101
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Trainic M, Koren I, Sharoni S, Frada M, Segev L, Rudich Y, Vardi A. Infection Dynamics of a Bloom-Forming Alga and Its Virus Determine Airborne Coccolith Emission from Seawater. iScience 2018; 6:327-335. [PMID: 30240623 PMCID: PMC6137326 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea spray aerosols (SSA), have a profound effect on the climate; however, the contribution of oceanic microbial activity to SSA is not fully established. We assessed aerosolization of the calcite units (coccoliths) that compose the exoskeleton of the cosmopolitan bloom-forming coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi. Airborne coccolith emission occurs in steady-state conditions and increases by an order of magnitude during E. huxleyi infection by E. huxleyi virus (EhV). Airborne to seawater coccolith ratio is 1:108, providing estimation of airborne concentrations from seawater concentrations. The coccoliths' unique aerodynamic structure yields a characteristic settling velocity of ∼0.01 cm s−1, ∼25 times slower than average sea salt particles, resulting in coccolith fraction enrichment in the air. The calculated enrichment was established experimentally, indicating that coccoliths may be key contributors to coarse mode SSA surface area, comparable with sea salt aerosols. This study suggests a coupling between key oceanic microbial interactions and fundamental atmospheric processes like SSA formation. Oceanic microbial interactions affect key atmospheric processes E. huxleyi viral infection induces coccolith shedding and emission to the air Airborne coccolith emission occurs regularly, but increases during viral infection Airborne coccoliths may be key contributors to coarse mode SSA
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Trainic
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Ilan Koren
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 7610001 Israel.
| | - Shlomit Sharoni
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Miguel Frada
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat & Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lior Segev
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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102
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Schiffer JM, Luo M, Dommer AC, Thoron G, Pendergraft M, Santander MV, Lucero D, Pecora de Barros E, Prather KA, Grassian VH, Amaro RE. Impacts of Lipase Enzyme on the Surface Properties of Marine Aerosols. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3839-3849. [PMID: 29916254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol lipases have recently been shown to be transferred from the ocean to the atmosphere in atmospheric sea spray aerosol (SSA). Lipases have the potential to alter the composition of SSA; however, the structure and properties of enzymes in the high salt, high ionic strength, and low pH conditions found in SSA have never been explored. Here, we study the dynamics of Burkholderia cepacia triacylglycerol lipase (BCL) at SSA model surfaces comprised of palmitic acid and dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA), two commonly found lipids at SSA surfaces. Surface adsorption Langmuir isotherm experiments and all-atom explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations together illuminate how and why BCL expands the ordering of lipids at palmitic acid surfaces the most at pH < 4 and the least in DPPA surfaces at pH 6. Taken together, these results represent a first glimpse into the complex interplay between lipid surface structure and protein dynamics within enzyme-containing aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
| | - M Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
| | - A C Dommer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
| | - G Thoron
- San Diego Met High School , 7250 Mesa College Drive, Room K203 , San Diego , California 92111 , United States
| | - M Pendergraft
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - M V Santander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
| | - D Lucero
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - E Pecora de Barros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
| | - K A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - V H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
| | - R E Amaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
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103
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Flandroy L, Poutahidis T, Berg G, Clarke G, Dao MC, Decaestecker E, Furman E, Haahtela T, Massart S, Plovier H, Sanz Y, Rook G. The impact of human activities and lifestyles on the interlinked microbiota and health of humans and of ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:1018-1038. [PMID: 29426121 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants, animals and humans, are colonized by microorganisms (microbiota) and transiently exposed to countless others. The microbiota affects the development and function of essentially all organ systems, and contributes to adaptation and evolution, while protecting against pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. Genetics and lifestyle factors, including diet, antibiotics and other drugs, and exposure to the natural environment, affect the composition of the microbiota, which influences host health through modulation of interrelated physiological systems. These include immune system development and regulation, metabolic and endocrine pathways, brain function and epigenetic modification of the genome. Importantly, parental microbiotas have transgenerational impacts on the health of progeny. Humans, animals and plants share similar relationships with microbes. Research paradigms from humans and other mammals, amphibians, insects, planktonic crustaceans and plants demonstrate the influence of environmental microbial ecosystems on the microbiota and health of organisms, and indicate links between environmental and internal microbial diversity and good health. Therefore, overlapping compositions, and interconnected roles of microbes in human, animal and plant health should be considered within the broader context of terrestrial and aquatic microbial ecosystems that are challenged by the human lifestyle and by agricultural and industrial activities. Here, we propose research priorities and organizational, educational and administrative measures that will help to identify safe microbe-associated health-promoting modalities and practices. In the spirit of an expanding version of "One health" that includes environmental health and its relation to human cultures and habits (EcoHealth), we urge that the lifestyle-microbiota-human health nexus be taken into account in societal decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucette Flandroy
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Belgium
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria-Carlota Dao
- ICAN, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS U1166 (Eq 6) Nutriomics, Paris 6, France; UPMC, Sorbonne University, Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, France
| | - Ellen Decaestecker
- Aquatic Biology, Department Biology, Science, Engineering & Technology Group, KU Leuven, Campus Kortrijk. E. Sabbelaan 53, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Eeva Furman
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sébastien Massart
- Laboratory of Integrated and Urban Phytopathology, TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des deportes, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hubert Plovier
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Graham Rook
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infection, UCL (University College London), London, UK.
