F BMA, 1-5-5 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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110
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Meng A, Humeniuk R, Jürgensmeier JM, Hsueh CH, Matzkies F, Grant E, Truong H, Billin AN, Yu H, Feng J, Kwan E, Tarnowski T, Nelson CH. Semi-Mechanistic PK/PD Modeling and Simulation of Irreversible BTK Inhibition to Support Dose Selection of Tirabrutinib in Subjects with RA. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 111:416-424. [PMID: 34623640 PMCID: PMC9298258 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tirabrutinib is an irreversible, small-molecule Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, which was approved in Japan (VELEXBRU) to treat B-cell malignancies and is in clinical development for inflammatory diseases. As an application of model-informed drug development, a semimechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for irreversible BTK inhibition of tirabrutinib was developed to support dose selection in clinical development, based on clinical PK and BTK occupancy data from two phase I studies with a wide range of PK exposures in healthy volunteers and in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. The developed model adequately described and predicted the PK and PD data. Overall, the model-based simulation supported a total daily dose of at least 40 mg, either q.d. or b.i.d., with adequate BTK occupancy (> 90%) for further development in inflammatory diseases. Following the PK/PD modeling and simulation, the relationship between model-predicted BTK occupancy and preliminary clinical efficacy data was also explored and a positive trend was identified between the increasing time above adequate BTK occupancy and better efficacy in treatment for RA by linear regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Meng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ethan Grant
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Hoa Truong
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | | | - Helen Yu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Joy Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Ellen Kwan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
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111
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Calimeri T, Steffanoni S, Foppoli M, Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJM. Implications of recent molecular achievements in early diagnosis and precision treatments for primary CNS lymphoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:749-760. [PMID: 34606736 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1988927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the central nervous system (PCNSL) represents a relevant challenge in onco-hematology. PCNSL has specific molecular profile and biological characteristics that distinguish it from systemic DLBCL. Several translational studies have allowed for significant improvement in the knowledge about its genomic and molecular profile. High-dose-methotrexate-based chemotherapy followed whole-brain irradiation or autologous stem cell transplantation is the most commonly used therapeutic approach in PCNSL patients.Areas covered: This work provides an overview of the new biomarkers of PCNSL, focusing on their potential diagnostic, predictive and prognostic role. Publications in English language, peer-reviewed, high-quality international journals, were identified on PubMed.Expert opinion: Early diagnosis, a better antitumor response definition and recognition of new effective treatments are important research fields aiming to improve PCNSL outcome and management. The acquisition of new molecular and genomic knowledge in PCNSL has allowed for the attainment of promising diagnostic and prognostic tools as well as the development of clinical trials with new therapeutic approaches beyond chemotherapy agents, which have demonstrated activity in refractory/relapsed PCNSL and deserve to be investigated in first-line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Calimeri
- Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Steffanoni
- Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Foppoli
- Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Universita' di Medicina e Chirurgia, Vita -Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.,Department of Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrés J M Ferreri
- Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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112
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Torabi S, Anjamrooz SH, Zeraatpisheh Z, Aligholi H, Azari H. Ibrutinib reduces neutrophil infiltration, preserves neural tissue and enhances locomotor recovery in mouse contusion model of spinal cord injury. Anat Cell Biol 2021; 54:350-360. [PMID: 34031271 PMCID: PMC8493027 DOI: 10.5115/acb.20.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Following acute spinal cord injury (SCI), excessive recruitment of neutrophils can result in inflammation, neural tissue loss and exacerbation of neurological outcomes. Ibrutinib is a bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor in innate immune cells such as the neutrophils that diminishes their activation and influx to the site of injury. The present study evaluated the efficacy of ibrutinib administration in the acute phase of SCI on neural tissue preservation and locomotor recovery. Ibrutinib was delivered intravenously at 3.125 mg/kg either immediately, 12 hours after, or both immediately and 12 hours after SCI induction in adult male C57BL/6 mice. Neutrophil influx into the lesion area was evaluated 24 hours following SCI using light microscopy and immunohistochemistry methods. Animals' body weight changes were recorded, and their functional motor recovery was assessed based on the Basso mouse scale during 28 days after treatment. Finally, spinal cord lesion volume was estimated by an unbiased stereological method. While animals' weight in the control group started to increase one week after injury, it stayed unchanged in treatment groups. However, the double injection of ibrutinib led to a significantly lower body weight compared to the control group at 4 weeks post-injury. Mean neutrophil counts per visual field and the lesion volume were significantly decreased in all ibrutinib-treated groups. In addition, ibrutinib significantly improved locomotor functional recovery in all treated groups, especially in immediate and double-injection groups. Neural tissue protection and locomotor functional recovery suggest ibrutinib treatment as a potent immunotherapeutic intervention for traumatic SCI that warrants clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Torabi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Hadi Anjamrooz
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Zeraatpisheh
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hadi Aligholi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Azari
- Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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113
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García-Merino A. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A New Generation of Promising Agents for Multiple Sclerosis Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102560. [PMID: 34685540 PMCID: PMC8534278 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), as demonstrated through the success of various B cell-depleting monoclonal antibodies. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a critical molecule in intracellular signaling from the receptor of B cells and receptors expressed in the cells of the innate immune system. BTK inhibitors may be a non-cell-depleting alternative to B cell modulation. In this review, the structure, signaling, and roles of BTK are reviewed among the different inhibitors assayed in animal models of MS and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García-Merino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation for Biomedical Research, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain
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114
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Zhu S, Gokhale S, Jung J, Spirollari E, Tsai J, Arceo J, Wu BW, Victor E, Xie P. Multifaceted Immunomodulatory Effects of the BTK Inhibitors Ibrutinib and Acalabrutinib on Different Immune Cell Subsets - Beyond B Lymphocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:727531. [PMID: 34485307 PMCID: PMC8414982 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of the two BTK inhibitors, ibrutinib and acalabrutinib, represents a major breakthrough in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and has also revolutionized the treatment options for other B cell malignancies. Increasing evidence indicates that in addition to their direct effects on B lymphocytes, both BTK inhibitors also directly impact the homeostasis, phenotype and function of many other cell subsets of the immune system, which contribute to their high efficacy as well as adverse effects observed in CLL patients. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview on the overlapping and differential effects of ibrutinib and acalabrutinib on specific receptor signaling pathways in different immune cell subsets other than B cells, including T cells, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, dendritic cells, osteoclasts, mast cells and platelets. The shared and distinct effects of ibrutinib versus acalabrutinib are mediated through BTK-dependent and BTK-independent mechanisms, respectively. Such immunomodulatory effects of the two drugs have fueled myriad explorations of their repurposing opportunities for the treatment of a wide variety of other human diseases involving immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Jaeyong Jung
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Eris Spirollari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Jemmie Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Johann Arceo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Ben Wang Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Eton Victor
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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115
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Neys SFH, Rip J, Hendriks RW, Corneth OBJ. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition as an Emerging Therapy in Systemic Autoimmune Disease. Drugs 2021; 81:1605-1626. [PMID: 34609725 PMCID: PMC8491186 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune disorders are complex heterogeneous chronic diseases involving many different immune cells. A significant proportion of patients respond poorly to therapy. In addition, the high burden of adverse effects caused by "classical" anti-rheumatic or immune modulatory drugs provides a need to develop more specific therapies that are better tolerated. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a crucial signaling protein that directly links B-cell receptor (BCR) signals to B-cell activation, proliferation, and survival. BTK is not only expressed in B cells but also in myeloid cells, and is involved in many different signaling pathways that drive autoimmunity. This makes BTK an interesting therapeutic target in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The past decade has seen the emergence of first-line BTK small-molecule inhibitors with great efficacy in the treatment of B-cell malignancies, but with unfavorable safety profiles for use in autoimmunity due to off-target effects. The development of second-generation BTK inhibitors with superior BTK specificity has facilitated the investigation of their efficacy in clinical trials with autoimmune patients. In this review, we discuss the role of BTK in key signaling pathways involved in autoimmunity and provide an overview of the different inhibitors that are currently being investigated in clinical trials of systemic autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as available results from completed trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F H Neys
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Rip
