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Zhang S, Jiang H, Wang S, Yuan J, Yi W, Wang L, Liu X, Liu F, Cheng GJ. Epidermal Patch with Biomimetic Multistructural Microfluidic Channels for Timeliness Monitoring of Sweat. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:469-478. [PMID: 36577013 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors have been developed rapidly in recent years due to the great potential in health monitoring. Developing a convenient manufacturing process and a novel structure to realize timeliness and continuous monitoring of sweat is crucial for the practical application of sweat sensors. Herein, inspired by the striped grooves and granular structures of bamboo leaves, we realized an epidermal patch with biomimetic multilevel structural microfluidic channels for timeliness monitoring of sweat via 3D printing and femtosecond laser processing. The striped grooves and ridges are alternately arranged at the bottom of the microfluidic channels, and the surface of the ridges has rough granular structures. The striped grooves improve the capillary effect in the microchannels by dividing the microchannels, and the granular structures enhance the slip effect of sweat by increasing surface hydrophobicity. The experimental results show that compared with the conventional microfluidic channels, the water collecting rate of the biomimetic microchannels increased by about 60%, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis. The superior sweat-collecting efficiency in the epidermal patch with the biomimetic multistructure enables sensitive, continuous, and stable monitoring of sweat physiological signals. Besides, this work provides new design and manufacturing approaches for other microfluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhuo Zhang
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Haoqing Jiang
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wendi Yi
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Lingfeng Wang
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Gary J Cheng
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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102
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Zhou Q, Li H, Liao Z, Gao B, He B. Bridging the Gap between Invasive and Noninvasive Medical Care: Emerging Microneedle Approaches. Anal Chem 2023; 95:515-534. [PMID: 36625106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Huimei Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhijun Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bingbing Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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103
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Wu S, Guo W, Li B, Zhou H, Meng H, Sun J, Li R, Guo D, Zhang X, Li R, Qu W. Progress of polymer-based strategies in fungal disease management: Designed for different roles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1142029. [PMID: 37033476 PMCID: PMC10073610 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1142029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases have posed a great challenge to global health, but have fewer solutions compared to bacterial and viral infections. Development and application of new treatment modalities for fungi are limited by their inherent essential properties as eukaryotes. The microorganism identification and drug sensitivity analyze are limited by their proliferation rates. Moreover, there are currently no vaccines for prevention. Polymer science and related interdisciplinary technologies have revolutionized the field of fungal disease management. To date, numerous advanced polymer-based systems have been developed for management of fungal diseases, including prevention, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring. In this review, we provide an overview of current needs and advances in polymer-based strategies against fungal diseases. We high light various treatment modalities. Delivery systems of antifungal drugs, systems based on polymers' innate antifungal activities, and photodynamic therapies each follow their own mechanisms and unique design clues. We also discuss various prevention strategies including immunization and antifungal medical devices, and further describe point-of-care testing platforms as futuristic diagnostic and monitoring tools. The broad application of polymer-based strategies for both public and personal health management is prospected and integrated systems have become a promising direction. However, there is a gap between experimental studies and clinical translation. In future, well-designed in vivo trials should be conducted to reveal the underlying mechanisms and explore the efficacy as well as biosafety of polymer-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenlai Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huidong Zhou
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongqi Meng
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junyi Sun
- Changchun American International School, Changchun, China
| | - Ruiyan Li
- Orthpoeadic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Orhtopeadics, Changchun, China
| | - Deming Guo
- Orthpoeadic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Orhtopeadics, Changchun, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang, ; Rui Li, ; Wenrui Qu,
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang, ; Rui Li, ; Wenrui Qu,
| | - Wenrui Qu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang, ; Rui Li, ; Wenrui Qu,
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104
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Wang W, Wu J, Zhao Z, Li Q, Huo B, Sun X, Han D, Liu M, Cai LC, Peng Y, Bai J, Gao Z. Ultrasensitive Automatic Detection of Small Molecules by Membrane Imaging of Single Molecule Assays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:54914-54923. [PMID: 36459426 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Determination of trace amounts of targets or even a single molecule target has always been a challenge in the detection field. Digital measurement methods established for single molecule counting of proteins, such as single molecule arrays (Simoa) or dropcast single molecule assays (dSimoa), are not suitable for detecting small molecule, because of the limited category of small molecule antibodies and the weak signal that can be captured. To address this issue, we have developed a strategy for single molecule detection of small molecules, called small molecule detection with single molecule assays (smSimoa). In this strategy, an aptamer is used as a recognition element, and an addressable DNA Nanoflower (DNF) attached on the magnetic beads surface, which exhibit fluorescence imaging, is employed as the output signal. Accompanied by digital imaging and automated counting analysis, E2 at the attomolar level can be measured. The smSimoa breaks the barrier of small molecule detection concentration and provides a basis for high throughput detection of multiple substances with fluorescence encoded magnetic beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunquan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaofeng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyang Huo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianpeng Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Chao Cai
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialei Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, People's Republic of China
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105
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Molinero-Fernández Á, Casanova A, Wang Q, Cuartero M, Crespo GA. In Vivo Transdermal Multi-Ion Monitoring with a Potentiometric Microneedle-Based Sensor Patch. ACS Sens 2022; 8:158-166. [PMID: 36475628 PMCID: PMC9887649 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microneedle sensor technology offers exciting opportunities for decentralized clinical analyses. A novel issue puts forward herein is to demonstrate the uniqueness of membrane-based microneedles to accomplish real-time, on-body monitoring of multiple ions simultaneously. The use of multi-ion detection is clinically relevant since it is expected to provide a more complete and reliable assessment of the clinical status of a subject concerning electrolyte disorders and others. We present a microneedle system for transdermal multiplexed tracing of pH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Li+, and Cl-. The device consists of an array of seven solid microneedles externally modified to provide six indicator electrodes, each selective for a different ion, and a common reference electrode, all integrated into a wearable patch read in a potentiometric mode. We show in vitro measurements at the expected clinical levels, resulting in a fast response time, excellent reversibility and repeatability, and adequate selectivity. Close-to-Nernstian sensitivity, sufficient stability and resiliency to skin penetration guarantee the sensor's success in transdermal measurements, which we demonstrate through ex vivo (with pieces of rat skin) and in vivo (on-body measurements in rats) tests. Accuracy is evaluated by comparison with gold standard techniques to characterize collected dermal fluid, blood, and serum. In the past, interstitial fluid (ISF) analysis has been challenging due to difficult sample collection and analysis. For ions, this has resulted in extrapolations from blood concentrations (invasive tests) rather than pure measurements in ISF. The developed microneedle patch is a relevant analytical tool to address this information gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Águeda Molinero-Fernández
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology
and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Casanova
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology
and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qianyu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology
and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44Stockholm, Sweden
| | - María Cuartero
- UCAM-SENS, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia,
UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres
Hernandez Ros 1, 30107Murcia, Spain,Department
of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology
and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Gastón A. Crespo
- UCAM-SENS, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia,
UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres
Hernandez Ros 1, 30107Murcia, Spain,Department
of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology
and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44Stockholm, Sweden,
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106
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Shi Z, Li X, Shuai Y, Lu Y, Liu Q. The development of wearable technologies and their potential for measuring nutrient intake: Towards precision nutrition. NUTR BULL 2022; 47:388-406. [PMID: 36134894 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate food intake and nutritional status are crucial for the maintenance of health and disease prevention. Conventional dietary assessment is mainly based on comparisons of nutrient intakes with reference intakes, failing to meet the needs of personalised nutritional guidance based on individual nutritional status. Given their capability of providing insights into health information non-invasively in real time, wearable technologies offer great opportunities for nutrition monitoring. Nutrient metabolic profiles can be monitored immediately and continuously which could potentially offer the possibility for the tracking and guiding of nutrient intake. Here, we review and highlight the recent advances in wearable sensors from the perspective of sensing technologies for nutrient detection in biofluids. The integration of biosensors with wearable devices serves as an ideal platform for the analysis of biofluids including sweat, saliva and tears. The wearable sensing systems applied to the analysis of typical nutrients and important metabolites are demonstrated in terms of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and others. Taking advantage of their high flexibility and lightweight, wearable sensors have been widely developed for the in situ quantitative detection of metabolic biomarkers. The technical principles, detection methods and applications are summarised. The challenges and future perspectives for wearable nutrition monitoring devices are discussed including the need to better determine relationships among nutrient metabolic profile, nutrient intake and food intake. With the development of materials, sensing techniques and manufacturing processes, wearable technologies are paving the way towards personalised precision nutrition, although there is still a long way to go before they can be utilised for practical clinical applications. Joint research efforts between nutrition scientists, doctors, engineers and sensor researchers are essential to further accelerate the realisation of reliable and practical wearable nutrition monitoring platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghan Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Shuai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingjun Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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107
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Xie Y, Li H, Chen F, Udayakumar S, Arora K, Chen H, Lan Y, Hu Q, Zhou X, Guo X, Xiu L, Yin K. Clustered Regularly Interspaced short palindromic repeats-Based Microfluidic System in Infectious Diseases Diagnosis: Current Status, Challenges, and Perspectives. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204172. [PMID: 36257813 PMCID: PMC9731715 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitigating the spread of global infectious diseases requires rapid and accurate diagnostic tools. Conventional diagnostic techniques for infectious diseases typically require sophisticated equipment and are time consuming. Emerging clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) detection systems have shown remarkable potential as next-generation diagnostic tools to achieve rapid, sensitive, specific, and field-deployable diagnoses of infectious diseases, based on state-of-the-art microfluidic platforms. Therefore, a review of recent advances in CRISPR-based microfluidic systems for infectious diseases diagnosis is urgently required. This review highlights the mechanisms of CRISPR/Cas biosensing and cutting-edge microfluidic devices including paper, digital, and integrated wearable platforms. Strategies to simplify sample pretreatment, improve diagnostic performance, and achieve integrated detection are discussed. Current challenges and future perspectives contributing to the development of more effective CRISPR-based microfluidic diagnostic systems are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xie
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Fumin Chen
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Srisruthi Udayakumar
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02139USA
| | - Khyati Arora
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02139USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02139USA
| | - Yang Lan
- Centre for Nature‐Inspired EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Qinqin Hu
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Xiaonong Zhou
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Leshan Xiu
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Kun Yin
- School of Global HealthChinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025P. R. China
- One Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University‐The University of EdinburghShanghai200025P. R. China
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108
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Sempionatto JR, Lasalde-Ramírez JA, Mahato K, Wang J, Gao W. Wearable chemical sensors for biomarker discovery in the omics era. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:899-915. [PMID: 37117704 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are crucial biological indicators in medical diagnostics and therapy. However, the process of biomarker discovery and validation is hindered by a lack of standardized protocols for analytical studies, storage and sample collection. Wearable chemical sensors provide a real-time, non-invasive alternative to typical laboratory blood analysis, and are an effective tool for exploring novel biomarkers in alternative body fluids, such as sweat, saliva, tears and interstitial fluid. These devices may enable remote at-home personalized health monitoring and substantially reduce the healthcare costs. This Review introduces criteria, strategies and technologies involved in biomarker discovery using wearable chemical sensors. Electrochemical and optical detection techniques are discussed, along with the materials and system-level considerations for wearable chemical sensors. Lastly, this Review describes how the large sets of temporal data collected by wearable sensors, coupled with modern data analysis approaches, would open the door for discovering new biomarkers towards precision medicine.
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109
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Mei R, Wang Y, Shi S, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Wang X, Shen D, Kang Q, Chen L. Highly Sensitive and Reliable Internal-Standard Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Microneedles for Determination of Bacterial Metabolites as Infection Biomarkers in Skin Interstitial Fluid. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16069-16078. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongchao Mei
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yunqing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Shang Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xizhen Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Zhiyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Dazhong Shen
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qi Kang
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
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110
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Lin H, Yu W, Suarez JEDD, Athavan H, Wang Y, Yeung C, Lin S, Sankararaman S, Milla C, Emaminejad S. Autonomous wearable sweat rate monitoring based on digitized microbubble detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4267-4275. [PMID: 36268642 PMCID: PMC9757655 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00670g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in wearable bioanalytical microsystems have enabled diurnal and (semi)continuous monitoring of physiologically-relevant indices that are accessible through probing sweat. To deliver an undistorted and physiologically-meaningful interpretation of these readings, tracking the sweat secretion rate is essential, because it allows for calibrating the biomarker readings against variations in sweat secretion and inferring the body's hydration/electrolyte homeostasis status. To realize an autonomous wearable solution with intrinsically high signal-to-noise ratio sweat rate sensing capabilities, here, we devise a digitized microbubble detection mechanism-delivered by a hybrid microfluidic/electronic system with a compact footprint. This mechanism is based on the intermittent generation of microliter-scale bubbles via electrolysis and the instantaneous measurement of their time-of-flight (and thus, velocity) via impedimetric sensing. In this way, we overcome the limitations of previously proposed sweat rate sensing modalities that are inherently susceptible to non-targeted secretion characteristics (pH, conductivity, and temperature), constrained by volume, or lack system integration for autonomous on-body operation. By deploying our solution in human subject trials, we validate the utility of our solution for seamless monitoring of exercise- and iontophoretically-induced sweat secretion profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisong Lin
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCLA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Wenzhuo Yu
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCLA, USA.
| | - Jorge Emiliano De Dios Suarez
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCLA, USA.
| | - Harish Athavan
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCLA, USA.
| | - Yibo Wang
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCLA, USA.
| | | | - Shuyu Lin
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCLA, USA.
| | | | - Carlos Milla
- Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA
| | - Sam Emaminejad
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I2BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCLA, USA.