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104
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Michaud JM, Thompson LR, Kaul D, Espinoza JL, Richter RA, Xu ZZ, Lee C, Pham KM, Beall CM, Malfatti F, Azam F, Knight R, Burkart MD, Dupont CL, Prather KA. Taxon-specific aerosolization of bacteria and viruses in an experimental ocean-atmosphere mesocosm. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2017. [PMID: 29789621 PMCID: PMC5964107 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean-derived, airborne microbes play important roles in Earth’s climate system and human health, yet little is known about factors controlling their transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere. Here, we study microbiomes of isolated sea spray aerosol (SSA) collected in a unique ocean–atmosphere facility and demonstrate taxon-specific aerosolization of bacteria and viruses. These trends are conserved within taxonomic orders and classes, and temporal variation in aerosolization is similarly shared by related taxa. We observe enhanced transfer into SSA of Actinobacteria, certain Gammaproteobacteria, and lipid-enveloped viruses; conversely, Flavobacteriia, some Alphaproteobacteria, and Caudovirales are generally under-represented in SSA. Viruses do not transfer to SSA as efficiently as bacteria. The enrichment of mycolic acid-coated Corynebacteriales and lipid-enveloped viruses (inferred from genomic comparisons) suggests that hydrophobic properties increase transport to the sea surface and SSA. Our results identify taxa relevant to atmospheric processes and a framework to further elucidate aerosolization mechanisms influencing microbial and viral transport pathways. Factors controlling the transfer of microbes from the ocean to the atmosphere are unclear. Here, Michaud et al. study this process in an enclosed ocean-atmosphere facility, and show that the degree of aerosolization of bacteria and viruses is taxon-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Michaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Luke R Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences and Northern Gulf Institute, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA.,Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, stationed at Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Drishti Kaul
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Zhenjiang Zech Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kevin M Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Francesca Malfatti
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Trieste, Italy
| | - Farooq Azam
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | | | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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105
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Li S, Du L, Tsona NT, Wang W. The interaction of trace heavy metal with lipid monolayer in the sea surface microlayer. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:323-330. [PMID: 29310068 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid molecules and trace heavy metals are enriched in sea surface microlayer and can be transferred into the sea spray aerosol. To better understand their impact on marine aerosol generation and evolution, we investigated the interaction of trace heavy metals including Fe3+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, Cd2+, and Co2+, with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayers at the air-water interface. Phase behavior of the DPPC monolayer on heavy metal solutions was probed with surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherms. The conformation order and orientation of DPPC alkyl chains were characterized by infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). The π-A isotherms show that Zn2+ and Fe3+ strongly interact with DPPC molecules, and induce condensation of the monolayers in a concentration-dependent manner. IRRAS spectra show that the formation of cation-DPPC complex gives rise to conformational changes and immobilization of the headgroups. The current results suggest that the enrichment of Zn2+ in sea spray aerosols is due to strong binding to the DPPC film. The interaction of Fe3+ with DPPC monolayers can significantly influence their surface organizations through the formation of lipid-coated particles. These results suggest that the sea surface microlayer is capable of accumulating much higher amounts of these metals than the subsurface water. The organic and metal pollutants may transfer into the atmosphere by this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, 250100 Shandong, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, 250100 Shandong, China.
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, 250100 Shandong, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, 250100 Shandong, China
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106
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The Cloud Nucleating Properties and Mixing State of Marine Aerosols Sampled along the Southern California Coast. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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107
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Adams EM, Verreault D, Jayarathne T, Cochran RE, Stone EA, Allen HC. Surface organization of a DPPC monolayer on concentrated SrCl 2 and ZnCl 2 solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:32345-32357. [PMID: 27854367 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06887a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metals are known to be enriched in organic-coated marine aerosols, but the impact these cations have on their surface properties is not well understood. Here the effect of Zn2+ enrichment on the surface properties of a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayer was investigated and compared to that of the alkaline earth metal Sr2+, an ion not enriched in aerosols. Phase behavior of the DPPC film on concentrated aqueous solutions was probed with surface pressure-area isotherms while domain morphology was monitored with Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) and vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy were used to assess the impact of cations on the conformation and orientation of alkyl chains as well as the hydration state of the carbonyl and phosphatidylcholine (PC) moieties. Results of compression isotherms and BAM show that Zn2+ strongly interacts with DPPC molecules, and induces condensation of the monolayer while Sr2+ only weakly interacts with the monolayer in expanded phases. Conformational order and orientation of alkyl chains in the condensed phase are not significantly altered by either cation. IRRAS indicates that Sr2+ has weak interactions with the PC headgroup. Zn2+ ions cause dehydration of carbonyl groups and binds to the phosphate group in a 2 : 1 bridging complex. Findings here suggest that Sr2+ is not enriched in aerosols because it behaves similar to a monovalent ion and only weakly interacts with the monolayer, while enrichment of Zn2+ is due to strong binding to the lipid film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Adams
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Dominique Verreault
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | | | - Richard E Cochran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Heather C Allen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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108
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May NW, Olson NE, Panas M, Axson JL, Tirella PS, Kirpes RM, Craig RL, Gunsch MJ, China S, Laskin A, Ault AP, Pratt KA. Aerosol Emissions from Great Lakes Harmful Algal Blooms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:397-405. [PMID: 29169236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In freshwater lakes, harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) produce toxins that impact human health. However, little is known about the lake spray aerosol (LSA) produced from wave-breaking in freshwater HABs. In this study, LSA were produced in the laboratory from freshwater samples collected from Lake Michigan and Lake Erie during HAB and nonbloom conditions. The incorporation of biological material within the individual HAB-influenced LSA particles was examined by single-particle mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Freshwater with higher blue-green algae content produced higher number fractions of individual LSA particles that contained biological material, showing that organic molecules of biological origin are incorporated in LSA from HABs. The number fraction of individual LSA particles containing biological material also increased with particle diameter (greater than 0.5 μm), a size dependence that is consistent with previous studies of sea spray aerosol impacted by phytoplankton blooms. Similar to sea spray aerosol, organic carbon markers were most frequently observed in individual LSA particles less than 0.5 μm in diameter. Understanding the transfer of biological material from freshwater to the atmosphere via LSA is crucial for determining health and climate effects of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel W May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Mark Panas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jessica L Axson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Peter S Tirella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Rachel M Kirpes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Rebecca L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Matthew J Gunsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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109
