101
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Rauch C, Feifel E, Kern G, Murphy C, Meier F, Parson W, Beilmann M, Jennings P, Gstraunthaler G, Wilmes A. Differentiation of human iPSCs into functional podocytes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203869. [PMID: 30222766 PMCID: PMC6141081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes play a critical role in glomerular barrier function, both in health and disease. However, in vivo terminally differentiated podocytes are difficult to be maintained in in vitro culture. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer the unique possibility for directed differentiation into mature podocytes. The current differentiation protocol to generate iPSC-derived podocyte-like cells provides a robust and reproducible method to obtain podocyte-like cells after 10 days that can be employed in in vitro research and biomedical engineering. Previous published protocols were improved by testing varying differentiation media, growth factors, seeding densities, and time course conditions. Modifications were made to optimize and simplify the one-step differentiation procedure. In contrast to earlier protocols, adherent cells for differentiation were used, the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) was reduced to a minimum, and thus ß-mercaptoethanol could be omitted. The plating densities of iPSC stocks as well as the seeding densities for differentiation cultures turned out to be a crucial parameter for differentiation results. Conditionally immortalized human podocytes served as reference controls. iPSC-derived podocyte-like cells showed a typical podocyte-specific morphology and distinct expression of podocyte markers synaptopodin, podocin, nephrin and WT-1 after 10 days of differentiation as assessed by immunofluorescence staining or Western blot analysis. qPCR results showed a downregulation of pluripotency markers Oct4 and Sox-2 and a 9-fold upregulation of the podocyte marker synaptopodin during the time course of differentiation. Cultured podocytes exhibited endocytotic uptake of albumin. In toxicological assays, matured podocytes clearly responded to doxorubicin (Adriamycin™) with morphological alterations and a reduction in cell viability after 48 h of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rauch
- Division of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck Austria
| | - Elisabeth Feifel
- Division of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck Austria
| | - Georg Kern
- Division of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck Austria
| | - Cormac Murphy
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meier
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Nonclinical Drug Safety Germany, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Walther Parson
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mario Beilmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Nonclinical Drug Safety Germany, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck Austria.,Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anja Wilmes
- Division of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck Austria.,Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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102
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Hu S, Zhao MT, Jahanbani F, Shao NY, Lee WH, Chen H, Snyder MP, Wu JC. Effects of cellular origin on differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells. JCI Insight 2018; 1:85558. [PMID: 27398408 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be derived from various types of somatic cells by transient overexpression of 4 Yamanaka factors (OCT4, SOX2, C-MYC, and KLF4). Patient-specific iPSC derivatives (e.g., neuronal, cardiac, hepatic, muscular, and endothelial cells [ECs]) hold great promise in drug discovery and regenerative medicine. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether the cellular origin can affect the differentiation, in vivo behavior, and single-cell gene expression signatures of human iPSC-derived ECs. We derived human iPSCs from 3 types of somatic cells of the same individuals: fibroblasts (FB-iPSCs), ECs (EC-iPSCs), and cardiac progenitor cells (CPC-iPSCs). We then differentiated them into ECs by sequential administration of Activin, BMP4, bFGF, and VEGF. EC-iPSCs at early passage (10 < P < 20) showed higher EC differentiation propensity and gene expression of EC-specific markers (PECAM1 and NOS3) than FB-iPSCs and CPC-iPSCs. In vivo transplanted EC-iPSC-ECs were recovered with a higher percentage of CD31+ population and expressed higher EC-specific gene expression markers (PECAM1, KDR, and ICAM) as revealed by microfluidic single-cell quantitative PCR (qPCR). In vitro EC-iPSC-ECs maintained a higher CD31+ population than FB-iPSC-ECs and CPC-iPSC-ECs with long-term culturing and passaging. These results indicate that cellular origin may influence lineage differentiation propensity of human iPSCs; hence, the somatic memory carried by early passage iPSCs should be carefully considered before clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Hu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming-Tao Zhao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Fereshteh Jahanbani
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ning-Yi Shao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Won Hee Lee
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Haodong Chen
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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103
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The classification, genetic diagnosis and modelling of monogenic autoinflammatory disorders. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1901-1924. [PMID: 30185613 PMCID: PMC6123071 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monogenic autoinflammatory disorders are an increasingly heterogeneous group of conditions characterised by innate immune dysregulation. Improved genetic sequencing in recent years has led not only to the discovery of a plethora of conditions considered to be 'autoinflammatory', but also the broadening of the clinical and immunological phenotypic spectra seen in these disorders. This review outlines the classification strategies that have been employed for monogenic autoinflammatory disorders to date, including the primary innate immune pathway or the dominant cytokine implicated in disease pathogenesis, and highlights some of the advantages of these models. Furthermore, the use of the term 'autoinflammatory' is discussed in relation to disorders that cross the innate and adaptive immune divide. The utilisation of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in this population is examined, as are potential in vivo and in vitro methods of modelling to determine pathogenicity of novel genetic findings. Finally, areas where our understanding can be improved are highlighted, such as phenotypic variability and genotype-phenotype correlations, with the aim of identifying areas of future research.
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104
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Wang F, Kong J, Cui YY, Liu P, Wen JY. Is Human-induced Pluripotent Stem Cell the Best Optimal? Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:852-856. [PMID: 29578130 PMCID: PMC5887745 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.228231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Since the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology a decade ago, enormous progress has been made in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. Human iPSCs have been widely used for disease modeling, drug discovery, and cell therapy development. In this review, we discuss the progress in applications of iPSC technology that are particularly relevant to drug discovery and regenerative medicine, and consider the remaining challenges and the emerging opportunities in the field. Data Sources: Articles in this review were searched from PubMed database from January 2014 to December 2017. Study Selection: Original articles about iPSCs and cardiovascular diseases were included and analyzed. Results: iPSC holds great promises for human disease modeling, drug discovery, and stem cell-based therapy, and this potential is only beginning to be realized. However, several important issues remain to be addressed. Conclusions: The recent availability of human cardiomyocytes derived from iPSCs opens new opportunities to build in vitro models of cardiac disease, screening for new drugs and patient-specific cardiac therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100029; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Kong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi-Yao Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100029; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian-Yan Wen
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100029; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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105
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Precardiac organoids form two heart fields via Bmp/Wnt signaling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3140. [PMID: 30087351 PMCID: PMC6081372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the first heart field (FHF) and the second heart field (SHF) led us to understand how cardiac lineages and structures arise during development. However, it remains unknown how they are specified. Here, we generate precardiac spheroids with pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) harboring GFP/RFP reporters under the control of FHF/SHF markers, respectively. GFP+ cells and RFP+ cells appear from two distinct areas and develop in a complementary fashion. Transcriptome analysis shows a high degree of similarities with embryonic FHF/SHF cells. Bmp and Wnt are among the most differentially regulated pathways, and gain- and loss-of-function studies reveal that Bmp specifies GFP+ cells and RFP+ cells via the Bmp/Smad pathway and Wnt signaling, respectively. FHF/SHF cells can be isolated without reporters by the surface protein Cxcr4. This study provides novel insights into understanding the specification of two cardiac origins, which can be leveraged for PSC-based modeling of heart field/chamber-specific disease. The heart arises from distinct progenitor cells of both the first and second heart fields (FHF and SHF). Here, the authors generated precardiac organoids from mouse and human pluripotent cells and show that FHF and SHF cells form similarly to their in vivo counterparts in response to BMP and Wnt signalling, respectively.