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111
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Kim S, Park S, Choi J, Hwang W, Kim S, Choi IS, Yi H, Kwak R. An epifluidic electronic patch with spiking sweat clearance for event-driven perspiration monitoring. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6705. [PMID: 36344563 PMCID: PMC9640696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons generate spike patterns upon receiving external stimuli and encode key information to the spike patterns, enabling energy-efficient external information processing. Herein, we report an epifluidic electronic patch with spiking sweat clearance using a sensor containing a vertical sweat-collecting channel for event-driven, energy-efficient, long-term wireless monitoring of epidermal perspiration dynamics. Our sweat sensor contains nanomesh electrodes on its inner wall of the channel and unique sweat-clearing structures. During perspiration, repeated filling and abrupt emptying of the vertical sweat-collecting channel generate electrical spike patterns with the sweat rate and ionic conductivity proportional to the spike frequency and amplitude over a wide dynamic range and long time (> 8 h). With such 'spiking' sweat clearance and corresponding electronic spike patterns, the epifluidic wireless patch successfully decodes epidermal perspiration dynamics in an event-driven manner at different skin locations during exercise, consuming less than 0.6% of the energy required for continuous data transmission. Our patch could integrate various on-skin sensors and emerging edge computing technologies for energy-efficient, intelligent digital healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangha Kim
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Park
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Choi
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseop Hwang
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunho Kim
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Suk Choi
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Yi
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea ,grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Materials Science and Engineering, YU-KIST Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Rhokyun Kwak
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea ,grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
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112
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Chan TIL, Yip YWY, Man TTC, Pang CP, Brelén ME. Comparing the Rise in Glucose Concentration in Blood, Aqueous and Interstitial Fluid During a Glucose Tolerance Test. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:3. [DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.11.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tina I. L. Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yolanda W. Y. Yip
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tony T. C. Man
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Mårten Erik Brelén
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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113
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Li X, Li J, Wang T, Khan SA, Yuan Z, Yin Y, Zhang H. Self-Powered Respiratory Monitoring Strategy Based on Adaptive Dual-Network Thermogalvanic Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48743-48751. [PMID: 36269324 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a low-grade sustainable heat source, the breath waste heat exhaled by human bodies is always ignored, although producing a greater temperature than ambient. Converting this heat into electric energy for use as power sources or detecting signals is extremely important in cutting-edge wearable medicine. This heat-to-electricity conversion is possible with thermogalvanic hydrogels. However, challenges remain in their antifreezing and antidrying properties, significantly restricting the durability of thermogalvanic gels in practical applications. Herein, a dual-network poly(vinyl alcohol)/gelatin (PVA/GEL) gel thermogalvanic device with Fe(CN)63-/4- as a redox pair is developed, with an outstanding low-temperature durability and antidrying capacity. These features result from the use of a binary H2O/GL (glycerin) solvent to limit hydrogen bonding between water molecules. The prepared thermogalvanic gel patch is capable of easily converting physiological data into understandable electrical impulses using the temperature difference between the ambient environment and the heat produced by human breathing, realizing a simple self-powered respiratory monitoring strategy for the first time. Even below zero temperature, the gel patch-based mask can operate normally, implying it fits into low-temperature environments. This study sheds fresh light on the development of active wearable medical electronics that are powered by demic low-level heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebiao Li
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jianing Li
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan
| | - Zhongyun Yuan
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yifan Yin
- Department of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Hulin Zhang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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114
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Moonla C, Del Caño R, Sakdaphetsiri K, Saha T, De la Paz E, Düsterloh A, Wang J. Disposable screen-printed electrochemical sensing strips for rapid decentralized measurements of salivary ketone bodies: Towards therapeutic and wellness applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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115
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Wang M, Yang Y, Min J, Song Y, Tu J, Mukasa D, Ye C, Xu C, Heflin N, McCune JS, Hsiai TK, Li Z, Gao W. A wearable electrochemical biosensor for the monitoring of metabolites and nutrients. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:1225-1235. [PMID: 35970928 PMCID: PMC10432133 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wearable non-invasive biosensors for the continuous monitoring of metabolites in sweat can detect a few analytes at sufficiently high concentrations, typically during vigorous exercise so as to generate sufficient quantity of the biofluid. Here we report the design and performance of a wearable electrochemical biosensor for the continuous analysis, in sweat during physical exercise and at rest, of trace levels of multiple metabolites and nutrients, including all essential amino acids and vitamins. The biosensor consists of graphene electrodes that can be repeatedly regenerated in situ, functionalized with metabolite-specific antibody-like molecularly imprinted polymers and redox-active reporter nanoparticles, and integrated with modules for iontophoresis-based sweat induction, microfluidic sweat sampling, signal processing and calibration, and wireless communication. In volunteers, the biosensor enabled the real-time monitoring of the intake of amino acids and their levels during physical exercise, as well as the assessment of the risk of metabolic syndrome (by correlating amino acid levels in serum and sweat). The monitoring of metabolites for the early identification of abnormal health conditions could facilitate applications in precision nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqiang Wang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yiran Yang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yu Song
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jiaobing Tu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Mukasa
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Cui Ye
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Heflin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jeannine S McCune
- Department of Hematologic Malignancy Translational Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Tzung K Hsiai
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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116
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Tackling the challenges of developing microneedle-based electrochemical sensors. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:440. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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117
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Wang Y, Li T, Li Y, Yang R, Zhang G. 2D-Materials-Based Wearable Biosensor Systems. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12110936. [PMID: 36354445 PMCID: PMC9687877 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As an evolutionary success in life science, wearable biosensor systems, which can monitor human health information and quantify vital signs in real time, have been actively studied. Research in wearable biosensor systems is mainly focused on the design of sensors with various flexible materials. Among them, 2D materials with excellent mechanical, optical, and electrical properties provide the expected characteristics to address the challenges of developing microminiaturized wearable biosensor systems. This review summarizes the recent research progresses in 2D-materials-based wearable biosensors including e-skin, contact lens sensors, and others. Then, we highlight the challenges of flexible power supply technologies for smart systems. The latest advances in biosensor systems involving wearable wristbands, diabetic patches, and smart contact lenses are also discussed. This review will enable a better understanding of the design principle of 2D biosensors, offering insights into innovative technologies for future biosensor systems toward their practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Tong Li
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yangfeng Li
- College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Rong Yang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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118
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Singh A, Ahmed A, Sharma A, Arya S. Graphene and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Application in the Electrochemical Detection of Analytes in Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100910. [PMID: 36291046 PMCID: PMC9599499 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors and invasive devices have been studied extensively in recent years as the demand for real-time human healthcare applications and seamless human-machine interaction has risen exponentially. An explosion in sensor research throughout the globe has been ignited by the unique features such as thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene. This includes wearable sensors and implants, which can detect a wide range of data, including body temperature, pulse oxygenation, blood pressure, glucose, and the other analytes present in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for real-time human health monitoring are also being developed. This review is a comprehensive discussion about the properties of graphene, routes to its synthesis, derivatives of graphene, etc. Moreover, the basic features of a biosensor along with the chemistry of sweat are also discussed in detail. The review mainly focusses on the graphene and its derivative-based wearable sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring will be examined and explained in this study as an overview of the most current innovations in sensor designs, sensing processes, technological advancements, sensor system components, and potential hurdles. The future holds great opportunities for the development of efficient and advanced graphene-based sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat.