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Zhang T, Brantley SL, Verreault D, Dhankani R, Corcelli SA, Allen HC. Effect of pH and Salt on Surface pK a of Phosphatidic Acid Monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:530-539. [PMID: 29207248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pH-induced surface speciation of organic surfactants such as fatty acids and phospholipids in monolayers and coatings is considered to be an important factor controlling their interfacial organization and properties. Yet, correctly predicting the surface speciation requires the determination of the surface dissociation constants (surface pKa) of the protic functional group(s) present. Here, we use three independent methods-compression isotherms, surface tension pH titration, and infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS)-to study the protonation state of dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA) monolayers on water and NaCl solutions. By examining the molecular area expansion at basic pH, the pKa to remove the second proton of DPPA (surface pKa2) at the aqueous interface is estimated. In addition, utilizing IRRAS combined with density functional theory calculations, the vibrational modes of the phosphate headgroup were directly probed and assigned to understand DPPA charge speciation with increasing pH. We find that all three experimental techniques give consistent surface pKa2 values in good agreement with each other. Results show that a condensed DPPA monolayer has a surface pKa2 of 11.5, a value higher than previously reported (∼7.9-8.5). This surface pKa2 was further altered by the presence of Na+ cations in the aqueous subphase, which reduced the surface pKa2 from 11.5 to 10.5. It was also found that the surface pKa2 value of DPPA is modulated by the packing density (i.e., the surface charge density) of the monolayer, with a surface pKa2 as low as 9.2 for DPPA monolayers in the two-dimensional gaseous phase over NaCl solutions. The experimentally determined surface pKa2 values are also found to be in agreement with those predicted by Gouy-Chapman theory, validating these methods and proving that surface charge density is the driving factor behind changes to the surface pKa2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Shelby L Brantley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Dominique Verreault
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Raja Dhankani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Steven A Corcelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Heather C Allen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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110
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Abstract
The role of marine bioaerosols in cloud formation and climate is currently so uncertain that even the sign of the climate forcing is unclear. Marine aerosols form through direct emissions and through the conversion of gas-phase emissions to aerosols in the atmosphere. The composition and size of aerosols determine how effective they are in catalyzing the formation of water droplets and ice crystals in clouds by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles, respectively. Marine organic aerosols may be sourced both from recent regional phytoplankton blooms that add labile organic matter to the surface ocean and from long-term global processes, such as the upwelling of old refractory dissolved organic matter from the deep ocean. Understanding the formation of marine aerosols and their propensity to catalyze cloud formation processes are challenges that must be addressed given the major uncertainties associated with aerosols in climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA;
| | - Daniel C O Thornton
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA;
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111
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Bertram TH, Cochran RE, Grassian VH, Stone EA. Sea spray aerosol chemical composition: elemental and molecular mimics for laboratory studies of heterogeneous and multiphase reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2374-2400. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schematic representation of the reactive uptake of N2O5to a sea spray aerosol particle containing a thick organic film.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard E. Cochran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
- Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California
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112
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Or VW, Estillore AD, Tivanski AV, Grassian VH. Lab on a tip: atomic force microscopy – photothermal infrared spectroscopy of atmospherically relevant organic/inorganic aerosol particles in the nanometer to micrometer size range. Analyst 2018; 143:2765-2774. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00171e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AFM-PTIR is utilized to analyze atmospherically relevant multicomponent substrate deposited aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W. Or
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Armando D. Estillore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | | | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Nanoengineering
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113
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Lee HD, Estillore AD, Morris HS, Ray KK, Alejandro A, Grassian VH, Tivanski AV. Direct Surface Tension Measurements of Individual Sub-Micrometer Particles Using Atomic Force Microscopy. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8296-8305. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansol D. Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | | | - Holly S. Morris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kamal K. Ray
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Aldair Alejandro
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | | | - Alexei V. Tivanski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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114
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Fatty Acid Surfactant Photochemistry Results in New Particle Formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12693. [PMID: 28978998 PMCID: PMC5627235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic interfaces that exist at the sea surface microlayer or as surfactant coatings on cloud droplets are highly concentrated and chemically distinct from the underlying bulk or overlying gas phase. Therefore, they may be potentially unique locations for chemical or photochemical reactions. Recently, photochemical production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was reported at a nonanoic acid interface however, subsequent secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particle production was incapable of being observed. We investigated SOA particle formation due to photochemical reactions occurring at an air-water interface in presence of model saturated long chain fatty acid and alcohol surfactants, nonanoic acid and nonanol, respectively. Ozonolysis of the gas phase photochemical products in the dark or under continued UV irradiation both resulted in nucleation and growth of SOA particles. Irradiation of nonanol did not yield detectable VOC or SOA production. Organic carbon functionalities of the SOA were probed using X-ray microspectroscopy and compared with other laboratory generated and field collected particles. Carbon-carbon double bonds were identified in the condensed phase which survived ozonolysis during new particle formation and growth. The implications of photochemical processes occurring at organic coated surfaces are discussed in the context of marine SOA particle atmospheric fluxes.
