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Cao J, Jiang M, Li P, Chu Z. Genome-wide identification and evolutionary analyses of the PP2C gene family with their expression profiling in response to multiple stresses in Brachypodium distachyon. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:175. [PMID: 26935448 PMCID: PMC4776448 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The type-2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs), negatively regulating ABA responses and MAPK cascade pathways, play important roles in stress signal transduction in plants. Brachypodium distachyon is a new model plant for exploring the functional genomics of temperate grasses, cereals and biofuel crops. To date, genome-wide identification and analysis of the PP2C gene family in B. distachyon have not been investigated. Results In this study, 86 PP2C genes in B. distachyon were identified. Domain-based analyses of PP2C proteins showed that they all contained the phosphatase domains featured as 11 conserved signature motifs. Although not all phosphatase domains of BdPP2C members included all 11 motifs, tertiary structure analysis showed that four residues contributing to magnesium/manganese ions (Mg2+/Mn2+) coordination were conserved, except for two noncanonical members. The analysis of their chromosomal localizations showed that most of the BdPP2C genes were located within the low CpG density region. Phylogenetic tree and synteny blocks analyses among B. distachyon, Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa revealed that all PP2C members from the three species can be phylogenetically categorized into 13 subgroups (A–M) and BdPP2Cs were evolutionarily more closely related to OsPP2Cs than to AtPP2Cs. Segmental duplications contributed particularly to the expansion of the BdPP2C gene family and all duplicated BdPP2Cs evolved mainly from purifying selection. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that BdPP2Cs were broadly expressed in disparate tissues. We also found that almost all members displayed up-regulation in response to abiotic stresses such as cold, heat, PEG and NaCl treatments, but down-regulation to biotic stresses such as Ph14, Guy11 and F0968 infection. Conclusions In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of genome-wide identification and characterization of protein domains, phylogenetic relationship, gene and protein structure, chromosome location and expression pattern of the PP2C gene family was carried out for the first time in a new model monocot, i.e., B. distachyon. Our results provide a reference for genome-wide identification of the PP2C gene family of other species and also provide a foundation for future functional research on PP2C genes in B. distachyon. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2526-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China.
| | - Min Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China.
| | - Zhaoqing Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China. .,Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.
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102
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Kim H, Kim SH, Seo DH, Chung S, Kim SW, Lee JS, Kim WT, Lee JH. ABA-HYPERSENSITIVE BTB/POZ PROTEIN 1 functions as a negative regulator in ABA-mediated inhibition of germination in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:303-15. [PMID: 26667153 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the contribution of CRL3-ABA-mediated responses, we attempted to find CRL3 substrate receptors involved in ABA signaling. One gene named ABA-HYPERSENSITIVE BTB/POZ PROTEIN 1 (AHT1) was upregulated more than 2.5 times by ABA, and its coding region possessed a BTB/POZ domain, which is the common feature of CRL3 substrate receptors. Loss of AHT1 led to retardation of the germination process, not inhibition of root growth. AHT1 transcripts also increased in response to mannitol, NaCl and drought treatments at the seedling stage and in dry seeds. High expression of AHT1 in dry seeds was inhibited by the defect of ABA signaling components such as ABI1, ABI3 and SRKs indicating that the expression of AHT1 is dependent on ABA signaling. Among bZIP transcription factors participating in ABA signaling, the losses of ABI5/DPBF1, AREB1/ABF2, EEL/DPBF4 and DPBF2/bZIP67 resulted in reduced AHT1 expression, showing that these transcription factors play a positive role in ABA-induced AHT1 expression. While loss of AHT1 did not affect the expression pattern of NCED3, ABI2, SRKs and AREB/ABF genes, it led to hyperinduction of ABI5/DPBF genes such as ABI5/DPBF1, EEL/DPBF4 and AREB3/DPBF3, which are mainly involved in seed development and germination, as well as ABA-inducible genes transactivated by ABI5. Overall, these findings indicate that AHT1 negatively regulates ABA-mediated inhibition of germination, possibly by repressing the expression of a subset of ABI5/DPBF subfamily genes, and that AHT1 may be regulated by a negative feedback process through its linkage with a part of ABI5/DPBF proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Soon-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Dong Hye Seo
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Sunglan Chung
- Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Jeong-Soo Lee
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Taejon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.
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103
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Lefoulon C, Boeglin M, Moreau B, Véry AA, Szponarski W, Dauzat M, Michard E, Gaillard I, Chérel I. The Arabidopsis AtPP2CA Protein Phosphatase Inhibits the GORK K+ Efflux Channel and Exerts a Dominant Suppressive Effect on Phosphomimetic-activating Mutations. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6521-33. [PMID: 26801610 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.711309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the GORK (Guard Cell Outward Rectifying) Shaker channel mediating a massive K(+) efflux in Arabidopsis guard cells by the phosphatase AtPP2CA was investigated. Unlike the gork mutant, the atpp2ca mutants displayed a phenotype of reduced transpiration. We found that AtPP2CA interacts physically with GORK and inhibits GORK activity in Xenopus oocytes. Several amino acid substitutions in the AtPP2CA active site, including the dominant interfering G145D mutation, disrupted the GORK-AtPP2CA interaction, meaning that the native conformation of the AtPP2CA active site is required for the GORK-AtPP2CA interaction. Furthermore, two serines in the GORK ankyrin domain that mimic phosphorylation (Ser to Glu) or dephosphorylation (Ser to Ala) were mutated. Mutations mimicking phosphorylation led to a significant increase in GORK activity, whereas mutations mimicking dephosphorylation had no effect on GORK. In Xenopus oocytes, the interaction of AtPP2CA with "phosphorylated" or "dephosphorylated" GORK systematically led to inhibition of the channel to the same baseline level. Single-channel recordings indicated that the GORK S722E mutation increases the open probability of the channel in the absence, but not in the presence, of AtPP2CA. The dephosphorylation-independent inactivation mechanism of GORK by AtPP2CA is discussed in relation with well known conformational changes in animal Shaker-like channels that lead to channel opening and closing. In plants, PP2C activity would control the stomatal aperture by regulating both GORK and SLAC1, the two main channels required for stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Lefoulon
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
| | - Martin Boeglin
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
| | - Bertrand Moreau
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
| | - Anne-Aliénor Véry
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
| | - Wojciech Szponarski
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
| | - Myriam Dauzat
- the Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, INRA/SupAgro, UMR 759, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Erwan Michard
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
| | - Isabelle Gaillard
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
| | - Isabelle Chérel
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
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104
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Peirats-Llobet M, Han SK, Gonzalez-Guzman M, Jeong CW, Rodriguez L, Belda-Palazon B, Wagner D, Rodriguez PL. A Direct Link between Abscisic Acid Sensing and the Chromatin-Remodeling ATPase BRAHMA via Core ABA Signaling Pathway Components. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:136-147. [PMID: 26499068 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Optimal response to drought is critical for plant survival and will affect biodiversity and crop performance during climate change. Mitotically heritable epigenetic or dynamic chromatin state changes have been implicated in the plant response to the drought stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA). The Arabidopsis SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling ATPase BRAHMA (BRM) modulates response to ABA by preventing premature activation of stress response pathways during germination. We show that core ABA signaling pathway components physically interact with BRM and post-translationally modify BRM by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Genetic evidence suggests that BRM acts downstream of SnRK2.2/2.3 kinases, and biochemical studies identified phosphorylation sites in the C-terminal region of BRM at SnRK2 target sites that are evolutionarily conserved. Finally, the phosphomimetic BRM(S1760D S1762D) mutant displays ABA hypersensitivity. Prior studies showed that BRM resides at target loci in the ABA pathway in the presence and absence of the stimulus, but is only active in the absence of ABA. Our data suggest that SnRK2-dependent phosphorylation of BRM leads to its inhibition, and PP2CA-mediated dephosphorylation of BRM restores the ability of BRM to repress ABA response. These findings point to the presence of a rapid phosphorylation-based switch to control BRM activity; this property could be potentially harnessed to improve drought tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Peirats-Llobet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Soon-Ki Han
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Miguel Gonzalez-Guzman
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cheol Woong Jeong
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lesia Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Borja Belda-Palazon
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Doris Wagner
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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105
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Zhang H, Li W, Mao X, Jing R, Jia H. Differential Activation of the Wheat SnRK2 Family by Abiotic Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:420. [PMID: 27066054 PMCID: PMC4814551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to stress occur via abscisic acid (ABA) dependent or independent pathways. Sucrose non-fermenting1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) play a key role in plant stress signal transduction pathways. It is known that some SnRK2 members are positive regulators of ABA signal transduction through interaction with group A type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs). Here, 10 SnRK2s were isolated from wheat. Based on phylogenetic analysis using kinase domains or the C-terminus, the 10 SnRK2s were divided into three subclasses. Expression pattern analysis revealed that all TaSnRK2s were involved in the responses to PEG, NaCl, and cold stress. TaSnRK2s in subclass III were strongly induced by ABA. Subclass II TaSnRK2s responded weakly to ABA, whereas TaSnRK2s in subclass I were not activated by ABA treatment. Motif scanning in the C-terminus indicated that motifs 4 and 5 in the C-terminus were unique to subclass III. We further demonstrate the physical and functional interaction between TaSnRK2s and a typical group A PP2C (TaABI1) using Y2H and BiFC assays. The results showed that TaABI1 interacted physically with subclass III TaSnRK2s, while having no interaction with subclasses I and II TaSnRK2s. Together, these findings indicated that subclass III TaSnRK2s were involved in ABA regulated stress responses, whereas subclasses I and II TaSnRK2s responded to various abiotic stressors in an ABA-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongying Zhang,
| | - Weiyu Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Xinguo Mao
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ruilian Jing
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Hongfang Jia
- Key Laboratory for Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
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106
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Song X, Yu X, Hori C, Demura T, Ohtani M, Zhuge Q. Heterologous Overexpression of Poplar SnRK2 Genes Enhanced Salt Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:612. [PMID: 27242819 PMCID: PMC4860416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Subfamily 2 of SNF1-related protein kinase (SnRK2) plays important roles in plant abiotic stress responses as a global positive regulator of abscisic acid signaling. In the genome of the model tree Populus trichocarpa, 12 SnRK2 genes have been identified, and some are upregulated by abiotic stresses. In this study, we heterologously overexpressed the PtSnRK2 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and found that overexpression of PtSnRK2.5 and PtSnRK2.7 genes enhanced stress tolerance. In the PtSnRK2.5 and PtSnRK2.7 overexpressors, chlorophyll content, and root elongation were maintained under salt stress conditions, leading to higher survival rates under salt stress compared with those in the wild type. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that PtSnRK2.7 overexpression affected stress-related metabolic genes, including lipid metabolism and flavonoid metabolism, even under normal growth conditions. However, the stress response genes reported to be upregulated in Arabidopsis SRK2C/SnRK2.6 and wheat SnRK2.8 overexpressors were not changed by PtSnRK2.7 overexpression. Furthermore, PtSnRK2.7 overexpression widely and largely influenced the transcriptome in response to salt stress; genes related to transport activity, including anion transport-related genes, were characteristically upregulated, and a variety of metabolic genes were specifically downregulated. We also found that the salt stress response genes were greatly upregulated in the PtSnRK2.7 overexpressor. Taken together, poplar subclass 2 PtSnRK2 genes can modulate salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis, through the activation of cellular signaling pathways in a different manner from that by herbal subclass 2 SnRK2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Song