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Odilia B J Corneth
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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116
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Yang Y, Guo J, Huang L. Tackling TAMs for Cancer Immunotherapy: It's Nano Time. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 41:701-714. [PMID: 32946772 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a highly complex environment that surrounds tumors. Interactions between cancer cells/non-cancerous cells and cells/non-cell components in the TME support tumor initiation, development, and metastasis. Of the cell types in the TME, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have gained attention owing to their crucial roles in supporting tumors and conferring therapy resistance. Recent developments in nanotechnology raise opportunities for the application of nano targeted drug-delivery systems (Nano-TDDS) in cancer therapy. We focus our discussion on current knowledge of TAMs, and describe recent examples of Nano-TDDS-based TAM modulation, highlighting strategies to overcome in vivo delivery barriers associated with the TME and their potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishun Yang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Experiment Centre of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianfeng Guo
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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117
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Cho HJ, Baek DW, Kim J, Lee JM, Moon JH, Sohn SK. Keeping a balance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients taking ibrutinib: ibrutinib-associated adverse events and their management based on drug interactions. Expert Rev Hematol 2021; 14:819-830. [PMID: 34375536 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2021.1967139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ibrutinib is a highly effective drug for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and is well tolerated even by older patients and those unfit to receive conventional immuno-chemotherapy. AREAS COVERED The occurrence of adverse events was revealed as a major cause of ibrutinib failure in the real-world. Ibrutinib-induced lymphocytosis carries the risk of an untimely interruption of therapy because it may be misinterpreted as disease progression. In addition, drug interactions can worsen ibrutinib-associated toxicities by increasing the plasma concentration of ibrutinib. In this review, we present a case of major hemorrhage and atrial fibrillation (AF) during ibrutinib use and summarize the adverse events associated with ibrutinib. Furthermore, the practical management of ibrutinib-associated toxicities was covered with reference to a drug interaction mechanism. EXPERT OPINION Clinicians should examine the prescribed drugs prior to ibrutinib initiation and carefully monitor toxicities while taking ibrutinib. A reduced dose of ibrutinib with the concurrent use of CYP3A inhibitors such as antifungal agents could be an attractive strategy to reduce toxicities and may confer financial benefits. Reducing unexpected toxicities is as significant as achieving treatment response in the era of life-long therapy with ibrutinib in patients with CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jeong Cho
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Won Baek
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Juhyung Kim
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jung Min Lee
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Joon Ho Moon
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang Kyun Sohn
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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118
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Li YH, Li XX, Hong JJ, Wang YX, Fu JB, Yang H, Yu CY, Li FC, Hu J, Xue WW, Jiang YY, Chen YZ, Zhu F. Clinical trials, progression-speed differentiating features and swiftness rule of the innovative targets of first-in-class drugs. Brief Bioinform 2021; 21:649-662. [PMID: 30689717 PMCID: PMC7299286 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bby130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs produce their therapeutic effects by modulating specific targets, and there are 89 innovative targets of first-in-class drugs approved in 2004–17, each with information about drug clinical trial dated back to 1984. Analysis of the clinical trial timelines of these targets may reveal the trial-speed differentiating features for facilitating target assessment. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of all these 89 targets, following the earlier studies for prospective prediction of clinical success of the targets of clinical trial drugs. Our analysis confirmed the literature-reported common druggability characteristics for clinical success of these innovative targets, exposed trial-speed differentiating features associated to the on-target and off-target collateral effects in humans and further revealed a simple rule for identifying the speedy human targets through clinical trials (from the earliest phase I to the 1st drug approval within 8 years). This simple rule correctly identified 75.0% of the 28 speedy human targets and only unexpectedly misclassified 13.2% of 53 non-speedy human targets. Certain extraordinary circumstances were also discovered to likely contribute to the misclassification of some human targets by this simple rule. Investigation and knowledge of trial-speed differentiating features enable prioritized drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hong Li
- Lab of Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Xu Li
- Lab of Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Jun Hong
- Lab of Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Xia Wang
- Lab of Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Bo Fu
- Lab of Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Yan Yu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Cheng Li
- Lab of Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Hu
- School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei Xue
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Zong Chen
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Lab of Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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119
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Rip J, de Bruijn MJW, Neys SFH, Singh SP, Willar J, van Hulst JAC, Hendriks RW, Corneth OBJ. Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition induces rewiring of proximal and distal B-cell receptor signaling in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2251-2265. [PMID: 34323286 PMCID: PMC9291019 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Bruton′s tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a crucial signaling molecule in BCR signaling and a key regulator of B‐ cell differentiation and function. Btk inhibition has shown impressive clinical efficacy in various B‐cell malignancies. However, it remains unknown whether inhibition additionally induces changes in BCR signaling due to feedback mechanisms, a phenomenon referred to as BCR rewiring. In this report, we studied the impact of Btk activity on major components of the BCR signaling pathway in mice. As expected, NF‐κB and Akt/S6 signaling was decreased in Btk‐deficient B cells. Unexpectedly, phosphorylation of several proximal signaling molecules, including CD79a, Syk, and PI3K, as well as the key Btk‐effector PLCγ2 and the more downstream kinase Erk, were significantly increased. This pattern of BCR rewiring was essentially opposite in B cells from transgenic mice overexpressing Btk. Importantly, prolonged Btk inhibitor treatment of WT mice or mice engrafted with leukemic B cells also resulted in increased phosho‐CD79a and phospho‐PLCγ2 in B cells. Our findings show that Btk enzymatic function determines phosphorylation of proximal and distal BCR signaling molecules in B cells. We conclude that Btk inhibitor treatment results in rewiring of BCR signaling, which may affect both malignant and healthy B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Rip
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J W de Bruijn
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan F H Neys
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simar Pal Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Willar
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer A C van Hulst
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Odilia B J Corneth
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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120
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Sood N, Varghese A, Chakrabarty J, Chezhian S, Sopory P. Acalabrutinib in management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: An Indian perspective. EJHAEM 2021; 2:628-634. [PMID: 35844708 PMCID: PMC9176071 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The treatment landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has witnessed immense changes in the past decade. Several newer target therapies and their combinations with anti‐CD 20 therapies have got approval for management of CLL in the treatment‐naïve and relapsed/refractory setting. Also, the availability of newer diagnostic techniques has helped differentiate the disease into high‐ and low‐risk CLL which acts not just as a prognostic marker but also helps decide the best drug management that can be administered to the patients. Targeted therapy has largely overtaken chemoimmunotherapy in the management of CLL, except for a small subset of the population (young and fit with IGHV mutation). However, with targeted therapy, there is also an issue of previously uncommon treatment‐emergent adverse events, the duration of therapy, and financial toxicity. The aim of this review article is to gather results from all landmark CLL trials and discuss the feasibility of incorporating Acalabrutinib in the CLL landscape from an Indian perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Sood
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology Medanta‐The Medicity Gurgaon Haryana India
| | - Abraham Varghese
- Department of Haemato‐Oncology and Clinical Haematology Little Flower Hospital and Research Centre Angamaly Aluva Kerala
| | - Joydeep Chakrabarty
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant HCG EKO Cancer Centre Kolkata India
| | - Subhash Chezhian
- Department of Haematology Haemato‐oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, MIOT Hospitals Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Pranav Sopory
- Medical Affairs AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd Bangalore India
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121
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Resistance to Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: The Achilles Heel of Their Success Story in Lymphoid Malignancies. Blood 2021; 138:1099-1109. [PMID: 34320163 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi) have significantly changed the treatment landscape for patients with B-cell malignancies including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). Unfortunately, patients with BTKi resistant disease have shortened survival. Clinical and molecular risk factors, such as number of prior therapies and presence of TP53 mutations, can be used to predict patients at the highest risk of developing BTKi resistance. Many mechanisms of BTKi resistance have been reported with mutations in BTK and phospholipase C g 2 supported with the most data. The introduction of venetoclax has lengthened the survival of patients with BTKi resistant disease. Ongoing clinical trials with promising treatment modalities such as next-generation BTKi and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy have reported promising efficacy in patients with BTKi resistant disease. Continued research focusing on resistance mechanisms and methods of how to circumvent resistance is needed to further prolong the survival of patients with BTKi resistant B-cell malignancies.