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115
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Sultana CM, Al-Mashat H, Prather KA. Expanding Single Particle Mass Spectrometer Analyses for the Identification of Microbe Signatures in Sea Spray Aerosol. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10162-10170. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille M. Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Hashim Al-Mashat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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116
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Bondy AL, Wang B, Laskin A, Craig RL, Nhliziyo MV, Bertman SB, Pratt KA, Shepson PB, Ault AP. Inland Sea Spray Aerosol Transport and Incomplete Chloride Depletion: Varying Degrees of Reactive Processing Observed during SOAS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9533-9542. [PMID: 28732168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase reactions involving sea spray aerosol (SSA) impact trace gas budgets in coastal regions by acting as a reservoir for oxidized nitrogen and sulfur species, as well as being a source of halogen gases (HCl, ClNO2, etc.). Whereas most studies of multiphase reactions on SSA have focused on marine environments, far less is known about SSA transported inland. Herein, single-particle measurements of SSA are reported at a site >320 km from the Gulf of Mexico, with transport times of 7-68 h. Samples were collected during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) in June-July 2013 near Centreville, Alabama. SSA was observed in 93% of 42 time periods analyzed. During two marine air mass periods, SSA represented significant number fractions of particles in the accumulation (0.2-1.0 μm, 11%) and coarse (1.0-10.0 μm, 35%) modes. Chloride content of SSA particles ranged from full to partial depletion, with 24% of SSA particles containing chloride (mole fraction of Cl/Na ≥ 0.1, 90% chloride depletion). Both the frequent observation of SSA at an inland site and the range of chloride depletion observed suggest that SSA may represent an underappreciated inland sink for NOx/SO2 oxidation products and a source of halogen gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Bondy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Rebecca L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Manelisi V Nhliziyo
- Department of Chemistry, Tuskegee University , Tuskegee, Alabama 36088, United States
| | - Steven B Bertman
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University , Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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117
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Bedrossian M, Lindensmith C, Nadeau JL. Digital Holographic Microscopy, a Method for Detection of Microorganisms in Plume Samples from Enceladus and Other Icy Worlds. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:913-925. [PMID: 28708412 PMCID: PMC5610429 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Detection of extant microbial life on Earth and elsewhere in the Solar System requires the ability to identify and enumerate micrometer-scale, essentially featureless cells. On Earth, bacteria are usually enumerated by culture plating or epifluorescence microscopy. Culture plates require long incubation times and can only count culturable strains, and epifluorescence microscopy requires extensive staining and concentration of the sample and instrumentation that is not readily miniaturized for space. Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) represents an alternative technique with no moving parts and higher throughput than traditional microscopy, making it potentially useful in space for detection of extant microorganisms provided that sufficient numbers of cells can be collected. Because sample collection is expected to be the limiting factor for space missions, especially to outer planets, it is important to quantify the limits of detection of any proposed technique for extant life detection. Here we use both laboratory and field samples to measure the limits of detection of an off-axis digital holographic microscope (DHM). A statistical model is used to estimate any instrument's probability of detection at various bacterial concentrations based on the optical performance characteristics of the instrument, as well as estimate the confidence interval of detection. This statistical model agrees well with the limit of detection of 103 cells/mL that was found experimentally with laboratory samples. In environmental samples, active cells were immediately evident at concentrations of 104 cells/mL. Published estimates of cell densities for Enceladus plumes yield up to 104 cells/mL, which are well within the off-axis DHM's limits of detection to confidence intervals greater than or equal to 95%, assuming sufficient sample volumes can be collected. The quantitative phase imaging provided by DHM allowed minerals to be distinguished from cells. Off-axis DHM's ability for rapid low-level bacterial detection and counting shows its viability as a technique for detection of extant microbial life provided that the cells can be captured intact and delivered to the sample chamber in a sufficient volume of liquid for imaging. Key Words: In situ life detection-Extant microorganisms-Holographic microscopy-Ocean Worlds-Enceladus-Imaging. Astrobiology 17, 913-925.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Bedrossian
- Graduate Aerospace Laboratories (GALCIT) and Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Chris Lindensmith
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Jay L. Nadeau
- Graduate Aerospace Laboratories (GALCIT) and Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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118
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The role of jet and film drops in controlling the mixing state of submicron sea spray aerosol particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28630346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702420114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oceans represent a significant global source of atmospheric aerosols. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles comprise sea salts and organic species in varying proportions. In addition to size, the overall composition of SSA particles determines how effectively they can form cloud droplets and ice crystals. Thus, understanding the factors controlling SSA composition is critical to predicting aerosol impacts on clouds and climate. It is often assumed that submicrometer SSAs are mainly formed by film drops produced from bursting bubble-cap films, which become enriched with hydrophobic organic species contained within the sea surface microlayer. In contrast, jet drops formed from the base of bursting bubbles are postulated to mainly produce larger supermicrometer particles from bulk seawater, which comprises largely salts and water-soluble organic species. However, here we demonstrate that jet drops produce up to 43% of total submicrometer SSA number concentrations, and that the fraction of SSA produced by jet drops can be modulated by marine biological activity. We show that the chemical composition, organic volume fraction, and ice nucleating ability of submicrometer particles from jet drops differ from those formed from film drops. Thus, the chemical composition of a substantial fraction of submicrometer particles will not be controlled by the composition of the sea surface microlayer, a major assumption in previous studies. This finding has significant ramifications for understanding the factors controlling the mixing state of submicrometer SSA particles and must be taken into consideration when predicting SSA impacts on clouds and climate.