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106
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Kumamaru H, Kadoya K, Adler AF, Takashima Y, Graham L, Coppola G, Tuszynski MH. Generation and post-injury integration of human spinal cord neural stem cells. Nat Methods 2018; 15:723-731. [PMID: 30082899 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord neural stem cells (NSCs) have great potential to reconstitute damaged spinal neural circuitry, but they have yet to be generated in vitro. We now report the derivation of spinal cord NSCs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Our observations show that these spinal cord NSCs differentiate into a diverse population of spinal cord neurons occupying multiple positions along the dorso-ventral axis, and can be maintained for prolonged time periods. Grafts into injured spinal cords were rich with excitatory neurons, extended large numbers of axons over long distances, innervated their target structures, and enabled robust corticospinal regeneration. The grafts synaptically integrated into multiple host intraspinal and supraspinal systems, including the corticospinal projection, and improved functional outcomes after injury. hPSC-derived spinal cord NSCs could enable a broad range of biomedical applications for in vitro disease modeling and constitute an improved clinically translatable cell source for 'replacement' strategies in several spinal cord disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kumamaru
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ken Kadoya
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew F Adler
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yoshio Takashima
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lori Graham
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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107
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Becherucci F, Mazzinghi B, Allinovi M, Angelotti ML, Romagnani P. Regenerating the kidney using human pluripotent stem cells and renal progenitors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:795-806. [PMID: 29939787 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1492546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease is a major health-care problem worldwide and its cost is becoming no longer affordable. Indeed, restoring damaged renal structures or building a new kidney represents an ambitious and ideal alternative to renal replacement therapy. Streams of research have explored the possible application of pluripotent stem cells (SCs) (embryonic SCs and induced pluripotent SCs) in different strategies aimed at regenerate functioning nephrons and at understanding the mechanisms of kidney regeneration. AREAS COVERED In this review, we will focus on the main potential applications of human pluripotent SCs to kidney regeneration, including those leading to rebuilding new kidneys or part of them (organoids, scaffolds, biological microdevices) as well as those aimed at understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of renal disease and regenerative processes (modeling of kidney disease, genome editing). Moreover, we will discuss the role of endogenous renal progenitors cells in order to understand and promote kidney regeneration, as an attractive alternative to pluripotent SCs. EXPERT OPINION Opportunities and pitfalls of all these strategies will be underlined, finally leading to the conclusion that a deeper knowledge of the biology of pluripotent SCs is mandatory, in order to allow us to hypothesize their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Becherucci
- a Nephrology and Dialysis Unit , Meyer Children's University Hospital , Florence , Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzinghi
- a Nephrology and Dialysis Unit , Meyer Children's University Hospital , Florence , Italy
| | - Marco Allinovi
- b Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Angelotti
- b Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Paola Romagnani
- a Nephrology and Dialysis Unit , Meyer Children's University Hospital , Florence , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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108
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Hajal C, Campisi M, Mattu C, Chiono V, Kamm RD. In vitro models of molecular and nano-particle transport across the blood-brain barrier. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:042213. [PMID: 29887937 PMCID: PMC5980570 DOI: 10.1063/1.5027118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the tightest endothelial barrier in humans. Characterized by the presence of tight endothelial junctions and adherens junctions, the primary function of the BBB is to maintain brain homeostasis through the control of solute transit across the barrier. The specific features of this barrier make for unique modes of transport of solutes, nanoparticles, and cells across the BBB. Understanding the different routes of traffic adopted by each of these is therefore critical in the development of targeted therapies. In an attempt to move towards controlled experimental assays, multiple groups are now opting for the use of microfluidic systems. A comprehensive understanding of bio-transport processes across the BBB in microfluidic devices is therefore necessary to develop targeted and efficient therapies for a host of diseases ranging from neurological disorders to the spread of metastases in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Hajal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Clara Mattu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Chiono
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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109
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Using Automated Live Cell Imaging to Reveal Early Changes during Human Motor Neuron Degeneration. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-MNT-0001-18. [PMID: 29971247 PMCID: PMC6026021 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0001-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neurons expressing mutations associated with neurodegenerative disease are becoming more widely available. Hence, developing assays capable of accurately detecting changes that occur early in the disease process and identifying therapeutics able to slow these changes should become ever more important. Using automated live-cell imaging, we studied human motor neurons in the process of dying following neurotrophic factor withdrawal. We tracked different neuronal features, including cell body size, neurite length, and number of nodes. In particular, measuring the number of nodes in individual neurons proved to be an accurate predictor of relative health. Importantly, intermediate phenotypes were defined and could be used to distinguish between agents that could fully restore neurons and neurites and those only capable of maintaining neuronal cell bodies. Application of live-cell imaging to disease modeling has the potential to uncover new classes of therapeutic molecules that intervene early in disease progression.
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110
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Little D, Luft C, Mosaku O, Lorvellec M, Yao Z, Paillusson S, Kriston-Vizi J, Gandhi S, Abramov AY, Ketteler R, Devine MJ, Gissen P. A single cell high content assay detects mitochondrial dysfunction in iPSC-derived neurons with mutations in SNCA. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9033. [PMID: 29899557 PMCID: PMC5998042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a unique cell model for studying neurological diseases. We have established a high-content assay that can simultaneously measure mitochondrial function, morphology and cell viability in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons. iPSCs from PD patients with mutations in SNCA and unaffected controls were differentiated into dopaminergic neurons, seeded in 384-well plates and stained with the mitochondrial membrane potential dependent dye TMRM, alongside Hoechst-33342 and Calcein-AM. Images were acquired using an automated confocal screening microscope and single cells were analysed using automated image analysis software. PD neurons displayed reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and altered mitochondrial morphology compared to control neurons. This assay demonstrates that high content screening techniques can be applied to the analysis of mitochondria in iPSC-derived neurons. This technique could form part of a drug discovery platform to test potential new therapeutics for PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Little
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Christin Luft
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olukunbi Mosaku
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maëlle Lorvellec
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi Yao
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, King's Cross, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Paillusson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janos Kriston-Vizi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, King's Cross, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Ketteler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Devine
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom.
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Gissen
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
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111
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Czerniecki SM, Cruz NM, Harder JL, Menon R, Annis J, Otto EA, Gulieva RE, Islas LV, Kim YK, Tran LM, Martins TJ, Pippin JW, Fu H, Kretzler M, Shankland SJ, Himmelfarb J, Moon RT, Paragas N, Freedman BS. High-Throughput Screening Enhances Kidney Organoid Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Enables Automated Multidimensional Phenotyping. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 22:929-940.e4. [PMID: 29779890 PMCID: PMC5984728 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells are a potentially powerful tool for high-throughput screening (HTS), but the complexity of organoid cultures poses a significant challenge for miniaturization and automation. Here, we present a fully automated, HTS-compatible platform for enhanced differentiation and phenotyping of human kidney organoids. The entire 21-day protocol, from plating to differentiation to analysis, can be performed automatically by liquid-handling robots, or alternatively by manual pipetting. High-content imaging analysis reveals both dose-dependent and threshold effects during organoid differentiation. Immunofluorescence and single-cell RNA sequencing identify previously undetected parietal, interstitial, and partially differentiated compartments within organoids and define conditions that greatly expand the vascular endothelium. Chemical modulation of toxicity and disease phenotypes can be quantified for safety and efficacy prediction. Screening in gene-edited organoids in this system reveals an unexpected role for myosin in polycystic kidney disease. Organoids in HTS formats thus establish an attractive platform for multidimensional phenotypic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Czerniecki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Quellos High Throughput Screening Core, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nelly M Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Quellos High Throughput Screening Core, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer L Harder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rajasree Menon
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James Annis
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Quellos High Throughput Screening Core, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Edgar A Otto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ramila E Gulieva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Quellos High Throughput Screening Core, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura V Islas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Quellos High Throughput Screening Core, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yong Kyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Quellos High Throughput Screening Core, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Linh M Tran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Quellos High Throughput Screening Core, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Timothy J Martins
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Quellos High Throughput Screening Core, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hongxia Fu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Quellos High Throughput Screening Core, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Randall T Moon
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Quellos High Throughput Screening Core, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Neal Paragas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Benjamin S Freedman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Quellos High Throughput Screening Core, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Centeno EGZ, Cimarosti H, Bithell A. 2D versus 3D human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cultures for neurodegenerative disease modelling. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:27. [PMID: 29788997 PMCID: PMC5964712 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), affect millions of people every year and so far, there are no therapeutic cures available. Even though animal and histological models have been of great aid in understanding disease mechanisms and identifying possible therapeutic strategies, in order to find disease-modifying solutions there is still a critical need for systems that can provide more predictive and physiologically relevant results. One possible avenue is the development of patient-derived models, e.g. by reprogramming patient somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which can then be differentiated into any cell type for modelling. These systems contain key genetic information from the donors, and therefore have enormous potential as tools in the investigation of pathological mechanisms underlying disease phenotype, and progression, as well as in drug testing platforms. hiPSCs have been widely cultured in 2D systems, but in order to mimic human brain complexity, 3D models have been proposed as a more advanced alternative. This review will focus on the use of patient-derived hiPSCs to model AD, PD, HD and ALS. In brief, we will cover the available stem cells, types of 2D and 3D culture systems, existing models for neurodegenerative diseases, obstacles to model these diseases in vitro, and current perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda G Z Centeno
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, 96160-000, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Helena Cimarosti
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Angela Bithell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK.