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119
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Subcutaneous amperometric biosensors for continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes. Talanta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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120
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Trinh T, Thompson IAP, Clark F, Remington JM, Eisenstein M, Li J, Soh HT. A Photoresponsive Intramolecular Triplex Motif That Enables Rapid and Reversible Control of Aptamer Binding Activity. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14549-14557. [PMID: 36094303 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA switches that can change conformation in response to certain wavelengths of light could enable rapid and noninvasive control of chemical processes for a wide range of applications. However, most current photoresponsive DNA switches are limited by either irreversible switching or reversible switching with impractically slow kinetics. Here, we report the design of an intramolecular triplex photoswitch (TPS) design based on single-stranded DNA that undergoes rapid and reversible photoswitching between folded and unfolded states through isomerization of internal azobenzene modifications. After optimizing the performance of our photoswitch design, we used molecular dynamics simulations to reveal how individual azobenzenes contribute to the stabilization or destabilization of the triplex depending on their photoisomerization state. By coupling our TPS to an existing aptamer, we can reversibly modulate its binding affinity with less than 15 s of UV light exposure. We further demonstrate reproducible shifting in affinity over multiple cycles of UV and blue light irradiation without substantial photobleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Trinh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ian Andrew Paul Thompson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Finley Clark
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Jacob M Remington
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Michael Eisenstein
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hyongsok Tom Soh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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121
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Lin S, Cheng X, Zhu J, Wang B, Jelinek D, Zhao Y, Wu TY, Horrillo A, Tan J, Yeung J, Yan W, Forman S, Coller HA, Milla C, Emaminejad S. Wearable microneedle-based electrochemical aptamer biosensing for precision dosing of drugs with narrow therapeutic windows. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq4539. [PMID: 36149955 PMCID: PMC9506728 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring is essential for dosing pharmaceuticals with narrow therapeutic windows. Nevertheless, standard methods are imprecise and involve invasive/resource-intensive procedures with long turnaround times. Overcoming these limitations, we present a microneedle-based electrochemical aptamer biosensing patch (μNEAB-patch) that minimally invasively probes the interstitial fluid (ISF) and renders correlated, continuous, and real-time measurements of the circulating drugs' pharmacokinetics. The μNEAB-patch is created following an introduced low-cost fabrication scheme, which transforms a shortened clinical-grade needle into a high-quality gold nanoparticle-based substrate for robust aptamer immobilization and efficient electrochemical signal retrieval. This enables the reliable in vivo detection of a wide library of ISF analytes-especially those with nonexistent natural recognition elements. Accordingly, we developed μNEABs targeting various drugs, including antibiotics with narrow therapeutic windows (tobramycin and vancomycin). Through in vivo animal studies, we demonstrated the strong correlation between the ISF/circulating drug levels and the device's potential clinical use for timely prediction of total drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Lin
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xuanbing Cheng
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jialun Zhu
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Jelinek
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yichao Zhao
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tsung-Yu Wu
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Abraham Horrillo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiawei Tan
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin Yeung
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenzhong Yan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Forman
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hilary A. Coller
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Milla
- The Stanford Cystic Fibrosis Center, Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sam Emaminejad
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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122
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McHenry A, Friedel M, Heikenfeld J. Voltammetry Peak Tracking for Longer-Lasting and Reference-Electrode-Free Electrochemical Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:782. [PMID: 36290920 PMCID: PMC9599936 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical aptamer-based sensors offer reagent-free and continuous analyte measurement but often suffer from poor longevity and potential drift even with a robust 3-electrode system. Presented here is a simple, software-enabled approach that tracks the redox-reporter peak in an electrochemical aptamer-based sensor and uses the measurement of redox peak potential to reduce the scanning window to a partial measure of redox-peak-height vs. baseline (~10X reduction in voltage range). This same measurement further creates a virtual reference standard in buffered biofluids such as blood and interstitial fluid, thereby eliminating the effects of potential drift and the need for a reference electrode. The software intelligently tracks voltammogram peak potential via the inflection points of the rising and falling slopes of the measured redox peak. Peak-tracking-derived partial scanning was validated over several days and minimized electrochemically induced signal loss to <5%. Furthermore, the peak-tracking approach was shown to be robust against confounding effects such as fouling. From an applied perspective in creating wearable biosensors, the peak-tracking approach further enables use of a single implanted working electrode, while the counter/reference-electrode may utilize a simple gel-pad electrode on the surface of the skin, compared to implanting working, counter, and reference electrodes conventionally used for stability and reliability but is also costly and invasive. Cumulatively, peak-tracking provides multiple leaps forward required for practical molecular monitoring by extending sensor longevity, eliminating potential drift, simplifying biosensor device construction, and in vivo placement for any redox-mediated sensor that forms parabolic-like data.
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123
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Cui Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Lu J, He J, Liu L, Liu W. Obtaining a Reliable Diagnostic Biomarker for Diabetes Mellitus by Standardizing Salivary Glucose Measurements. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101335. [PMID: 36291544 PMCID: PMC9599863 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glucose is frequently utilized in diabetes mellitus (DM), and it might be proposed as a potential biomarker candidate for DM, as it is non-invasive and cost-effective and achieves adequate diagnostic performance for DM patients. However, salivary glucose levels may change under specific conditions. It is consequently essential to maintain a consistent strategy for measuring saliva, taking into account the possibility of external factors influencing salivary glucose levels. In this study, we analyzed salivary glucose levels under different handling conditions and donor-dependent factors, including age, interdiurnal variations, and collection and processing methods. A structured questionnaire was used to determine the symptoms and predisposing factors of DM. The glucose oxidase peroxidase method was used to estimate glucose levels in the blood and saliva of people in a fasting state. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of such conditions on salivary glucose levels. We found that these extraneous variables should be taken into account in the future when salivary glucose is used as a predictive biomarker for DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Cui
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Hankun Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Song Wang
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-0755-26558633 (S.W.); +86-0755-26551376 (W.L.)
| | - Junzhe Lu
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jinmei He
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Weiqiang Liu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-0755-26558633 (S.W.); +86-0755-26551376 (W.L.)
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125
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Wang S, Liu M, Yang X, Lu Q, Xiong Z, Li L, Zheng H, Feng S, Zhang T. An unconventional vertical fluidic-controlled wearable platform for synchronously detecting sweat rate and electrolyte concentration. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 210:114351. [PMID: 35569269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal microfluidic devices with long microchannels have been developed for continuous sweat analysis, which are crucial to assess personal hydration status and underlying health conditions. However, the flow resistance in long channels and the ionic concentration variation significantly affect the accuracy of both the sweat rate and electrolyte concentration measurements. Herein, we present a novel fluidic-controlled wearable platform for synchronously dropwise-detecting the sweat rate and total electrolyte concentration. The unconventional platform consisting of a vertically shortened channel, a pair of embedded electrodes and an absorption layer, is designed to minimize the flow resistance and transform sweat fluidics into uniform micro-droplets for chronological and dropwise detection. Real-time sweat conductance is decoupled from a square-wave-like curve, where the sweat rate and electrolyte concentration can be derived from the interval time and peak value, respectively. Flexible and wearable band devices are demonstrated to show their potential application for hydration status assessment during exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Xianqing Yang
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Qifeng Lu
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; School of Chips, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Zuoping Xiong
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Lianhui Li
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Hui Zheng
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Simin Feng
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation (Nano-X), Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 385 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; Gusu Laboratory of Materials, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, PR China.
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126
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Xu J, Yan Z, Liu Q. Smartphone-Based Electrochemical Systems for Glucose Monitoring in Biofluids: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22155670. [PMID: 35957227 PMCID: PMC9371187 DOI: 10.3390/s22155670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As a vital biomarker, glucose plays an important role in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Thus, glucose detection has become an important direction in the electrochemical analysis field. In order to realize more convenient, real-time, comfortable and accurate monitoring, smartphone-based portable, wearable and implantable electrochemical glucose monitoring is progressing rapidly. In this review, we firstly introduce technologies integrated in smartphones and the advantages of these technologies in electrochemical glucose detection. Subsequently, this overview illustrates the advances of smartphone-based portable, wearable and implantable electrochemical glucose monitoring systems in diverse biofluids over the last ten years (2012-2022). Specifically, some interesting and innovative technologies are highlighted. In the last section, after discussing the challenges in this field, we offer some future directions, such as application of advanced nanomaterials, novel power sources, simultaneous detection of multiple markers and a closed-loop system.