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119
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Kanji ZA, Ladino LA, Wex H, Boose Y, Burkert-Kohn M, Cziczo DJ, Krämer M. Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1175/amsmonographs-d-16-0006.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ice particle formation in tropospheric clouds significantly changes cloud radiative and microphysical properties. Ice nucleation in the troposphere via homogeneous freezing occurs at temperatures lower than −38°C and relative humidity with respect to ice above 140%. In the absence of these conditions, ice formation can proceed via heterogeneous nucleation aided by aerosol particles known as ice nucleating particles (INPs). In this chapter, new developments in identifying the heterogeneous freezing mechanisms, atmospheric relevance, uncertainties, and unknowns about INPs are described. The change in conventional wisdom regarding the requirements of INPs as new studies discover physical and chemical properties of these particles is explained. INP sources and known reasons for their ice nucleating properties are presented. The need for more studies to systematically identify particle properties that facilitate ice nucleation is highlighted. The atmospheric relevance of long-range transport, aerosol aging, and coating studies (in the laboratory) of INPs are also presented. Possible mechanisms for processes that change the ice nucleating potential of INPs and the corresponding challenges in understanding and applying these in models are discussed. How primary ice nucleation affects total ice crystal number concentrations in clouds and the discrepancy between INP concentrations and ice crystal number concentrations are presented. Finally, limitations of parameterizing INPs and of models in representing known and unknown processes related to heterogeneous ice nucleation processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamin A. Kanji
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luis A. Ladino
- Cloud Physics and Severe Weather Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heike Wex
- Department of Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boose
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Burkert-Kohn
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J. Cziczo
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Martina Krämer
- f Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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120
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121
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Cochran RE, Laskina O, Trueblood JV, Estillore AD, Morris HS, Jayarathne T, Sultana CM, Lee C, Lin P, Laskin J, Laskin A, Dowling JA, Qin Z, Cappa CD, Bertram TH, Tivanski AV, Stone EA, Prather KA, Grassian VH. Molecular Diversity of Sea Spray Aerosol Particles: Impact of Ocean Biology on Particle Composition and Hygroscopicity. Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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122
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Sultana CM, Collins DB, Prather KA. Effect of Structural Heterogeneity in Chemical Composition on Online Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Sea Spray Aerosol Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3660-3668. [PMID: 28299935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the surface composition of sea spray aerosols (SSA) is critical for understanding and predicting climate-relevant impacts. Offline microscopy and spectroscopy studies have shown that dry supermicron SSA tend to be spatially heterogeneous particles with sodium- and chloride-rich cores surrounded by organic enriched surface layers containing minor inorganic seawater components such as magnesium and calcium. At the same time, single-particle mass spectrometry reveals several different mass spectral ion patterns, suggesting that there may be a number of chemically distinct particle types. This study investigates factors controlling single particle mass spectra of nascent supermicron SSA. Depth profiling experiments conducted on SSA generated by a fritted bubbler and total ion intensity analysis of SSA generated by a marine aerosol reference tank were compared with observations of ambient SSA observed at two coastal locations. Analysis of SSA produced by utilizing controlled laboratory methods reveals that single-particle mass spectra with weak sodium ion signals can be produced by the desorption of the surface of typical dry SSA particles composed of salt cores and organic-rich coatings. Thus, this lab-based study for the first time unifies findings from offline and online measurements as well as lab and field studies of the SSA particle-mixing state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Douglas B Collins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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123
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Cochran RE, Ryder OS, Grassian VH, Prather KA. Sea Spray Aerosol: The Chemical Link between the Oceans, Atmosphere, and Climate. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:599-604. [PMID: 28945390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The oceans, atmosphere, and clouds are all interconnected through the release and deposition of chemical species, which provide critical feedback in controlling the composition of our atmosphere and climate. To better understand the couplings between the ocean and atmosphere, it is critical to improve our understanding of the processes that control sea spray aerosol (SSA) composition and which ones plays the dominate role in regulating atmospheric chemistry and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Cochran
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093-0314, United States
| | - Olivia S. Ryder
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093-0314, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093-0314, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093-0314, United States
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124
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Feng L, Shen H, Zhu Y, Gao H, Yao X. Insight into Generation and Evolution of Sea-Salt Aerosols from Field Measurements in Diversified Marine and Coastal Atmospheres. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41260. [PMID: 28120906 PMCID: PMC5264635 DOI: 10.1038/srep41260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This report focuses on studying generation and/or evolution of sea-salt aerosols (SSA) on basis of measurements in the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO), the marginal seas of China, at sea-beach sites and a semi-urban coastal site in 2012–2015. From measurements in the NWPO, we obtained the smallest generation function of the super-micron SSA mass ([MSSA]) by the local wind comparing to those previously reported. Vessel-caused wave-breaking was found to greatly enhance generation of SSA and increase [MSSA], which was subject to non-natural generation of SSA. However, naturally enhanced generation of SSA was indeed observed in the marginal seas and at the sea-beach site. The two enhancement mechanisms may explain the difference among this and previous studies. Size distributions of super-micron SSA exhibited two modes, i.e., 1–2 μm mode and ~5 μm mode. The 1–2 μm mode of SSA was enhanced more and comparable to the ~5 μm mode under the wind speed >7 m/s. However, the smaller mode SSA was largely reduced from open oceans to sea-beach sites with reducing wind speed. The two super-micron modes were comparable again at a semi-urban coastal site, suggesting that the smaller super-micron mode SSA may play more important roles in atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Feng
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hengqing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Collaborative Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Collaborative Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
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125