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122
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The Biology of Classic Hairy Cell Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157780. [PMID: 34360545 PMCID: PMC8346068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare mature B-cell malignancy associated with pancytopenia and infectious complications due to progressive infiltration of the bone marrow and spleen. Despite tremendous therapeutic advances achieved with the implementation of purine analogues such as cladribine into clinical practice, the culprit biologic alterations driving this fascinating hematologic disease have long stayed concealed. Nearly 10 years ago, BRAF V600E was finally identified as a key activating mutation detectable in almost all HCL patients and throughout the entire course of the disease. However, additional oncogenic biologic features seem mandatory to enable HCL transformation, an open issue still under active investigation. This review summarizes the current understanding of key pathogenic mechanisms implicated in HCL and discusses major hurdles to overcome in the context of other BRAF-mutated malignancies.
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123
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Pinto GP, Hendrikse NM, Stourac J, Damborsky J, Bednar D. Virtual screening of potential anticancer drugs based on microbial products. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:1207-1217. [PMID: 34298109 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of microbial products for cancer treatment has been in the spotlight in recent years. In order to accelerate the lengthy and expensive drug development process, in silico screening tools are systematically employed, especially during the initial discovery phase. Moreover, considering the steadily increasing number of molecules approved by authorities for commercial use, there is a demand for faster methods to repurpose such drugs. Here we present a review on virtual screening web tools, such as publicly available databases of molecular targets and libraries of ligands, with the aim to facilitate the discovery of potential anticancer drugs based on microbial products. We provide an entry-level step-by-step description of the workflow for virtual screening of microbial metabolites with known protein targets, as well as two practical examples using freely available web tools. The first case presents a virtual screening study of drugs developed from microbial products using Caver Web, a web tool that performs docking along a tunnel. The second case comprises a comparative analysis between a wild type isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and a mutant that results in cancer, using the recently developed web tool PredictSNPOnco. In summary, this review provides the basic and essential background information necessary for virtual screening experiments, which may accelerate the discovery of novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar P Pinto
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Natalie M Hendrikse
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stourac
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
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124
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Randhawa B, Lewis E, Owen C. Treating CLL with Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: The Role of the Outpatient Oncology Nurse. Semin Oncol Nurs 2021; 37:151177. [PMID: 34281733 DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2021.151177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize the role of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors in the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with a focus on the nursing role in relation to patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia being treated with BTK inhibitors. DATA SOURCES These include published articles (PubMed) and national and international guideline documents. CONCLUSION BTK inhibitors have revolutionized the therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and have become the most frequently used therapy today. Despite the many advantages of BTK inhibitors, adverse events remain a leading cause of treatment discontinuation, particularly for the first-in-class BTK inhibitor. Second-generation BTK inhibitors appear to have a better tolerability profile but still require adverse event management given their prolonged duration of therapy. Awareness and management of side effects by the oncology care team is essential for ensuring both compliance and safety with ongoing treatment. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a chronic illness with a long-life expectancy. For the patients who require therapy, BTK inhibitor therapy is a frequently applied treatment with impressive efficacy. BTK inhibitors are continued indefinitely until disease progression or significant toxicity; therefore, the overall principles of careful assessment for side effects, diligent management for these, and individualized patient support provided by oncology nurses is vital in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljit Randhawa
- Alberta Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinic, Tom Baker Cancer Center, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alb, Canada
| | - Ellen Lewis
- Alberta Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinic, Tom Baker Cancer Center, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alb, Canada
| | - Carolyn Owen
- Associate Professor, Division of Hematology & Hematological Malignancies, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alb, Canada.
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125
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Wang X, Kokabee L, Kokabee M, Conklin DS. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase and Its Isoforms in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668996. [PMID: 34307353 PMCID: PMC8297165 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a soluble tyrosine kinase with central roles in the development, maturation, and signaling of B cells. BTK has been found to regulate cell proliferation, survival, and migration in various B-cell malignancies. Targeting BTK with recently developed BTK inhibitors has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of several hematological malignancies and has transformed the treatment of several B-cell malignancies. The roles that BTK plays in B cells have been appreciated for some time. Recent studies have established that BTK is expressed and plays pro-tumorigenic roles in several epithelial cancers. In this review, we focus on novel isoforms of the BTK protein expressed in epithelial cancers. We review recent work on the expression, function, and signaling of these isoforms and their value as potential therapeutic targets in epithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Leila Kokabee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Mostafa Kokabee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Douglas S Conklin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, United States
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Wu X, Nowakowski KE, Abeykoon JP, Manske M, Stenson MJ, Timm MM, Hanson CA, Van Dyke DL, Dasari S, Witzig TE. MCIR1: A patient-derived mantle cell lymphoma line for discovering new treatments for ibrutinib resistance. Eur J Haematol 2021; 107:458-465. [PMID: 34214199 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the unprecedented success of ibrutinib in lymphoma therapy, the development of ibrutinib resistance due to acquired BTK or PLCγ2 mutations has become a new clinical problem. However, not all resistance is mediated by these mutations and these mechanisms are poorly understood due to a lack of study tools that truly recapitulate this clinical scenario. METHODS We established a novel patient-derived ibrutinib-resistant mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) line named MCIR1. Using immunological, molecular, and cytogenetic approaches, we comprehensively characterized MCIR1 and further demonstrated its utility in the study of resistance mechanisms and treatments to overcome this resistance. RESULTS We show that MCIR1 is a bona fide ibrutinib-resistant MCL cell line with normal BTK-/PLCγ2 but ibrutinib-resistant ERK1/2 and AKT1 signaling. RNA-Seq analysis revealed a robust non-canonical NF-kB signaling that drives the ibrutinib resistance. We also demonstrate the potential utility of a MCIR1-based cell and mouse model for the discovery of new treatments to overcome BTK inhibitor resistance. CONCLUSIONS We have established the first patient-derived ibrutinib-resistant MCL cell line MCIR1 that lacks BTK or PLCγ2 mutations but exhibits a hyperactive non-canonical NF-kB pathway. We further demonstrate its utility in the discovery and validation of new drugs to overcome this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kevin E Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jithma P Abeykoon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michelle Manske
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mary J Stenson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael M Timm
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Curtis A Hanson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel L Van Dyke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas E Witzig
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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127
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Overcoming of Microenvironment Protection on Primary Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells after Treatment with BTK and MDM2 Pharmacological Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:2439-2451. [PMID: 34287267 PMCID: PMC8293193 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), the interaction between leukemic cells and the microenvironment promotes tumor cell survival. The Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib is one of the first-in-class molecules for the treatment of B-CLL patients; however, the emerging mechanisms of resistance to ibrutinib call for new therapeutic strategies. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the ability of ibrutinib plus the MDM2-inhibitor nutlin-3 to counteract the tumor microenvironment protective effect. We observed that primary B-CLL cells cultivated in microenvironment mimicking conditions were protected from apoptosis by the up-regulation of c-MYC and of p53. In the same setting, combined treatments with ibrutinib plus nutlin-3 led to significantly higher levels of apoptosis compared to the single treatments, counteracting the c-MYC up-regulation. Moreover, the combination induced high p53 levels and a significant dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, together with BAX cleavage in the more active p18 form and phospho-BAD down-regulation, that are key components of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, enhancing the apoptosis level. Our findings propose a new therapeutic strategy to overcome the tumor microenvironment protection involved in B-CLL resistance to drugs, with possible clinical implications also for other hematologic and solid tumors for which ibrutinib is considered a therapeutic option.
