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Kirch† J, Ruge CA, Schneider† C, Hanes J, Lehr* CM. Nanostructures for Overcoming the Pulmonary Barriers: Physiological Considerations and Mechanistic Issues. NANOSTRUCTURED BIOMATERIALS FOR OVERCOMING BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735292-00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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102
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Kindblom C, Davies J, Herzberg M, Svensäter G, Wickström C. Salivary proteins promote proteolytic activity in Streptococcus mitis biovar 2 and Streptococcus mutans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2012; 27:362-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2012.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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103
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Buob D, Fauvel H, Buisine MP, Truant S, Mariette C, Porchet N, Wacrenier A, Copin MC, Leteurtre E. The complex intratumoral heterogeneity of colon cancer highlighted by laser microdissection. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1271-80. [PMID: 22198706 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-2023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the utility of laser microdissection in the comparison of phenotypes and genetic alterations between colon cancer and corresponding liver metastasis in the context of intratumoral heterogeneity. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on a series of 11 patients surgically treated for colon adenocarcinoma with liver metastases, using antibodies directed against six mucins. Immunohistochemistry was completed by laser microdissection of tumor zones with particular phenotype, luminal zone and invasion front of colon tumors. Microdissected samples were compared on the basis of microsatellite instability and alterations of CTNNB1, KRAS, and TP53. RESULTS Our study demonstrated varying mucin expression within tumors, suggesting the existence of phenotypic intratumoral heterogeneity. A common immunohistochemical profile was observed in individual tumors between tumoral subpopulations and corresponding metastases. Nevertheless, the phenotypic characteristics were distinct from one patient to another. Laser microdissection underlined that phenotypic heterogeneity could rely on genotypic heterogeneity, and that some genetic alterations were common to microdissected samples from primary colon tumors and liver metastases. CONCLUSION We illustrated intratumoral heterogeneity of colon cancer using laser microdissection, in combination with immunohistochemical and genotypic tools. This intratumoral heterogeneity could represent a major issue in the search of prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Buob
- Department of Pathology, CHRU de Lille, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, Avenue Oscar Lambret, 59037 Lille Cedex, France.
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Skoog EC, Sjöling Å, Navabi N, Holgersson J, Lundin SB, Lindén SK. Human gastric mucins differently regulate Helicobacter pylori proliferation, gene expression and interactions with host cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36378. [PMID: 22563496 PMCID: PMC3341350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the mucus niche of the gastric mucosa and is a risk factor for gastritis, ulcers and cancer. The main components of the mucus layer are heavily glycosylated mucins, to which H. pylori can adhere. Mucin glycosylation differs between individuals and changes during disease. Here we have examined the H. pylori response to purified mucins from a range of tumor and normal human gastric tissue samples. Our results demonstrate that mucins from different individuals differ in how they modulate both proliferation and gene expression of H. pylori. The mucin effect on proliferation varied significantly between samples, and ranged from stimulatory to inhibitory, depending on the type of mucins and the ability of the mucins to bind to H. pylori. Tumor-derived mucins and mucins from the surface mucosa had potential to stimulate proliferation, while gland-derived mucins tended to inhibit proliferation and mucins from healthy uninfected individuals showed little effect. Artificial glycoconjugates containing H. pylori ligands also modulated H. pylori proliferation, albeit to a lesser degree than human mucins. Expression of genes important for the pathogenicity of H. pylori (babA, sabA, cagA, flaA and ureA) appeared co-regulated in response to mucins. The addition of mucins to co-cultures of H. pylori and gastric epithelial cells protected the viability of the cells and modulated the cytokine production in a manner that differed between individuals, was partially dependent of adhesion of H. pylori to the gastric cells, but also revealed that other mucin factors in addition to adhesion are important for H. pylori-induced host signaling. The combined data reveal host-specific effects on proliferation, gene expression and virulence of H. pylori due to the gastric mucin environment, demonstrating a dynamic interplay between the bacterium and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Skoog
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Sjöling
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nazanin Navabi
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Holgersson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samuel B. Lundin
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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105
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Davies JR, Wickström C, Thornton DJ. Gel-forming and cell-associated mucins: preparation for structural and functional studies. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 842:27-47. [PMID: 22259128 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-513-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Secreted and transmembrane mucins are important components of innate defence at the body's mucosal surfaces. The secreted mucins are large, polymeric glycoproteins, which are largely responsible for the gel-like properties of mucus secretions. The cell-tethered mucins, however, are monomeric but are typically composed of two subunits, a larger extracellular subunit which is heavily glycosylated while the smaller more sparsely glycosylated subunit has a short extracellular region, a single-pass transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. These two families of mucins represent high-molecular-weight glycoproteins containing serine and threonine-rich domains that are the attachment sites for large numbers of O-glycans. The high-M ( r ) and high sugar content have been exploited for the separation of mucins from the majority of components in mucus secretions. In this chapter, we describe current and well-established methods (caesium chloride density-gradient centrifugation, gel-filtration and anion-exchange chromatography, and agarose gel electrophoresis) for the extraction and purification of gel-forming and cell-surface mucins which can subsequently be used for a variety of structural and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Davies
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, SE, Sweden.
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106
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Kim KC. Role of epithelial mucins during airway infection. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 25:415-9. [PMID: 22198062 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Airway surface fluid contains two layers of mucins consisting mainly of 5 different mucin gene products. While the outer layer contains two gel-forming mucins (MUC5AC and MUC5B) that are tightly associated with various biologically active, defensive molecules, the inner layer contains three membrane-tethered mucins (MUC1, MUC4 and MUC16) shed from the apical cell surface. During airway infection, all of these mucins serve as a major protective barrier against pathogens. MUC1 mucin produced by virtually all the surface columnar epithelial cells in the respiratory tract as well as Type II pneumocytes in the alveoli plays an additional, perhaps more critical role during respiratory infection by controlling the resolution of inflammation that is essential to prevent the development of inflammatory lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Chul Kim
- Lung Mucus Research Program, Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 N. Broad Street, MRB-410, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Seagrave J, Albrecht H, Park YS, Rubin B, Solomon G, Kim KC. Effect of guaifenesin on mucin production, rheology, and mucociliary transport in differentiated human airway epithelial cells. Exp Lung Res 2011; 37:606-14. [DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2011.623116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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108
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Abnormal expression of Muc5b in Cftr-null mice and in mammary tumors of MMTV-ras mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:699-708. [PMID: 22005837 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gel-forming mucins are large, high molecular weight, and heavily O-glycosylated proteins that are responsible for the rheological properties of mucus gel. Among them, the mucin MUC5B has been implicated in breast cancer and cystic fibrosis. We obtained a new polyclonal serum, named CP1, which was isolated from a rabbit immunized with a mouse Muc5b peptide. The immunoprofile of Muc5b was determined on paraffin-embedded and frozen mouse tissue sections and showed a similar expression pattern in mouse to that in the human. The "nonmammary" mucin Muc5b was detected in all mammary tumors analyzed from MMTV-ras mice, suggesting that the CP1 antibody is a valuable tool for investigating the involvement of this mucin in mammary cancer. We also found that uninfected Cftr( -/- ) mice harbored more Clara cells, which were Muc5b-positive, than did their wild-type control littermates. The number of Muc5b-positive cells increased in Cftr( -/- ) mice infected experimentally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the mice developed mucus plugs in their bronchi and bronchioles with a high frequency of Muc5b content (87%, Cohen's kappa = 0.82; p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that mice genetically deficient in the Cftr gene are predisposed to develop mucus plugs and that MUC5B may provide a valuable target for decreasing mucus viscosity in cystic fibrosis.