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113
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Smolar J, Horst M, Sulser T, Eberli D. Bladder regeneration through stem cell therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:525-544. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1439013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Smolar
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Maya Horst
- Department of Urology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tulio Sulser
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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114
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Gadjanski I. Mimetic Hierarchical Approaches for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1058:143-170. [PMID: 29691821 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In order to engineer biomimetic osteochondral (OC) construct, it is necessary to address both the cartilage and bone phase of the construct, as well as the interface between them, in effect mimicking the developmental processes when generating hierarchical scaffolds that show gradual changes of physical and mechanical properties, ideally complemented with the biochemical gradients. There are several components whose characteristics need to be taken into account in such biomimetic approach, including cells, scaffolds, bioreactors as well as various developmental processes such as mesenchymal condensation and vascularization, that need to be stimulated through the use of growth factors, mechanical stimulation, purinergic signaling, low oxygen conditioning, and immunomodulation. This chapter gives overview of these biomimetic OC system components, including the OC interface, as well as various methods of fabrication utilized in OC biomimetic tissue engineering (TE) of gradient scaffolds. Special attention is given to addressing the issue of achieving clinical size, anatomically shaped constructs. Besides such neotissue engineering for potential clinical use, other applications of biomimetic OC TE including formation of the OC tissues to be used as high-fidelity disease/healing models and as in vitro models for drug toxicity/efficacy evaluation are covered. HIGHLIGHTS Biomimetic OC TE uses "smart" scaffolds able to locally regulate cell phenotypes and dual-flow bioreactors for two sets of conditions for cartilage/bone Protocols for hierarchical OC grafts engineering should entail mesenchymal condensation for cartilage and vascular component for bone Immunomodulation, low oxygen tension, purinergic signaling, time dependence of stimuli application are important aspects to consider in biomimetic OC TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gadjanski
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Djindjica, Novi Sad, Serbia. .,Belgrade Metropolitan University, Tadeusa Koscuska 63, Belgrade, Serbia.
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115
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Mukherjee C, Hale C, Mukhopadhyay S. A Simple Multistep Protocol for Differentiating Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Functional Macrophages. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1784:13-28. [PMID: 29761384 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7837-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide an alternative new tool overcoming some of the limitations of existing models for human macrophages, such as human macrophage-like cell lines and primary monocyte-derived macrophages. A combination of different cytokines and growth factors can differentiate hiPSCs toward myeloid lineage. Here we describe a simple multistep protocol for differentiating hiPSCs into functional macrophages. This includes derivation of three germ-line containing embryoid bodies (EBs) from iPSCs, generation of myeloid precursors from EBs, and finally maturation of myeloid precursors into functional macrophages. Technical procedure and specific culture conditions associated with each of these steps are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrayana Mukherjee
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine Hale
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, Hinxton, UK.
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116
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Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Polyglutamine Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1049:439-466. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71779-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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117
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Geraili A, Jafari P, Hassani MS, Araghi BH, Mohammadi MH, Ghafari AM, Tamrin SH, Modarres HP, Kolahchi AR, Ahadian S, Sanati-Nezhad A. Controlling Differentiation of Stem Cells for Developing Personalized Organ-on-Chip Platforms. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 28910516 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-chip (OOC) platforms have attracted attentions of pharmaceutical companies as powerful tools for screening of existing drugs and development of new drug candidates. OOCs have primarily used human cell lines or primary cells to develop biomimetic tissue models. However, the ability of human stem cells in unlimited self-renewal and differentiation into multiple lineages has made them attractive for OOCs. The microfluidic technology has enabled precise control of stem cell differentiation using soluble factors, biophysical cues, and electromagnetic signals. This study discusses different tissue- and organ-on-chip platforms (i.e., skin, brain, blood-brain barrier, bone marrow, heart, liver, lung, tumor, and vascular), with an emphasis on the critical role of stem cells in the synthesis of complex tissues. This study further recaps the design, fabrication, high-throughput performance, and improved functionality of stem-cell-based OOCs, technical challenges, obstacles against implementing their potential applications, and future perspectives related to different experimental platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Geraili
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering; Sharif University of Technology; Azadi, Tehran 14588-89694 Iran
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering; Western University; London N6A 5B9 ON Canada
| | - Parya Jafari
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering; Western University; London N6A 5B9 ON Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering; Sharif University of Technology; Azadi, Tehran 14588-89694 Iran
| | - Mohsen Sheikh Hassani
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering; Carleton University; 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa K1S 5B6 ON Canada
| | - Behnaz Heidary Araghi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Sharif University of Technology; Azadi, Tehran 14588-89694 Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Amir Mohammad Ghafari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology; Tehran 16635-148 Iran
| | - Sara Hasanpour Tamrin
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory (BioM); Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary T2N 1N4 AB Canada
| | - Hassan Pezeshgi Modarres
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory (BioM); Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary T2N 1N4 AB Canada
| | - Ahmad Rezaei Kolahchi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory (BioM); Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary T2N 1N4 AB Canada
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory (BioM); Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary T2N 1N4 AB Canada
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education; Biomedical Engineering Program; University of Calgary; Calgary T2N 1N4 AB Canada
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118
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Rigamonti A, Repetti GG, Sun C, Price FD, Reny DC, Rapino F, Weisinger K, Benkler C, Peterson QP, Davidow LS, Hansson EM, Rubin LL. Large-Scale Production of Mature Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Three-Dimensional Suspension Culture System. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 6:993-1008. [PMID: 27304920 PMCID: PMC4912437 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer a renewable source of cells that can be expanded indefinitely and differentiated into virtually any type of cell in the human body, including neurons. This opens up unprecedented possibilities to study neuronal cell and developmental biology and cellular pathology of the nervous system, provides a platform for the screening of chemical libraries that affect these processes, and offers a potential source of transplantable cells for regenerative approaches to neurological disease. However, defining protocols that permit a large number and high yield of neurons has proved difficult. We present differentiation protocols for the generation of distinct subtypes of neurons in a highly reproducible manner, with minimal experiment-to-experiment variation. These neurons form synapses with neighboring cells, exhibit spontaneous electrical activity, and respond appropriately to depolarization. hPSC-derived neurons exhibit a high degree of maturation and survive in culture for up to 4-5 months, even without astrocyte feeder layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rigamonti
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Giuliana G Repetti
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chicheng Sun
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Feodor D Price
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Danielle C Reny
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Francesca Rapino
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Karen Weisinger
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chen Benkler
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Quinn P Peterson
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lance S Davidow
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Emil M Hansson
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, KI-AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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119
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Björk S, Ojala EA, Nordström T, Ahola A, Liljeström M, Hyttinen J, Kankuri E, Mervaala E. Evaluation of Optogenetic Electrophysiology Tools in Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Front Physiol 2017; 8:884. [PMID: 29163220 PMCID: PMC5673656 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current cardiac drug safety assessments focus on hERG channel block and QT prolongation for evaluating arrhythmic risks, whereas the optogenetic approach focuses on the action potential (AP) waveform generated by a monolayer of human cardiomyocytes beating synchronously, thus assessing the contribution of several ion channels on the overall drug effect. This novel tool provides arrhythmogenic sensitizing by light-induced pacing in combination with non-invasive, all-optical measurements of cardiomyocyte APs and will improve assessment of drug-induced electrophysiological aberrancies. With the help of patch clamp electrophysiology measurements, we aimed to investigate whether the optogenetic modifications alter human cardiomyocytes' electrophysiology and how well the optogenetic analyses perform against this gold standard. Patch clamp electrophysiology measurements of non-transduced stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes compared to cells expressing the commercially available optogenetic constructs Optopatch and CaViar revealed no significant changes in action potential duration (APD) parameters. Thus, inserting the optogenetic constructs into cardiomyocytes does not significantly affect the cardiomyocyte's electrophysiological properties. When comparing the two methods against each other (patch clamp vs. optogenetic imaging) we found no significant differences in APD parameters for the Optopatch transduced cells, whereas the CaViar transduced cells exhibited modest increases in APD-values measured with optogenetic imaging. Thus, to broaden the screen, we combined optogenetic measurements of membrane potential and calcium transients with contractile motion measured by video motion tracking. Furthermore, to assess how optogenetic measurements can predict changes in membrane potential, or early afterdepolarizations (EADs), cells were exposed to cumulating doses of E-4031, a hERG potassium channel blocker, and drug effects were measured at both spontaneous and paced beating rates (1, 2 Hz). Cumulating doses of E-4031 produced prolonged APDs, followed by EADs and drug-induced quiescence. These observations were corroborated by patch clamp and contractility measurements. Similar responses, although more modest were seen with the IKs potassium channel blocker JNJ-303. In conclusion, optogenetic measurements of AP waveforms combined with optical pacing compare well with the patch clamp gold standard. Combined with video motion contractile measurements, optogenetic imaging provides an appealing alternative for electrophysiological screening of human cardiomyocyte responses in pharmacological efficacy and safety testings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Björk