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Li X, Gupta D, Lee J, Park G, Ro CU. Real-Time Investigation of Chemical Compositions and Hygroscopic Properties of Aerosols Generated from NaCl and Malonic Acid Mixture Solutions Using in Situ Raman Microspectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:263-270. [PMID: 27983811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, ambient sea spray aerosols (SSAs) have been reported to undergo reactions with dicarboxylic acids (DCAs). Several studies have examined the hygroscopic behavior and chemical reactivity of aerosols generated from NaCl-DCA mixture solutions, but the results have varied, especially for the NaCl-malonic acid (NaCl-MA) mixture system. In this work, in situ Raman microspectrometry (RMS) was used to simultaneously monitor the change in chemical composition, size, and phase as a function of the relative humidity, for individual aerosols generated from NaCl-MA solutions, during two hygroscopic measurement cycles, which were performed first through the dehydration process, followed by a humidification process, in each cycle. In situ RMS analysis for the aerosols showed that the chemical reaction between NaCl and MA occurred rapidly in the time scale of 1 h and considerably in the aqueous phase, mostly during the first dehydration process, and the chemical reaction occurs more rapidly when MA is more enriched in the aerosols. For example, the reaction between NaCl and MA for aerosols generated from solutions of NaCl:MA = 2:1 and 1:2 occurred by 81% and 100% at RH = 42% and 45%, respectively, during the first dehydration process. The aerosols generated from the solution of NaCl:MA = 2:1 revealed single efflorescence and deliquescence transitions repeatedly during two hygroscopic cycles. The aerosols from NaCl:MA = 1:1 and 1:2 solutions showed just an efflorescence transition during the first dehydration process and no efflorescence and deliquescence transition during the hygroscopic cycles, respectively. The observed different hygroscopic behavior was due to the different contents of NaCl, MA, and monosodium malonate in the aerosols, which were monitored real-time by in situ RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University , Incheon, 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhrubajyoti Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University , Incheon, 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University , Incheon, 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonhee Park
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University , Incheon, 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Un Ro
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University , Incheon, 402-751, Republic of Korea
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126
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Estillore AD, Morris HS, Or VW, Lee HD, Alves MR, Marciano MA, Laskina O, Qin Z, Tivanski AV, Grassian VH. Linking hygroscopicity and the surface microstructure of model inorganic salts, simple and complex carbohydrates, and authentic sea spray aerosol particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:21101-21111. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04051b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles are mixtures of organics and salts that show diversity in their morphologies and water uptake properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando D. Estillore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | | | - Victor W. Or
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Hansol D. Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Iowa
- Iowa City
- USA
| | - Michael R. Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Meagan A. Marciano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Olga Laskina
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Iowa
- Iowa City
- USA
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Iowa
- Iowa City
- USA
| | | | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Nanoengineering
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127
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Improving our fundamental understanding of the role of aerosol-cloud interactions in the climate system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5781-90. [PMID: 27222566 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514043113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of an increase in atmospheric aerosol concentrations on the distribution and radiative properties of Earth's clouds is the most uncertain component of the overall global radiative forcing from preindustrial time. General circulation models (GCMs) are the tool for predicting future climate, but the treatment of aerosols, clouds, and aerosol-cloud radiative effects carries large uncertainties that directly affect GCM predictions, such as climate sensitivity. Predictions are hampered by the large range of scales of interaction between various components that need to be captured. Observation systems (remote sensing, in situ) are increasingly being used to constrain predictions, but significant challenges exist, to some extent because of the large range of scales and the fact that the various measuring systems tend to address different scales. Fine-scale models represent clouds, aerosols, and aerosol-cloud interactions with high fidelity but do not include interactions with the larger scale and are therefore limited from a climatic point of view. We suggest strategies for improving estimates of aerosol-cloud relationships in climate models, for new remote sensing and in situ measurements, and for quantifying and reducing model uncertainty.
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128
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Ault AP, Axson JL. Atmospheric Aerosol Chemistry: Spectroscopic and Microscopic Advances. Anal Chem 2016; 89:430-452. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Ault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jessica L. Axson
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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129
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Jayarathne T, Sultana CM, Lee C, Malfatti F, Cox JL, Pendergraft MA, Moore KA, Azam F, Tivanski AV, Cappa CD, Bertram TH, Grassian VH, Prather KA, Stone EA. Enrichment of Saccharides and Divalent Cations in Sea Spray Aerosol During Two Phytoplankton Blooms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11511-11520. [PMID: 27709902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is a globally important source of particulate matter. A mesocosm study was performed to determine the relative enrichment of saccharides and inorganic ions in nascent fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10-2.5) SSA and the sea surface microlayer (SSML) relative to bulk seawater. Saccharides comprise a significant fraction of organic matter in fine and coarse SSA (11 and 27%, respectively). Relative to sodium, individual saccharides were enriched 14-1314-fold in fine SSA, 3-138-fold in coarse SSA, but only up to 1.0-16.2-fold in SSML. Enrichments in SSML were attributed to rising bubbles that scavenge surface-active species from seawater, while further enrichment in fine SSA likely derives from bubble films. Mean enrichment factors for major ions demonstrated significant enrichment in fine SSA for potassium (1.3), magnesium (1.4), and calcium (1.7), likely because of their interactions with organic matter. Consequently, fine SSA develops a salt profile significantly different from that of seawater. Maximal enrichments of saccharides and ions coincided with the second of two phytoplankton blooms, signifying the influence of ocean biology on selective mass transfer across the ocean-air interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilina Jayarathne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Camille M Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Francesca Malfatti
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- OGS, National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics , Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Joshua L Cox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Matthew A Pendergraft
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kathryn A Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Farooq Azam
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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130