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Alenmyr L, Herrmann A, Högestätt ED, Greiff L, Zygmunt PM. TRPV1 and TRPA1 stimulation induces MUC5B secretion in the human nasal airway in vivo. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2011; 31:435-44. [PMID: 21981454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2011.01039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Nasal transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) stimulation with capsaicin produces serous and mucinous secretion in the human nasal airway. The primary aim of this study was to examine topical effects of various TRP ion channel agonists on symptoms and secretion of specific mucins: mucin 5 subtype AC (MUC5AC) and B (MUC5B). METHODS Healthy individuals were subjected to nasal challenges with TRPV1 agonists (capsaicin, olvanil and anandamide), TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) agonists (cinnamaldehyde and mustard oil) and a TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) agonist (menthol). Symptoms were monitored, and nasal lavages were analysed for MUC5AC and MUC5B, i.e. specific mucins associated with airway diseases. In separate groups of healthy subjects, nasal biopsies and brush samples were analysed for TRPV1 and MUC5B, using immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR. Finally, calcium responses and ciliary beat frequency were measured on isolated ciliated epithelial cells. RESULTS All TRP agonists induced nasal pain or smart. Capsaicin, olvanil and mustard oil also produced rhinorrhea. Lavage fluids obtained after challenge with capsaicin and mustard oil indicated increased levels of MUC5B, whereas MUC5AC was unaffected. MUC5B and TRPV1 immunoreactivities were primarily localized to submucosal glands and peptidergic nerve fibres, respectively. Although trpv1 transcripts were detected in nasal brush samples, functional responses to capsaicin could not be induced in isolated ciliated epithelial cells. CONCLUSION Agonists of TRPV1 and TRPA1 induced MUC5B release in the human nasal airways in vivo. These findings may be of relevance with regard to the regulation of mucin production under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Alenmyr
- Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University
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110
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Nordgård CT, Draget KI. Oligosaccharides As Modulators of Rheology in Complex Mucous Systems. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:3084-90. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200727c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Taylor Nordgård
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kurt I. Draget
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Wang YY, Lai SK, So C, Schneider C, Cone R, Hanes J. Mucoadhesive nanoparticles may disrupt the protective human mucus barrier by altering its microstructure. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21547. [PMID: 21738703 PMCID: PMC3126822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus secretions typically protect exposed surfaces of the eyes and respiratory, gastrointestinal and female reproductive tracts from foreign entities, including pathogens and environmental ultrafine particles. We hypothesized that excess exposure to some foreign particles, however, may cause disruption of the mucus barrier. Many synthetic nanoparticles are likely to be mucoadhesive due to hydrophobic, electrostatic or hydrogen bonding interactions. We therefore sought to determine whether mucoadhesive particles (MAP) could alter the mucus microstructure, thereby allowing other foreign particles to more easily penetrate mucus. We engineered muco-inert probe particles 1 µm in diameter, whose diffusion in mucus is limited only by steric obstruction from the mucus mesh, and used them to measure possible MAP-induced changes to the microstructure of fresh human cervicovaginal mucus. We found that a 0.24% w/v concentration of 200 nm MAP in mucus induced a ∼10-fold increase in the average effective diffusivity of the probe particles, and a 2- to 3-fold increase in the fraction capable of penetrating physiologically thick mucus layers. The same concentration of muco-inert particles, and a low concentration (0.0006% w/v) of MAP, had no detectable effect on probe particle penetration rates. Using an obstruction-scaling model, we determined that the higher MAP dose increased the average mesh spacing (“pore” size) of mucus from 380 nm to 470 nm. The bulk viscoelasticity of mucus was unaffected by MAP exposure, suggesting MAP may not directly impair mucus clearance or its function as a lubricant, both of which depend critically on the bulk rheological properties of mucus. Our findings suggest mucoadhesive nanoparticles can substantially alter the microstructure of mucus, highlighting the potential of mucoadhesive environmental or engineered nanoparticles to disrupt mucus barriers and cause greater exposure to foreign particles, including pathogens and other potentially toxic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samuel K. Lai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Conan So
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Craig Schneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard Cone
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin Hanes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Airway mucins are the major molecular constituents of mucus. Mucus forms the first barrier to invading organisms in the airways and is an important defense mechanism of the lung. We confirm that mucin concentrations are significantly decreased in airway secretions of subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF) who have chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. In sputum from CF subjects without a history of P. aeruginosa, we found no significant difference in the mucin concentration compared to mucus from normal controls. We demonstrate that mucins can be degraded by synthetic human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and P. aeruginosa elastase B (pseudolysin) and that degradation was inhibited by serine proteases inhibitors (diisopropyl fluorophosphates [DFP], phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride [PMSF], and 1-chloro-3-tosylamido-7-amino-2-heptanone HCl [TLCK]). The mucin concentration in airway secretions from CF subjects is similar to that for normal subjects until there is infection by P. aeruginosa, and after that, the mucin concentration decreases dramatically. This is most likely due to degradation by serine proteases. The loss of this mucin barrier may contribute to chronic airway infection in the CF airway.