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina A Ojala
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommy Nordström
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Ahola
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Liljeström
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Mervaala
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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120
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Uchimura T, Otomo J, Sato M, Sakurai H. A human iPS cell myogenic differentiation system permitting high-throughput drug screening. Stem Cell Res 2017; 25:98-106. [PMID: 29125995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophy is a disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. There are currently no available treatments for most muscular diseases, such as muscular dystrophy. Moreover, current therapeutics are focused on improving the quality of life of patients by relieving the symptoms or stress caused by the disease. Although the causative genes for many muscular diseases have been identified, the mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis remain unclear. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become a powerful tool for understanding the pathogenesis of intractable diseases, as well as for phenotype screening, which can serve as the basis for developing new drugs. However, it is necessary to develop an efficient and reproducible myogenic differentiation system. Previously, we reported a tetracycline-inducible MyoD overexpression model of myogenic differentiation using human iPSCs (hiPSCs). However, this model has certain disadvantages that limit its use in various applications, such as a drug screening. In this study, we developed an efficient and reproducible myogenic differentiation system by further modifying our previous protocol. The new protocol achieves efficient differentiation of feeder-free hiPSCs to myogenic cells via small-scale culture in six-well microplates to large-scale culture in 384-well microplates for high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Uchimura
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Jun Otomo
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masae Sato
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sakurai
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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121
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Chandrasekaran A, Avci HX, Ochalek A, Rösingh LN, Molnár K, László L, Bellák T, Téglási A, Pesti K, Mike A, Phanthong P, Bíró O, Hall V, Kitiyanant N, Krause KH, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A. Comparison of 2D and 3D neural induction methods for the generation of neural progenitor cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2017; 25:139-151. [PMID: 29128818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are frequently induced using 3D culture methodologies however, it is unknown whether spheroid-based (3D) neural induction is actually superior to monolayer (2D) neural induction. Our aim was to compare the efficiency of 2D induction with 3D induction method in their ability to generate NPCs, and subsequently neurons and astrocytes. Neural differentiation was analysed at the protein level qualitatively by immunocytochemistry and quantitatively by flow cytometry for NPC (SOX1, PAX6, NESTIN), neuronal (MAP2, TUBB3), cortical layer (TBR1, CUX1) and glial markers (SOX9, GFAP, AQP4). Electron microscopy demonstrated that both methods resulted in morphologically similar neural rosettes. However, quantification of NPCs derived from 3D neural induction exhibited an increase in the number of PAX6/NESTIN double positive cells and the derived neurons exhibited longer neurites. In contrast, 2D neural induction resulted in more SOX1 positive cells. While 2D monolayer induction resulted in slightly less mature neurons, at an early stage of differentiation, the patch clamp analysis failed to reveal any significant differences between the electrophysiological properties between the two induction methods. In conclusion, 3D neural induction increases the yield of PAX6+/NESTIN+ cells and gives rise to neurons with longer neurites, which might be an advantage for the production of forebrain cortical neurons, highlighting the potential of 3D neural induction, independent of iPSCs' genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Chandrasekaran
- BioTalentum Ltd, Gödöllő, Hungary; Molecular Animal Biotechnology Lab, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Hasan X Avci
- BioTalentum Ltd, Gödöllő, Hungary; Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna Ochalek
- BioTalentum Ltd, Gödöllő, Hungary; Molecular Animal Biotechnology Lab, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Lone N Rösingh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos László
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bellák
- BioTalentum Ltd, Gödöllő, Hungary; Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Krisztina Pesti
- Opto-Neuropharmacology Group, MTA-ELTE NAP B, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arpad Mike
- Opto-Neuropharmacology Group, MTA-ELTE NAP B, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Phetcharat Phanthong
- BioTalentum Ltd, Gödöllő, Hungary; Stem Cell Research Group, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orsolya Bíró
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vanessa Hall
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Narisorn Kitiyanant
- Stem Cell Research Group, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd, Gödöllő, Hungary; Molecular Animal Biotechnology Lab, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary.
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122
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Yan Y, Song L, Madinya J, Ma T, Li Y. Derivation of Cortical Spheroids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Suspension Bioreactor. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:418-431. [PMID: 28825364 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) emerge as a promising source to construct human brain-like tissues, spheroids, or organoids in vitro for disease modeling and drug screening. A suspension bioreactor can be used to generate large size of brain organoids from hiPSCs through enhanced diffusion, but the influence of a dynamic bioreactor culture environment on neural tissue patterning from hiPSCs has not been well understood. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of a suspension bioreactor culture on cortical spheroid (i.e., forebrain-like aggregates) formation from hiPSCs. Single undifferentiated hiPSK3 cells or preformed embryoid bodies were inoculated into the bioreactor. Aggregate size distribution, neural marker expression (e.g., Nestin, PAX6, β-tubulin III, and MAP-2), and cortical tissue patterning markers (e.g., TBR1, BRN2, SATB2, and vGlut1) were evaluated with static control. Bioreactor culture was found to promote the expression of TBR1, a deep cortical layer VI marker, and temporally affect SATB2, a superficial cortical layer II-IV marker that appears later according to inside-out cortical tissue development. Prolonged culture after 70 days showed layer-specific cortical structure in the spheroids. Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -3 was also observed for bioreactor and static culture. The altered expression of cortical markers by a suspension bioreactor indicates the importance of culture environment on cortical tissue development from hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Liqing Song
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Jason Madinya
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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123
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Coyac BR, Hoac B, Chafey P, Falgayrac G, Slimani L, Rowe PS, Penel G, Linglart A, McKee MD, Chaussain C, Bardet C. Defective Mineralization in X-Linked Hypophosphatemia Dental Pulp Cell Cultures. J Dent Res 2017; 97:184-191. [PMID: 28880715 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517728497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a skeletal disease caused by inactivating mutations in the PHEX gene. Mutated or absent PHEX protein/enzyme leads to a decreased serum phosphate level, which cause mineralization defects in the skeleton and teeth (osteomalacia/odontomalacia). It is not yet altogether clear whether these manifestations are caused solely by insufficient circulating phosphate availability for mineralization or also by a direct, local intrinsic effect caused by impaired PHEX activity. Here, we evaluated the local role of PHEX in a 3-dimensional model of extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization. Dense collagen hydrogels were seeded either with human dental pulp cells from patients with characterized PHEX mutations or with sex- and age-matched healthy controls and cultured up to 24 d using osteogenic medium with standard phosphate concentration. Calcium quantification, micro-computed tomography, and histology with von Kossa staining for mineral showed significantly lower mineralization in XLH cell-seeded scaffolds, using nonparametric statistical tests. While apatitic mineralization was observed along collagen fibrils by electron microscopy in both groups, Raman microspectrometry indicated that XLH cells harboring the PHEX mutation produced less mineralized scaffolds having impaired mineral quality with less carbonate substitution and lower crystallinity. In the XLH cultures, immunoblotting revealed more abundant osteopontin (OPN), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) than controls, as well as the presence of fragments of these proteins not found in controls, suggesting a role for PHEX in SIBLING protein degradation. Immunohistochemistry revealed altered OPN and DMP1 associated with an increased alkaline phosphatase staining in the XLH cultures. These results are consistent with impaired PHEX activity having local ECM effects in XLH. Future treatments for XLH should target both systemic and local manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Coyac
- 1 EA 2496 Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental School University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Life imaging Platform (PIV), Montrouge, France.,2 Department of Periodontology, U.F.R. of Odontology, Rothschild Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.,3 Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - B Hoac
- 3 Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - P Chafey
- 4 INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin and Proteomic core facility of University Paris Descartes (3P5) Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - G Falgayrac
- 5 Lille University, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4490-PMOI-Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bone Diseases, Lille, France
| | - L Slimani
- 1 EA 2496 Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental School University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Life imaging Platform (PIV), Montrouge, France
| | - P S Rowe
- 6 The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - G Penel
- 5 Lille University, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4490-PMOI-Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bone Diseases, Lille, France
| | - A Linglart
- 7 APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Plateforme of Expertise Paris Sud for Rare Disesdes, filière OSCAR, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,8 INSERM U1169, University Paris Sud Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - M D McKee
- 3 Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,9 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - C Chaussain
- 1 EA 2496 Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental School University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Life imaging Platform (PIV), Montrouge, France.,7 APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Plateforme of Expertise Paris Sud for Rare Disesdes, filière OSCAR, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,10 Department of Odontology, Bretonneau Hospital PNVS, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - C Bardet