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
- Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
| | - Xiang Yu
- Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
| | - Chiaki Hori
- Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
| | - Misato Ohtani
- Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
- *Correspondence: Misato Ohtani
| | - Qiang Zhuge
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
- Qiang Zhuge
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107
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Calcium-dependent oligomerization of CAR proteins at cell membrane modulates ABA signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:E396-405. [PMID: 26719420 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512779113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of ion transport in plants is essential for cell function. Abiotic stress unbalances cell ion homeostasis, and plants tend to readjust it, regulating membrane transporters and channels. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and the second messenger Ca(2+) are central in such processes, as they are involved in the regulation of protein kinases and phosphatases that control ion transport activity in response to environmental stimuli. The identification and characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of ABA and Ca(2+) signaling pathways on membrane function are central and could provide opportunities for crop improvement. The C2-domain ABA-related (CAR) family of small proteins is involved in the Ca(2+)-dependent recruitment of the pyrabactin resistance 1/PYR1-like (PYR/PYL) ABA receptors to the membrane. However, to fully understand CAR function, it is necessary to define a molecular mechanism that integrates Ca(2+) sensing, membrane interaction, and the recognition of the PYR/PYL interacting partners. We present structural and biochemical data showing that CARs are peripheral membrane proteins that functionally cluster on the membrane and generate strong positive membrane curvature in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. These features represent a mechanism for the generation, stabilization, and/or specific recognition of membrane discontinuities. Such structures may act as signaling platforms involved in the recruitment of PYR/PYL receptors and other signaling components involved in cell responses to stress.
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108
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Degradation of the ABA co-receptor ABI1 by PUB12/13 U-box E3 ligases. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8630. [PMID: 26482222 PMCID: PMC4667695 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Clade A protein phosphatase 2Cs (PP2Cs) are abscisic acid (ABA) co-receptors that block ABA signalling by inhibiting the downstream protein kinases. ABA signalling is activated after PP2Cs are inhibited by ABA-bound PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors (PYLs) in Arabidopsis. However, whether these PP2Cs are regulated by other factors remains unknown. Here, we report that ABI1 (ABA-INSENSITIVE 1) can interact with the U-box E3 ligases PUB12 and PUB13, but is ubiquitinated only when it interacts with ABA receptors in an in vitro assay. A mutant form of ABI1-1 that is unable to interact with PYLs is more stable than the wild-type protein. Both ABI1 degradation and all tested ABA responses are reduced in pub12 pub13 mutants compared with the wild type. Introducing the abi1-3 loss-of-function mutation into pub12 pub13 mutant recovers the ABA-insensitive phenotypes of the pub12 pub13 mutant. We thus uncover an important regulatory mechanism for regulating ABI1 levels by PUB12 and PUB13.
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109
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Chen J, Zhang D, Zhang C, Xia X, Yin W, Tian Q. A Putative PP2C-Encoding Gene Negatively Regulates ABA Signaling in Populus euphratica. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139466. [PMID: 26431530 PMCID: PMC4592019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A PP2C homolog gene was cloned from the drought-treated cDNA library of Populus euphratica. Multiple sequence alignment analysis suggested that the gene is a potential ortholog of HAB1. The expression of this HAB1 ortholog (PeHAB1) was markedly induced by drought and moderately induced by ABA. To characterize its function in ABA signaling, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing this gene. Transgenic lines exhibited reduced responses to exogenous ABA and reduced tolerance to drought compared to wide-type lines. Yeast two-hybrid analyses indicated that PeHAB1 could interact with the ABA receptor PYL4 in an ABA-independent manner. Taken together; these results indicated that PeHAB1 is a new negative regulator of ABA responses in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhuan Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- College of Biological Sciences and technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Weilun Yin
- College of Biological Sciences and technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Tian
- College of Biological Sciences and technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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110
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ABA signalling is fine-tuned by antagonistic HAB1 variants. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8138. [PMID: 26419884 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A protein type 2C phosphatases (PP2Cs) are negative regulators of abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and plant adaptation to stress. However, our knowledge of the regulation of PP2C activity is limited. Here we report that the PP2C HAB1 undergoes alternative splicing to produce two splice variants, which encode HAB1.1 and HAB1.2, that play opposing roles in ABA-mediated seed germination and ABA-mediated post-germination developmental arrest. HAB1.2 is predominately formed in the presence of ABA and prevents seed germination and post-germinative growth. HAB1.2 interacts with OST1, but cannot inhibit OST1 kinase activity; thus, it functions as a positive regulator of ABA signalling. We also identified an RNA-recognition motif-containing protein, RBM25, as a potential regulator of HAB1 alternative splicing and molecular diversity. Our results reveal a mechanism for turning ABA signalling on and off and for plant adaptation to abiotic stress.
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111
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Zhan X, Qian B, Cao F, Wu W, Yang L, Guan Q, Gu X, Wang P, Okusolubo TA, Dunn SL, Zhu JK, Zhu J. An Arabidopsis PWI and RRM motif-containing protein is critical for pre-mRNA splicing and ABA responses. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8139. [PMID: 26404089 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is important for growth, development and stress responses in plants. Recent research has identified ABA receptors and signalling components that regulate seed germination and stomatal closure. However, proteins that regulate ABA signalling remain poorly understood. Here we use a forward-genetic screen to identify rbm25-1 and rbm25-2, two Arabidopsis mutants with increased sensitivity to growth inhibition by ABA. Using RNA-seq, we found that RBM25 controls the splicing of many pre-mRNAs. The protein phosphatase 2C HAB1, a critical component in ABA signalling, shows a dramatic defect in pre-mRNA splicing in rbm25 mutants. Ectopic expression of a HAB1 complementary DNA derived from wild-type mRNAs partially suppresses the rbm25-2 mutant phenotype. We suggest that RNA splicing is of particular importance for plant response to ABA and that the splicing factor RBM25 has a critical role in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqiang Zhan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bilian Qian
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2121 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Fengqiu Cao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenwu Wu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingmei Guan
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2121 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Xianbin Gu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2121 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Temiloluwa A Okusolubo
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2121 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Stephanie L Dunn
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2121 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2121 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Singh A, Pandey A, Srivastava AK, Tran LSP, Pandey GK. Plant protein phosphatases 2C: from genomic diversity to functional multiplicity and importance in stress management. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:1023-1035. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1083941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amarjeet Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India,
| | - Amita Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India,
| | - Ashish K. Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, and
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India,
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113
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Jia W, Zhang L, Wu D, Liu S, Gong X, Cui Z, Cui N, Cao H, Rao L, Wang C. Sucrose Transporter AtSUC9 Mediated by a Low Sucrose Level is Involved in Arabidopsis Abiotic Stress Resistance by Regulating Sucrose Distribution and ABA Accumulation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1574-87. [PMID: 26063392 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose (Suc) transporters (SUCs or SUTs) are important regulators in plant growth and stress tolerance. However, the mechanism of SUCs in plant abiotic stress resistance remains to be dietermined. Here, we found that AtSUC9 expression was induced by abiotic stress, including salt, osmotic and cold stress conditions. Disruption of AtSUC9 led to sensitive responses to abiotic stress during seed germination and seedling growth. Further analyses indicated that the sensitivity phenotype of Atsuc9 mutants resulted from higher Suc content in shoots and lower Suc content in roots, as compared with that in wild-type (WT) plants. In addition, we found that the expression of AtSUC9 is induced in particular by low levels of exogenous and endogenous Suc, and deletion of AtSUC9 affected the expression of the low Suc level-responsive genes. AtSUC9 also showed an obvious response to treatments with low concentrations of exogenous Suc during seed germination, seedling growth and Suc distribution, and Atsuc9 mutants hardly grew in abiotic stress treatments without exogenous Suc. Moreover, our results illustrated not only that deletion of AtSUC9 blocks abiotic stress-inducible ABA accumulation but also that Atsuc9 mutants had a lower content of endogenous ABA in stress conditions than in normal conditions. Deletion of AtSUC9 also inhibited the expression of many ABA-inducible genes (SnRk2.2/3/6, ABF2/3/4, ABI1/3/4, RD29A, KIN1 and KIN2). These results indicate that AtSUC9 is induced in particular by low Suc levels then mediates the balance of Suc distribution and promotes ABA accumulation to enhance Arabidopsis abiotic stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Jia
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China These authors contributed equally to this work. Present address: College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China These authors contributed equally to this work. Present address: College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shan Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Gong
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenhai Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiying Cao
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Longbing Rao
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Che Wang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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114
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Lim CW, Baek W, Jung J, Kim JH, Lee SC. Function of ABA in Stomatal Defense against Biotic and Drought Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15251-70. [PMID: 26154766 PMCID: PMC4519898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many key processes involved in plant development and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. Under stress conditions, plants synthesize ABA in various organs and initiate defense mechanisms, such as the regulation of stomatal aperture and expression of defense-related genes conferring resistance to environmental stresses. The regulation of stomatal opening and closure is important to pathogen defense and control of transpirational water loss. Recent studies using a combination of approaches, including genetics, physiology, and molecular biology, have contributed considerably to our understanding of ABA signal transduction. A number of proteins associated with ABA signaling and responses—especially ABA receptors—have been identified. ABA signal transduction initiates signal perception by ABA receptors and transfer via downstream proteins, including protein kinases and phosphatases. In the present review, we focus on the function of ABA in stomatal defense against biotic and abiotic stresses, through analysis of each ABA signal component and the relationships of these components in the complex network of interactions. In particular, two ABA signal pathway models in response to biotic and abiotic stress were proposed, from stress signaling to stomatal closure, involving the pyrabactin resistance (PYR)/PYR-like (PYL) or regulatory component of ABA receptor (RCAR) family proteins, 2C-type protein phosphatases, and SnRK2-type protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Woonhee Baek