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Montresor A, Toffali L, Fumagalli L, Constantin G, Rigo A, Ferrarini I, Vinante F, Laudanna C. Activation of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type γ Suppresses Mechanisms of Adhesion and Survival in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:671-684. [PMID: 34162728 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory role of protein tyrosine kinases in β1- and β2-integrin activation and in the survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells is well established. In contrast, the involvement of protein tyrosine phosphatases in CLL biology was less investigated. We show that selective activation of the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type γ (PTPRG) strongly suppresses integrin activation and survival in leukemic B cells isolated from patients with CLL. Activation of PTPRG specifically inhibits CXCR4- as well as BCR-induced triggering of LFA-1 and VLA-4 integrins and mediated rapid adhesion. Triggering of LFA-1 affinity is also prevented by PTPRG activity. Analysis of signaling mechanisms shows that activation of PTPRG blocks chemokine-induced triggering of JAK2 and Bruton's tyrosine kinase protein tyrosine kinases and of the small GTP-binding protein RhoA. Furthermore, activated PTPRG triggers rapid and robust caspase-3/7-mediated apoptosis in CLL cells in a manner quantitatively comparable to the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib. However, in contrast to ibrutinib, PTPRG-triggered apoptosis is insensitive to prosurvival signals generated by CXCR4 and BCR signaling. Importantly, PTPRG activation does not trigger apoptosis in healthy B lymphocytes. The data show that activated PTPRG inhibits, at once, the signaling pathways controlling adhesion and survival of CLL cells, thus emerging as a negative regulator of CLL pathogenesis. These findings suggest that pharmacological potentiation of PTPRG tyrosine-phosphatase enzymatic activity could represent a novel approach to CLL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Montresor
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Trafficking and Signal Transduction, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lara Toffali
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Trafficking and Signal Transduction, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Trafficking and Signal Transduction, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
| | - Antonella Rigo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, Cancer Research and Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Isacco Ferrarini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, Cancer Research and Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vinante
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, Cancer Research and Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo Laudanna
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Trafficking and Signal Transduction, University of Verona, Verona, Italy;
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129
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Targeted Therapies and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Primary CNS Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123073. [PMID: 34203062 PMCID: PMC8234854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article outlines the current development of emerging treatment strategies for primary central nervous system lymphoma, a rare brain tumor with, thus far, limited therapeutic options. Small molecule targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and immune checkpoint inhibitors will be discussed. The mechanisms of action, results of completed clinical studies, ongoing clinical trials, and future perspectives are summarized. Among the most promising clinical developments in the field of CNS lymphomas is ibrutinib, an inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, which relays activation of nuclear factor kappa B upon integration of constitutive B cell receptor and Toll-like receptor signals. Down-stream of nuclear factor kappa B, the thalidomide analogs lenalidomide and pomalidomide exert immunomodulatory functions and are currently explored against CNS lymphomas. Finally, immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as drugs targeting the PD-1 pathway, may become novel therapeutic options to unleash anti-tumor immunity in patients with primary CNS lymphoma.
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130
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Hermanowicz JM, Szymanowska A, Sieklucka B, Czarnomysy R, Pawlak K, Bielawska A, Bielawski K, Kalafut J, Przybyszewska A, Surazynski A, Rivero-Muller A, Mojzych M, Pawlak D. Exploration of novel heterofused 1,2,4-triazine derivative in colorectal cancer. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:535-548. [PMID: 33522320 PMCID: PMC7850456 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1879803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men and in women. The impact of the new pyrazolo[4,3-e]tetrazolo[1,5-b][1,2,4]triazine sulphonamide (MM-129) was evaluated against human colon cancer in vitro and in zebrafish xenografts. Our results show that this new synthesised compound effectively inhibits cell survival in BTK-dependent mechanism. Its effectiveness is much higher at a relatively low concentration as compared with the standard chemotherapy used for CRC, i.e. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Flow cytometry analysis after annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide staining revealed that apoptosis was the main response of CRC cells to MM-129 treatment. We also found that MM-129 effectively inhibits tumour development in zebrafish embryo xenograft model, where it showed a markedly synergistic anticancer effect when used in combination with 5-FU. The above results suggest that this novel heterofused 1,2,4-triazine derivative may be a promising candidate for further evaluation as chemotherapeutic agent against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Magdalena Hermanowicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Szymanowska
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Beata Sieklucka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Robert Czarnomysy
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pawlak
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Bielawska
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bielawski
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Kalafut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Alicja Przybyszewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Surazynski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Muller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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131
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Smith CIE, Burger JA. Resistance Mutations to BTK Inhibitors Originate From the NF-κB but Not From the PI3K-RAS-MAPK Arm of the B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689472. [PMID: 34177947 PMCID: PMC8222783 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first clinical report in 2013, inhibitors of the intracellular kinase BTK (BTKi) have profoundly altered the treatment paradigm of B cell malignancies, replacing chemotherapy with targeted agents in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. There are over 20 BTKi, both irreversible and reversible, in clinical development. While loss-of-function (LoF) mutations in the BTK gene cause the immunodeficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia, neither inherited, nor somatic BTK driver mutations are known. Instead, BTKi-sensitive malignancies are addicted to BTK. BTK is activated by upstream surface receptors, especially the B cell receptor (BCR) but also by chemokine receptors, and adhesion molecules regulating B cell homing. Consequently, BTKi therapy abrogates BCR-driven proliferation and the tissue homing capacity of the malignant cells, which are being redistributed into peripheral blood. BTKi resistance can develop over time, especially in MCL and high-risk CLL patients. Frequently, resistance mutations affect the BTKi binding-site, cysteine 481, thereby reducing drug binding. Less common are gain-of-function (GoF) mutations in downstream signaling components, including phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2). In a subset of patients, mechanisms outside of the BCR pathway, related e.g. to resistance to apoptosis were described. BCR signaling depends on many proteins including SYK, BTK, PI3K; still based on the resistance pattern, BTKi therapy only selects GoF alterations in the NF-κB arm, whereas an inhibitor of the p110δ subunit of PI3K instead selects resistance mutations in the RAS-MAP kinase pathway. BTK and PLCγ2 resistance mutations highlight BTK's non-redundant role in BCR-mediated NF-κB activation. Of note, mutations affecting BTK tend to generate clone sizes larger than alterations in PLCγ2. This infers that BTK signaling may go beyond the PLCγ2-regulated NF-κB and NFAT arms. Collectively, when comparing the primary and acquired mutation spectrum in BTKi-sensitive malignancies with the phenotype of the corresponding germline alterations, we find that certain observations do not readily fit with the existing models of BCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. I. Edvard Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jan A. Burger
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Belliere J, Casemayou A, Colliou E, El Hachem H, Kounde C, Piedrafita A, Feuillet G, Schanstra JP, Faguer S. Ibrutinib does not prevent kidney fibrosis following acute and chronic injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11985. [PMID: 34099830 PMCID: PMC8184891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, developed for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, may prevent NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages, IL-1β secretion and subsequent development of inflammation and organ fibrosis. The role of NLRP3 has been underlined in the various causes of acute kidney injury (AKI), a pathology characterized by high morbimortality and risk of transition toward chronic kidney disease (CKD). We therefore hypothesized that the BTK-inhibitor ibrutinib could be a candidate drug for AKI treatment. Here, we observed in both an AKI model (glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis) and a model of rapidly progressive kidney fibrosis (unilateral ureteral obstruction), that ibrutinib did not prevent inflammatory cell recruitment in the kidney and fibrosis. Moreover, ibrutinib pre-exposure led to high mortality rate owing to severer rhabdomyolysis and AKI. In vitro, ibrutinib potentiated or had no effect on the secretion of IL-1β by monocytes exposed to uromodulin or myoglobin, two danger-associated molecule patterns proteins involved in the AKI to CKD transition. According to these results, ibrutinib should not be considered a candidate drug for patients developing AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Belliere
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
- Département de Néphrologie Et Transplantation D'organes, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, INSERM U1048 (I2MC, équipe 12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 1, avenue du Pr Jean Poulhes, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Casemayou
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Département de Néphrologie Et Transplantation D'organes, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, INSERM U1048 (I2MC, équipe 12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 1, avenue du Pr Jean Poulhes, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Eloïse Colliou
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
- Département de Néphrologie Et Transplantation D'organes, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, INSERM U1048 (I2MC, équipe 12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 1, avenue du Pr Jean Poulhes, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène El Hachem
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
- Département de Néphrologie Et Transplantation D'organes, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, INSERM U1048 (I2MC, équipe 12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 1, avenue du Pr Jean Poulhes, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Clément Kounde
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
- Département de Néphrologie Et Transplantation D'organes, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, INSERM U1048 (I2MC, équipe 12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 1, avenue du Pr Jean Poulhes, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexis Piedrafita
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
- Département de Néphrologie Et Transplantation D'organes, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, INSERM U1048 (I2MC, équipe 12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 1, avenue du Pr Jean Poulhes, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Guylène Feuillet
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Joost P Schanstra
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Stanislas Faguer
- UMR 1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques Et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France.