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Axson JL, May NW, Colón-Bernal ID, Pratt KA, Ault AP. Lake Spray Aerosol: A Chemical Signature from Individual Ambient Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9835-9845. [PMID: 27548099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol production from wave breaking on freshwater lakes, including the Laurentian Great Lakes, is poorly understood in comparison to sea spray aerosol (SSA). Aerosols from freshwater have the potential to impact regional climate and public health. Herein, lake spray aerosol (LSA) is defined as aerosol generated from freshwater through bubble bursting, analogous to SSA from seawater. A chemical signature for LSA was determined from measurements of ambient particles collected on the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan during an event (July 6-8, 2015) with wave heights up to 3.1 m. For comparison, surface freshwater was collected, and LSA were generated in the laboratory. Single particle microscopy and mass spectrometry analysis of field and laboratory-generated samples show that LSA particles are primarily calcium (carbonate) with lower concentrations of other inorganic ions and organic material. Laboratory number size distributions show ultrafine and accumulation modes at 53 (±1) and 276 (±8) nm, respectively. This study provides the first chemical signature for LSA. LSA composition is shown to be coupled to Great Lakes water chemistry (Ca(2+) > Mg(2+) > Na(+) > K(+)) and distinct from SSA. Understanding LSA physicochemical properties will improve assessment of LSA impacts on regional air quality, climate, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Axson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nathaniel W May
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Isabel D Colón-Bernal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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131
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Park J, Kim D, Lee K, Han S, Kim H, Williams LR, Joo HS, Park K. Effect of phytoplankton biomass in seawater on chemical properties of sea spray aerosols. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 110:231-237. [PMID: 27345708 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study is to investigate the effect of biological seawater properties on sea spray aerosols (SSA). Concentrations of chlorophyll-a and bacteria were measured at coastal site in Korea in fall and summer seasons. Also, aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) was used to determine chemical constituents (organics, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and chloride) of non-refractory submicrometer aerosols sprayed from seawaters using a bubble bursting system. The average concentration of chlorophyll-a in seawater in fall was 1.75±0.78μg/l, whereas it significantly increased to 5.11±2.16μg/l in summer. It was found that the fraction of organics in the submicrometer SSA was higher in summer (68%) than fall (49%), and that the organic fraction in the SSA increased as the concentration of chlorophyll-a increased in seawater, suggesting that the high phytoplankton biomass in seawater could lead to the enhancement of organic species in the SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyung Kim
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyul Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Han
- Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hung Soo Joo
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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132
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Adams EM, Casper CB, Allen HC. Effect of cation enrichment on dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayers at the air-water interface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 478:353-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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133
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Bernard F, Ciuraru R, Boréave A, George C. Photosensitized Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols above the Air/Water Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8678-86. [PMID: 27434860 PMCID: PMC4990006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated photosensitized chemistry at the air-sea interface as a source of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Our results show that, in addition to biogenic emissions, abiotic processes could also be important in the marine boundary layer. Photosensitized production of marine secondary organic aerosol was studied in a custom-built multiphase atmospheric simulation chamber. The experimental chamber contained water, humic acid (1-10 mg L(-1)) as a proxy for dissolved organic matter, and nonanoic acid (0.1-10 mM), a fatty acid proxy which formed an organic film at the air-water interface. Dark secondary reaction with ozone after illumination resulted in SOA particle concentrations in excess of 1000 cm(-3), illustrating the production of unsaturated compounds by chemical reactions at the air-water interface. SOA numbers via photosensitization alone and in the absence of ozone did not exceed background levels. From these results, we derived a dependence of SOA numbers on nonanoic acid surface coverage and dissolved organic matter concentration. We present a discussion on the potential role of the air-sea interface in the production of atmospheric organic aerosol from photosensitized origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bernard
- Univ Lyon, Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - R. Ciuraru
- Univ Lyon, Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - A. Boréave
- Univ Lyon, Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - C. George
- Univ Lyon, Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
- Phone: (33) (0)4 72 44 54
92; e-mail:
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134
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Trueblood JV, Estillore AD, Lee C, Dowling JA, Prather KA, Grassian VH. Heterogeneous Chemistry of Lipopolysaccharides with Gas-Phase Nitric Acid: Reactive Sites and Reaction Pathways. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6444-50. [PMID: 27445084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b07023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that sea spray aerosol (SSA) has a size-dependent, complex composition consisting of biomolecules and biologically derived organic compounds in addition to salts. This additional chemical complexity most likely influences the heterogeneous reactivity of SSA, as these other components will have different reactive sites and reaction pathways. In this study, we focus on the reactivity of a class of particles derived from some of the biological components of sea spray aerosol including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that undergo heterogeneous chemistry within the reactive sites of the biological molecule. Examples of these reactions and the relevant reactive sites are proposed as follows: R-COONa(s) + HNO3(g) → NaNO3 + R-COOH and R-HPO4Na(s) + HNO3(g) → NaNO3 + R-H2PO4. These reactions may be a heterogeneous pathway not only for sea spray aerosol but also for a variety of other types of atmospheric aerosol as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan V Trueblood
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, ‡Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and §Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Armando D Estillore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, ‡Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and §Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, ‡Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and §Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jacqueline A Dowling
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, ‡Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and §Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, ‡Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and §Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, ‡Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and §Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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135
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Estillore AD, Trueblood JV, Grassian VH. Atmospheric chemistry of bioaerosols: heterogeneous and multiphase reactions with atmospheric oxidants and other trace gases. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6604-6616. [PMID: 28567251 PMCID: PMC5450524 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02353c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Once airborne, biologically-derived aerosol particles are prone to reaction with various atmospheric oxidants such as OH, NO3, and O3.