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jangho Jung
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Home Economics Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
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115
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Lim CW, Baek W, Jung J, Kim JH, Lee SC. Function of ABA in Stomatal Defense against Biotic and Drought Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15251-15270. [PMID: 26154766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16071525111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many key processes involved in plant development and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. Under stress conditions, plants synthesize ABA in various organs and initiate defense mechanisms, such as the regulation of stomatal aperture and expression of defense-related genes conferring resistance to environmental stresses. The regulation of stomatal opening and closure is important to pathogen defense and control of transpirational water loss. Recent studies using a combination of approaches, including genetics, physiology, and molecular biology, have contributed considerably to our understanding of ABA signal transduction. A number of proteins associated with ABA signaling and responses--especially ABA receptors--have been identified. ABA signal transduction initiates signal perception by ABA receptors and transfer via downstream proteins, including protein kinases and phosphatases. In the present review, we focus on the function of ABA in stomatal defense against biotic and abiotic stresses, through analysis of each ABA signal component and the relationships of these components in the complex network of interactions. In particular, two ABA signal pathway models in response to biotic and abiotic stress were proposed, from stress signaling to stomatal closure, involving the pyrabactin resistance (PYR)/PYR-like (PYL) or regulatory component of ABA receptor (RCAR) family proteins, 2C-type protein phosphatases, and SnRK2-type protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Woonhee Baek
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jangho Jung
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Home Economics Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
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Babula-Skowrońska D, Ludwików A, Cieśla A, Olejnik A, Cegielska-Taras T, Bartkowiak-Broda I, Sadowski J. Involvement of genes encoding ABI1 protein phosphatases in the response of Brassica napus L. to drought stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 88:445-57. [PMID: 26059040 PMCID: PMC4486095 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this report we characterized the Arabidopsis ABI1 gene orthologue and Brassica napus gene paralogues encoding protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C, group A), which is known to be a negative regulator of the ABA signaling pathway. Six homologous B. napus sequences were identified and characterized as putative PP2C group A members. To gain insight into the conservation of ABI1 function in Brassicaceae, and understand better its regulatory effects in the drought stress response, we generated transgenic B. napus plants overexpressing A. thaliana ABI1. Transgenic plants subjected to drought showed a decrease in relative water content, photosynthetic pigments content and expression level of RAB18- and RD19A-drought-responsive marker genes relative to WT plants. We present the characterization of the drought response of B. napus with the participation of ABI1-like paralogues. The expression pattern of two evolutionarily distant paralogues, BnaA01.ABI1.a and BnaC07.ABI1.b in B. napus and their promoter activity in A. thaliana showed differences in the induction of the paralogues under dehydration stress. Comparative sequence analysis of both BnaABI1 promoters showed variation in positions of cis-acting elements that are especially important for ABA- and stress-inducible expression. Together, these data reveal that subfunctionalization following gene duplication may be important in the maintenance and functional divergence of the BnaABI1 paralogues. Our results provide a framework for a better understanding of (1) the role of ABI1 as a hub protein regulator of the drought response, and (2) the differential involvement of the duplicated BnaABI1 genes in the response of B. napus to dehydration-related stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Babula-Skowrońska
- />Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ludwików
- />Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agata Cieśla
- />Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Olejnik
- />Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Research Division in Poznań, Strzeszyńska 36, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Teresa Cegielska-Taras
- />Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Research Division in Poznań, Strzeszyńska 36, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Iwona Bartkowiak-Broda
- />Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Research Division in Poznań, Strzeszyńska 36, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Sadowski
- />Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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117
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Hu W, Yan Y, Hou X, He Y, Wei Y, Yang G, He G, Peng M. TaPP2C1, a Group F2 Protein Phosphatase 2C Gene, Confers Resistance to Salt Stress in Transgenic Tobacco. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129589. [PMID: 26057628 PMCID: PMC4461296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A protein phosphatases 2Cs (PP2Cs) are essential components of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in Arabidopsis; however, the function of group F2 subfamily PP2Cs is currently less known. In this study, TaPP2C1 which belongs to group F2 was isolated and characterized from wheat. Expression of the TaPP2C1-GFP fusion protein suggested its ubiquitous localization within a cell. TaPP2C1 expression was downregulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and NaCl treatments, but upregulated by H2O2 treatment. Overexpression of TaPP2C1 in tobacco resulted in reduced ABA sensitivity and increased salt resistance of transgenic seedlings. Additionally, physiological analyses showed that improved resistance to salt stress conferred by TaPP2C1 is due to the reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, the improved antioxidant system, and the increased transcription of genes in the ABA-independent pathway. Finally, transgenic tobacco showed increased resistance to oxidative stress by maintaining a more effective antioxidant system. Taken together, these results demonstrated that TaPP2C1 negatively regulates ABA signaling, but positively regulates salt resistance. TaPP2C1 confers salt resistance through activating the antioxidant system and ABA-independent gene transcription process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| | - Xiaowan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| | - Yanzhen He
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yunxie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| | - Guangxiao Yang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guangyuan He
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
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118
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Lim CW, Lee SC. Arabidopsis abscisic acid receptors play an important role in disease resistance. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 88:313-24. [PMID: 25969135 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are natural pores of plants and constitute the entry points for water during transpiration. However, they also facilitate the ingress of potentially harmful bacterial pathogens. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a pivotal role in protecting plants against biotic stress, by regulating stomatal closure. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism whereby ABA influences plant defense responses to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, which is a virulent bacterial pathogen of Arabidopsis, at the pre-invasive stage. We found that overexpression of two ABA receptors, namely, RCAR4/PYL10-OX and RCAR5/PYL11-OX (hereafter referred to as RCARs), resulted in ABA-hypersensitive phenotypes being exhibited during the seed germination and seedling growth stages. Sensitivity to ABA enhanced the resistance of RCAR4-OX and RCAR5-OX plants to Pst DC3000, through promoting stomatal closure leading to the development of resistance to this bacterial pathogen. Protein phosphatase HAB1 is an important component that is responsible for ABA signaling and which interacts with ABA receptors. We found that hab1 mutants exhibited enhanced resistance to Pst DC3000; moreover, similar to RCAR4-OX and RCAR5-OX plants, this enhanced resistance was correlated with stomatal closure. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that alteration of RCAR4- or RCAR5-HAB1 mediated ABA signaling influences resistance to bacterial pathogens via stomatal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Korea
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119
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Kondhare K, Farrell A, Kettlewell P, Hedden P, Monaghan J. Pre-maturity α-amylase in wheat: The role of abscisic acid and gibberellins. J Cereal Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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120
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Singh A, Jha SK, Bagri J, Pandey GK. ABA inducible rice protein phosphatase 2C confers ABA insensitivity and abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125168. [PMID: 25886365 PMCID: PMC4401787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis PP2C belonging to group A have been extensively worked out and known to negatively regulate ABA signaling. However, rice (Oryza sativa) orthologs of Arabidopsis group A PP2C are scarcely characterized functionally. We have identified a group A PP2C from rice (OsPP108), which is highly inducible under ABA, salt and drought stresses and localized predominantly in the nucleus. Genetic analysis revealed that Arabidopsis plants overexpressing OsPP108 are highly insensitive to ABA and tolerant to high salt and mannitol stresses during seed germination, root growth and overall seedling growth. At adult stage, OsPP108 overexpression leads to high tolerance to salt, mannitol and drought stresses with far better physiological parameters such as water loss, fresh weight, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic potential (Fv/Fm) in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Expression profile of various stress marker genes in OsPP108 overexpressing plants revealed interplay of ABA dependent and independent pathway for abiotic stress tolerance. Overall, this study has identified a potential rice group A PP2C, which regulates ABA signaling negatively and abiotic stress signaling positively. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing this gene might provide an answer to the problem of low crop yield and productivity during adverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjeet Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Saroj K. Jha
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayram Bagri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
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121
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Planes MD, Niñoles R, Rubio L, Bissoli G, Bueso E, García-Sánchez MJ, Alejandro S, Gonzalez-Guzmán M, Hedrich R, Rodriguez PL, Fernández JA, Serrano R. A mechanism of growth inhibition by abscisic acid in germinating seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana based on inhibition of plasma membrane H+-ATPase and decreased cytosolic pH, K+, and anions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:813-25. [PMID: 25371509 PMCID: PMC4321545 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) induces expression of defence genes in many organs, modulates ion homeostasis and metabolism in guard cells, and inhibits germination and seedling growth. Concerning the latter effect, several mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with improved capability for H(+) efflux (wat1-1D, overexpression of AKT1 and ost2-1D) are less sensitive to inhibition by ABA than the wild type. This suggested that ABA could inhibit H(+) efflux (H(+)-ATPase) and induce cytosolic acidification as a mechanism of growth inhibition. Measurements to test this hypothesis could not be done in germinating seeds and we used roots as the most convenient system. ABA inhibited the root plasma-membrane H(+)-ATPase measured in vitro (ATP hydrolysis by isolated vesicles) and in vivo (H(+) efflux from seedling roots). This inhibition involved the core ABA signalling elements: PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors, ABA-inhibited protein phosphatases (HAB1), and ABA-activated protein kinases (SnRK2.2 and SnRK2.3). Electrophysiological measurements in root epidermal cells indicated that ABA, acting through the PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors, induced membrane hyperpolarization (due to K(+) efflux through the GORK channel) and cytosolic acidification. This acidification was not observed in the wat1-1D mutant. The mechanism of inhibition of the H(+)-ATPase by ABA and its effects on cytosolic pH and membrane potential in roots were different from those in guard cells. ABA did not affect the in vivo phosphorylation level of the known activating site (penultimate threonine) of H(+)-ATPase in roots, and SnRK2.2 phosphorylated in vitro the C-terminal regulatory domain of H(+)-ATPase while the guard-cell kinase SnRK2.6/OST1 did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Planes
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Regina Niñoles
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rubio
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Gaetano Bissoli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Bueso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María J García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Santiago Alejandro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Gonzalez-Guzmán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julis-von-Sachs Platz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - José A Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ramón Serrano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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122