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
- Département de Néphrologie Et Transplantation D'organes, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, INSERM U1048 (I2MC, équipe 12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 1, avenue du Pr Jean Poulhes, 31059, Toulouse, France.
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133
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Neys SFH, Hendriks RW, Corneth OBJ. Targeting Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Pathologies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668131. [PMID: 34150760 PMCID: PMC8213343 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) was discovered due to its importance in B cell development, and it has a critical role in signal transduction downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR). Targeting of BTK with small molecule inhibitors has proven to be efficacious in several B cell malignancies. Interestingly, recent studies reveal increased BTK protein expression in circulating resting B cells of patients with systemic autoimmune disease (AID) compared with healthy controls. Moreover, BTK phosphorylation following BCR stimulation in vitro was enhanced. In addition to its role in BCR signaling, BTK is involved in many other pathways, including pattern recognition, Fc, and chemokine receptor signaling in B cells and myeloid cells. This broad involvement in several immunological pathways provides a rationale for the targeting of BTK in the context of inflammatory and systemic AID. Accordingly, numerous in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies support the potential of BTK targeting in these conditions. Efficacy of BTK inhibitors in various inflammatory and AID has been demonstrated or is currently evaluated in clinical trials. In addition, very recent reports suggest that BTK inhibition may be effective as immunosuppressive therapy to diminish pulmonary hyperinflammation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we review BTK's function in key signaling pathways in B cells and myeloid cells. Further, we discuss recent advances in targeting BTK in inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies.
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Zhong L, Li Y, Xiong L, Wang W, Wu M, Yuan T, Yang W, Tian C, Miao Z, Wang T, Yang S. Small molecules in targeted cancer therapy: advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:201. [PMID: 34054126 PMCID: PMC8165101 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 182.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the advantages in efficacy and safety compared with traditional chemotherapy drugs, targeted therapeutic drugs have become mainstream cancer treatments. Since the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib was approved to enter the market by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001, an increasing number of small-molecule targeted drugs have been developed for the treatment of malignancies. By December 2020, 89 small-molecule targeted antitumor drugs have been approved by the US FDA and the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) of China. Despite great progress, small-molecule targeted anti-cancer drugs still face many challenges, such as a low response rate and drug resistance. To better promote the development of targeted anti-cancer drugs, we conducted a comprehensive review of small-molecule targeted anti-cancer drugs according to the target classification. We present all the approved drugs as well as important drug candidates in clinical trials for each target, discuss the current challenges, and provide insights and perspectives for the research and development of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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135
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Neys SFH, Heukels P, van Hulst JAC, Rip J, Wijsenbeek MS, Hendriks RW, Corneth OBJ. Aberrant B Cell Receptor Signaling in Naïve B Cells from Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061321. [PMID: 34073225 PMCID: PMC8226954 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and ultimately fatal disease in which an impaired healing response to recurrent micro-injuries is thought to lead to fibrosis. Recent findings hint at a role for B cells and autoimmunity in IPF pathogenesis. We previously reported that circulating B cells from a fraction of patients, compared with healthy controls, express increased levels of the signaling molecule Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). However, it remains unclear whether B cell receptor (BCR) signaling is altered in IPF. Here, we show that the response to BCR stimulation is enhanced in peripheral blood B cells from treatment-naïve IPF patients. We observed increased anti-immunoglobulin-induced phosphorylation of BTK and its substrate phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) in naïve but not in memory B cells of patients with IPF. In naïve B cells of IPF patients enhanced BCR signaling correlated with surface expression of transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) but not B cell activating factor receptor (BAFFR), both of which provide pro-survival signals. Interestingly, treatment of IPF patients with nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory activity, induced substantial changes in BCR signaling. These findings support the involvement of B cells in IPF pathogenesis and suggest that targeting BCR signaling has potential value as a treatment option.