- 1 EA 2496 Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental School University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Life imaging Platform (PIV), Montrouge, France
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Liu B, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. Neuroprotective potential of astroglia. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:2126-2139. [PMID: 28836687 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia are the homoeostatic cells of the central nervous system, which participate in all essential functions of the brain. Astrocytes support neuronal networks by handling water and ion fluxes, transmitter clearance, provision of antioxidants, and metabolic precursors and growth factors. The critical dependence of neurons on constant support from the astrocytes confers astrocytes with intrinsic neuroprotective properties. On the other hand, loss of astrocytic support or their pathological transformation compromises neuronal functionality and viability. Manipulating neuroprotective functions of astrocytes is thus an important strategy to enhance neuronal survival and improve outcomes in disease states. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihui Liu
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - A G Teschemacher
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.,Institute of Living Systems, School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
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125
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Zhou R, Xu A, Gingold J, Strong LC, Zhao R, Lee DF. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Disease Model: A Platform to Develop Precision Cancer Therapy Targeting Oncogenic p53. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:908-927. [PMID: 28818333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare hereditary autosomal dominant cancer disorder. Germline mutations in TP53, the gene encoding p53, are responsible for most cases of LFS. TP53 is also the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers. Because inhibition of mutant p53 is considered to be a promising therapeutic strategy to treat these diseases, LFS provides a perfect genetic model to study p53 mutation-associated malignancies as well as to screen potential compounds targeting oncogenic p53. In this review we briefly summarize the biology of LFS and current understanding of the oncogenic functions of mutant p53 in cancer development. We discuss the strengths and limitations of current LFS disease models, and touch on existing compounds targeting oncogenic p53 and in vitro clinical trials to develop new ones. Finally, we discuss how recently developed methodologies can be integrated into the LFS induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) platform to develop precision cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoji Zhou
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - An Xu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Julian Gingold
- Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Louise C Strong
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ruiying Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Dung-Fang Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics and School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Neuronal Models for the Study of Autophagy Pathways in Human Neurodegenerative Disease. Cells 2017; 6:cells6030024. [PMID: 28800101 PMCID: PMC5617970 DOI: 10.3390/cells6030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are invaluable tools for research into the causes of diverse human diseases, and have enormous potential in the emerging field of regenerative medicine. Our ability to reprogramme patient cells to become hiPSCs, and to subsequently direct their differentiation towards those classes of neurons that are vulnerable to stress, is revealing how genetic mutations cause changes at the molecular level that drive the complex pathogeneses of human neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy dysregulation is considered to be a major contributor in neural decline during the onset and progression of many human neurodegenerative diseases, meaning that a better understanding of the control of non-selective and selective autophagy pathways (including mitophagy) in disease-affected classes of neurons is needed. To achieve this, it is essential that the methodologies commonly used to study autophagy regulation under basal and stressed conditions in standard cell-line models are accurately applied when using hiPSC-derived neuronal cultures. Here, we discuss the roles and control of autophagy in human stem cells, and how autophagy contributes to neural differentiation in vitro. We also describe how autophagy-monitoring tools can be applied to hiPSC-derived neurons for the study of human neurodegenerative disease in vitro.
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Sontag S, Förster M, Seré K, Zenke M. Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS Cells) and Embryonic Stem Cells (ES Cells) into Dendritic Cell (DC) Subsets. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2419. [PMID: 34541147 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are engineered stem cells, which exhibit properties very similar to embryonic stem cells (ES cells; Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2016). Both iPS cells and ES cells have an extraordinary self-renewal capacity and can differentiate into all cell types of our body, including hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and dendritic cells (DC) derived thereof. This makes iPS cells particularly well suited for studying molecular mechanisms of diseases, drug discovery and regenerative therapy ( Grskovic et al., 2011 ; Bellin et al., 2012 ; Robinton and Daley, 2012). DC are the major antigen presenting cells of the immune system and thus they are key players in modulating and directing immune responses ( Merad et al., 2013 ). DC patrol peripheral and interface tissues (e.g., lung, intestine and skin) to detect invading pathogens, and upon activation they migrate to lymph nodes to activate and prime lymphocytes. DC comprise a phenotypically heterogeneous family with functionally specialized subsets (Schlitzer and Ginhoux, 2014). Generally, classical DC (cDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) are distinguished, exhibiting a classical and plasma cell-like DC morphology, respectively. cDC recognize a multitude of pathogens and secrete proinflammatory cytokines upon activation, while pDC are specialized to detect intracellular pathogens and secrete type I interferons ( Merad et al., 2013 ; Schlitzer and Ginhoux, 2014). cDC are further divided into cross-presenting cDC1 and conventional cDC2, in the human system referred to as CD141+ Clec9a+ cDC1 and CD1c+ CD14- cDC2. Human pDC are characterized as CD303+ CD304+ ( Jongbloed et al., 2010 ; Joffre et al., 2012 ; Swiecki and Colonna, 2015). To investigate subset specification and function of human DC, we established a protocol to generate cDC1, cDC2 and pDC in vitro from human iPS cells (or ES cells) ( Sontag et al., 2017 ). Therefore, we differentiated iPS cells (or ES cells), via mesoderm commitment and hemato-endothelial specification, into CD43+ CD31+ hematopoietic progenitors. Subsequently, those were seeded onto inactivated OP9 stromal cells with FLT3L, SCF, GM-CSF and IL-4 or FLT3L, SCF and GM-CSF to specify cDC1 and cDC2, or cDC1 and pDC, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sontag
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Malrun Förster
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristin Seré
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Hino K, Horigome K, Nishio M, Komura S, Nagata S, Zhao C, Jin Y, Kawakami K, Yamada Y, Ohta A, Toguchida J, Ikeya M. Activin-A enhances mTOR signaling to promote aberrant chondrogenesis in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3339-3352. [PMID: 28758906 DOI: 10.1172/jci93521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare and intractable disease characterized by extraskeletal bone formation through endochondral ossification. Patients with FOP harbor point mutations in ACVR1, a type I receptor for BMPs. Although mutated ACVR1 (FOP-ACVR1) has been shown to render hyperactivity in BMP signaling, we and others have uncovered a mechanism by which FOP-ACVR1 mistransduces BMP signaling in response to Activin-A, a molecule that normally transduces TGF-β signaling. Although Activin-A evokes enhanced chondrogenesis in vitro and heterotopic ossification (HO) in vivo, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be revealed. To this end, we developed a high-throughput screening (HTS) system using FOP patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (FOP-iPSCs) to identify pivotal pathways in enhanced chondrogenesis that are initiated by Activin-A. In a screen of 6,809 small-molecule compounds, we identified mTOR signaling as a critical pathway for the aberrant chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from FOP-iPSCs (FOP-iMSCs). Two different HO mouse models, an FOP model mouse expressing FOP-ACVR1 and an FOP-iPSC-based HO model mouse, revealed critical roles for mTOR signaling in vivo. Moreover, we identified ENPP2, an enzyme that generates lysophosphatidic acid, as a linker of FOP-ACVR1 and mTOR signaling in chondrogenesis. These results uncovered the crucial role of the Activin-A/FOP-ACVR1/ENPP2/mTOR axis in FOP pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Hino
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPS Cell-Based Drug Discovery, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Horigome
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPS Cell-Based Drug Discovery, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Megumi Nishio
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, and
| | - Shingo Komura
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sanae Nagata
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chengzhu Zhao
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yonghui Jin
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, and.,Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science (iACT), Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS)
| | - Akira Ohta
- Department of Fundamental Cell Technology, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, and
| | - Junya Toguchida
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, and.,Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science (iACT), Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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129
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Lin YH, Jewell BE, Gingold J, Lu L, Zhao R, Wang LL, Lee DF. Osteosarcoma: Molecular Pathogenesis and iPSC Modeling. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:737-755. [PMID: 28735817 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rare hereditary disorders provide unequivocal evidence of the importance of genes in human disease pathogenesis. Familial syndromes that predispose to osteosarcomagenesis are invaluable in understanding the underlying genetics of this malignancy. Recently, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been successfully utilized to model Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS)-associated bone malignancy, demonstrating that iPSCs can serve as an in vitro disease model to elucidate osteosarcoma etiology. We provide here an overview of osteosarcoma predisposition syndromes and review recently established iPSC disease models for these familial syndromes. Merging molecular information gathered from these models with the current knowledge of osteosarcoma biology will help us to gain a deeper understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying osteosarcomagenesis and will potentially aid in the development of future patient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Brittany E Jewell
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Julian Gingold
- Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Linchao Lu
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ruiying Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lisa L Wang
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dung-Fang Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics and School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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130