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Amiguet-Vercher A, Santuari L, Gonzalez-Guzman M, Depuydt S, Rodriguez PL, Hardtke CS. The IBO germination quantitative trait locus encodes a phosphatase 2C-related variant with a nonsynonymous amino acid change that interferes with abscisic acid signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1076-1082. [PMID: 25490966 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural genetic variation is crucial for adaptability of plants to different environments. Seed dormancy prevents precocious germination in unsuitable conditions and is an adaptation to a major macro-environmental parameter, the seasonal variation in temperature and day length. Here we report the isolation of IBO, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) that governs c. 30% of germination rate variance in an Arabidopsis recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the parental accessions Eilenburg-0 (Eil-0) and Loch Ness-0 (Lc-0). IBO encodes an uncharacterized phosphatase 2C-related protein, but neither the Eil-0 nor the Lc-0 variant, which differ in a single amino acid, have any appreciable phosphatase activity in in vitro assays. However, we found that the amino acid change in the Lc-0 variant of the IBO protein confers reduced germination rate. Moreover, unlike the Eil-0 variant of the protein, the Lc-0 variant can interfere with the activity of the phosphatase 2C ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 1 in vitro. This suggests that the Lc-0 variant possibly interferes with abscisic acid signaling, a notion that is supported by physiological assays. Thus, we isolated an example of a QTL allele with a nonsynonymous amino acid change that might mediate local adaptation of seed germination timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélia Amiguet-Vercher
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Santuari
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Gonzalez-Guzman
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, ES-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, ES-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ludwików A. Targeting proteins for proteasomal degradation-a new function of Arabidopsis ABI1 protein phosphatase 2C. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:310. [PMID: 25999974 PMCID: PMC4419600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin/26S proteasome system (UPS) has been implicated in the regulation of many physiological processes including hormone signaling. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) employs the UPS to control its own synthesis and signaling and to regulate stress response and tolerance. Among the known effectors of ABA signaling, the ABI1 (abscisic acid-insensitive 1) protein phosphatase, which belongs to group A of the type 2C protein phosphatases, is recognized as a key component of the pathway. Molecular and genetic evidence implicates this protein phosphatase in numerous plant responses. This mini-review discusses recent progress in understanding the role of ABI1 in ABA signaling, with particular emphasis on recent data that link ABI1 to protein degradation via the UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ludwików
- *Correspondence: Agnieszka Ludwików, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89 Street, Collegium Biologicum, 61-614 Poznan, Poland,
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Magalhães AP, Verde N, Reis F, Martins I, Costa D, Lino-Neto T, Castro PH, Tavares RM, Azevedo H. RNA-Seq and Gene Network Analysis Uncover Activation of an ABA-Dependent Signalosome During the Cork Oak Root Response to Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1195. [PMID: 26793200 PMCID: PMC4707443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quercus suber (cork oak) is a West Mediterranean species of key economic interest, being extensively explored for its ability to generate cork. Like other Mediterranean plants, Q. suber is significantly threatened by climatic changes, imposing the need to quickly understand its physiological and molecular adaptability to drought stress imposition. In the present report, we uncovered the differential transcriptome of Q. suber roots exposed to long-term drought, using an RNA-Seq approach. 454-sequencing reads were used to de novo assemble a reference transcriptome, and mapping of reads allowed the identification of 546 differentially expressed unigenes. These were enriched in both effector genes (e.g., LEA, chaperones, transporters) as well as regulatory genes, including transcription factors (TFs) belonging to various different classes, and genes associated with protein turnover. To further extend functional characterization, we identified the orthologs of differentially expressed unigenes in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, which then allowed us to perform in silico functional inference, including gene network analysis for protein function, protein subcellular localization and gene co-expression, and in silico enrichment analysis for TFs and cis-elements. Results indicated the existence of extensive transcriptional regulatory events, including activation of ABA-responsive genes and ABF-dependent signaling. We were then able to establish that a core ABA-signaling pathway involving PP2C-SnRK2-ABF components was induced in stressed Q. suber roots, identifying a key mechanism in this species' response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Magalhães
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Verde
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Francisca Reis
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Inês Martins
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Daniela Costa
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Teresa Lino-Neto
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro H Castro
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui M Tavares
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Herlânder Azevedo
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto Vairão, Portugal
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Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is an essential posttranslational modification mechanism executed by opposing actions of protein phosphatases and protein kinases. About 1,000 predicted kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana kinome predominate the number of protein phosphatases, of which there are only ~150 members in Arabidopsis. Protein phosphatases were often referred to as "housekeeping" enzymes, which act to keep eukaryotic systems in balance by counteracting the activity of protein kinases. However, recent investigations reveal the crucial and specific regulatory functions of phosphatases in cell signaling. Phosphatases operate in a coordinated manner with the protein kinases, to execute their important function in determining the cellular response to a physiological stimulus. Closer examination has established high specificity of phosphatases in substrate recognition and important roles in plant signaling pathways, such as pathogen defense and stress regulation, light and hormonal signaling, cell cycle and differentiation, metabolism, and plant growth. In this minireview we provide a compact overview about Arabidopsis protein phosphatase families, as well as members of phosphoglucan and lipid phosphatases, and highlight the recent discoveries in phosphatase research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Schweighofer
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Vilnius, V. Graičiūno 8, 02241, Vilnius, Lithuania,
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126
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Zhang XL, Jiang L, Xin Q, Liu Y, Tan JX, Chen ZZ. Structural basis and functions of abscisic acid receptors PYLs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:88. [PMID: 25745428 PMCID: PMC4333806 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a key role in many developmental processes and responses to adaptive stresses in plants. Recently, a new family of nucleocytoplasmic PYR/PYL/RCAR (PYLs) has been identified as bona fide ABA receptors. PYLs together with protein phosphatases type-2C (PP2Cs), Snf1 (Sucrose-non-fermentation 1)-related kinases subfamily 2 (SnRK2s) and downstream substrates constitute the core ABA signaling network. Generally, PP2Cs inactivate SnRK2s kinases by physical interaction and direct dephosphorylation. Upon ABA binding, PYLs change their conformations and then contact and inhibit PP2Cs, thus activating SnRK2s. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in research regarding the structures of the core signaling pathways of ABA, including the (+)-ABA, (-)-ABA and ABA analogs pyrabactin as well as 6AS perception by PYLs, SnRK2s mimicking PYLs in binding PP2Cs. PYLs inhibited PP2Cs in both the presence and absence of ABA and activated SnRK2s. The present review elucidates multiple ABA signal perception and transduction by PYLs, which might shed light on how to design small chemical compounds for improving plant performance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing L. Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical CollegeZhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Xing L. Zhang, Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China e-mail:
| | - Lun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Qi Xin
- National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jian X. Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical CollegeZhanjiang, China
| | - Zhong Z. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- Zhong Z. Chen, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China e-mail:
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Sridharamurthy M, Kovach A, Zhao Y, Zhu JK, Xu HE, Swaminathan K, Melcher K. H2O2 inhibits ABA-signaling protein phosphatase HAB1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113643. [PMID: 25460914 PMCID: PMC4252038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its ability to be rapidly generated and propagated over long distances, H2O2 is an important second messenger for biotic and abiotic stress signaling in plants. In response to low water potential and high salt concentrations sensed in the roots of plants, the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) activates NADPH oxidase to generate H2O2, which is propagated in guard cells in leaves to induce stomatal closure and prevent water loss from transpiration. Using a reconstituted system, we demonstrate that H2O2 reversibly prevents the protein phosphatase HAB1, a key component of the core ABA-signaling pathway, from inhibiting its main target in guard cells, SnRK2.6/OST1 kinase. We have identified HAB1 C186 and C274 as H2O2-sensitive thiols and demonstrate that their oxidation inhibits both HAB1 catalytic activity and its ability to physically associate with SnRK2.6 by formation of intermolecular dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Sridharamurthy
- Laboratories of Structural Sciences/Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute, N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Amanda Kovach
- Laboratories of Structural Sciences/Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute, N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States of America
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States of America
| | - H. Eric Xu
- Laboratories of Structural Sciences/Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute, N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunchithapadam Swaminathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- * E-mail: (KS); (KM)
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratories of Structural Sciences/Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute, N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KS); (KM)
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Scuffi D, Álvarez C, Laspina N, Gotor C, Lamattina L, García-Mata C. Hydrogen sulfide generated by L-cysteine desulfhydrase acts upstream of nitric oxide to modulate abscisic acid-dependent stomatal closure. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:2065-76. [PMID: 25266633 PMCID: PMC4256879 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.245373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a well-studied regulator of stomatal movement. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a small signaling gas molecule involved in key physiological processes in mammals, has been recently reported as a new component of the ABA signaling network in stomatal guard cells. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), H2S is enzymatically produced in the cytosol through the activity of l-cysteine desulfhydrase (DES1). In this work, we used DES1 knockout Arabidopsis mutant plants (des1) to study the participation of DES1 in the cross talk between H2S and nitric oxide (NO) in the ABA-dependent signaling network in guard cells. The results show that ABA did not close the stomata in isolated epidermal strips of des1 mutants, an effect that was restored by the application of exogenous H2S. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that ABA induces DES1 expression in guard cell-enriched RNA extracts from wild-type Arabidopsis plants. Furthermore, stomata from isolated epidermal strips of Arabidopsis ABA receptor mutant pyrabactin-resistant1 (pyr1)/pyrabactin-like1 (pyl1)/pyl2/pyl4 close in response to exogenous H2S, suggesting that this gasotransmitter is acting downstream, although acting independently of the ABA receptor cannot be ruled out with this data. However, the Arabidopsis clade-A PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE2C mutant abscisic acid-insensitive1 (abi1-1) does not close the stomata when epidermal strips were treated with H2S, suggesting that H2S required a functional ABI1. Further studies to unravel the cross talk between H2S and NO indicate that (1) H2S promotes NO production, (2) DES1 is required for ABA-dependent NO production, and (3) NO is downstream of H2S in ABA-induced stomatal closure. Altogether, data indicate that DES1 is a unique component of ABA signaling in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Scuffi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina (D.S., N.L., L.L., C.G.-M.); andInstituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (C.Á., C.G.)