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136
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Qi SM, Dong J, Xu ZY, Cheng XD, Zhang WD, Qin JJ. PROTAC: An Effective Targeted Protein Degradation Strategy for Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:692574. [PMID: 34025443 PMCID: PMC8138175 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.692574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimeric (PROTAC) technology is an effective endogenous protein degradation tool developed in recent years that can ubiquitinate the target proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) to achieve an effect on tumor growth. A number of literature studies on PROTAC technology have proved an insight into the feasibility of PROTAC technology to degrade target proteins. Additionally, the first oral PROTACs (ARV-110 and ARV-471) have shown encouraging results in clinical trials for prostate and breast cancer treatment, which inspires a greater enthusiasm for PROTAC research. Here we focus on the structures and mechanisms of PROTACs and describe several classes of effective PROTAC degraders based on E3 ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyun Dong
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Xu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Cheng
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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137
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Zhang XT, Hu XB, Wang HL, Kan WJ, Xu L, Wang ZJ, Xiang YQ, Wu WB, Feng B, Li JN, Gao AH, Dong TC, Xia CM, Zhou YB, Li J. Activation of unfolded protein response overcomes Ibrutinib resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:814-823. [PMID: 32855532 PMCID: PMC8115113 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most widespread type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). As the most aggressive form of the DLBCL, the activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype is often resistant to standard chemotherapies. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib provides a potential therapeutic approach for the DLBCL but fails to improve the outcome in the phase III trial. In the current study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying ibrutinib resistance and explored new combination therapy with ibrutinib. We generated an ibrutinib-resistant ABC-DLBCL cell line (OCI-ly10-IR) through continuous exposure to ibrutinib. Transcriptome analysis of the parental and ibrutinib-resistant cell lines revealed that the ibrutinib-resistant cells had significantly lower expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) marker genes. Overexpression of one UPR branch-XBP1s greatly potentiated ibrutinib-induced apoptosis in both sensitive and resistant cells. The UPR inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) partially reduced the apoptotic rate induced by the ibrutinib in sensitive cells. The UPR activator 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) in combination with the ibrutinib triggered even greater cell growth inhibition, apoptosis, and stronger calcium (Ca2+) flux inhibition than either of the agents alone. A combination treatment of ibrutinib (15 mg·kg-1·d-1, po.) and 2-DG (500 mg/kg, po, b.i.d.) synergistically retarded tumor growth in NOD/SCID mice bearing OCI-ly10-IR xenograft. In addition, ibrutinib induced the UPR in the sensitive cell lines but not in the resistant cell lines of the DLBCL. There was also a combined synergistic effect in the primary resistant DLBCL cell lines. Overall, our results suggest that targeting the UPR could be a potential combination strategy to overcome ibrutinib resistance in the DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Deoxyglucose/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/physiopathology
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Piperidines/therapeutic use
- Unfolded Protein Response/drug effects
- Unfolded Protein Response/physiology
- X-Box Binding Protein 1/genetics
- X-Box Binding Protein 1/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tuan Zhang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Bei Hu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Han-Lin Wang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei-Juan Kan
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Xu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhi-Jia Wang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yu-Qi Xiang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wen-Biao Wu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Bo Feng
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jia-Nan Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - An-Hui Gao
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tian-Cheng Dong
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chun-Mei Xia
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu-Bo Zhou
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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138
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Common pathogen-associated molecular patterns induce the hyper-activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in circulating B lymphocytes of HIV-infected individuals. AIDS 2021; 35:899-910. [PMID: 33821820 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the antiretroviral treatment, people with HIV (PWH) still experience systemic chronic inflammation and immune-senescence, which represent risk factors for severe comorbidities and inefficient response to pathogens and vaccines. Given the dysregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome in PWH and the recently demonstrated role played by NLRP3 in B lymphocytes, we hypothesized that NLRP3 dysregulation in B cells can contribute to chronic inflammation and humoral dysfunction in PWH. DESIGN NLRP3 inflammasome activation was evaluated in B lymphocytes and correlated with antibodies production and immunization response in PWH. METHODS NLRP3 inflammasome activation was compared in B lymphocytes isolated from PWH and healthy donors, in resting and stimulated conditions. Functional polymorphic variants in NLRP3 and IL1B genes were analysed in a cohort of PWH submitted to anti-HBV vaccine to assess the effect of NLRP3 inflammasome on humoral response. RESULTS The NLRP3 inflammasome activation in response to common PAMPs (LPS, ß-glucan) resulted higher in B lymphocytes of PWH than in HD. CpG-induced IgM secretion was also increased in B cells of PWH. NLRP3, but not IL1B, gain-of-function polymorphism associated to anti-HBs levels. CONCLUSION These data reveal the dysregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome in B lymphocytes of PWH. Differently from myeloid compartment, which present an exhausted NLRP3 inflammasome, the complex appears to be hyper-activated in B cells of PWH, likely contributing to chronic inflammation and affecting humoral response.
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139
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Guan D, Wang Z, Huo J, Xu S, Lam KP. Bruton's tyrosine kinase regulates gut immune homeostasis through attenuating Th1 response. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:431. [PMID: 33931590 PMCID: PMC8087775 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is driven by multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Patients with mutations in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is known to manifest high prevalence of intestinal disorders including IBD. Although BTK mediates the signaling of various immune receptors, little is known how BTK maintains the homeostasis of the gut immune system. Here, we show that BTK-deficiency promotes IBD progression in a mouse model of colitis. Interestingly, the increased colitis susceptibility of BTK-deficient mice is not caused by gut microbiota changes but rather arises from enhanced pro-inflammatory Th1 response. More importantly, we find the heightened Th1 response in BTK-deficient mice to result from both T cell-extrinsic and -intrinsic mechanisms. BTK-deficient dendritic cells secret elevated levels of the Th1-polarizing cytokine IL-12 and BTK-deficient T cells are inherently more prone to Th1 differentiation. Thus, BTK plays critical roles in maintaining gut immune homeostasis and preventing inflammation via regulating T-cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Guan
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zixi Wang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianxin Huo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shengli Xu
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore. .,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.
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140
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Chang L, Ruiz P, Ito T, Sellers WR. Targeting pan-essential genes in cancer: Challenges and opportunities. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:466-479. [PMID: 33450197 PMCID: PMC8157671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable successes in the clinic, cancer targeted therapy development remains challenging and the failure rate is disappointingly high. This problem is partly due to the misapplication of the targeted therapy paradigm to therapeutics targeting pan-essential genes, which can result in therapeutics whereby efficacy is attenuated by dose-limiting toxicity. Here we summarize the key features of successful chemotherapy and targeted therapy agents, and use case studies to outline recurrent challenges to drug development efforts targeting pan-essential genes. Finally, we suggest strategies to avoid previous pitfalls for ongoing and future development of pan-essential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paloma Ruiz
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William R Sellers
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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141
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Malarz K, Mularski J, Kuczak M, Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz A, Musiol R. Novel Benzenesulfonate Scaffolds with a High Anticancer Activity and G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081790. [PMID: 33918637 PMCID: PMC8068801 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonates, unlike their derivatives, sulphonamides, have rarely been investigated for their anticancer activity. Unlike the well-known sulphonamides, esters are mainly used as convenient intermediates in a synthesis. Here, we present the first in-depth investigation of quinazoline sulfonates. A small series of derivatives were synthesized and tested for their anticancer activity. Based on their structural similarity, these compounds resemble tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the p53 reactivator CP-31398. Their biological activity profile, however, was more related to sulphonamides because there was a strong cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Further investigation revealed a multitargeted mechanism of the action that corresponded to the p53 protein status in the cell. Although the compounds expressed a high submicromolar activity against leukemia and colon cancers, pancreatic cancer and glioblastoma were also susceptible. Apoptosis and autophagy were confirmed as the cell death modes that corresponded with the inhibition of metabolic activity and the activation of the p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways. Namely, there was a strong activation of the p62 protein and GADD44. Other proteins such as cdc2 were also expressed at a higher level. Moreover, the classical caspase-dependent pathway in leukemia was observed at a lower concentration, which again confirmed a multitargeted mechanism. It can therefore be concluded that the sulfonates of quinazolines can be regarded as promising scaffolds for developing anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Malarz
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics and Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (M.K.); (A.M.-W.)
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Jacek Mularski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland;
| | - Michał Kuczak
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics and Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (M.K.); (A.M.-W.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland;
| | - Anna Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics and Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (M.K.); (A.M.-W.)
| | - Robert Musiol
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland;
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (R.M.)