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113
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Kim CH, Oh Y, Han K, Seo HW, Kim D, Kang I, Park C, Jang KY, Kim SH, Chae C. Expression of secreted mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC6) and membrane-bound mucin (MUC4) in the lungs of pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Res Vet Sci 2011; 92:486-91. [PMID: 21592537 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The expression patterns of different secreted (MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC6) and membrane-bound (MUC4) mucins were determined immunohistochemically in the lungs of pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Forty-seven-week-old colostrum-deprived pigs were randomly allocated to infected (n=20) or control groups (n=20). Five infected and uninfected pigs were euthanized at 0, 6, 12, and 48 h post-inoculation (hpi). In the infected pigs, the expression of both types of mucins, which were invariably observed, was associated with bronchiolar and respiratory bronchiolar lesions. Strong positive mucin signals were seen on the surface of bronchiolar and respiratory bronchiolar epithelium with neutrophil infiltration. The mean mucin-positive area peaked at 6 hpi and decreased significantly to control levels by 48 hpi on the surface of the bronchiolar and respiratory bronchiolar epithelium. Further studies are needed to establish the functional relationship between mucin expression and the host defense mechanism against A. pleuropneumoniae in the lungs of infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Hyun Kim
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-Gu, 151-742 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Rousseau K, Cardwell JM, Humphrey E, Newton R, Knight D, Clegg P, Thornton DJ. Muc5b is the major polymeric mucin in mucus from thoroughbred horses with and without airway mucus accumulation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19678. [PMID: 21602926 PMCID: PMC3094342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus accumulation is a feature of inflammatory airway disease in the horse and has been associated with reduced performance in racehorses. In this study, we have analysed the two major airways gel-forming mucins Muc5b and Muc5ac in respect of their site of synthesis, their biochemical properties, and their amounts in mucus from healthy horses and from horses with signs of airway mucus accumulation. Polyclonal antisera directed against equine Muc5b and Muc5ac were raised and characterised. Immunohistochemical staining of normal equine trachea showed that Muc5ac and Muc5b are produced by cells in the submucosal glands, as well as surface epithelial goblet cells. Western blotting after agarose gel electrophoresis of airway mucus from healthy horses, and horses with mucus accumulation, was used to determine the amounts of these two mucins in tracheal wash samples. The results showed that in healthy horses Muc5b was the predominant mucin with small amounts of Muc5ac. The amounts of Muc5b and Muc5ac were both dramatically increased in samples collected from horses with high mucus scores as determined visually at the time of endoscopy and that this increase also correlated with increase number of bacteria present in the sample. The change in amount of Muc5b and Muc5ac indicates that Muc5b remains the most abundant mucin in mucus. In summary, we have developed mucin specific polyclonal antibodies, which have allowed us to show that there is a significant increase in Muc5b and Muc5ac in mucus accumulated in equine airways and these increases correlated with the numbers of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Rousseau
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Humphrey
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Newton
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - David Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Clegg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Thornton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Tam A, Wadsworth S, Dorscheid D, Man SFP, Sin DD. The airway epithelium: more than just a structural barrier. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2011; 5:255-73. [PMID: 21372121 DOI: 10.1177/1753465810396539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian airway is lined by a variety of specialized epithelial cells that not only serve as a physical barrier but also respond to environment-induced damage through the release of biologically active factors and constant cellular renewal. The lung epithelium responds to environmental insults such as pathogens, cigarette smoke and pollution by secreting inflammatory mediators and antimicrobial peptides, and by recruiting immune cells to the site of infection or damage. When the epithelium is severely damaged, basal cells and Clara cells that have stem-cell-like properties are capable of self-renewal and proliferation in the affected area, to repair the damage. In order to effectively fight off infections, the epithelium requires the assistance of neutrophils recruited from the peripheral circulation through transendothelial followed by transepithelial migration events. Activated neutrophils migrate across the epithelium through a series of ligand-receptor interactions to the site of injury, where they secrete proteolytic enzymes and oxidative radicals for pathogen destruction. However, chronic activation and recruitment of neutrophils in airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma has been associated with tissue damage and disease severity. In this paper, we review the current understanding of the airway epithelial response to injury and its interaction with inflammatory cells, in particular the neutrophil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tam
- The UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Providence Heart and Lung Centre and Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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116
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Ota H, Harada O, Uehara T, Hayama M, Ishii K. Aberrant expression of TFF1, TFF2, and PDX1 and their diagnostic value in lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia. Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135:253-61. [PMID: 21228366 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpqmao3pw4ogof] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) is a distinct benign glandular lesion expressing gastric gland mucous cell-type mucin (N-acetylglucosaminα1 → 4galactose → R [GlcNAcα1 → 4Gal → R]). To investigate histogenesis and diagnostic markers of LEGH, we examined the immunohistochemical expression profile of gastric surface mucous cell (MUC5AC and TFF1), gastric gland mucous cell (MUC6, TFF2, and GlcNAcα1 → 4Gal → R), gastric pyloric epithelial cell (PDX1), and endocervical cell (keratan sulfate) markers in normal endocervix samples and benign glandular lesions (nabothian cysts, tunnel clusters, and LEGHs). MUC5AC and MUC6 were expressed in normal endocervical mucosa and benign glandular lesions. TFF1, TFF2, GlcNAcα1 → 4Gal → R, and PDX1 were expressed only in LEGH. Keratan sulfate was expressed in normal endocervical mucosa and benign glandular lesions. In LEGH, gastric surface mucous cell and gastric gland mucous cell differentiation were demonstrated, and transdifferentiation from endocervical mucosa into gastric pyloric mucosa was suggested. In addition to GlcNAcα1 → 4Gal → R, TFF1, TFF2, and PDX1 are additional useful markers for LEGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Oi Harada
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Hayama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Pathology, Okaya Municipal Hospital, Okaya, Japan
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Hishida T, Ishii G, Kodama T, Tsuta K, Nara M, Yoshida J, Nishimura M, Nagai K, Ochiai A. Centrally located adenocarcinoma with endobronchial polypoid growth: Clinicopathological analysis of five cases. Pathol Int 2010; 61:73-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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118
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Svensson O, Arnebrant T. Mucin layers and multilayers — Physicochemical properties and applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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119
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Loh AX, Johnson L, Ng W, Swallow DM. Cis-acting Allelic Variation in MUC5B mRNA Expression is Associated with Different Promoter Haplotypes. Ann Hum Genet 2010; 74:498-505. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lindén S, Semino-Mora C, Liu H, Rick J, Dubois A. Role of mucin Lewis status in resistance to Helicobacter pylori infection in pediatric patients. Helicobacter 2010; 15:251-8. [PMID: 20633185 PMCID: PMC3209514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis, peptic ulcer and is a risk factor for adenocarcinoma and lymphoma of the stomach. Gastric mucins, carrying highly diverse carbohydrate structures, present functional binding sites for H. pylori and may play a role in pathogenesis. However, little information is available regarding gastric mucin in children with and without stomach diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of mucins and glycosylation was studied by immunohistochemistry on gastric biopsies from 51 children with and without H. pylori infection and/or peptic ulcer disease. RESULTS In all children, MUC5AC was present in the surface epithelium and MUC6 in the glands. No MUC6 in the surface epithelium or MUC2 was detected in any section. The Le(b) and Le(a) blood group antigens were present in the surface epithelium of 80% and 29% of children, respectively. H. pylori load was higher in Le(b) negative children than in Le(b) positive individuals (mean +/- SEM 17.8 +/- 3.5 vs 10.8 +/- 1.5; p < 0.05), but there was no correlation between Le(a) or Le(b) status and gastritis, nodularity, and gastric or duodenal ulcer (DU). Expression of sialyl-Le(x) was associated with H. pylori infection, and DU. CONCLUSIONS Mucin expression and glycosylation is similar in children and adults. However, in contrast to adults, pediatric H. pylori infection is not accompanied by aberrant expression of MUC6 or MUC2. Furthermore, the lower H. pylori density in Le(b) positive children indicates that H. pylori is suppressed in the presence of gastric mucins decorated with Le(b), the binding site of the H. pylori BabA adhesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lindén