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127
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Ates HC, Nguyen PQ, Gonzalez-Macia L, Morales-Narváez E, Güder F, Collins JJ, Dincer C. End-to-end design of wearable sensors. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:887-907. [PMID: 35910814 PMCID: PMC9306444 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices provide an alternative pathway to clinical diagnostics by exploiting various physical, chemical and biological sensors to mine physiological (biophysical and/or biochemical) information in real time (preferably, continuously) and in a non-invasive or minimally invasive manner. These sensors can be worn in the form of glasses, jewellery, face masks, wristwatches, fitness bands, tattoo-like devices, bandages or other patches, and textiles. Wearables such as smartwatches have already proved their capability for the early detection and monitoring of the progression and treatment of various diseases, such as COVID-19 and Parkinson disease, through biophysical signals. Next-generation wearable sensors that enable the multimodal and/or multiplexed measurement of physical parameters and biochemical markers in real time and continuously could be a transformative technology for diagnostics, allowing for high-resolution and time-resolved historical recording of the health status of an individual. In this Review, we examine the building blocks of such wearable sensors, including the substrate materials, sensing mechanisms, power modules and decision-making units, by reflecting on the recent developments in the materials, engineering and data science of these components. Finally, we synthesize current trends in the field to provide predictions for the future trajectory of wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ceren Ates
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Q. Nguyen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Eden Morales-Narváez
- Biophotonic Nanosensors Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, León, Mexico
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James J. Collins
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Can Dincer
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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128
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Tavafoghi M, Nasrollahi F, Karamikamkar S, Mahmoodi M, Nadine S, Mano JF, Darabi MA, Jahangiry J, Ahadian S, Khademhosseini A. Advances and challenges in developing smart, multi-functional microneedles for biomedical applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2715-2730. [PMID: 35854645 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microneedles (MNs) have been developed as minimally invasive tools for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, in recent years, there has been an increasing interest in developing smart multi-functional MN devices to provide automated and closed-loop systems for body fluid extraction, biosensing, and drug delivery in a stimuli-responsive manner. Although this technology is still in its infancy and far from being translated into the clinic, preclinical trials have shown some promise for the broad applications of multi-functional MN devices. The main challenge facing the fabrication of smart MN patches is the integration of multiple modules, such as drug carriers, highly sensitive biosensors, and data analyzers in one miniaturized MN device. Researchers have shown the feasibility of creating smart MNs by integrating stimuli-responsive biomaterials and advanced microscale technologies, such as microsensors and microfluidic systems, to precisely control the transportation of biofluids and drugs throughout the system. These multi-functional MN devices can be envisioned in two distinct strategies. The first type includes individual drug delivery and biosensing MN units with a microfluidic system and a digital analyzer responsible for fluid transportation and communication between these two modules. The second type relies on smart biomaterials that can function as drug deliverers and biosensors by releasing drugs in a stimuli-responsive manner. These smart biomaterials can undergo structural changes when exposed to external stimuli, such as pH and ionic changes, mimicking the biological systems. Studies have demonstrated a high potential of hydrogel-based MN devices for a wide variety of biomedical applications, such as drug and cell delivery, as well as interstitial fluid extraction. Biodegradable hydrogels have also been advantageous for fabricating multi-functional MNs due to their high loading capacity and biocompatibility with the drug of choice. Here, we first review a set of MN devices that can be employed either for biosensing or delivery of multiple target molecules and compare them to the conventional and more simple systems, which are mainly designed for single-molecule sensing or delivery. Subsequently, we expand our insight into advanced MN systems with multiple competencies, such as body fluid extraction, biosensing, and drug delivery at the point of care. The improvement of biomaterials knowledge and biofabrication techniques will allow us to efficiently tune the next generation of smart MNs and provide a realistic platform for more effective personalized therapeutics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tavafoghi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fatemeh Nasrollahi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Mahboobeh Mahmoodi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sara Nadine
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, USA.,CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Jamileh Jahangiry
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, USA
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129
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Saha T, Songkakul T, Knisely CT, Yokus MA, Daniele MA, Dickey MD, Bozkurt A, Velev OD. Wireless Wearable Electrochemical Sensing Platform with Zero-Power Osmotic Sweat Extraction for Continuous Lactate Monitoring. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2037-2048. [PMID: 35820167 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Wearable and wireless monitoring of biomarkers such as lactate in sweat can provide a deeper understanding of a subject's metabolic stressors, cardiovascular health, and physiological response to exercise. However, the state-of-the-art wearable and wireless electrochemical systems rely on active sweat released either via high-exertion exercise, electrical stimulation (such as iontophoresis requiring electrical power), or chemical stimulation (such as by delivering pilocarpine or carbachol inside skin), to extract sweat under low-perspiring conditions such as at rest. Here, we present a continuous sweat lactate monitoring platform combining a hydrogel for osmotic sweat extraction, with a paper microfluidic channel for facilitating sweat transport and management, a screen-printed electrochemical lactate sensor, and a custom-built wireless wearable potentiostat system. Osmosis enables zero-electrical power sweat extraction at rest, while continuous evaporation at the end of a paper channel allows long-term sensing from fresh sweat. The positioning of the lactate sensors provides near-instantaneous sensing at low sweat volume, and the custom-designed potentiostat supports continuous monitoring with ultra-low power consumption. For a proof of concept, the prototype system was evaluated for continuous measurement of sweat lactate across a range of physiological activities with changing lactate concentrations and sweat rates: for 2 h at the resting state, 1 h during medium-intensity exercise, and 30 min during high-intensity exercise. Overall, this wearable system holds the potential of providing comprehensive and long-term continuous analysis of sweat lactate trends in the human body during rest and under exercising conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Tanner Songkakul
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Charles T Knisely
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Murat A Yokus
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael A Daniele
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Alper Bozkurt
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Orlin D Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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130
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Programmable CRISPR-Cas9 microneedle patch for long-term capture and real-time monitoring of universal cell-free DNA. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3999. [PMID: 35810160 PMCID: PMC9271037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in biointerfaces have led to the development of wearable devices that can provide insights into personal health. As wearable modules, microneedles can extract analytes of interest from interstitial fluid in a minimally invasive fashion. However, some microneedles are limited by their ability to perform highly effective extraction and real-time monitoring for macromolecule biomarkers simultaneously. Here we show the synergetic effect of CRISPR-activated graphene biointerfaces, and report an on-line wearable microneedle patch for extraction and in vivo long-term monitoring of universal cell-free DNA. In this study, this wearable system enables real-time monitoring of Epstein-Barr virus, sepsis, and kidney transplantation cell-free DNA, with anti-interference ability of 60% fetal bovine serum, and has satisfactory stable sensitivity for 10 days in vivo. The experimental results of immunodeficient mouse models shows the feasibility and practicability of this proposed method. This wearable patch holds great promise for long-term in vivo monitoring of cell-free DNA and could potentially be used for early disease screening and prognosis. Real-time sensing of biomarkers via the use of wearable devices is a major aim of personalised medicine. Here, authors demonstrate an on-line wearable microneedle patch for real-time capture and monitoring of universal cell-free DNA.