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Papapetrou EP. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells in cancer research and precision oncology. Nat Med 2017; 22:1392-1401. [PMID: 27923030 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Together with recent advances in the processing and culture of human tissue, bioengineering, xenotransplantation and genome editing, Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) present a range of new opportunities for the study of human cancer. Here we discuss the main advantages and limitations of iPSC modeling, and how the method intersects with other patient-derived models of cancer, such as organoids, organs-on-chips and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). We highlight the opportunities that iPSC models can provide beyond those offered by existing systems and animal models and present current challenges and crucial areas for future improvements toward wider adoption of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini P Papapetrou
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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131
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Zenke M. Stem cells: from biomedical research towards clinical applications. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:683-685. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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132
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Kaewkhaw R, Swaroop M, Homma K, Nakamura J, Brooks M, Kaya KD, Chaitankar V, Michael S, Tawa G, Zou J, Rao M, Zheng W, Cogliati T, Swaroop A. Treatment Paradigms for Retinal and Macular Diseases Using 3-D Retina Cultures Derived From Human Reporter Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:ORSFl1-ORSFl11. [PMID: 27116668 PMCID: PMC4855830 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We discuss the use of pluripotent stem cell lines carrying fluorescent reporters driven by retinal promoters to derive three-dimensional (3-D) retina in culture and how this system can be exploited for elucidating human retinal biology, creating disease models in a dish, and designing targeted drug screens for retinal and macular degeneration. Furthermore, we realize that stem cell investigations are labor-intensive and require extensive resources. To expedite scientific discovery by sharing of resources and to avoid duplication of efforts, we propose the formation of a Retinal Stem Cell Consortium. In the field of vision, such collaborative approaches have been enormously successful in elucidating genetic susceptibility associated with age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossukon Kaewkhaw
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States 2Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manju Swaroop
- National Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Kohei Homma
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jutaro Nakamura
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Matthew Brooks
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Koray Dogan Kaya
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Vijender Chaitankar
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Sam Michael
- National Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Gregory Tawa
- National Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Jizhong Zou
- iPSC Core, Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Mahendra Rao
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, New York, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Tiziana Cogliati
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Extracellular matrix nitration alters growth factor release and activates bioactive complement in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177763. [PMID: 28505174 PMCID: PMC5432172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We have shown previously that non-enzymatic nitration (NEN) of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which serves as a model of Bruch’s membrane (BM) aging, has a profound effect on the behavior of the overlying retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, including altered phagocytic ability, reduced cell adhesion, and inhibition of proliferation. We know that transplanted RPE monolayers will encounter a hostile sub-RPE environment, including age-related alterations in BM that may compromise cell function and survival. Here we use our previous NEN model of BM aging to determine the effects of NEN of the ECM on growth factor release and complement activation in RPE cells. Methods Human induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were differentiated into RPE cells, and confirmed by immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction. IPSC-derived RPE cells were plated onto RPE-derived ECM under untreated or nitrite-modified conditions. Cells were cultured for 7 days and barrier function measured by transepithelial resistance (TER). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), and complement component C3a were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results On average nitrite-modified ECM increased VEGF release both apically and basally by 0.15 ± 0.014 ng/mL (p <0.0001) and 0.21 ± 0.022 ng/mL (p <0.0001), respectively, in iPSC-derived RPE cells. Nitrite-modified ECM increased PEDF release in iPSC-derived RPE cells apically by 0.16 ± 0.031 ng/mL (p <0.0001), but not basally (0.27 ± 0.015 vs. 0.32 ± 0.029 ng/mL, (p >0.05)). Nitrite-modified ECM increased production of C3a in iPSC-derived RPE cells by 0.52 ± 0.123 ng/mL (p <0.05). Conclusion Nitrite-modified ECM increased VEGF, PEDF release, and C3a production in human iPSC-derived RPE cells. This model demonstrates changes seen in the basement membrane can lead to alterations in the cell biology of the RPE cells that may be related to the development of age-related macular degeneration.
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Marti-Figueroa CR, Ashton RS. The case for applying tissue engineering methodologies to instruct human organoid morphogenesis. Acta Biomater 2017; 54:35-44. [PMID: 28315813 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) derivatives have become widely used in vitro models for studying development and disease. Their ability to recapitulate facets of normal human development during in vitro morphogenesis produces tissue structures with unprecedented biomimicry. Current organoid derivation protocols primarily rely on spontaneous morphogenesis processes to occur within 3-D spherical cell aggregates with minimal to no exogenous control. This yields organoids containing microscale regions of biomimetic tissues, but at the macroscale (i.e. 100's of microns to millimeters), the organoids' morphology, cytoarchitecture, and cellular composition are non-biomimetic and variable. The current lack of control over in vitro organoid morphogenesis at the microscale induces aberrations at the macroscale, which impedes realization of the technology's potential to reproducibly form anatomically correct human tissue units that could serve as optimal human in vitro models and even transplants. Here, we review tissue engineering methodologies that could be used to develop powerful approaches for instructing multiscale, 3-D human organoid morphogenesis. Such technological mergers are critically needed to harness organoid morphogenesis as a tool for engineering functional human tissues with biomimetic anatomy and physiology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Human PSC-derived 3-D organoids are revolutionizing the biomedical sciences. They enable the study of development and disease within patient-specific genetic backgrounds and unprecedented biomimetic tissue microenvironments. However, their uncontrolled, spontaneous morphogenesis at the microscale yields inconsistences in macroscale organoid morphology, cytoarchitecture, and cellular composition that limits their standardization and application. Integration of tissue engineering methods with organoid derivation protocols could allow us to harness their potential by instructing standardized in vitro morphogenesis to generate organoids with biomimicry at all scales. Such advancements would enable the use of organoids as a basis for 'next-generation' tissue engineering of functional, anatomically mimetic human tissues and potentially novel organ transplants. Here, we discuss critical aspects of organoid morphogenesis where application of innovative tissue engineering methodologies would yield significant advancement towards this goal.
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135
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Grixti JM, O'Hagan S, Day PJ, Kell DB. Enhancing Drug Efficacy and Therapeutic Index through Cheminformatics-Based Selection of Small Molecule Binary Weapons That Improve Transporter-Mediated Targeting: A Cytotoxicity System Based on Gemcitabine. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:155. [PMID: 28396636 PMCID: PMC5366350 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of drug molecules is mainly determined by the distribution of influx and efflux transporters for which they are substrates. To enable tissue targeting, we sought to develop the idea that we might affect the transporter-mediated disposition of small-molecule drugs via the addition of a second small molecule that of itself had no inhibitory pharmacological effect but that influenced the expression of transporters for the primary drug. We refer to this as a “binary weapon” strategy. The experimental system tested the ability of a molecule that on its own had no cytotoxic effect to increase the toxicity of the nucleoside analog gemcitabine to Panc1 pancreatic cancer cells. An initial phenotypic screen of a 500-member polar drug (fragment) library yielded three “hits.” The structures of 20 of the other 2,000 members of this library suite had a Tanimoto similarity greater than 0.7 to those of the initial hits, and each was itself a hit (the cheminformatics thus providing for a massive enrichment). We chose the top six representatives for further study. They fell into three clusters whose members bore reasonable structural similarities to each other (two were in fact isomers), lending strength to the self-consistency of both our conceptual and experimental strategies. Existing literature had suggested that indole-3-carbinol might play a similar role to that of our fragments, but in our hands it was without effect; nor was it structurally similar to any of our hits. As there was no evidence that the fragments could affect toxicity directly, we looked for effects on transporter transcript levels. In our hands, only the ENT1-3 uptake and ABCC2,3,4,5, and 10 efflux transporters displayed measurable transcripts in Panc1 cultures, along with a ribonucleoside reductase RRM1 known to affect gemcitabine toxicity. Very strikingly, the addition of gemcitabine alone increased the expression of the transcript for ABCC2 (MRP2) by more than 12-fold, and that of RRM1 by more than fourfold, and each of the fragment “hits” served to reverse this. However, an inhibitor of ABCC2 was without significant effect, implying that RRM1 was possibly the more significant player. These effects were somewhat selective for Panc cells. It seems, therefore, that while the effects we measured were here mediated more by efflux than influx transporters, and potentially by other means, the binary weapon idea is hereby fully confirmed: it is indeed possible to find molecules that manipulate the expression of transporters that are involved in the bioactivity of a pharmaceutical drug. This opens up an entirely new area, that of chemical genomics-based drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Grixti
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Steve O'Hagan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Philip J Day
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
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136
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Kim SJ, Jung JW, Ha HY, Koo SK, Kim EG, Kim JH. Generation of hematopoietic stem cells from human embryonic stem cells using a defined, stepwise, serum-free, and serum replacement-free monolayer culture method. Blood Res 2017; 52:37-43. [PMID: 28401100 PMCID: PMC5383586 DOI: 10.5045/br.2017.52.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be expanded infinitely in vitro and have the potential to differentiate into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); thus, they are considered a useful source of cells for HSC production. Although several technical in vitro methods for engineering HSCs from pluripotent stem cells have been developed, clinical application of HSCs engineered from pluripotent stem cells is restricted because of the possibility of xenogeneic contamination resulting from the use of murine materials. Methods Human ESCs (CHA-hES15) were cultured on growth factor-reduced Matrigel-coated dishes in the mTeSR1 serum-free medium. When the cells were 70% confluent, we initiated HSC differentiation by three methods involving (1) knockout serum replacement (KSR), cytokines, TGFb1, EPO, and FLT3L; (2) KSR, cytokines, and bFGF; or (3) cytokines and bFGF. Results Among the three differentiation methods, the minimal number of cytokines without KSR resulted in the greatest production of HSCs. The optimized method resulted in a higher proportion of CD34+CD43+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and CD34+CD45+ HPCs compared to the other methods. In addition, the HSCs showed the potential to differentiate into multiple lineages of hematopoietic cells in vitro. Conclusion In this study, we optimized a two-step, serum-free, animal protein-free, KSR-free, feeder-free, chemically defined monolayer culture method for generation of HSCs and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Jung Kim