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Sahlgrenska academy, Gothenburg University, Box 435, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cristina Semino-Mora
- Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James Rick
- Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andre Dubois
- Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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121
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Mallipeddi R, Rohan LC. Nanoparticle-based vaginal drug delivery systems for HIV prevention. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:37-48. [PMID: 20017659 DOI: 10.1517/17425240903338055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Several strategies are being investigated for the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV. Of these, topical vaginal drug delivery systems, microbicides, are being actively pursued. HIV prevention by means of a topical microbicide has several drug delivery challenges. These challenges include the vaginal mucosal barriers and potential degradation of the drugs in the vaginal lumen due to pH and enzymes present. Also, new drugs being evaluated as microbicides have specific mechanisms of action, which in some cases require drug targeting to a specific site of action. Nanoparticles provide a delivery strategy for targeted or controlled delivery to the vagina which can be applied in the field of HIV prevention. AREAS COVERED IN THE REVIEW This review summarizes nanoparticulate systems and their use in mucosal delivery to date. The sexual transmission of HIV along with the various targets to prevent transmission are discussed as well as the potential opportunities, challenges and advantages in using a nanoparticle-based approach for microbicidal drug delivery. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review provides a general understanding of vaginal drug delivery, its challenges, and nanoparticulate delivery systems. Additionally, insight will be gained as to the limited existing application of this technology to the field of HIV prevention. TAKE HOME MESSAGE To date, few studies have been published that exploit nanoparticle-based microbicidal delivery to the vagina. The use of nanoparticles for vaginal drug delivery provides an approach to overcome the existing barriers to success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Mallipeddi
- Magee Women's Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, B509, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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122
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Identification of salivary proteins at oil-water interfaces stabilized by lysozyme and beta-lactoglobulin. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:268-78. [PMID: 20197185 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we investigated the interaction occurring between oil-in-water emulsion droplets, stabilized by different emulsifiers, i.e. lysozyme and beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lg), and salivary proteins (SPs) with a molecular mass (M(r)) above about 10kDa. Different techniques, i.e. infrared spectroscopy, Western blotting, PAS staining and SDS-PAGE coupled to MS, were employed for this purpose. This study demonstrated the interaction between several salivary proteins and the emulsifiers at the oil-water interfaces. In particular, results show that the high M(r) mucin MUC5B was strongly bound to lysozyme stabilized emulsions, whereas beta-lg stabilized emulsions associated with MUC7 and, moderately, with MUC5B. Furthermore, we observed that salivary proteins in the range M(r) 10-100kDa associated differently with emulsion droplets. A large majority of SPs was found to interact with lysozyme stabilized emulsion droplets whilst in case of beta-lg stabilized emulsions, the SPs distribute more evenly between the fraction associated and non-associated with the droplets. A clear example is alpha-amylase (M(r) approximately 55kDa) which predominantly associates with lysozyme stabilized emulsion droplets, but not with beta-lg emulsion droplets. To conclude, our findings indicate that adsorption/association of salivary protein components onto the emulsion droplets is related to the type of emulsifying proteins at the oil-water interfaces and it is probably driven by the overall net charge at the droplet's oil-water interfaces, i.e. positive for lysozyme stabilized emulsions and negative for beta-lactoglobulin stabilized emulsion at neutral pH.
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123
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Kim CH, Kim KE, Yoon JH, Song KS. Upregulation of MUC5AC gene expression by IL-4 through CREB in human airway epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 108:974-81. [PMID: 19718656 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mucus hypersecretion is an important characteristic feature of the pathogenesis of allergy. Although interleukin (IL)-4 is known to be an inflammatory mediator in respiratory diseases, the mechanism by which IL-4 induces MUC5AC gene expression has not been fully explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which IL-4 induces MUC5AC gene expression in the airway. We examined the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling on MUC5AC gene expression in airway epithelium. We showed that phosphorylation of ERK1/2 increased after treatment of cells with IL-4, whereas phosphorylation of p38 and JNK was not detected. In addition, pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of ERK1/2 abolished IL-4-induced MUC5AC gene expression. Moreover, we investigated the activation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (RSK1) as a downstream signaling target of ERK1/2 in IL-4 signaling. The activation of RSK1 was prevented by pretreatment with PD98059 or plasmid expressing a MEK1 dominant-negative mutant. We also found that RSK1 mediated the IL-4-induced phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and the transcription of MUC5AC. Furthermore, the cAMP-response element (CRE) in the MUC5AC promoter appears to be important for IL-4-induced MUC5AC gene expression in NCI-H292 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Hong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, Koyang, Korea
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124
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125
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Macakova L, Yakubov GE, Plunkett MA, Stokes JR. Influence of ionic strength changes on the structure of pre-adsorbed salivary films. A response of a natural multi-component layer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 77:31-9. [PMID: 20133111 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Salivary films coating oral surfaces are critically important for oral health. This study focuses on determining the underlying nature of this adsorbed film and how it responds to departures from physiological conditions due to changes in ionic strength. Under physiological conditions, it is found that pre-adsorbed in vitro salivary film on hydrophobic surfaces is present as a highly hydrated viscoelastic layer. We follow the evolution of this film in terms of its effective thickness, hydration and viscoelastic properties, as well as adsorbed mass of proteins, using complementary surface characterisation methods: a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring (QCM-D). Our results support a heterogeneous model for the structure of the salivary film with an inner dense anchoring layer and an outer highly extended hydrated layer. Further swelling of the film was observed upon decreasing the salt concentration down to 1mM NaCl. However, upon exposure to deionised water, a collapse of the film occurs that was associated with the loss of water contained within the adsorbed layer. We suggest that the collapse in deionised water is driven by an onset of electrostatic attraction between different parts of the multi-component salivary film. It is anticipated that such changes could also occur when the oral cavity is exposed to food, beverage, oral care and pharmaceutical formulations where drastic changes to the structural integrity of the film is likely to have implications on oral health, sensory perception and product performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Macakova
- Unilever Discover, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom.