| | - Consolación Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina (D.S., N.L., L.L., C.G.-M.); andInstituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (C.Á., C.G.)
| | - Natalia Laspina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina (D.S., N.L., L.L., C.G.-M.); andInstituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (C.Á., C.G.)
| | - Cecilia Gotor
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina (D.S., N.L., L.L., C.G.-M.); andInstituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (C.Á., C.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina (D.S., N.L., L.L., C.G.-M.); andInstituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (C.Á., C.G.)
| | - Carlos García-Mata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina (D.S., N.L., L.L., C.G.-M.); andInstituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (C.Á., C.G.)
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129
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You J, Zong W, Hu H, Li X, Xiao J, Xiong L. A STRESS-RESPONSIVE NAC1-regulated protein phosphatase gene rice protein phosphatase18 modulates drought and oxidative stress tolerance through abscisic acid-independent reactive oxygen species scavenging in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:2100-14. [PMID: 25318938 PMCID: PMC4256856 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.251116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to abiotic stresses through a complexity of signaling pathways, and the dephosphorylation mediated by protein phosphatase (PP) is an important event in this process. We identified a rice (Oryza sativa) PP2C gene, OsPP18, as a STRESS-RESPONSIVE NAC1 (SNAC1)-regulated downstream gene. The ospp18 mutant was more sensitive than wild-type plants to drought stress at both the seedling and panicle development stages. Rice plants with OsPP18 suppressed through artificial microRNA were also hypersensitive to drought stress. Microarray analysis of the mutant revealed that genes encoding reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes were down-regulated in the ospp18 mutant, and the mutant exhibited reduced activities of ROS scavenging enzymes and increased sensitivity to oxidative stresses. Overexpression of OsPP18 in rice led to enhanced osmotic and oxidative stress tolerance. The expression of OsPP18 was induced by drought stress but not induced by abscisic acid (ABA). Although OsPP18 is a typical PP2C with enzymatic activity, it did not interact with SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE2 protein kinases, which function in ABA signaling. Meanwhile, the expression of ABA-responsive genes was not affected in the ospp18 mutant, and the ABA sensitivities of the ospp18 mutant and OsPP18-overexpressing plants were also not altered. Together, these findings suggest that OsPP18 is a unique PP2C gene that is regulated by SNAC1 and confers drought and oxidative stress tolerance by regulating ROS homeostasis through ABA-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Zong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Honghong Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinghua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lizhong Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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130
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Sugimoto H, Kondo S, Tanaka T, Imamura C, Muramoto N, Hattori E, Ogawa K, Mitsukawa N, Ohto C. Overexpression of a novel Arabidopsis PP2C isoform, AtPP2CF1, enhances plant biomass production by increasing inflorescence stem growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5385-400. [PMID: 25038254 PMCID: PMC4400540 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to mammals, higher plants have evolved to express diverse protein phosphatase 2Cs (PP2Cs). Of all Arabidopsis thaliana PP2Cs, members of PP2C subfamily A, including ABI1, have been shown to be key negative regulators of abscisic acid (ABA) signalling pathways, which regulate plant growth and development as well as tolerance to adverse environmental conditions. However, little is known about the enzymatic and signalling roles of other PP2C subfamilies. Here, we report a novel Arabidopsis subfamily E PP2C gene, At3g05640, designated AtPP2CF1. AtPP2CF1 was dramatically expressed in response to exogenous ABA and was expressed in vascular tissues and guard cells, similar to most subfamily A PP2C genes. In vitro enzymatic activity assays showed that AtPP2CF1 possessed functional PP2C activity. However, yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that AtPP2CF1 did not interact with PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors or three SnRK2 kinases, which are ABI1-interacting proteins. This was supported by homology-based structural modelling demonstrating that the putative active- and substrate-binding site of AtPP2CF1 differed from that of ABI1. Furthermore, while overexpression of ABI1 in plants induced an ABA-insensitive phenotype, Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtPP2CF1 (AtPP2CF1oe) were weakly hypersensitive to ABA during seed germination and drought stress. Unexpectedly, AtPP2CF1oe plants also exhibited increased biomass yield, mainly due to accelerated growth of inflorescence stems through the activation of cell proliferation and expansion. Our results provide new insights into the physiological significance of AtPP2CF1 as a candidate gene for plant growth production and for potential application in the sustainable supply of plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sugimoto
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Frontier Research Center, Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kondo
- Bio Research Laboratory, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1, Toyota-cho, Toyota 471-8572, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tanaka
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Frontier Research Center, Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Chie Imamura
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Frontier Research Center, Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Muramoto
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Frontier Research Center, Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Etsuko Hattori
- Bio Research Laboratory, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1, Toyota-cho, Toyota 471-8572, Japan
| | - Ken'ichi Ogawa
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Kibichuo-cho, Okayama 716-1241, Japan
| | - Norihiro Mitsukawa
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Frontier Research Center, Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan Bio Research Laboratory, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1, Toyota-cho, Toyota 471-8572, Japan
| | - Chikara Ohto
- Bio Research Laboratory, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1, Toyota-cho, Toyota 471-8572, Japan
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131
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Ng LM, Melcher K, Teh BT, Xu HE. Abscisic acid perception and signaling: structural mechanisms and applications. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:567-84. [PMID: 24786231 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions are a threat to agricultural yield and therefore exert a global effect on livelihood, health and the economy. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a vital plant hormone that regulates abiotic stress tolerance, thereby allowing plants to cope with environmental stresses. Previously, attempts to develop a complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying ABA signaling have been hindered by difficulties in the identification of bona fide ABA receptors. The discovery of the PYR/PYL/RCAR family of ABA receptors therefore represented a major milestone in the effort to overcome these roadblocks; since then, many structural and functional studies have provided detailed insights into processes ranging from ABA perception to the activation of ABA-responsive gene transcription. This understanding of the mechanisms of ABA perception and signaling has served as the basis for recent, preliminary developments in the genetic engineering of stress-resistant crops as well as in the design of new synthetic ABA agonists, which hold great promise for the agricultural enhancement of stress tolerance.