- Division of Intractable Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health and Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea.; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Jung
- Division of Intractable Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health and Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hye-Yeong Ha
- Division of Intractable Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health and Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Koo
- Division of Intractable Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health and Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Division of Intractable Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health and Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
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137
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Appelt-Menzel A, Cubukova A, Günther K, Edenhofer F, Piontek J, Krause G, Stüber T, Walles H, Neuhaus W, Metzger M. Establishment of a Human Blood-Brain Barrier Co-culture Model Mimicking the Neurovascular Unit Using Induced Pluri- and Multipotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:894-906. [PMID: 28344002 PMCID: PMC5390136 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro models of the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) are highly desirable for drug development. This study aims to analyze a set of ten different BBB culture models based on primary cells, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and multipotent fetal neural stem cells (fNSCs). We systematically investigated the impact of astrocytes, pericytes, and NSCs on hiPSC-derived BBB endothelial cell function and gene expression. The quadruple culture models, based on these four cell types, achieved BBB characteristics including transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) up to 2,500 Ω cm2 and distinct upregulation of typical BBB genes. A complex in vivo-like tight junction (TJ) network was detected by freeze-fracture and transmission electron microscopy. Treatment with claudin-specific TJ modulators caused TEER decrease, confirming the relevant role of claudin subtypes for paracellular tightness. Drug permeability tests with reference substances were performed and confirmed the suitability of the models for drug transport studies. Establishment of a standardized human BBB co-culture model based on hiPSCs and fNSCs Reflection of physiological BBB integrity and expression of relevant transporters/TJs Confirmation of TJ network functionality by claudin-specific TJ modulators Validation of physiological transcellular model tightness by permeability studies
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Appelt-Menzel
- University Hospital Würzburg, Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Translational Center Würzburg "Regenerative Therapies for Oncology and Musculoskeletal Diseases", Branch of Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alevtina Cubukova
- Translational Center Würzburg "Regenerative Therapies for Oncology and Musculoskeletal Diseases", Branch of Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Günther
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Group, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Group, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Institute of Molecular Biology & CMBI, Department Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Clinical Physiology & Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology & Infectious Diseases, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Stüber
- University Hospital Würzburg, Women's Hospital and Polyclinic, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- University Hospital Würzburg, Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Translational Center Würzburg "Regenerative Therapies for Oncology and Musculoskeletal Diseases", Branch of Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Competence Center Health and Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Metzger
- University Hospital Würzburg, Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Translational Center Würzburg "Regenerative Therapies for Oncology and Musculoskeletal Diseases", Branch of Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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138
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Kanda Y, Yamazaki D, Sekino Y. Development of new pharmacological test methods using human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2017; 149:110-114. [PMID: 28260739 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.149.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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139
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Generation of Human Liver Chimeric Mice with Hepatocytes from Familial Hypercholesterolemia Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:605-618. [PMID: 28262545 PMCID: PMC5355732 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) causes elevation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood and carries an increased risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease. A caveat for exploration of new therapies for FH is the lack of adequate experimental models. We have created a comprehensive FH stem cell model with differentiated hepatocytes (iHeps) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), including genetically engineered iPSCs, for testing therapies for FH. We used FH iHeps to assess the effect of simvastatin and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) antibodies on LDL-C uptake and cholesterol lowering in vitro. In addition, we engrafted FH iHeps into the liver of Ldlr-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- mice, and assessed the effect of these same medications on LDL-C clearance and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in vivo. Our iHep models recapitulate clinical observations of higher potency of PCSK9 antibodies compared with statins for reversing the consequences of FH, demonstrating the utility for preclinical testing of new therapies for FH patients.
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140
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Kropp EM, Broniowska KA, Waas M, Nycz A, Corbett JA, Gundry RL. Cardiomyocyte Differentiation Promotes Cell Survival During Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Inhibition Through Increased Maintenance of Cellular Energy Stores. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1191-1201. [PMID: 28224719 PMCID: PMC5442850 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To address concerns regarding the tumorigenic potential of undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) that may remain after in vitro differentiation and ultimately limit the broad use of hPSC‐derivatives for therapeutics, we recently described a method to selectively eliminate tumorigenic hPSC from their progeny by inhibiting nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Limited exposure to NAMPT inhibitors selectively removes hPSC from hPSC‐derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC‐CM) and spares a wide range of differentiated cell types; yet, it remains unclear when and how cells acquire resistance to NAMPT inhibition during differentiation. In this study, we examined the effects of NAMPT inhibition among multiple time points of cardiomyocyte differentiation. Overall, these studies show that in vitro cardiomyogenic commitment and continued culturing provides resistance to NAMPT inhibition and cell survival is associated with the ability to maintain cellular ATP pools despite depletion of NAD levels. Unlike cells at earlier stages of differentiation, day 28 hPSC‐CM can survive longer periods of NAMPT inhibition and maintain ATP generation by glycolysis and/or mitochondrial respiration. This is distinct from terminally differentiated fibroblasts, which maintain mitochondrial respiration during NAMPT inhibition. Overall, these results provide new mechanistic insight into how regulation of cellular NAD and energy pools change with hPSC‐CM differentiation and further inform how NAMPT inhibition strategies could be implemented within the context of cardiomyocyte differentiation. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:1191–1201
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Kropp
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Matthew Waas
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alyssa Nycz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John A Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rebekah L Gundry
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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141
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Hegde RN, Subramanian A, Pothukuchi P, Parashuraman S, Luini A. Rare ER protein misfolding-mistrafficking disorders: Therapeutic developments. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:175-185. [PMID: 28222887 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a functional protein at the appropriate location in the cell is the result of the processes of transcription, translation, folding and trafficking to the correct destination. There are numerous diseases that are caused by protein misfolding, mainly due to mutations in the respective gene. The consequences of this misfolding may be that proteins effectively lose their function, either by being removed by the cellular quality control machinery or by accumulating at the incorrect intracellular or extracellular location. A number of mutations that lead to protein misfolding and affect trafficking to the final destination, e.g. Cystic fibrosis, Wilson's disease, and Progressive Familial Intrahepatic 1 cholestasis, result in proteins that retain partial function if their folding and trafficking is restored either by molecular or pharmacological means. In this review, we discuss several mutant proteins within this class of misfolding diseases and provide an update on the status of molecular and therapeutic developments and potential therapeutic strategies being developed to counter these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Advait Subramanian
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Alberto Luini
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico SDN, Naples, Italy
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142
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Molokanova E, Mercola M, Savchenko A. Bringing new dimensions to drug discovery screening: impact of cellular stimulation technologies. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1045-1055. [PMID: 28179145 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The current mandate for the drug discovery industry is to develop more efficient drugs faster while reducing the costs associated with their development. Incorporation of cell stimulation technologies during screening assays is expected to revolutionize the discovery of novel drugs as well as safety pharmacology. In this review, we highlight 'classical' and emerging cell stimulation technologies that provide the ability to evaluate the effects of drug candidates on cells in different functional states to assess clinically relevant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Molokanova
- Nanotools Bioscience, Encinitas, CA 92024, USA; Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark Mercola
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Alex Savchenko
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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143