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131
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Wang X, Liu Y, Cheng H, Ouyang X. Surface Wettability for Skin-Interfaced Sensors and Devices. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2200260. [PMID: 36176721 PMCID: PMC9514151 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The practical applications of skin-interfaced sensors and devices in daily life hinge on the rational design of surface wettability to maintain device integrity and achieve improved sensing performance under complex hydrated conditions. Various bio-inspired strategies have been implemented to engineer desired surface wettability for varying hydrated conditions. Although the bodily fluids can negatively affect the device performance, they also provide a rich reservoir of health-relevant information and sustained energy for next-generation stretchable self-powered devices. As a result, the design and manipulation of the surface wettability are critical to effectively control the liquid behavior on the device surface for enhanced performance. The sensors and devices with engineered surface wettability can collect and analyze health biomarkers while being minimally affected by bodily fluids or ambient humid environments. The energy harvesters also benefit from surface wettability design to achieve enhanced performance for powering on-body electronics. In this review, we first summarize the commonly used approaches to tune the surface wettability for target applications toward stretchable self-powered devices. By considering the existing challenges, we also discuss the opportunities as a small fraction of potential future developments, which can lead to a new class of skin-interfaced devices for use in digital health and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Yangchengyi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
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132
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The development of micro-sized enzyme sensor based on direct electron transfer type open circuit potential sensing principle. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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133
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Han F, Wang T, Liu G, Liu H, Xie X, Wei Z, Li J, Jiang C, He Y, Xu F. Materials with Tunable Optical Properties for Wearable Epidermal Sensing in Health Monitoring. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109055. [PMID: 35258117 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in wearable epidermal sensors have revolutionized the way that physiological signals are captured and measured for health monitoring. One major challenge is to convert physiological signals to easily readable signals in a convenient way. One possibility for wearable epidermal sensors is based on visible readouts. There are a range of materials whose optical properties can be tuned by parameters such as temperature, pH, light, and electric fields. Herein, this review covers and highlights a set of materials with tunable optical properties and their integration into wearable epidermal sensors for health monitoring. Specifically, the recent progress, fabrication, and applications of these materials for wearable epidermal sensors are summarized and discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for the next generation wearable devices are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tiansong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xueyong Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Yuan He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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134
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Bao L, Park J, Qin B, Kim B. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibodies detection using a patch sensor containing porous microneedles and a paper-based immunoassay. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10693. [PMID: 35778408 PMCID: PMC9249772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. A new coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified in Wuhan, China in 2019, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared its outbreak, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a global pandemic in 2020. COVID-19 can spread quickly from person to person. One of the most challenging issues is to identify the infected individuals and prevent potential spread of SARS-CoV-2. Recently, anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody tests using immunochromatographic methods have been used as a complement to current detection methods and have provided information of the approximate course of COVID-19 infection. However, blood sampling causes pain and poses risks of infection at the needle puncture site. In this study, a novel patch sensor integrating porous microneedles and an immunochromatographic assay (PMNIA) was developed for the rapid detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG in dermal interstitial fluid (ISF), which is a rich source of protein biomarkers, such as antibodies. Biodegradable porous microneedles (MNs) made of polylactic acid were fabricated to extract ISF from human skin by capillary effect. The extracted ISF was vertically transported and flowed into the affixed immunoassay biosensor, where specific antibodies could be detected colorimetrically on-site. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibodies were simultaneously detected within 3 min in vitro. Moreover, the limit of detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG concentrations was as low as 3 and 7 ng/mL, respectively. The developed device integrating porous MNs and immunochromatographic biosensors is expected to enable minimally invasive, simple, and rapid anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibody testing. Furthermore, the compact size of the MN and biosensor-integrated device is advantageous for its widespread use. The proposed device has great potential for rapid screening of various infectious diseases in addition to COVID-19 as an effective complementary method with other diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Bao
- Institute of Industrial Science, The Univeristy of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Jongho Park
- Institute of Industrial Science, The Univeristy of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Boyu Qin
- Institute of Industrial Science, The Univeristy of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Beomjoon Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, The Univeristy of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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135
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Upcycling Compact Discs for Flexible and Stretchable Bioelectronic Applications. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3727. [PMID: 35764646 PMCID: PMC9240022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic waste is a global issue brought about by the short lifespan of electronics. Viable methods to relieve the inundated disposal system by repurposing the enormous amount of electronic waste remain elusive. Inspired by the need for sustainable solutions, this study resulted in a multifaceted approach to upcycling compact discs. The once-ubiquitous plates can be transformed into stretchable and flexible biosensors. Our experiments and advanced prototypes show that effective, innovative biosensors can be developed at a low-cost. An affordable craft-based mechanical cutter allows pre-determined patterns to be scored on the recycled metal, an essential first step for producing stretchable, wearable electronics. The active metal harvested from the compact discs was inert, cytocompatible, and capable of vital biopotential measurements. Additional studies examined the material’s resistive emittance, temperature sensing, real-time metabolite monitoring performance, and moisture-triggered transience. This sustainable approach for upcycling electronic waste provides an advantageous research-based waste stream that does not require cutting-edge microfabrication facilities, expensive materials, and high-caliber engineering skills. Electronic waste is a global issue brought about by the short lifespan of electronics. Here, the authors report a process to upcycle compact discs into flexible and stretchable bio-electronics.
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136
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Wang S, Lafaye C, Saubade M, Besson C, Margarit-Taule JM, Gremeaux V, Liu SC. Predicting hydration status using machine learning models from physiological and sweat biomarkers during endurance exercise: a single case study. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2022; 26:4725-4732. [PMID: 35749337 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2022.3186150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Improper hydration routines can reduce athletic performance. Recent studies show that data from noninvasive biomarker recordings can help to evaluate the hydration status of subjects during endurance exercise. These studies are usually carried out on multiple subjects. In this work, we present the first study on predicting hydration status using machine learning models from single-subject experiments, which involve 32 exercise sessions of constant moderate intensity performed with and without fluid intake. During exercise, we measured four noninvasive physiological and sweat biomarkers including heart rate, core temperature, sweat sodium concentration, and whole-body sweat rate. Sweat sodium concentration was measured from six body regions using absorbent patches. We used three machine learning models to determine the percentage of body weight loss as an indicator of dehydration with these biomarkers and compared the prediction accuracy. The results on this single subject show that these models gave similar mean absolute errors, while in general the nonlinear models slightly outperformed the linear model in most of the experiments. The prediction accuracy of using the whole-body sweat rate or heart rate was higher than using core temperature or sweat sodium concentration. In addition, the model trained on the sweat sodium concentration collected from the arms gave slightly better accuracy than from the other five body regions. This exploratory work paves the way for the use of these machine learning models to develop personalized health monitoring together with emerging, noninvasive wearable sensor devices.
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137
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Wearable hollow microneedle sensing patches for the transdermal electrochemical monitoring of glucose. Talanta 2022; 249:123695. [PMID: 35728453 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, about 422 million people worldwide have diabetes, with 1.5 million deaths directly attributed each year. Therefore, there is still a need to effectively monitor glucose in diabetic patients for proper management. Recently, wearable patches based on microneedle (MN) sensors provide minimally invasive analysis of glucose through the interstitial fluid (ISF) while exhibiting excellent correlation with blood glucose. Despite many advances in wearable electrochemical sensors, long-term stability and continuous monitoring remain unsolved challenges. Herein, we present a highly stable electrochemical biosensor based on a redox mediator bilayer consisting of Prussian blue and iron-nickel hexacyanoferrate to increase the long-term stability of the readout coupled with a hollow MN array as a sampling unit for ISF uptake. First, the enzymatic biosensor is developed by using affordable screen-printed electrodes (SPE) and optimized for long-term stability fitting the physiological range of glucose in ISF (i.e., 2.5-22.5 mM). In parallel, the MN array is assessed for minimally invasive piercing of the skin. Subsequently, the biosensor is integrated with the MN array leaving a microfluidic spacer that works as the electrochemical cell. Interestingly, a microfluidic channel connects the cell with an external syringe to actively and rapidly withdraw ISF toward the cell. Finally, the robust MN sensing patch is characterized during in vitro and ex vivo tests. Overall, affordable wearable MN-based patches for the continuous monitoring of glucose in ISF are providing an advent in wearable devices for rapid and life-threatening decision-making processes.
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138
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Polat EO, Cetin MM, Tabak AF, Bilget Güven E, Uysal BÖ, Arsan T, Kabbani A, Hamed H, Gül SB. Transducer Technologies for Biosensors and Their Wearable Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12060385. [PMID: 35735533 PMCID: PMC9221076 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of new biosensor technologies and their active use as wearable devices have offered mobility and flexibility to conventional western medicine and personal fitness tracking. In the development of biosensors, transducers stand out as the main elements converting the signals sourced from a biological event into a detectable output. Combined with the suitable bio-receptors and the miniaturization of readout electronics, the functionality and design of the transducers play a key role in the construction of wearable devices for personal health control. Ever-growing research and industrial interest in new transducer technologies for point-of-care (POC) and wearable bio-detection have gained tremendous acceleration by the pandemic-induced digital health transformation. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of transducers for biosensors and their wearable applications that empower users for the active tracking of biomarkers and personal health parameters.