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126
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Derrien M, van Passel MWJ, van de Bovenkamp JHB, Schipper RG, de Vos WM, Dekker J. Mucin-bacterial interactions in the human oral cavity and digestive tract. Gut Microbes 2010; 1:254-268. [PMID: 21327032 PMCID: PMC3023607 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.1.4.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucins are a family of heavily glycosylated proteins that are the major organic components of the mucus layer, the protective layer covering the epithelial cells in many human and animal organs, including the entire gastro-intestinal tract. Microbes that can associate with mucins benefit from this interaction since they can get available nutrients, experience physico-chemical protection and adhere, resulting in increased residence time. Mucin-degrading microorganisms, which often are found in consortia, have not been extensively characterized as mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins that are hard to study because of their size, complexity and heterogeneity. The purpose of this review is to discuss how advances in mucus and mucin research, and insight in the microbial ecology promoted our understanding of mucin degradation. Recent insight is presented in mucin structure and organization, the microorganisms known to use mucin as growth substrate, with a specific attention on Akkermansia muciniphila, and the molecular basis of microbial mucin degradation owing to availability of genome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Derrien
- TI Food and Nutrition; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands,Laboratory of Microbiology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark WJ van Passel
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen HB van de Bovenkamp
- TI Food and Nutrition; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands,Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond G Schipper
- TI Food and Nutrition; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands,Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands,Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Dekker
- TI Food and Nutrition; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen, The Netherlands
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127
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The Fertile and Infertile Phases of the Menstrual Cycle are Signaled by Cervical-Vaginal Fluid Die Swell Functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1097/ten.0b013e3181bed4a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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128
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129
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Wickström C, Herzberg MC, Beighton D, Svensäter G. Proteolytic degradation of human salivary MUC5B by dental biofilms. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:2866-2872. [PMID: 19556293 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.030536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of complex substrates, like salivary mucins, requires an arsenal of glycosidases and proteases to sequentially degrade the oligosaccharides and polypeptide backbone. The mucin MUC5B is a complex oligomeric glycoprotein, heterogeneous in molecular mass (14-40 x 10(6) Da), with a diverse repertoire of oligosaccharides, differing in composition and charge. The aim of this study was to investigate whether proteolytic degradation of the mucin polypeptide backbone could be identified and if cooperation of dental biofilm bacteria was required. Cooperative bacteria-mediated proteolysis of MUC5B was determined by comparing individual species and mixed consortia of strains isolated from supragingival plaque, and freshly harvested supragingival plaque. Proteolytic activity was analysed using fluorescent labelled substrate and by visualizing mucin degradation by SDS-PAGE. Dental plaque degraded the polypeptide backbone of the salivary MUC5B mucin. The mucin was also degraded by a specific consortium of isolated species from supragingival plaque, although individual species and other consortia did not. Certain bacteria in supragingival dental plaque therefore cooperate as a consortium to proteolyse human salivary MUC5B and hydrolyse glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Wickström
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.,Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Beighton
- Infection Research Group, Dental Institute, King's College, London, UK
| | - Gunnel Svensäter
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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130
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Ahn EK, Kim WJ, Kwon JA, Choi PJ, Kim WJ, Sunwoo Y, Heo J, Leem SH. Variants of MUC5B minisatellites and the susceptibility of bladder cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28:169-76. [PMID: 19191526 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2008.0827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human MUC5B gene, which is primarily expressed in the tracheobronchial tract, is clustered to chromosome 11p15.5 with three other secreted gel-forming mucins, MUC6, MUC2, and MUC5AC. In this study, we identified seven variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs; minisatellites) from the entire MUC5B region. Six (MUC5B-MS1, -MS2, -MS3, -MS4, -MS5, and -MS7) of the seven minisatellites evaluated in this study were novel minisatellites, but the MUC5B-MS6 minisatellite was described in a previous study. These minisatellites of MUC5B were analyzed in genomic DNA extracted from controls, cancer patients, and multigenerational families. Three (MUC5B-MS3, -MS6, and -MS7) of the seven minisatellites were found to be polymorphic and transmitted through meiosis following Mendelian inheritance in seven families; therefore, these minisatellite polymorphisms could be useful as markers for paternity mapping and DNA fingerprinting. In addition, we evaluated allelic variation in these minisatellites to determine if such variation affected the susceptibility to various carcinomas. To accomplish this, we conducted a case-control study in which the genomic DNA of 789 cancer-free controls and cancer patients with five types of cancer were compared. A statistically significant association between the long rare MUC5B-MS6 alleles and the occurrence of bladder cancer was identified in the younger group (<60; odds ratio, 4.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-20.7; p=0.03). This observation suggests that the long rare MUC5B-MS6 alleles evaluated in this study could be used to identify the risk of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Ahn
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
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131
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Kwon SH, Nam JI, Kim SH, Kim JH, Yoon JH, Kim KS. Kaempferol and quercetin, essential ingredients in Ginkgo biloba
extract, inhibit interleukin-1β
-induced MUC5AC
gene expression in human airway epithelial cells. Phytother Res 2009; 23:1708-12. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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132
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Casalino-Matsuda SM, Monzon ME, Day AJ, Forteza RM. Hyaluronan fragments/CD44 mediate oxidative stress-induced MUC5B up-regulation in airway epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 40:277-85. [PMID: 18757307 PMCID: PMC2645525 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0073oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus hypersecretion with elevated MUC5B mucin production is a pathologic feature in many airway diseases associated with oxidative stress. In the present work, we evaluated MUC5B expression in airways and in primary cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, as well as the mechanisms involved in its regulation. We found that oxidative stress generated by cigarette smoke or reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces MUC5B up-regulation in airway epithelium from smokers and in NHBE cells, respectively. We have previously shown that ROS-induced MUC5AC expression in NHBE cells is dependent on hyaluronan depolymerization and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. Since hyaluronan fragments can activate MAPK through the hyaluronan receptor CD44, and CD44 heterodimerizes with EGFR, we tested whether ROS and/or hyaluronan fragments induce MUC5B mRNA and protein expression through CD44/EGFR. We found that ROS promotes CD44/EGFR interaction, EGFR/MAPK activation, and MUC5B up-regulation that are prevented by blocking CD44 and/or EGFR. These results were mimicked by hyaluronan fragments. In summary, our results show that oxidative stress in vivo (cigarette smoke) or in vitro (ROS) induces MUC5B up-regulation. This ROS-induced MUC5B expression requires CD44 as well as EGFR and MAPK activation. In addition, we also provide evidence that hyaluronan fragments are sufficient to induce CD44/EGFR interaction and downstream signaling that results in MUC5B up-regulation, suggesting that hyaluronan depolymerization during inflammatory responses could be directly involved in the induction of mucus hypersecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marina Casalino-Matsuda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R-47), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, RMSB 7072A, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Lai SK, Wang YY, Hanes J. Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to mucosal tissues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:158-71. [PMID: 19133304 PMCID: PMC2667119 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1204] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mucus is a viscoelastic and adhesive gel that protects the lung airways, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, vagina, eye and other mucosal surfaces. Most foreign particulates, including conventional particle-based drug delivery systems, are efficiently trapped in human mucus layers by steric obstruction and/or adhesion. Trapped particles are typically removed from the mucosal tissue within seconds to a few hours depending on anatomical location, thereby strongly limiting the duration of sustained drug delivery locally. A number of debilitating diseases could be treated more effectively and with fewer side effects if drugs and genes could be more efficiently delivered to the underlying mucosal tissues in a controlled manner. This review first describes the tenacious mucus barrier properties that have precluded the efficient penetration of therapeutic particles. It then reviews the design and development of new mucus-penetrating particles that may avoid rapid mucus clearance mechanisms, and thereby provide targeted or sustained drug delivery for localized therapies in mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K. Lai