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142
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Xu X, Wei T, Zhong W, Ang R, Lei Y, Zhang H, Li Q. Down-regulation of cylindromatosis protein phosphorylation by BTK inhibitor promotes apoptosis of non-GCB-diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:195. [PMID: 33827598 PMCID: PMC8025353 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-germinal center B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (non-GCB-DLBCL) has worse clinical outcome than GCB-DLBCL, and some relapsed/refractory non-GCB-DLBCL (R/R non-GCB-DLBCL) are even resistant to CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab). Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis) are new drugs for B-cell lymphoma. BTKis can promote apoptosis of DLBCL by inactivating nuclear transcription factor κB (NFκB) signaling pathway. Cylindromatosis (CYLD) is a tumor suppressor and ubiquitinase. CYLD can inactivate NFκB signaling pathway through ubiquitination and regulate the apoptosis of hematological tumors. The ubiquitination of CYLD can be regulated by phosphorylation, suggesting that the regulation of CYLD phosphorylation can be a potential mechanism to promote the apoptosis of hematological tumors. Therefore, we hypothesized that BTKis could promote the apoptosis of non-GCB-DLBCL by regulating the phosphorylation of CYLD, especially in rituximab resistant cases, and we proved this hypothesis through both in vivo and in vitro experiments. METHODS The baseline expression levels of CYLD phosphorylation in non-GCB-DLBCL patients and cell lines were detected by Western Blotting. The non-GCB-DLBCL cell lines were treated with BTKis, and apoptosis induced by BTKis treatment was detected by Western blotting, cell viability assay and Annexin V assay. To verify whether the effect of BTKis on apoptosis in non-GCN-DLBCL cells is CYLD dependent, the expression of CYLD was knocked down by lentiviral shRNAs. To verify the effect of BTKis on the phosphorylation of CYLD and the apoptosis in vivo and in rituximab resistant non-GCB-DLBCL, the xeograft model and rituximab resistant non-GCB-DLBCL cells were generated by tumor cell inoculation and escalation of drug concentrations, respectively. RESULTS BTKis induced apoptosis by down-regulating CYLD phosphorylationin in non GCB-DLBCL, xenograft mouse model, and rituximab-resistant cells, and this effect could be enhanced by rituximab. Knocking-down CYLD reversed apoptosis which was induced by BTKis. BTKis induced CYLD-dependent apoptosis in non-GCB-DLBCL including in rituximab-resistant cells. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicated that CYLD phosphorylation is a potential clinical therapeutic target for non-GCB-DLBCL, especially for rituximab-resistant relapsed/refractory cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511458, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Zhong
- Department of Geriatrics, Hematology and Oncology Ward, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People's Republic of China
| | - Rosalind Ang
- Precision Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ye Lei
- Precision Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshan Li
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, No. 396 Tongfuzhong Road, Haizhu District, 510220, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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143
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Good L, Benner B, Carson WE. Bruton's tyrosine kinase: an emerging targeted therapy in myeloid cells within the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2439-2451. [PMID: 33818636 PMCID: PMC8019691 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a non-receptor kinase belonging to the Tec family of kinases. The role of BTK in B cell receptor signaling is well defined and is known to play a key role in the proliferation and survival of malignant B cells. Moreover, BTK has been found to be expressed in cells of the myeloid lineage. BTK has been shown to contribute to a variety of cellular pathways in myeloid cells including signaling in the NLRP3 inflammasome, receptor activation of nuclear factor-κβ and inflammation, chemokine receptor activation affecting migration, and phagocytosis. Myeloid cells are crucial components of the tumor microenvironment and suppressive myeloid cells contribute to cancer progression, highlighting a potential role for BTK inhibition in the treatment of malignancy. The increased interest in BTK inhibition in cancer has resulted in many preclinical studies that are testing the efficacy of using single-agent BTK inhibitors. Moreover, the ability of tumor cells to develop resistance to single-agent checkpoint inhibitors has resulted in clinical studies utilizing BTK inhibitors in combination with these agents to improve clinical responses. Furthermore, BTK regulates the immune response in microbial and viral infections through B cells and myeloid cells such as monocytes and macrophages. In this review, we describe the role that BTK plays in supporting suppressive myeloid cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), while also discussing the anticancer effects of BTK inhibition and briefly describe the role of BTK signaling and BTK inhibition in microbial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Good
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brooke Benner
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William E Carson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Tzagournis Medical Research Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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144
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Sakai H, Tanaka Y, Tanaka A, Ohdan H. TLR-MyD88 signaling blockades inhibit refractory B-1b cell immune responses to transplant-related glycan antigens. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:1427-1439. [PMID: 32865877 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Refractory B cell responses to T cell-independent (TI) carbohydrate antigens (Ags) are critical drivers of rejection reactions to ABO-incompatible allogeneic grafts and xenogeneic grafts from other species. To explore the biological significance of crosstalk between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and B cell receptors (BCRs) in the TI B cell immunity, we here used MyD88-, TRIF-, and α-galactosyltransferase-deficient mice to study B cell phenotypes and functional properties during TI transplant-related glycan Ag exposure. BCR stimulation alone induced differentiation into CD5high (B-1a) cells, which were highly sensitive to a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), while co-stimulation of TLRs and BCRs induced differentiation into CD5dim (B-1b) cells in MyD88-dependent and CNI-resistant manner. MyD88-dependent TLR stimulation in B-1b cells enhanced downstream factors in the BCR-calcineurin pathway, including a nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1). TLR inhibitor together with CNI abrogated refractory B-1b cell immune responses against the ABO-blood group Ags, while blocking both BCRs and TLR-MyD88 by using Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor and histone deacetylase inhibitor abrogated refractory B-1b cell immune responses against Gal-glycan Ags. Thus, this study provides a rationale for a novel therapeutic approach to overcome refractory transplant-related anti-glycan Ab production by blocking both BCR and TLR-MyD88 signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakai
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuka Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Asuka Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohdan
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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145
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Jepson TA, Chung JK. Diffusion-based determination of protein homodimerization on reconstituted membrane surfaces. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 33408000 PMCID: PMC8016661 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.3.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient interactions between cellular components, particularly on membrane surfaces, are critical in the proper function of many biochemical reactions. For example, many signaling pathways involve dimerization, oligomerization, or other types of clustering of signaling proteins as a key step in the signaling cascade. However, it is often experimentally challenging to directly observe and characterize the molecular mechanisms such interactions—the greatest difficulty lies in the fact that living cells have an unknown number of background processes that may or may not participate in the molecular process of interest, and as a consequence, it is usually impossible to definitively correlate an observation to a well-defined cellular mechanism. One of the experimental methods that can quantitatively capture these interactions is through membrane reconstitution, whereby a lipid bilayer is fabricated to mimic the membrane environment, and the biological components of interest are systematically introduced, without unknown background processes. This configuration allows the extensive use of fluorescence techniques, particularly fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy and single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. In this review, we describe how the equilibrium diffusion of two proteins, K-Ras4B and the PH domain of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), on fluid lipid membranes can be used to determine the kinetics of homodimerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A. Jepson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jean K. Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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146
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Microglia: The Missing Link to Decipher and Therapeutically Control MS Progression? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073461. [PMID: 33801644 PMCID: PMC8038003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutically controlling chronic progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains a major challenge. MS progression is defined as a steady loss of parenchymal and functional integrity of the central nervous system (CNS), occurring independent of relapses or focal, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detectable inflammatory lesions. While it clinically surfaces in primary or secondary progressive MS, it is assumed to be an integral component of MS from the very beginning. The exact mechanisms causing progression are still unknown, although evolving evidence suggests that they may substantially differ from those driving relapse biology. To date, progression is assumed to be caused by an interplay of CNS-resident cells and CNS-trapped hematopoietic cells. On the CNS-resident cell side, microglia that are phenotypically and functionally related to cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage may play a key role. Microglia function is highly transformable. Depending on their molecular signature, microglia can trigger neurotoxic pathways leading to neurodegeneration, or alternatively exert important roles in promoting neuroprotection, downregulation of inflammation, and stimulation of repair. Accordingly, to understand and to possibly alter the role of microglial activation during MS disease progression may provide a unique opportunity for the development of suitable, more effective therapeutics. This review focuses on the current understanding of the role of microglia during disease progression of MS and discusses possible targets for therapeutic intervention.