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Fagnocchi L, Zippo A. Multiple Roles of MYC in Integrating Regulatory Networks of Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:7. [PMID: 28217689 PMCID: PMC5289991 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are defined by their self-renewal potential, which permits their unlimited propagation, and their pluripotency, being able to generate cell of the three embryonic lineages. These properties render PSCs a valuable tool for both basic and medical research. To induce and stabilize the pluripotent state, complex circuitries involving signaling pathways, transcription regulators and epigenetic mechanisms converge on a core transcriptional regulatory network of PSCs, thus determining their cell identity. Among the transcription factors, MYC represents a central hub, which modulates and integrates multiple mechanisms involved both in the maintenance of pluripotency and in cell reprogramming. Indeed, it instructs the PSC-specific cell cycle, metabolism and epigenetic landscape, contributes to limit exit from pluripotency and modulates signaling cascades affecting the PSC identity. Moreover, MYC extends its regulation on pluripotency by controlling PSC-specific non-coding RNAs. In this report, we review the MYC-controlled networks, which support the pluripotent state and discuss how their perturbation could affect cell identity. We further discuss recent finding demonstrating a central role of MYC in triggering epigenetic memory in PSCs, which depends on the establishment of a WNT-centered self-reinforcing circuit. Finally, we comment on the therapeutic implications of the role of MYC in affecting PSCs. Indeed, PSCs are used for both disease and cancer modeling and to derive cells for regenerative medicine. For these reasons, unraveling the MYC-mediated mechanism in those cells is fundamental to exploit their full potential and to identify therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fagnocchi
- Department of Epigenetics, Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM)Milan, Italy; Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilan, Italy
| | - Alessio Zippo
- Department of Epigenetics, Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM)Milan, Italy; Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilan, Italy
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144
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Sandor C, Robertson P, Lang C, Heger A, Booth H, Vowles J, Witty L, Bowden R, Hu M, Cowley SA, Wade-Martins R, Webber C. Transcriptomic profiling of purified patient-derived dopamine neurons identifies convergent perturbations and therapeutics for Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:552-566. [PMID: 28096185 PMCID: PMC5409122 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies enable the study of inaccessible patient cell types, cellular heterogeneity can confound the comparison of gene expression profiles between iPSC-derived cell lines. Here, we purified iPSC-derived human dopaminergic neurons (DaNs) using the intracellular marker, tyrosine hydroxylase. Once purified, the transcriptomic profiles of iPSC-derived DaNs appear remarkably similar to profiles obtained from mature post-mortem DaNs. Comparison of the profiles of purified iPSC-derived DaNs derived from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients carrying LRRK2 G2019S variants to controls identified significant functional convergence amongst differentially-expressed (DE) genes. The PD LRRK2-G2019S associated profile was positively matched with expression changes induced by the Parkinsonian neurotoxin rotenone and opposed by those induced by clioquinol, a compound with demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in multiple PD models. No functional convergence amongst DE genes was observed following a similar comparison using non-purified iPSC-derived DaN-containing populations, with cellular heterogeneity appearing a greater confound than genotypic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Sandor
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Robertson
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charmaine Lang
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Heger
- MRC Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Program, MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heather Booth
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane Vowles
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorna Witty
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rory Bowden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michele Hu
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally A. Cowley
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caleb Webber
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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145
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Mallanna SK, Waas M, Duncan SA, Gundry RL. N-glycoprotein surfaceome of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived hepatic endoderm. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 27966262 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Using cell surface capture technology, the cell surface N-glycoproteome of human-induced pluripotent stem cell derived hepatic endoderm cells was assessed. Altogether, 395 cell surface N-glycoproteins were identified, represented by 1273 N-glycopeptides. This study identified N-glycoproteins that are not predicted to be localized to the cell surface and provides experimental data that assist in resolving ambiguous or incorrectly annotated transmembrane topology annotations. In a proof-of-concept analysis, combining these data with other cell surface proteome datasets is useful for identifying potentially cell type and lineage restricted markers and drug targets to advance the use of stem cell technologies for mechanistic developmental studies, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Mallanna
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Present address: National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Waas
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Stephen A Duncan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rebekah L Gundry
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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146
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Sontag S, Förster M, Qin J, Wanek P, Mitzka S, Schüler HM, Koschmieder S, Rose-John S, Seré K, Zenke M. Modelling IRF8 Deficient Human Hematopoiesis and Dendritic Cell Development with Engineered iPS Cells. Stem Cells 2017; 35:898-908. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sontag
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Malrun Förster
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Paul Wanek
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Saskia Mitzka
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Herdit M. Schüler
- Department of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation; RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
| | - Kristin Seré
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
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Middelkamp S, van Heesch S, Braat AK, de Ligt J, van Iterson M, Simonis M, van Roosmalen MJ, Kelder MJE, Kruisselbrink E, Hochstenbach R, Verbeek NE, Ippel EF, Adolfs Y, Pasterkamp RJ, Kloosterman WP, Kuijk EW, Cuppen E. Molecular dissection of germline chromothripsis in a developmental context using patient-derived iPS cells. Genome Med 2017; 9:9. [PMID: 28126037 PMCID: PMC5270341 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Germline chromothripsis causes complex genomic rearrangements that are likely to affect multiple genes and their regulatory contexts. The contribution of individual rearrangements and affected genes to the phenotypes of patients with complex germline genomic rearrangements is generally unknown. Methods To dissect the impact of germline chromothripsis in a relevant developmental context, we performed trio-based RNA expression analysis on blood cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and iPSC-derived neuronal cells from a patient with de novo germline chromothripsis and both healthy parents. In addition, Hi-C and 4C-seq experiments were performed to determine the effects of the genomic rearrangements on transcription regulation of genes in the proximity of the breakpoint junctions. Results Sixty-seven genes are located within 1 Mb of the complex chromothripsis rearrangements involving 17 breakpoints on four chromosomes. We find that three of these genes (FOXP1, DPYD, and TWIST1) are both associated with developmental disorders and differentially expressed in the patient. Interestingly, the effect on TWIST1 expression was exclusively detectable in the patient’s iPSC-derived neuronal cells, stressing the need for studying developmental disorders in the biologically relevant context. Chromosome conformation capture analyses show that TWIST1 lost genomic interactions with several enhancers due to the chromothripsis event, which likely led to deregulation of TWIST1 expression and contributed to the patient’s craniosynostosis phenotype. Conclusions We demonstrate that a combination of patient-derived iPSC differentiation and trio-based molecular profiling is a powerful approach to improve the interpretation of pathogenic complex genomic rearrangements. Here we have applied this approach to identify misexpression of TWIST1, FOXP1, and DPYD as key contributors to the complex congenital phenotype resulting from germline chromothripsis rearrangements. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0399-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors Middelkamp
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan van Heesch
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - A Koen Braat
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 6, Utrecht, 3584CT, The Netherlands
| | - Joep de Ligt
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Iterson
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, 2333ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Simonis
- Cergentis B.V., Yalelaan 62, Utrecht, 3584CM, The Netherlands
| | - Markus J van Roosmalen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J E Kelder
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Evelien Kruisselbrink
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology & Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584EA, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Hochstenbach
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke E Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584EA, The Netherlands
| | - Elly F Ippel
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584EA, The Netherlands
| | - Youri Adolfs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Wigard P Kloosterman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Ewart W Kuijk
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands.
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Division Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584CG, The Netherlands.
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Son MY, Kim YD, Seol B, Lee MO, Na HJ, Yoo B, Chang JS, Cho YS. Biomarker Discovery by Modeling Behçet's Disease with Patient-Specific Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:133-145. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Son
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Dae Kim
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Binna Seol
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ok Lee
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jun Na
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bin Yoo
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Suk Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yee Sook Cho
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Flaherty EK, Brennand KJ. Using hiPSCs to model neuropsychiatric copy number variations (CNVs) has potential to reveal underlying disease mechanisms. Brain Res 2017; 1655:283-293. [PMID: 26581337 PMCID: PMC4865445 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neuropsychological disorder with a strong heritable component; genetic risk for schizophrenia is conferred by both common variants of relatively small effect and rare variants with high penetrance. Genetically engineered mouse models can recapitulate rare variants, displaying some behavioral defects associated with schizophrenia; however, these mouse models cannot recapitulate the full genetic architecture underlying the disorder. Patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) present an alternative approach for studying rare variants, in the context of all other risk alleles. Genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, enable the generation of isogenic hiPSC lines with which to examine the functional contribution of single variants within any genetic background. Studies of these rare variants using hiPSCs have the potential to identify commonly disrupted pathways in schizophrenia and allow for the identification of new therapeutic targets. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:StemsCellsinPsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Flaherty
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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