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (JH Primary Appointment), Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Justin Hanes
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (JH Primary Appointment), Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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134
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Wickström C, Hamilton IR, Svensäter G. Differential metabolic activity by dental plaque bacteria in association with two preparations of MUC5B mucins in solution and in biofilms. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 155:53-60. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.022111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary mucin, MUC5B, is an oligomeric glycoprotein, heterogeneous in size and with a diverse repertoire of oligosaccharides, which differ in composition and charge. Since complex salivary glycoproteins are considered to be the major source of nutrients for the oral supragingival microbiota, the major aim of the current study was to determine whether different preparations of non-denatured MUC5B could be isolated exhibiting different biological properties in relation to the microflora associated with the surfaces of the oral cavity. Two preparations, solMUC5B and gelMUC5B, were isolated by density-gradient centrifugation and were shown to have different buoyant densities, carbohydrate content and surface-adsorbing characteristics. To ascertain differences in biological activity, the two mucin preparations, both in solution and adsorbed to a model surface, were incubated with freshly isolated dental plaque and assayed for metabolic (dehydrogenase) activity with the fluoresecent substrate CTC (5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride). The plaque bacteria exhibited higher metabolism with the solMUC5B preparation in solution, with 79.4 % active plaque cells compared to the controls without mucin (9.6 %), while gelMUC5B showed 48.2 % active cells with the same plaque population. In contrast, the same mucins adhered to a surface elicited a significantly lower metabolic response, with surface-associated plaque cells showing only 12.1 % active cells with solMUC5B and 29.2 % with gelMUC5B. These results suggested that the metabolism by the plaque cells adsorbed to surface-associated mucins was downregulated compared to the same cells suspended in mucin solution. This was confirmed in an experiment where active dispersed plaque/solMUC5B suspensions were shown to lose significant metabolic activity (e.g. 74.9 to 19.3 %) when allowed to interact with gelMUC5B adsorbed to a surface. Clearly, the solMUC5B and gelMUC5B preparations exhibited different biological activity when assayed with freshly plaque bacteria in suspension and in a biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Wickström
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ian R. Hamilton
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gunnel Svensäter
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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135
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Kirkham S, Kolsum U, Rousseau K, Singh D, Vestbo J, Thornton DJ. MUC5B is the major mucin in the gel phase of sputum in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:1033-9. [PMID: 18776153 PMCID: PMC2643221 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200803-391oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Overproduction of mucus is a contributory factor in the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The polymeric mucins are major macromolecules in the secretion. Therefore, we hypothesized that the polymeric mucin composition or properties may be different in the sputum from individuals with COPD and smokers without airflow obstruction. OBJECTIVES To determine the major polymeric mucins in COPD sputum and whether these are different in the sputum from individuals with COPD compared with that from smokers without airflow obstruction. METHODS The polymeric mucin composition of sputum from patients with COPD and smokers without airflow obstruction was analyzed by Western blotting analysis. The tissue localization of the mucins was determined by immunohistochemistry, and their size distribution was analyzed by rate-zonal centrifugation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS MUC5AC and MUC5B were the major mucins. MUC5AC was the predominant mucin in the smoker group, whereas MUC5B was more abundant from the patients with COPD, with a significant difference in the ratio of MUC5B to MUC5AC (P = 0.004); this ratio was correlated with FEV(1) in the COPD group (r = 0.63; P = 0.01). The lower-charged glycosylated form of MUC5B was more predominant in COPD (P = 0.012). No significant associations were observed with respect to sex, age, or pack-year history. In both groups, MUC5AC was produced by surface epithelial cells and MUC5B by submucosal gland cells. Finally, there was a shift toward smaller mucins in the COPD group. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that there are differences in mucin amounts and properties between smokers with and without COPD. Further studies are needed to examine how this may impact disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kirkham
- 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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136
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Martínez-Antón A, de Bolós C, Alobid I, Benítez P, Roca-Ferrer J, Picado C, Mullol J. Corticosteroid therapy increases membrane-tethered while decreases secreted mucin expression in nasal polyps. Allergy 2008; 63:1368-76. [PMID: 18547287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucus hypersecretion is a hallmark of nasal polyposis (NP). Corticosteroids (CS) are first-line treatment for NP, decreasing their size and inflammatory component. However, their effect on mucin production is not well-understood. The aim of this (pilot) study was to investigate CS effect on mucin expression in NP. METHODS Patients were randomized in control (n = 9) and treatment (oral prednisone for 2 weeks and intranasal budesonide for 12 weeks; n = 23) groups. Nasal polyposis from nonasthmatic (NP; n = 13), aspirin-tolerant (NP-ATA; n = 11) and aspirin-intolerant (NP-AIA; n = 8) asthmatics were studied. Nasal polyposis biopsies were obtained before (w0) and after 2 (w2) and 12 (w12) weeks of CS treatment. Secreted (MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC8) and membrane-tethered (MUC1, MUC4) mucins (immunohistochemistry) and goblet cells (Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff) were quantified in both epithelium and glands. Rhinorrea and nasal obstruction were also assessed. RESULTS At w2, steroids increased MUC1 (from 70 to 97.5) and MUC4 (from 80 to 100) in NP-ATA patients' epithelium compared with baseline (w0). At w12, steroids decreased MUC5AC (from 40 to 5) and MUC5B (from 45 to 2.5) in NP-ATA patients' epithelium and glands, respectively, compared with baseline. No mucin presented significant changes in NP-AIA patients. MUC5AC and MUC5B expression correlated with goblet and mucous cell numbers, respectively, and MUC5AC also with rhinorrea score. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest: (i) CS up-regulate membrane (MUC1, MUC4) while down-regulate secreted (MUC5AC, MUC5B) mucins; (ii) there exists a link between secreted mucin expression and goblet cell hyperplasia; and (iii) NP from AIA may develop resistance to CS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martínez-Antón
- Immunoal.lèrgia Respiratòria Clínica i Experimental, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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137
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Proteomic analysis of polymeric salivary mucins: no evidence for MUC19 in human saliva. Biochem J 2008; 413:545-52. [PMID: 18426393 DOI: 10.1042/bj20080260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MUC5B is the predominant polymeric mucin in human saliva [Thornton, Khan, Mehrotra, Howard, Veerman, Packer and Sheehan (1999) Glycobiology 9, 293-302], where it contributes to oral cavity hydration and protection. More recently, the gene for another putative polymeric mucin, MUC19, has been shown to be expressed in human salivary glands [Chen, Zhao, Kalaslavadi, Hamati, Nehrke, Le, Ann and Wu (2004) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 30, 155-165]. However, to date, the MUC19 mucin has not been isolated from human saliva. Our aim was therefore to purify and characterize the MUC19 glycoprotein from human saliva. Saliva was solubilized in 4 M guanidinium chloride and the high-density mucins were purified by density-gradient centrifugation. The presence of MUC19 was investigated using tandem MS of tryptic peptides derived from this mucin preparation. Using this approach, we found multiple MUC5B-derived tryptic peptides, but were unable to detect any putative MUC19 peptides. These results suggest that MUC19 is not a major component in human saliva. In contrast, using the same experimental approach, we identified Muc19 and Muc5b glycoproteins in horse saliva. Moreover, we also identified Muc19 from pig, cow and rat saliva; the saliva of cow and rat also contained Muc5b; however, due to the lack of pig Muc5b genomic sequence data, we were unable to identify Muc5b in pig saliva. Our results suggest that unlike human saliva, which contains MUC5B, cow, horse and rat saliva are a heterogeneous mixture of Muc5b and Muc19. The functional consequence of these species differences remains to be elucidated.