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139
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Advanced wearable biosensors for the detection of body fluids and exhaled breath by graphene. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:236. [PMID: 35633385 PMCID: PMC9146825 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Given the huge economic burden caused by chronic and acute diseases on human beings, it is an urgent requirement of a cost-effective diagnosis and monitoring process to treat and cure the disease in their preliminary stage to avoid severe complications. Wearable biosensors have been developed by using numerous materials for non-invasive, wireless, and consistent human health monitoring. Graphene, a 2D nanomaterial, has received considerable attention for the development of wearable biosensors due to its outstanding physical, chemical, and structural properties. Moreover, the extremely flexible, foldable, and biocompatible nature of graphene provide a wide scope for developing wearable biosensor devices. Therefore, graphene and its derivatives could be trending materials to fabricate wearable biosensor devices for remote human health management in the near future. Various biofluids and exhaled breath contain many relevant biomarkers which can be exploited by wearable biosensors non-invasively to identify diseases. In this article, we have discussed various methodologies and strategies for synthesizing and pattering graphene. Furthermore, general sensing mechanism of biosensors, and graphene-based biosensing devices for tear, sweat, interstitial fluid (ISF), saliva, and exhaled breath have also been explored and discussed thoroughly. Finally, current challenges and future prospective of graphene-based wearable biosensors have been evaluated with conclusion. Graphene is a promising 2D material for the development of wearable sensors. Various biofluids (sweat, tears, saliva and ISF) and exhaled breath contains many relevant biomarkers which facilitate in identify diseases. Biosensor is made up of biological recognition element such as enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, hormone, organelle, or complete cell and physical (transducer, amplifier), provide fast response without causing organ harm.
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140
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Fang J, Huang S, Liu F, He G, Li X, Huang X, Chen HJ, Xie X. Semi-Implantable Bioelectronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:125. [PMID: 35633391 PMCID: PMC9148344 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing techniques to effectively and real-time monitor and regulate the interior environment of biological objects is significantly important for many biomedical engineering and scientific applications, including drug delivery, electrophysiological recording and regulation of intracellular activities. Semi-implantable bioelectronics is currently a hot spot in biomedical engineering research area, because it not only meets the increasing technical demands for precise detection or regulation of biological activities, but also provides a desirable platform for externally incorporating complex functionalities and electronic integration. Although there is less definition and summary to distinguish it from the well-reviewed non-invasive bioelectronics and fully implantable bioelectronics, semi-implantable bioelectronics have emerged as highly unique technology to boost the development of biochips and smart wearable device. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in this field and raised the concept of "Semi-implantable bioelectronics", summarizing the principle and strategies of semi-implantable device for cell applications and in vivo applications, discussing the typical methodologies to access to intracellular environment or in vivo environment, biosafety aspects and typical applications. This review is meaningful for understanding in-depth the design principles, materials fabrication techniques, device integration processes, cell/tissue penetration methodologies, biosafety aspects, and applications strategies that are essential to the development of future minimally invasive bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaru Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanmao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinshuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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141
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Luo X, Yu Q, Liu Y, Gai W, Ye L, Yang L, Cui Y. Closed-Loop Diabetes Minipatch Based on a Biosensor and an Electroosmotic Pump on Hollow Biodegradable Microneedles. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1347-1360. [PMID: 35442623 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Developing a miniaturized, low-cost, and smart closed-loop system for diabetes could significantly improve life quality and benefit millions of people. Conventional closed-loop devices are large in size and exorbitant. Here, we unprecedentedly demonstrate an electrically controlled flexible closed-loop patch for continuous diabetes management by integrating hollow biodegradable microneedles with a biosensing device and an electroosmotic pump. The hollow microneedles were fabricated using a combination of soft lithography and micromachining. The outer layer of the microneedles was functionalized to serve as a biosensing device for the in situ sensitive and accurate monitoring of interstitial glucose. The inner layer of the microneedles was integrated with a flexible electroosmotic pump to deliver insulin, and the delivery rate was electrically controlled by the glucose level from the biosensing device. The closed-loop system successfully stabilized the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats in a normal and safe range. The system is painless, miniaturized, cost-effective, and flexible. It is anticipated that it could open up exciting new avenues for fundamental studies of new closed-loop devices as well as practical applications for diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qi Yu
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital; Peking University Institute of Nephrology; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100034, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Weixin Gai
- School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Le Ye
- School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital; Peking University Institute of Nephrology; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100034, P. R. China
| | - Yue Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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142
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Zhu DD, Zheng LW, Duong PK, Cheah RH, Liu XY, Wong JR, Wang WJ, Tien Guan ST, Zheng XT, Chen P. Colorimetric microneedle patches for multiplexed transdermal detection of metabolites. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 212:114412. [PMID: 35623253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Skin Interstitial Fluid (ISF) is an alternative source for biomarkers. Herein, a highly swellable microneedle patch (MNP) to rapidly extract ISF painlessly and bloodlessly is presented. The MNP is made of crosslinked methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA) and dissolvable hyaluronic acid (HA) with the optimal balance of mechanical strength (0.6 N/MN) and absorption capability (16.22 μL in 20 min). Incorporated with wax-patterned and sensing-reagent-decorated test paper (TP) for multiplexed colorimetric detection of metabolites (glucose, lactate, cholesterol, and pH), this TP-MNP biosensor gives rapid color change in biomarker concentration-dependent manner based on specific enzymatic reactions, whereby allowing diagnosis by the naked eye or quantitative RGB analysis. Both the in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate the feasibility of TP-MNPs to detect multiple biomarkers in skin interstitial fluid within minutes. Such convenient and self-administrable profiling of metabolites shall be instrumental for home-based long-term monitoring and management of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dan Zhu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Le Wen Zheng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Phan Khanh Duong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Reanne Hui Cheah
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Xin Yi Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Jun Ren Wong
- Singapore Institute of Technology, 138683, Singapore
| | - Wen Jun Wang
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, PR China
| | | | - Xin Ting Zheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634, Singapore.
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 308232, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore.
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143
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An integrated wearable microneedle array for the continuous monitoring of multiple biomarkers in interstitial fluid. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:1214-1224. [PMID: 35534575 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Implementations of wearable microneedle-based arrays of sensors for the monitoring of multiple biomarkers in interstitial fluid have lacked system integration and evidence of robust analytical performance. Here we report the development and testing of a fully integrated wearable array of microneedles for the wireless and continuous real-time sensing of two metabolites (lactate and glucose, or alcohol and glucose) in the interstitial fluid of volunteers performing common daily activities. The device works with a custom smartphone app for data capture and visualization, comprises reusable electronics and a disposable microneedle array, and is optimized for system integration, cost-effective fabrication via advanced micromachining, easier assembly, biocompatibility, pain-free skin penetration and enhanced sensitivity. Single-analyte and dual-analyte measurements correlated well with the corresponding gold-standard measurements in blood or breath. Further validation of the technology in large populations with concurrent validation of sensor readouts through centralized laboratory tests should determine the robustness and utility of real-time simultaneous monitoring of several biomarkers in interstitial fluid.