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132
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Spartz AK, Ren H, Park MY, Grandt KN, Lee SH, Murphy AS, Sussman MR, Overvoorde PJ, Gray WM. SAUR Inhibition of PP2C-D Phosphatases Activates Plasma Membrane H+-ATPases to Promote Cell Expansion in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2129-2142. [PMID: 24858935 PMCID: PMC4079373 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.126037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin promotes cell expansion. Forty years ago, the acid growth theory was proposed, whereby auxin promotes proton efflux to acidify the apoplast and facilitate the uptake of solutes and water to drive plant cell expansion. However, the underlying molecular and genetic bases of this process remain unclear. We have previously shown that the SAUR19-24 subfamily of auxin-induced SMALL AUXIN UP-RNA (SAUR) genes promotes cell expansion. Here, we demonstrate that SAUR proteins provide a mechanistic link between auxin and plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PM H+-ATPases) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants overexpressing stabilized SAUR19 fusion proteins exhibit increased PM H+-ATPase activity, and the increased growth phenotypes conferred by SAUR19 overexpression are dependent upon normal PM H+-ATPase function. We find that SAUR19 stimulates PM H+-ATPase activity by promoting phosphorylation of the C-terminal autoinhibitory domain. Additionally, we identify a regulatory mechanism by which SAUR19 modulates PM H+-ATPase phosphorylation status. SAUR19 as well as additional SAUR proteins interact with the PP2C-D subfamily of type 2C protein phosphatases. We demonstrate that these phosphatases are inhibited upon SAUR binding, act antagonistically to SAURs in vivo, can physically interact with PM H+-ATPases, and negatively regulate PM H+-ATPase activity. Our findings provide a molecular framework for elucidating auxin-mediated control of plant cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Spartz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Mee Yeon Park
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Kristin N Grandt
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Angus S Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Michael R Sussman
- Biotechnology Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Paul J Overvoorde
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105
| | - William M Gray
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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133
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Mehrotra R, Bhalothia P, Bansal P, Basantani MK, Bharti V, Mehrotra S. Abscisic acid and abiotic stress tolerance - different tiers of regulation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:486-96. [PMID: 24655384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses affect plant growth, metabolism and sustainability in a significant way and hinder plant productivity. Plants combat these stresses in myriad ways. The analysis of the mechanisms underlying abiotic stress tolerance has led to the identification of a highly complex, yet tightly regulated signal transduction pathway consisting of phosphatases, kinases, transcription factors and other regulatory elements. It is becoming increasingly clear that also epigenetic processes cooperate in a concerted manner with ABA-mediated gene expression in combating stress conditions. Dynamic stress-induced mechanisms, involving changes in the apoplastic pool of ABA, are transmitted by a chain of phosphatases and kinases, resulting in the expression of stress inducible genes. Processes involving DNA methylation and chromatin modification as well as post transcriptional, post translational and epigenetic control mechanisms, forming multiple tiers of regulation, regulate this gene expression. With recent advances in transgenic technology, it has now become possible to engineer plants expressing stress-inducible genes under the control of an inducible promoter, enhancing their ability to withstand adverse conditions. This review briefly discusses the synthesis of ABA, components of the ABA signal transduction pathway and the plants' responses at the genetic and epigenetic levels. It further focuses on the role of RNAs in regulating stress responses and various approaches to develop stress-tolerant transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India; G(o) Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1, Onnason, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Purva Bhalothia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Prashali Bansal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India; Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Kumar Basantani
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, BST E1140, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Vandana Bharti
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Columba's College, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribagh, India
| | - Sandhya Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Nakagawa M, Kagiyama M, Shibata N, Hirano Y, Hakoshima T. Mechanism of high-affinity abscisic acid binding to PYL9/RCAR1. Genes Cells 2014; 19:386-404. [PMID: 24645846 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis receptors of abscisic acid (ABA), the key plant hormone for adaptation to water stress, comprise 14 PYR/PYLs/RCARs proteins classified into three subfamilies I, II, and III, which suggests functional differentiation. Although their monomer-dimer equilibria may be correlated with differences in their ABA-binding affinities, how the dimerization decreases the affinity is unclear. Comparative structural and binding studies between PYL9, which is a representative of high-affinity subfamily I, and low-affinity members of subfamily III reveals that the nonpolar triplet (Ile110, Val162, and Leu165) and Pro64 contribute to enhance ABA-binding affinity by inducing a shift of the ABA carboxyl group to form additional direct hydrogen bonds with conserved Asn169. Our mutation studies of PYL1 successfully produced a monomeric mutant PYL1 exhibiting low ABA affinity and also a dimeric mutant PYL1 exhibiting high ABA-binding affinity, suggesting that dimer formation of ABA receptors is not essential for their low ABA-binding affinity. Our study contributes toward establishing the structural basis for the higher ABA-binding affinity of the subfamily receptors and provides a clue for understanding the broad spectrum of hormone actions in plants manifested by the different hormone-binding affinity of multiple receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nakagawa
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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135
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Pons C, Martí C, Forment J, Crisosto CH, Dandekar AM, Granell A. A bulk segregant gene expression analysis of a peach population reveals components of the underlying mechanism of the fruit cold response. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90706. [PMID: 24598973 PMCID: PMC3944608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peach fruits subjected for long periods of cold storage are primed to develop chilling injury once fruits are shelf ripened at room temperature. Very little is known about the molecular changes occurring in fruits during cold exposure. To get some insight into this process a transcript profiling analyses was performed on fruits from a PopDG population segregating for chilling injury CI responses. A bulked segregant gene expression analysis based on groups of fruits showing extreme CI responses indicated that the transcriptome of peach fruits was modified already during cold storage consistently with eventual CI development. Most peach cold-responsive genes have orthologs in Arabidopsis that participate in cold acclimation and other stresses responses, while some of them showed expression patterns that differs in fruits according to their susceptibility to develop mealiness. Members of ICE1, CBF1/3 and HOS9 regulons seem to have a prominent role in differential cold responses between low and high sensitive fruits. In high sensitive fruits, an alternative cold response program is detected. This program is probably associated with dehydration/osmotic stress and regulated by ABA, auxins and ethylene. In addition, the observation that tolerant siblings showed a series of genes encoding for stress protective activities with higher expression both at harvest and during cold treatment, suggests that preprogrammed mechanisms could shape fruit ability to tolerate postharvest cold-induced stress. A number of genes differentially expressed were validated and extended to individual genotypes by medium-throughput RT-qPCR. Analyses presented here provide a global view of the responses of peach fruits to cold storage and highlights new peach genes that probably play important roles in the tolerance/sensitivity to cold storage. Our results provide a roadmap for further experiments and would help to develop new postharvest protocols and gene directed breeding strategies to better cope with chilling injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pons
- Plant Genomics and Biotechnology lab, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Martí
- Plant Genomics and Biotechnology lab, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Forment
- Plant Genomics and Biotechnology lab, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos H. Crisosto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Antonio Granell
- Plant Genomics and Biotechnology lab, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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136
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Gorecka M, Alvarez-Fernandez R, Slattery K, McAusland L, Davey PA, Karpinski S, Lawson T, Mullineaux PM. Abscisic acid signalling determines susceptibility of bundle sheath cells to photoinhibition in high light-exposed Arabidopsis leaves. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130234. [PMID: 24591719 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid induction of the bundle sheath cell (BSC)-specific expression of ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE2 (APX2) in high light (HL)-exposed leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana is, in part, regulated by the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) produced by vascular parenchyma cells. In this study, we provide more details of the ABA signalling that regulates APX2 expression and consider its importance in the photosynthetic responses of BSCs and whole leaves. This was done using a combination of analyses of gene expression and chlorophyll a fluorescence of both leaves and individual BSCs and mesophyll cells. The regulation of APX2 expression occurs by the combination of the protein kinase SnRK2.6 (OST1):protein phosphatase 2C ABI2 and a Gα (GPA1)-regulated signalling pathway. The use of an ost1-1/gpa1-4 mutant established that these signalling pathways are distinct but interact to regulate APX2. In HL-exposed leaves, BSC chloroplasts were more susceptible to photoinhibition than those of mesophyll cells. The activity of the ABA-signalling network determined the degree of susceptibility of BSCs to photoinhibition by influencing non-photochemical quenching. By contrast, in HL-exposed whole leaves, ABA signalling did not have any major influence on their transcriptomes nor on their susceptibility to photoinhibition, except where guard cell responses were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gorecka
- Department of Genetics, Breeding and Plant Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, , Nowoursynowska Street 159, Warszawa 02-776, Poland
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137
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Group A PP2Cs evolved in land plants as key regulators of intrinsic desiccation tolerance. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2219. [PMID: 23900426 PMCID: PMC3731658 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vegetative desiccation tolerance is common in bryophytes, although this character has been lost in most vascular plants. The moss Physcomitrella patens survives complete desiccation if treated with abscisic acid (ABA). Group A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2C) are negative regulators of abscisic acid signalling. Here we show that the elimination of Group A PP2C is sufficient to ensure P. patens survival to full desiccation, without ABA treatment, although its growth is severely hindered. Microarray analysis shows that the Group A PP2C-regulated genes exclusively overlap with genes exhibiting a high level of ABA induction. Group A PP2C disruption weakly affects ABA-activated kinase activity, indicating Group A PP2C action downstream of these kinases in the moss. We propose that Group A PP2C emerged in land plants to repress desiccation tolerance mechanisms, possibly facilitating plants propagation on land, whereas ABA releases the intrinsic desiccation tolerance from Group A PP2C regulation.