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138
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Haberska K, Svensson O, Shleev S, Lindh L, Arnebrant T, Ruzgas T. Activity of lactoperoxidase when adsorbed on protein layers. Talanta 2008; 76:1159-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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139
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Kutta H, Willer A, Steven P, Bräuer L, Tsokos M, Paulsen F. Distribution of mucins and antimicrobial substances lysozyme and lactoferrin in the laryngeal subglottic region. J Anat 2008; 213:473-81. [PMID: 18657260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The subglottic region of the larynx is of high clinical relevance with regard to infections and malignancies. Little is known about the distribution of mucins and antimicrobial substances in this area. In this study, we have investigated the mucin distribution in the normal subglottis of the larynx. Moreover, we analysed the expression of lysozyme and lactoferrin in this area. Therefore, the subglottic region of 34 larynges was investigated immunohistochemically with different antibodies to mucins and antimicrobial substances. The epithelium reacted positive with antibodies to mucins MUC1 (34/34), 5AC (26/34), 5B (10/34), 7 (8/34), 8 (10/34) and 16 (19/34); submucosal glands were positive to mucins MUC1 (34/34), 5B (10/34), 7 (8/34), and 16 (19/34); high columnar epithelial cells and serous parts of subepithelial seromucous glands were also positive for lysozyme (34/34) and lactoferrin (34/34). The results show that human subglottic epithelium and subepithelial submucosal glands produce a broad spectrum of mucins that is almost comparable with that in other areas of the respiratory tract. We hypothesize that the mucin diversity of the subglottis has an impact on positive functional consequences during vocal production and antimicrobial defence. This antimicrobial defence is supported by synthesis and secretion of antimicrobial substances such as lysozyme and lactoferrin. Moreover, knowledge of the observed distribution pattern of mucins in the subglottis can be a useful tool for a classification of subglottic laryngeal carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Kutta
- Department of Anatomy, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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140
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Wickström C, Svensäter G. Salivary gel-forming mucin MUC5B – a nutrient for dental plaque bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:177-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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141
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Sonesson M, Wickström C, Kinnby B, Ericson D, Matsson L. Mucins MUC5B and MUC7 in minor salivary gland secretion of children and adults. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:523-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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142
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Habte HH, de Beer C, Lotz ZE, Tyler MG, Schoeman L, Kahn D, Mall AS. The inhibition of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 activity by crude and purified human pregnancy plug mucus and mucins in an inhibition assay. Virol J 2008; 5:59. [PMID: 18489743 PMCID: PMC2409310 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The female reproductive tract is amongst the main routes for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission. Cervical mucus however is known to protect the female reproductive tract from bacterial invasion and fluid loss and regulates and facilitates sperm transport to the upper reproductive tract. The purpose of this study was to purify and characterize pregnancy plug mucins and determine their anti-HIV-1 activity in an HIV inhibition assay. Methods Pregnancy plug mucins were purified by caesium chloride density-gradient ultra-centrifugation and characterized by Western blotting analysis. The anti-HIV-1 activities of the crude pregnancy plug mucus and purified pregnancy plug mucins was determined by incubating them with HIV-1 prior to infection of the human T lymphoblastoid cell line (CEM SS cells). Results The pregnancy plug mucus had MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC5B. The HIV inhibition assay revealed that while the purified pregnancy plug mucins inhibit HIV-1 activity by approximately 97.5%, the crude pregnancy plug mucus failed to inhibit HIV-1 activity. Conclusion Although it is not clear why the crude sample did not inhibit HIV-1 activity, it may be that the amount of mucins in the crude pregnancy plug mucus (which contains water, mucins, lipids, nucleic acids, lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulins and ions), is insufficient to cause viral inhibition or aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtom H Habte
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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143
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Thornton DJ, Rousseau K, McGuckin MA. Structure and function of the polymeric mucins in airways mucus. Annu Rev Physiol 2008; 70:459-86. [PMID: 17850213 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The airways mucus gel performs a critical function in defending the respiratory tract against pathogenic and environmental challenges. In normal physiology, the secreted mucins, in particular the polymeric mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B, provide the organizing framework of the airways mucus gel and are major contributors to its rheological properties. However, overproduction of mucins is an important factor in the morbidity and mortality of chronic airways disease (e.g., asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The roles of these enormous, multifunctional, O-linked glycoproteins in health and disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Thornton
- Wellcome Trust Center for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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144
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Svendsen IE, Lindh L, Elofsson U, Arnebrant T. Studies on the exchange of early pellicle proteins by mucin and whole saliva. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 321:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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145
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Lindén SK, Wickström C, Lindell G, Gilshenan K, Carlstedt I. Four modes of adhesion are used during Helicobacter pylori binding to human mucins in the oral and gastric niches. Helicobacter 2008; 13:81-93. [PMID: 18321298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, and the oral cavity is likely to serve as a reservoir for this pathogen. We investigated the binding of H. pylori to the mucins covering the mucosal surfaces in the niches along the oral to gastric infection route and during gastric disease and modeled the outcome of these interactions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A panel of seven H. pylori strains with defined binding properties was used to identify binding to human mucins from saliva, gastric juice, cardia, corpus, and antrum of healthy stomachs and of stomachs affected by gastritis at pH 7.4 and 3.0 using a microtiter-based method. RESULTS H. pylori binding to mucins differed substantially with the anatomic site, mucin type, pH, gastritis status, and H. pylori strain all having effect on binding. Mucins from saliva and gastric juice displayed the most diverse binding patterns, involving four modes of H. pylori adhesion and the MUC5B, MUC7, and MUC5AC mucins as well as the salivary agglutinin. Binding occurred via the blood-group antigen-binding adhesin (BabA), the sialic acid-binding adhesin (SabA), a charge/low pH-dependent mechanism, and a novel saliva-binding adhesin. In the healthy gastric mucus layer only BabA and acid/charge affect binding to the mucins, whereas in gastritis, the BabA/Le(b)-dependent binding to MUC5AC remained, and SabA and low pH binding increased. CONCLUSIONS The four H. pylori adhesion modes binding to mucins are likely to play different roles during colonization of the oral to gastric niches and during long-term infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Lindén
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.