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144
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Du X, Li N, Chen Q, Wu Z, Zhai J, Xie X. Perspective on fluorescence cell imaging with ionophore-based ion-selective nano-optodes. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:031301. [PMID: 35698631 PMCID: PMC9188459 DOI: 10.1063/5.0090599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic ions are ubiquitous in all kinds of cells with highly dynamic spatial and temporal distribution. Taking advantage of different types of fluorescent probes, fluorescence microscopic imaging and quantitative analysis of ion concentrations in cells have rapidly advanced. A family of fluorescent nanoprobes based on ionophores has emerged in recent years with the potential to establish a unique platform for the analysis of common biological ions including Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, and so on. This article aims at providing a retrospect and outlook of ionophore-based ion-selective nanoprobes and the applications in cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Niping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qinghan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zeying Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
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145
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Yang J, Yang J, Gong X, Zheng Y, Yi S, Cheng Y, Li Y, Liu B, Xie X, Yi C, Jiang L. Recent Progress in Microneedles-Mediated Diagnosis, Therapy, and Theranostic Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102547. [PMID: 35034429 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Theranostic system combined diagnostic and therapeutic modalities is critical for the real-time monitoring of disease-related biomarkers and personalized therapy. Microneedles, as a multifunctional platform, are promising for transdermal diagnostics and drug delivery. They have shown attractive properties including painless skin penetration, easy self-administration, prominent therapeutic effects, and good biosafety. Herein, an overview of the microneedles-based diagnosis, therapies, and theranostic systems is given. Four microneedles-based detection methods are concluded based on the sensing mechanism: i) electrochemistry, ii) fluorometric, iii) colorimetric, and iv) Raman methods. Additionally, robust microneedles are suitable for implantable drug delivery. Microneedles-assisted transdermal drug delivery can be primarily classified as passive, active, and responsive drug release, based on the release mechanisms. Microneedles-assisted oral and implantable drug delivery mechanisms are also presented in this review. Furthermore, the key frontier developments in microneedles-mediated theranostic systems as the major selling points are emphasized in this review. These systems are classified into open-loop and closed-loop theranostic systems based on the indirectness and directness of feedback between the transdermal diagnosis and therapy, respectively. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives for next-generation microneedles-mediated theranostic systems are also discussed. Taken together, microneedle-based systems are promising as the new avenue for diagnosis, therapy, and disease-specific closed-loop theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Xia Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Shengzhu Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Yanxiang Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Electronics and Information Technology Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Changqing Yi
- Research Institute of Sun Yat‐Sen University in Shenzhen Shenzhen 518057 P. R. China
| | - Lelun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
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146
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Wang S, Liu Y, Qiu Y, Dou Q, Han Y, Huang M, Hong K, Yang B, Zhou X, Dai Q. Saliva-based point-of-care testing techniques for COVID-19 detection. Virol Sin 2022; 37:472-476. [PMID: 35508276 PMCID: PMC9056993 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantages of COVID-19 detection in saliva were systematically introduced. Saliva-based POCT technologies for the detection of COVID-19 were reviewed. A positive correlation between COVID-19 antibodies in saliva and serum was demonstrated.
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147
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Zhang W, Zhu X, Kang M, Xu J, Zuo Y, Sun M, Zhao C, Liu H. Water splitting-assisted electrocatalysis based on dendrimer-encapsulated Au nanoparticles for perspiration glucose analysis. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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148
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Shafaat A, Žalnėravičius R, Ratautas D, Dagys M, Meškys R, Rutkienė R, Gonzalez-Martinez JF, Neilands J, Björklund S, Sotres J, Ruzgas T. Glucose-to-Resistor Transduction Integrated into a Radio-Frequency Antenna for Chip-less and Battery-less Wireless Sensing. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1222-1234. [PMID: 35392657 PMCID: PMC9040053 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To maximize the potential of 5G infrastructure in healthcare, simple integration of biosensors with wireless tag antennas would be beneficial. This work introduces novel glucose-to-resistor transduction, which enables simple, wireless biosensor design. The biosensor was realized on a near-field communication tag antenna, where a sensing bioanode generated electrical current and electroreduced a nonconducting antenna material into an excellent conductor. For this, a part of the antenna was replaced by a Ag nanoparticle layer oxidized to high-resistance AgCl. The bioanode was based on Au nanoparticle-wired glucose dehydrogenase (GDH). The exposure of the cathode-bioanode to glucose solution resulted in GDH-catalyzed oxidation of glucose at the bioanode with a concomitant reduction of AgCl to highly conducting Ag on the cathode. The AgCl-to-Ag conversion strongly affected the impedance of the antenna circuit, allowing wireless detection of glucose. Mimicking the final application, the proposed wireless biosensor was ultimately evaluated through the measurement of glucose in whole blood, showing good agreement with the values obtained with a commercially available glucometer. This work, for the first time, demonstrates that making a part of the antenna from the AgCl layer allows achieving simple, chip-less, and battery-less wireless sensing of enzyme-catalyzed reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Shafaat
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö 205 06, Sweden
- Biofilms−Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö 205 06, Sweden
| | - Rokas Žalnėravičius
- State Research Institute, Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Dalius Ratautas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10223, Lithuania
- Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, Vilnius LT-10223, Lithuania
| | - Marius Dagys
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10223, Lithuania
| | - Rolandas Meškys
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10223, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Rutkienė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10223, Lithuania
| | - Juan Francisco Gonzalez-Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö 205 06, Sweden
- Biofilms−Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö 205 06, Sweden
| | - Jessica Neilands
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö 205 06, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Björklund
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö 205 06, Sweden
- Biofilms−Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö 205 06, Sweden
| | - Javier Sotres
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö 205 06, Sweden
- Biofilms−Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö 205 06, Sweden
| | - Tautgirdas Ruzgas
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö 205 06, Sweden
- Biofilms−Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö 205 06, Sweden
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149
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Madden J, Vaughan E, Thompson M, O' Riordan A, Galvin P, Iacopino D, Rodrigues Teixeira S. Electrochemical sensor for enzymatic lactate detection based on laser-scribed graphitic carbon modified with platinum, chitosan and lactate oxidase. Talanta 2022; 246:123492. [PMID: 35487014 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We developed a flexible laser scribed graphitic carbon based lactate biosensor fabricated using a low cost 450 nm laser. We demonstrated a facile fabrication method involving electrodeposition of platinum followed by two casting steps for modification with chitosan and lactate oxidase. The biosensor demonstrated chronoamperometric lactate detection within a linear range from 0.2 mM to 3 mM, (R2 > 0.99), with a limit of detection of 0.11 mM and a sensitivity of 35.8 μA/mM/cm2. The biosensor was successful in performing up to 10 consecutive measurements (one after the other) indicating good working stability (RSD <5%). Concerning storage stability, there was no decrease in signal response after 30 days of storage at 4 °C. Additionally, we demonstrate enzymatic lactate detection whilst the flexible polyimide substrates were fixed at a curvature (K) of 0.14 mm-1. No noticeable change in signal response was observed in comparison to calibrations obtained at a curvature of 0 mm-1, signifying potential opportunities for sensor attachment or integration with oral-care products such as mouth swabs. Both laser scribed graphitic carbon and Ag/AgCl modified-laser scribed graphitic carbon were successful as reference electrodes for chronoamperometric lactate measurements. Furthermore, using a three-electrode configuration on polyimide, lactate detection in both artificial saliva and sterile human serum samples was achieved for two spiked concentrations (0.5 mM and 1 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Madden
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoghan Vaughan
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Alan O' Riordan
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Galvin
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniela Iacopino
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork, Ireland.
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Evaluation of Sweat-Sampling Procedures for Human Stress-Biomarker Detection. ANALYTICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/analytica3020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweat is a potential biological fluid for the non-invasive analytical assessment of diverse molecules, including biomarkers. Notwithstanding, the sampling methodology is critical, and it must be assessed prior to using sweat for clinical diagnosis. In the current work, the analytical methodology was further developed taking into account the sampling step, in view of the identification and level variations of sweat components that have potential to be stress biomarkers using separation by liquid chromatography and detection by tandem mass spectrometry, in order to attain a screening profile of 26 molecules in just one stage. As such, the molecule identification was used as a test for the evaluation of the sampling procedures, including the location on the body, using patches for long-term sampling and vials for direct sampling, through a qualitative approach. From this evaluation it was possible to conclude that the sampling may be performed on the chest or back skin. Additionally, possible interference was evaluated. The long-term sampling with patches can be used under both rest and exercise conditions with variation of the detected molecule’s levels. The direct sampling, using vials, has the advantage of not having interferences but the disadvantage of only being effective after exercise in order to have enough sample for sweat analysis.
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