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138
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Siriwardana CL, Kumimoto RW, Jones DS, Holt BF. Gene Family Analysis of the Arabidopsis NF-YA Transcription Factors Reveals Opposing Abscisic Acid Responses During Seed Germination. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER 2014; 32:971-986. [PMID: 25190903 PMCID: PMC4149875 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-014-0704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the plant kingdom, each of the NUCLEAR FACTOR-Y (NF-Y) transcription factor families, NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC, has undergone a great expansion compared to the animal kingdom. For example, Arabidopsis thaliana has 10 members of each gene family compared to only one in humans. Progress towards understanding the significance of this expansion is limited due to a lack of studies looking at the complete gene family during plant development. In the current study, transgenic overexpression lines were created for all 10 Arabidopsis NF-YA genes and examined for general development and alterations in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated seed germination. NF-YA overexpression typically led to severe growth retardation and developmental defects, which extended from embryogenesis through to adult plants. Although overexpression of all NF-YA family members consistently led to growth retardation, some transgenic lines were hypersensitive to ABA during germination while others were hyposensitive. The opposing germination phenotypes were associated with the phylogenetic relationships between the NF-YA members. In addition, ABA marker genes were misregulated and ABA induction of gene expression was reduced in the overexpressors. Collectively, this study demonstrates that although NF-Ys have retained high degrees of similarity, they have evolved unique and sometimes opposing roles during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamindika L. Siriwardana
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, 770 Van Vleet Oval, GLCH, Room 43, Norman, OK 73019 USA
| | - Roderick W. Kumimoto
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, 770 Van Vleet Oval, GLCH, Room 43, Norman, OK 73019 USA
| | - Daniel S. Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, 770 Van Vleet Oval, GLCH, Room 43, Norman, OK 73019 USA
| | - Ben F. Holt
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, 770 Van Vleet Oval, GLCH, Room 43, Norman, OK 73019 USA
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139
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Rigal A, Ma Q, Robert S. Unraveling plant hormone signaling through the use of small molecules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:373. [PMID: 25126092 PMCID: PMC4115670 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have acquired the capacity to grow continuously and adjust their morphology in response to endogenous and external signals, leading to a high architectural plasticity. The dynamic and differential distribution of phytohormones is an essential factor in these developmental changes. Phytohormone perception is a fast but complex process modulating specific developmental reprogramming. In recent years, chemical genomics or the use of small molecules to modulate target protein function has emerged as a powerful strategy to study complex biological processes in plants such as hormone signaling. Small molecules can be applied in a conditional, dose-dependent and reversible manner, with the advantage of circumventing the limitations of lethality and functional redundancy inherent to traditional mutant screens. High-throughput screening of diverse chemical libraries has led to the identification of bioactive molecules able to induce plant hormone-related phenotypes. Characterization of the cognate targets and pathways of those molecules has allowed the identification of novel regulatory components, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms of plant hormone signaling. An extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of the natural phytohormones, their designed synthetic analogs and newly identified bioactive molecules has led to the determination of the structural requirements essential for their bioactivity. In this review, we will summarize the so far identified small molecules and their structural variants targeting specific phytohormone signaling pathways. We will highlight how the SAR analyses have enabled better interrogation of the molecular mechanisms of phytohormone responses. Finally, we will discuss how labeled/tagged hormone analogs can be exploited, as compelling tools to better understand hormone signaling and transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stéphanie Robert
- *Correspondence: Stéphanie Robert, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden e-mail:
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140
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Bai G, Yang DH, Zhao Y, Ha S, Yang F, Ma J, Gao XS, Wang ZM, Zhu JK. Interactions between soybean ABA receptors and type 2C protein phosphatases. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 83:651-64. [PMID: 23934343 PMCID: PMC3834219 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays important roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. Proteins in the PYR/PYL/RCAR family (hereafter referred to as PYLs) are known as ABA receptors. Since most studies thus far have focused on Arabidopsis PYLs, little is known about PYL homologs in crop plants. We report here the characterization of 21 PYL homologs (GmPYLs) in soybean. Twenty-three putative GmPYLs can be found from soybean genome sequence and categorized into three subgroups. GmPYLs interact with AtABI1 and two GmPP2Cs in diverse manners. A lot of the subgroup I GmPYLs interact with PP2Cs in an ABA-dependent manner, whereas most of the subgroup II and III GmPYLs bind to PP2Cs in an ABA-independent manner. The subgroup III GmPYL23, which cannot interact with any of the tested PP2Cs, differs from other GmPYLs. The CL2/gate domain is crucial for GmPYLs-PP2Cs interaction, and a mutation in the conserved proline (P109S) abolishes the interaction between GmPYL1 and AtABI1. Furthermore, the ABA dependence of GmPYLs-PP2Cs interactions are partially correlated with two amino acid residues preceding the CL2/gate domain of GmPYLs. We also show that GmPYL1 interacts with AtABI1 in an ABA-dependent manner in plant cells. Three GmPYLs differentially inhibit AtABI1 and GmPP2C1 in an ABA-dependent or -enhanced manner in vitro. In addition, ectopically expressing GmPYL1 partially restores ABA sensitivity of the Arabidopsis triple mutant pyr1/pyl1/pyl4. Taken together, our results suggest that soybean GmPYLs are ABA receptors that function by interacting and inhibiting PP2Cs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Bai
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China, 200240
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China, 201602
| | - Da-Hai Yang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China, 201602
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China, 200032
| | - Yang Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China, 201602
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Si Ha
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China, 201602
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China, 200032
| | - Fen Yang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China, 201602
| | - Jun Ma
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China, 201602
| | - Xiao-Su Gao
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China, 200032
| | - Zhi-Min Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China, 200240
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China, 201602
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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141
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Lim CW, Baek W, Han SW, Lee SC. Arabidopsis PYL8 Plays an Important Role for ABA Signaling and Drought Stress Responses. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 29:471-6. [PMID: 25288979 PMCID: PMC4174817 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.07.2013.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants are frequently exposed to numerous environmental stresses such as dehydration and high salinity, and have developed elaborate mechanisms to counteract the deleterious effects of stress. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a critical role as an integrator of plant responses to water-limited condition to activate ABA signal transduction pathway. Although perception of ABA has been suggested to be important, the function of each ABA receptor remains elusive in dehydration condition. Here, we show that ABA receptor, pyrabactin resistance-like protein 8 (PYL8), functions in dehydration conditions. Transgenic plants overexpressing PYL8 exhibited hypersensitive phenotype to ABA in seed germination, seedling growth and establishment. We found that hypersensitivity to ABA of transgenic plants results in high degrees of stomatal closure in response to ABA leading to low transpiration rates and ultimately more vulnerable to drought than the wild-type plants. In addition, high expression of ABA maker genes also contributes to altered drought tolerance phenotype. Overall, this work emphasizes the importance of ABA signaling by ABA receptor in stomata during defense response to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Woonhee Baek
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
- Corresponding authors. Sang-Wook Han, Phone) +82-31-670-3150, FAX) +82-2-670-8845, E-mail)
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
- Sung Chul Lee, Phone) +82-2-820-5207, Fax) +82-2-825-5206, E-mail)
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142
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Li J, Besseau S, Törönen P, Sipari N, Kollist H, Holm L, Palva ET. Defense-related transcription factors WRKY70 and WRKY54 modulate osmotic stress tolerance by regulating stomatal aperture in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:457-472. [PMID: 23815736 PMCID: PMC4284015 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors (TFs) have been mainly associated with plant defense, but recent studies have suggested additional roles in the regulation of other physiological processes. Here, we explored the possible contribution of two related group III WRKY TFs, WRKY70 and WRKY54, to osmotic stress tolerance. These TFs are positive regulators of plant defense, and co-operate as negative regulators of salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis and senescence. We employed single and double mutants of wrky54 and wrky70, as well as a WRKY70 overexpressor line, to explore the role of these TFs in osmotic stress (polyethylene glycol) responses. Their effect on gene expression was characterized by microarrays and verified by quantitative PCR. Stomatal phenotypes were assessed by water retention and stomatal conductance measurements. The wrky54wrky70 double mutants exhibited clearly enhanced tolerance to osmotic stress. However, gene expression analysis showed reduced induction of osmotic stress-responsive genes in addition to reduced accumulation of the osmoprotectant proline. By contrast, the enhanced tolerance was correlated with improved water retention and enhanced stomatal closure. These findings demonstrate that WRKY70 and WRKY54 co-operate as negative regulators of stomatal closure and, consequently, osmotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis, suggesting that they have an important role, not only in plant defense, but also in abiotic stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Viikki Biocenter, Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sebastien Besseau
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Petri Törönen
- Viikki Biocenter, Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Sipari
- Viikki Biocenter, Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Liisa Holm
- Viikki Biocenter, Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Tapio Palva
- Viikki Biocenter, Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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143
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Danquah A, de Zelicourt A, Colcombet J, Hirt H. The role of ABA and MAPK signaling pathways in plant abiotic stress responses. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:40-52. [PMID: 24091291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have developed specific mechanisms that allow them to rapidly perceive and respond to stresses in the environment. Among the evolutionarily conserved pathways, the ABA (abscisic acid) signaling pathway has been identified as a central regulator of abiotic stress response in plants, triggering major changes in gene expression and adaptive physiological responses. ABA induces protein kinases of the SnRK family to mediate a number of its responses. Recently, MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) cascades have also been shown to be implicated in ABA signaling. Therefore, besides discussing the role of ABA in abiotic stress signaling, we will also summarize the evidence for a role of MAPKs in the context of abiotic stress and ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agyemang Danquah
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Axel de Zelicourt
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Jean Colcombet
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
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Pizzio GA, Rodriguez L, Antoni R, Gonzalez-Guzman M, Yunta C, Merilo E, Kollist H, Albert A, Rodriguez PL. The PYL4 A194T mutant uncovers a key role of PYR1-LIKE4/PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2CA interaction for abscisic acid signaling and plant drought resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:441-55. [PMID: 23864556 PMCID: PMC3762663 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.224162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Because abscisic acid (ABA) is recognized as the critical hormonal regulator of plant stress physiology, elucidating its signaling pathway has raised promise for application in agriculture, for instance through genetic engineering of ABA receptors. PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1/PYR1-LIKE (PYL)/REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORS ABA receptors interact with high affinity and inhibit clade A phosphatases type-2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA-dependent manner. We generated an allele library composed of 10,000 mutant clones of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PYL4 and selected mutations that promoted ABA-independent interaction with PP2CA/ABA-HYPERSENSITIVE3. In vitro protein-protein interaction assays and size exclusion chromatography confirmed that PYL4(A194T) was able to form stable complexes with PP2CA in the absence of ABA, in contrast to PYL4. This interaction did not lead to significant inhibition of PP2CA in the absence of ABA; however, it improved ABA-dependent inhibition of PP2CA. As a result, 35S:PYL4(A194T) plants showed enhanced sensitivity to ABA-mediated inhibition of germination and seedling establishment compared with 35S:PYL4 plants. Additionally, at basal endogenous ABA levels, whole-rosette gas exchange measurements revealed reduced stomatal conductance and enhanced water use efficiency compared with nontransformed or 35S:PYL4 plants and partial up-regulation of two ABA-responsive genes. Finally, 35S:PYL4(A194T) plants showed enhanced drought and dehydration resistance compared with nontransformed or 35S:PYL4 plants. Thus, we describe a novel approach to enhance plant drought resistance through allele library generation and engineering of a PYL4 mutation that enhances interaction with PP2CA.