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146
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Kim HJ, Park SH, Park SY, Moon UY, Lee BD, Yoon SH, Lee JG, Baek SJ, Yoon JH. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced MUC5AC gene expression and MUC5AC secretion in normal human nasal epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 19:536-544. [PMID: 18155512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induces mucus hypersecretion in normal human nasal epithelial (NHNE) cells and that the MAP kinase pathway may be an important signal pathway in IL-1beta-induced MUC5AC gene expression. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) polyphenols are potent anti-inflammatory agents and have been shown to inhibit inflammation in tumor cell lines and cultured respiratory epithelial cells. In this study, we examined the effect of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, on IL-1beta-induced MUC5AC gene expression and secretion in NHNE cells. After cells had been treated with IL-1beta (10 ng/ml) and pretreated with EGCG (10, 50 and 100 microM), mRNA expression of MUC5AC was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The suppression of each signal pathway protein was determined by Western blot analysis after treatment with IL-1beta and EGCG, respectively. IL-1beta increased MUC5AC gene expression and MUC5AC secretion. EGCG markedly suppressed IL-1beta-induced MUC5AC gene expression and MUC5AC secretion via suppression of the phosphorylation of ERK MAP kinase, MSK1, and transcription factor, cAMP response element-binding protein. IL-1beta increased the number of cells staining positive with MUC5AC antibodies, and EGCG treatment decreased this number. Our data suggest that EGCG may be an effective inhibitor of IL-1beta-induced mucus hypersecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jik Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Yoon Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Uk Yeol Moon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Don Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Yoon
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeung-Gweon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- The Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; The Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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147
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Schipper RG, Silletti E, Vingerhoeds MH. Saliva as research material: Biochemical, physicochemical and practical aspects. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 52:1114-35. [PMID: 17692813 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Whole saliva is a complex mixture of proteins and other molecules which originate from several sources. The biochemical and physicochemical properties of saliva contribute to the numerous functions of saliva in, e.g., speech, maintaining oral and general health, and food processing. Interest in saliva has increased in the last few years for its potential to diagnose viral, bacterial and systemic diseases. The use of saliva as research material may pose particular problems due to its inherent variability and instability. This review describes practical aspects of salivary as research material with emphasis on protein biochemistry and physical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond G Schipper
- TI Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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148
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Helton KL, Yager P. Interfacial instabilities affect microfluidic extraction of small molecules from non-Newtonian fluids. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1581-1588. [PMID: 17960289 DOI: 10.1039/b709585f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As part of a project to develop an integrated microfluidic biosensor for the detection of small molecules in saliva, practical issues of extraction of analytes from non-Newtonian samples using an H-filter were explored. The H-filter can be used to rapidly and efficiently extract small molecules from a complex sample into a simpler buffer. The location of the interface between the sample and buffer streams is a critical parameter in the function of the H-filter, so fluorescence microscopy was employed to monitor the interface position; this revealed apparently anomalous fluorophore diffusion from the samples into the buffer solutions. Using confocal microscopy to understand the three-dimensional distribution of the fluorophore, it was found that the interface between the non-Newtonian sample and Newtonian buffer was both curved and unstable. The core of the non-Newtonian sample extended into the Newtonian buffer and its position was unstable, producing a fluorescence intensity profile that gave rise to the apparently anomalously fast fluorophore transport. These instabilities resulted from the pairing of rheologically dissimilar fluid streams and were flowrate dependent. We conclude that use of non-Newtonian fluids, such as saliva, in the H-filter necessitates pretreatment to reduce viscoelasticity. The interfacial variation in position, stability and shape caused by the non-Newtonian samples has substantial implications for the use of biological samples for quantitative analysis and analyte extraction in concurrent flow extraction devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Helton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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149
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Kim YM, Won TB, Kim SW, Min YG, Lee CH, Rhee CS. Histamine induces MUC5AC expression via a hCLCA1 pathway. Pharmacology 2007; 80:219-26. [PMID: 17622767 DOI: 10.1159/000104419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histamine is an important inflammatory mediator and associated with early phase allergic response. However, the involvement of histamine in mucin gene expression or production has not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate whether histamine induces MUC5AC production in NCI-H292 cells, and to evaluate which pathway is involved in this mucin production. METHODS MUC5AC production in NCI-H292 cells was analyzed by RT-PCR, immunoassay and immunocytochemical analysis. The effect of histamine on MUC5AC production in these cells at different time courses and concentrations was assessed, and the relationship between hCLCA1 expression and histamine concentration was also evaluated. In addition, cells were pretreated with antihistamine or an hCLCA1 blocker (niflumic acid, NFA) to evaluate the mechanism underlying histamine-induced MUC5AC production. RESULTS Histamine upregulated MUC5AC gene expression and mucin protein production in a dose-dependent and time-related fashion. Histamine also dose-dependently increased hCLCA1 mRNA expression. Moreover, pretreatment of cells with chlorpheniramine or NFA reduced histamine-induced MUC5AC mRNA expression and protein production in these cells. The histamine-treated cells showed increased cytoplasmic staining for MUC5AC compared to cells treated with media alone, and cells pretreated with chlorpheniramine or NFA before histamine treatment. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that histamine-induced MUC5AC production occurs via the upregulation of hCLCA1. It is assumed that antihistamines or hCLCA1 channel blockers can partially suppress histamine-induced MUC5AC production in allergic diseases, e.g. allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Min Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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150
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Wu DYC, Wu R, Chen Y, Tarasova N, Chang MMJ. PMA stimulates MUC5B gene expression through an Sp1-based mechanism in airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:589-97. [PMID: 17600309 PMCID: PMC2048678 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0145oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the MUC5B gene expression was elevated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) through an epidermal growth factor receptor-independent Ras/MEKK1/JNK and P38 signaling-based transcriptional mechanism. In the current study, we elucidated the molecular basis of this transcriptional regulation using promoter-reporter gene expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays with primary human bronchial epithelial cells that are cultured at the air-liquid interface. We have observed that PMA-induced MUC5B promoter activity is blocked by the Sp1-binding inhibitor, mithramycin A, in a dose-dependent manner. Deletion analysis with the MUC5B promoter construct demonstrated that both basal and PMA-induced promoter-reporter activities reside within the -222/-78 bp region relative to the transcriptional start site. NoShift transcriptional factor assays demonstrated that PMA stimulated Sp1 binding, but not STAT1 and c-Myc binding. Immunoprecipitation studies also verified the enhanced phosphorylation of Sp1 after PMA treatment. Site-directed mutagenesis and transfection studies demonstrated the involvement of Sp1-1 (-122/-114) and the Sp1-2 (-197/-186) cis elements in the basal and PMA-induced MUC5B promoter activity. The ChIP assay with anti-RNA polymerase II reconfirmed the PMA-induced MUC5B promoter activity by showing enhanced RNA polymerase II-DNA complex containing putative MUC5B Sp1-1, Sp1-2, or Sp1-3 sites. However, the ChIP assay using anti-Sp1 antibody demonstrated that the PMA-stimulated binding is only at Sp1-2. These results suggested an Sp1-based transcriptional mechanism with Sp1-1 as the regulator of basal MUC5B promoter activity and Sp1-2 as the regulator of PMA-induced MUC5B gene expression in the human airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Y C Wu
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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