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147
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Roskoski R. Properties of FDA-approved small molecule phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors prescribed for the treatment of malignancies. Pharmacol Res 2021; 168:105579. [PMID: 33774181 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathway was a major advance in understanding eukaryotic signal transduction. The high frequency of PI 3-kinase pathway mutations in many cancers stimulated the development of drugs targeting these oncogenic mutants. The PI 3-kinases are divided into three classes and Class I PI 3-kinases, which catalyze the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P2) to generate phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), are the main subject of this review. The class I PI 3-kinases are made up of p110α, p110β, p110δ, and p110γ catalytic subunits. These catalytic subunits are constitutively bound to regulatory subunits (p85α, p85β, p55γ, p101, and p87 proteins). The p85/p55 regulatory subunits heterodimerize with p110α or p110δ thereby forming complexes that are regulated chiefly by receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. The p101 and p87 subunits heterodimerize with p110γ to form complexes that are regulated mainly by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Complexes containing the p110β subunit are activated by receptor protein-tyrosine kinases as well as GPCRs. Following the generation of PIP3, the AKT and mTOR protein-serine/threonine kinases are activated leading to cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Like protein kinases, the PI 3-kinase domains consist of a bilobed structure connected by a hinge-linker segment. ATP and most PI 3-kinase and protein kinase inhibitors form hydrogen bonds with hinge residues. The small and large lobes of PI 3-kinases and protein kinases have a very similar three-dimensional structure called the protein kinase fold. Both PI 3-kinases and eukaryotic protein kinases possess an activation segment that begins with a DFG triad (Asp-Phe-Gly); the activation segment of protein kinases usually ends with an APE (Ala-Pro-Glu) signature while that of PI 3-kinases ends with a PFxLT (Pro-Phe-Xxx-Leu-Thr) signature. Dormant PI 3-kinases have a collapsed activation loop and active PI 3-kinases have an extended activation loop. The distance between the α-carbon atom of the DFG-D residue at the beginning of the activation loop and that of the PFxLT-F residue at the end of the activation loop in dormant PI 3-kinases is about 13 Å; this distance in active PI 3-kinases is about 18 Å. The protein kinase catalytic loop has an HRD (His-Arg-Asp) signature while that of the PI 3-kinases reverses the order with a DRH triad. Alpelisib is an orally effective FDA-approved PI 3-kinase-α inhibitor used for the treatment of breast cancer. Copanlisib, duvelisib, idelalisib, and umbralisib are PI 3-kinase-δ inhibitors that are approved for the third-line treatment of follicular lymphomas and other hematological disorders. Copanlisib is also a potent inhibitor of PI 3-kinase-α. Of the five approved drugs, all are orally bioavailable except copanlisib. Idelalisib interacts with the active conformation of PI 3-kinase-δ and is classified as a type I inhibitor. Alpelisib and copanlisib interact with inactive PI 3-kinase-α and PI 3-kinase-γ, respectively, and are classified as a type I½ antagonists. Except for umbralisib with a molecular weight of 571.5, all five drugs conform to the Lipinski rule of five for oral effectiveness. Copanlisib, however, must be given intravenously. Alpelisib and copanlisib inhibit PI 3-kinase-α, which is involved in insulin signaling, and both drugs promote insulin-resistance and produce hyperglycemia. The five FDA-approved PI 3-kinase inhibitors produce significant on-target toxicities, more so than many approved protein kinase antagonists. The development of PI 3-kinase inhibitors with fewer toxicities is an important long-term therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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148
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Kim JM, Park J, Noh EM, Song HK, Kang SY, Jung SH, Kim JS, Park BH, Lee YR, Youn HJ. Bruton's agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase (Btk) regulates TPA‑induced breast cancer cell invasion via PLCγ2/PKCβ/NF‑κB/AP‑1‑dependent matrix metalloproteinase‑9 activation. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:56. [PMID: 33760219 PMCID: PMC7962096 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton's agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an important cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase involved in B-lymphocyte development, differentiation, and signaling. Activated protein kinase C (PKC), in turn, induces the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which promotes cell proliferation, viability, apoptosis, and metastasis. This effect is associated with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, suggesting an anti-metastatic effect of BTK inhibitors on MCF-7 cells that leads to the downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression. However, the effect of BTK on breast cancer metastasis is unknown. In this study, the anti-metastatic activity of BTK inhibitors was examined in MCF-7 cells focusing on MMP-9 expression in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-stimulated MCF-7 cells. The expression and activity of MMP-9 in MCF-7 cells were investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, western blotting, and zymography. Cell invasion and migration were investigated using the Matrigel invasion and cell migration assays. BTK inhibitors [ibrutinib (10 µM), CNX-774 (10 µM)] significantly attenuated TPA-induced cell invasion and migration in MCF-7 cells and inhibited the activation of the phospholipase Cγ2/PKCβ signaling pathways. In addition, small interfering RNA specific for BTK suppressed MMP-9 expression and cell metastasis. Collectively, results of the present study indicated that BTK suppressed TPA-induced MMP-9 expression and cell invasion/migration by activating the MAPK or IκB kinase/NF-κB/activator protein-1 pathway. The results clarify the mechanism of action of BTK in cancer cell metastasis by regulating MMP-9 expression in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Mi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 560‑182, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinny Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 405‑760, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Noh
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Song
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yull Kang
- Department of Surgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University and Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 560‑182, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoo Jung
- Department of Surgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University and Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 560‑182, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Suk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 560‑182, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Director of Center for Meta Inflammation Research, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rae Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jo Youn
- Department of Surgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University and Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 560‑182, Republic of Korea
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149
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Ulbricht C, Leben R, Rakhymzhan A, Kirchhoff F, Nitschke L, Radbruch H, Niesner RA, Hauser AE. Intravital quantification reveals dynamic calcium concentration changes across B cell differentiation stages. eLife 2021; 10:56020. [PMID: 33749591 PMCID: PMC8060033 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is a universal second messenger present in all eukaryotic cells. The mobilization and storage of Ca2+ ions drives a number of signaling-related processes, stress-responses, or metabolic changes, all of which are relevant for the development of immune cells and their adaption to pathogens. Here, we introduce the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-reporter mouse YellowCaB expressing the genetically encoded calcium indicator TN-XXL in B lymphocytes. Calcium-induced conformation change of TN-XXL results in FRET-donor quenching measurable by two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging. For the first time, using our novel numerical analysis, we extract absolute cytoplasmic calcium concentrations in activated B cells during affinity maturation in vivo. We show that calcium in activated B cells is highly dynamic and that activation introduces a persistent calcium heterogeneity to the lineage. A characterization of absolute calcium concentrations present at any time within the cytosol is therefore of great value for the understanding of long-lived beneficial immune responses and detrimental autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Ulbricht
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Leben
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Asylkhan Rakhymzhan
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lars Nitschke
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neuropathology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany.,Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
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150
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Zhang C, Tian B. Nonclinical Safety Assessment of Zanubrutinib: A Novel Irreversible BTK Inhibitor. Int J Toxicol 2021; 39:232-240. [PMID: 32484067 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820918511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zanubrutinib an oral irreversible Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, is under development for the treatment of a variety of B-cell malignancies and has received accelerated approval by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of adult patients with mantel cell lymphoma who have received at least one prior therapy. Zanubrutinib moderately inhibited the human ether- à -go-go-related gene channel with half maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) of 9.11 µM and showed neither effects on the cardiovascular system functions in telemetry-implanted dogs nor on the respiratory and central nervous system functions in rats. No toxicologically significant changes were noted in rats and dogs at the systemic exposure ratios (area under the curve ratio between animals and humans at the therapeutic dose) up to 26- and 15-fold for 26-weeks and 39-weeks of treatment, respectively. Zanubrutinib was not genotoxic. Fertility studies showed no abnormal findings in both male and female rats at the systemic exposure ratios of up to 12-fold; embryo-fetal studies showed no fetal lethality or teratogenicity in rabbit or rat fetuses at the systemic exposure ratios of up to 25- and 16-fold, respectively, except for 0.3% to 1.5% of 2 or 3 chambered hearts in rat fetuses; pre- and postnatal developmental toxicity showed no effects in rats at the systemic exposure ratios up to 16-fold except for an increased incidence (26% to 42%) and severity of various ophthalmic lesions in treated groups compared to the concurrent control group (26%). These nonclinical study results suggest that zanubrutinib has a broad safety window and an optimal safety profile while treating patients with advanced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuining Zhang
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Changping District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohong Tian
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Changping District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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