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145
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Kim W, Lee Y, Park J, Lee N, Choi G. HONSU, a Protein Phosphatase 2C, Regulates Seed Dormancy by Inhibiting ABA Signaling in Arabidopsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 54:555-72. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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146
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Lee SC, Lim CW, Lan W, He K, Luan S. ABA signaling in guard cells entails a dynamic protein-protein interaction relay from the PYL-RCAR family receptors to ion channels. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:528-38. [PMID: 22935148 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) serves as an integrator of environmental stresses such as drought to trigger stomatal closure by regulating specific ion channels in guard cells. We previously reported that SLAC1, an outward anion channel required for stomatal closure, was regulated via reversible protein phosphorylation events involving ABA signaling components, including protein phosphatase 2C members and a SnRK2-type kinase (OST1). In this study, we reconstituted the ABA signaling pathway as a protein-protein interaction relay from the PYL/RCAR-type receptors, to the PP2C-SnRK2 phosphatase-kinase pairs, to the ion channel SLAC1. The ABA receptors interacted with and inhibited PP2C phosphatase activity against the SnRK2-type kinase, releasing active SnRK2 kinase to phosphorylate, and activate the SLAC1 channel, leading to reduced guard cell turgor and stomatal closure. Both yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays were used to verify the interactions among the components in the pathway. These biochemical assays demonstrated activity modifications of phosphatases and kinases by their interaction partners. The SLAC1 channel activity was used as an endpoint readout for the strength of the signaling pathway, depending on the presence of different combinations of signaling components. Further study using transgenic plants overexpressing one of the ABA receptors demonstrated that changing the relative level of interacting partners would change ABA sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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147
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Leung J, Valon C, Moreau B, Boeglin M, Lefoulon C, Joshi-Saha A, Chérel I. [The ABC of abscisic acid action in plant drought stress responses]. Biol Aujourdhui 2013; 206:301-12. [PMID: 23419257 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The combined daily consumption of fresh water ranges from 200 to 700 liters per capita per day in most developed countries, with about 70% being used for agricultural needs. Unlike other resources such as the different forms of energy, water has no other alternatives. With the looming prospect of global water crisis, the recent laudable success in deciphering the early steps in the signal transduction of the "stress hormone" abscisic acid (ABA) has ignited hopes that crops can be engineered with the capacity to maintain productivity while requiring less water input. Although ABA was first discovered in plants, it has resurfaced in the human brain (and many other non-plant organisms : sea sponge, some parasites, hydra to name a few), suggesting that its existence may be widespread. In humans, more amazingly, ABA has shown anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. Even its receptors and key signaling intermediates have homologs in the human genome suggesting that evolution has re-fashioned these same proteins into new functional contexts. Thus, learning about the molecular mechanisms of ABA in action using the more flexible plant model will be likely beneficial to other organisms, and especially in human diseases, which is topical in the medical circle. ABA can accumulate up to 10 to 30-fold in plants under drought stress relative to unstressed conditions. The built up of the hormone then triggers diverse adaptive pathways permitting plants to withstand temporary bouts of water shortage. One favorite experimental model to unravel ABA signaling mechanisms in all of its intimate detail is based on the hormone's ability to elicit stomatal closure - a rapid cellular response of land plants to limit water loss through transpiration. Each microscopic stoma, or pore, is contoured by two specialized kidney-shaped cells called the guard cells. Because land plants are protected by a waxy cuticle impermeable to gas exchange, the stomatal pores are thus the primary portals for photosynthetic CO(2) uptake. Drought, by biasing pathways that lead to rapid closure of these pores, has therefore a negative impact on photosynthesis, and consequently, biomass as well. The stomatal aperture widens and narrows by expansion and contraction, respectively, of these flanking guard cells caused by changes in the intracellular concentrations of ion fluxes. These transport mechanisms most likely share fundamental principles with any excitable cell. These events require coordination of channels, vacuolar and membrane transporters that generate a specific pattern of electrical signals that relay the ABA stimulus. Research on ABA begun in the 1960's has now been crowned by the achievement of having identified the soluble ABA receptor that turns on and off the activities of a kinase/phosphatase pair, as the heart of the signaling complex. Results distilled from the latest structural studies on these ABA receptors, characterized by the so-called START domain, are beginning to tender the most exciting promise for rational design of agonists and antagonists towards modulating stress adaptive ability in plants. This review will chart the recent extraordinary progress that has enlightened us on how ABA controls membrane transport mechanisms that evoke the fast stomatal closing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Leung
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse Bât. 23, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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DU ZY, Chen MX, Chen QF, Xiao S, Chye ML. Overexpression of Arabidopsis acyl-CoA-binding protein ACBP2 enhances drought tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:300-14. [PMID: 22788984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana acyl-CoA-binding protein 2 (ACBP2) is a stress-responsive protein that is also important in embryogenesis. Here, we assign a role for ACBP2 in abscisic acid (ABA) signalling during seed germination, seedling development and the drought response. ACBP2 was induced by ABA and drought, and transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing ACBP2 (ACBP2-OXs) showed increased sensitivity to ABA treatment during germination and seedling development. ACBP2-OXs also displayed improved drought tolerance and ABA-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in guard cells, thereby promoting stomatal closure, reducing water loss and enhancing drought tolerance. In contrast, acbp2 mutant plants showed decreased sensitivity to ABA in root development and were more sensitive to drought stress. RNA analyses revealed that ACBP2 overexpression up-regulated the expression of Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog D (AtrbohD) and AtrbohF, two NAD(P)H oxidases essential for ABA-mediated ROS production, whereas the expression of Hypersensitive to ABA1 (HAB1), an important negative regulator in ABA signalling, was down-regulated. In addition, transgenic plants expressing ACBP2pro:GUS showed beta-glucuronidase (GUS) staining in guard cells, confirming a role for ACBP2 at the stomata. These observations support a positive role for ACBP2 in promoting ABA signalling in germination, seedling development and the drought response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yan DU
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Antoni R, Gonzalez-Guzman M, Rodriguez L, Peirats-Llobet M, Pizzio GA, Fernandez MA, De Winne N, De Jaeger G, Dietrich D, Bennett MJ, Rodriguez PL. PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1-LIKE8 plays an important role for the regulation of abscisic acid signaling in root. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:931-41. [PMID: 23370718 PMCID: PMC3561030 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling plays a critical role in regulating root growth and root system architecture. ABA-mediated growth promotion and root tropic response under water stress are key responses for plant survival under limiting water conditions. In this work, we have explored the role of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1 (PYR1)/PYR1-LIKE (PYL)/REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORS for root ABA signaling. As a result, we discovered that PYL8 plays a nonredundant role for the regulation of root ABA sensitivity. Unexpectedly, given the multigenic nature and partial functional redundancy observed in the PYR/PYL family, the single pyl8 mutant showed reduced sensitivity to ABA-mediated root growth inhibition. This effect was due to the lack of PYL8-mediated inhibition of several clade A phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs), since PYL8 interacted in vivo with at least five PP2Cs, namely HYPERSENSITIVE TO ABA1 (HAB1), HAB2, ABA-INSENSITIVE1 (ABI1), ABI2, and PP2CA/ABA-HYPERSENSITIVE GERMINATION3 as revealed by tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry proteomic approaches. We also discovered that PYR/PYL receptors and clade A PP2Cs are crucial for the hydrotropic response that takes place to guide root growth far from regions with low water potential. Thus, an ABA-hypersensitive pp2c quadruple mutant showed enhanced hydrotropism, whereas an ABA-insensitive sextuple pyr/pyl mutant showed reduced hydrotropic response, indicating that ABA-dependent inhibition of PP2Cs by PYR/PYLs is required for the proper perception of a moisture gradient.
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Molecular character of a phosphatase 2C (PP2C) gene relation to stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:2633-44. [PMID: 23268310 PMCID: PMC3563958 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) from group A, which includes the ABI1/HAB1 and PP2CA branches, are key negative regulators of ABA signaling. HAI-1 gene had been shown to affect both seed and vegetative responses to ABA, which is one of PP2Cs clade A in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transgenic plants containing pHAI-1::GUS (β-glucuronidase) displayed GUS activity existing in the vascular system of leave veins, stems and petioles. Green fluorescent protein fused HAI-1 (HAI-1-GFP) was found in the nucleus through transient transformation assays with onion epidermal cells. The water-loss assays indicated the loss-of-function mutants did not show symptoms of wilting and they had still turgid green rosette leaves. The assays of seed germination by exogenous ABA and NaCl manifested that the loss-of-function mutants displayed higher insensitivity than wild-type plants. Taken together, the final results suggest that the HAI-1 (AT5G59220) encoded a nuclear protein and it can be highly induced by ABA and wound in Arabidposis, the stress-tolerance phenotype showed a slightly improvement when HAI-1 gene was disrupted.
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