Advances in analytical techniques and instrumentation have now established methods for detecting, quantifying, and identifying the chemical and microbial constituents of particulate matter in the atmosphere. For example, recent cryo-TEM studies of sea spray have identified whole bacteria and viruses ejected from ocean seawater into air. A focal point of this perspective is directed towards the reactivity of aerosol particles of biological origin with oxidants (OH, NO3, and O3) present in the atmosphere. Complementary information on the reactivity of aerosol particles is obtained from field investigations and laboratory studies. Laboratory studies of different types of biologically-derived particles offer important information related to their impacts on the local and global environment. These studies can also unravel a range of different chemistries and reactivity afforded by the complexity and diversity of the chemical make-up of these particles. Laboratory experiments as the ones reviewed herein can elucidate the chemistry of biological aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando D Estillore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-858-534-2499
| | - Jonathan V Trueblood
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-858-534-2499
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-858-534-2499.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Nanoengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA
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136
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Laskin A, Gilles MK, Knopf DA, Wang B, China S. Progress in the Analysis of Complex Atmospheric Particles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:117-43. [PMID: 27306308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an overview of recent advances in field and laboratory studies of atmospheric particles formed in processes of environmental air-surface interactions. The overarching goal of these studies is to advance predictive understanding of atmospheric particle composition, particle chemistry during aging, and their environmental impacts. The diversity between chemical constituents and lateral heterogeneity within individual particles adds to the chemical complexity of particles and their surfaces. Once emitted, particles undergo transformation via atmospheric aging processes that further modify their complex composition. We highlight a range of modern analytical approaches that enable multimodal chemical characterization of particles with both molecular and lateral specificity. When combined, these approaches provide a comprehensive arsenal of tools for understanding the nature of particles at air-surface interactions and their reactivity and transformations with atmospheric aging. We discuss applications of these novel approaches in recent studies and highlight additional research areas to explore the environmental effects of air-surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
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137
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Shen H, Peters TM, Casuccio GS, Lersch TL, West RR, Kumar A, Kumar N, Ault AP. Elevated Concentrations of Lead in Particulate Matter on the Neighborhood-Scale in Delhi, India As Determined by Single Particle Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4961-70. [PMID: 27077697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
High mass concentrations of atmospheric lead particles are frequently observed in the Delhi, India metropolitan area, although the sources of lead particles are poorly understood. In this study, particles sampled across Delhi (August - December 2008) were analyzed by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (CCSEM-EDX) to improve our understanding of the spatial and physicochemical variability of lead-rich particles (>90% lead). The mean mass concentration of lead-rich particles smaller than 10 μm (PM10) was 0.7 μg/m(3) (1.5 μg/m(3) std. dev.) with high variability (range: 0-6.2 μg/m(3)). Four samples (16% of 25 samples) with PM10 lead-rich particle concentrations >1.4 μg/m(3) were defined as lead events and studied further. The temporal characteristics, heterogeneous spatial distribution, and wind patterns of events, excluded regional monsoon conditions or common anthropogenic sources from being the major causes of the lead events. Individual particle composition, size, and morphology analysis indicate informal recycling operations of used lead-acid batteries as the likely source of the lead events. This source is not typically included in emission inventories, and the observed isolated hotspots with high lead concentrations could represent an elevated exposure risk in certain neighborhoods of Delhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Shen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas M Peters
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gary S Casuccio
- RJ Lee Group, Inc., Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Traci L Lersch
- RJ Lee Group, Inc., Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Roger R West
- RJ Lee Group, Inc., Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Amit Kumar
- Society for Environmental Health, Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami , Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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138
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Cochran RE, Jayarathne T, Stone EA, Grassian VH. Selectivity Across the Interface: A Test of Surface Activity in the Composition of Organic-Enriched Aerosols from Bubble Bursting. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1692-1696. [PMID: 27093579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although theories have been developed that describe surface activity of organic molecules at the air-water interface, few studies have tested how surface activity impacts the selective transfer of molecules from solution phase into the aerosol phase during bubble bursting. The selective transfer of a series of organic compounds that differ in their solubility and surface activity from solution into the aerosol phase is quantified experimentally for the first time. Aerosol was produced from solutions containing salts and a series of linear carboxlyates (LCs) and dicarboxylates (LDCs) using a bubble bursting process. Surface activity of these molecules dominated the transport across the interface, with enrichment factors of the more surface-active C4-C8 LCs (55 ± 8) being greater than those of C4-C8 LDCs (5 ± 1). Trends in the estimated surface concentrations of LCs at the liquid-air interface agreed well with their relative concentrations in the aerosol phase. In addition, enrichment of LCs was followed by enrichment of calcium with respect to other inorganic cations and depletion of chloride and sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Cochran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Thilina Jayarathne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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139
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Medders GR, Paesani F. Dissecting the Molecular Structure of the Air/Water Interface from Quantum Simulations of the Sum-Frequency Generation Spectrum. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3912-9. [PMID: 26943730 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular characterization of the air/water interface is a key step in understanding fundamental multiphase phenomena ranging from heterogeneous chemical processes in the atmosphere to the hydration of biomolecules. The apparent simplicity of the air/water interface, however, masks an underlying complexity associated with the dynamic nature of the water hydrogen-bond network that has so far hindered an unambiguous characterization of its microscopic properties. Here, we demonstrate that the application of quantum many-body molecular dynamics, which enables spectroscopically accurate simulations of water from the gas to the condensed phase, leads to a definitive molecular-level picture of the interface region. For the first time, excellent agreement is obtained between the simulated vibrational sum-frequency generation spectrum and the most recent state-of-the-art measurements, without requiring any empirical frequency shift or ad hoc scaling of the spectral intensity. A systematic dissection of the spectral features demonstrates that a rigorous representation of nuclear quantum effects as well as of many-body energy and electrostatic contributions is necessary for a quantitative reproduction of the experimental data. The unprecedented accuracy of the simulations presented here indicates that quantum many-body molecular dynamics can enable predictive studies of aqueous interfaces, which by complementing analogous experimental measurements will provide unique molecular insights into multiphase and heterogeneous processes of relevance in chemistry, biology, materials science, and environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Medders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Francesco Paesani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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140
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Morris HS, Estillore AD, Laskina O, Grassian VH, Tivanski AV. Quantifying the Hygroscopic Growth of Individual Submicrometer Particles with Atomic Force Microscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3647-54. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly S. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Armando D. Estillore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Olga Laskina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Alexei V. Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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141
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Cochran RE, Laskina O, Jayarathne T, Laskin A, Laskin J, Lin P, Sultana C, Lee C, Moore KA, Cappa CD, Bertram TH, Prather KA, Grassian VH, Stone EA. Analysis of Organic Anionic Surfactants in Fine and Coarse Fractions of Freshly Emitted Sea Spray Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2477-86. [PMID: 26828238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of organic compounds in freshly emitted sea spray aerosol (SSA) has been shown to be size-dependent, with an increasing organic fraction in smaller particles. Here we have used electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry in negative ion mode to identify organic compounds in nascent sea spray collected throughout a 25 day mesocosm experiment. Over 280 organic compounds from ten major homologous series were tentatively identified, including saturated (C8-C24) and unsaturated (C12-C22) fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives (including saturated oxo-fatty acids (C5-C18) and saturated hydroxy-fatty acids (C5-C18), organosulfates (C2-C7, C12-C17) and sulfonates (C16-C22). During the mesocosm, the distributions of molecules within some homologous series responded to variations among the levels of phytoplankton and bacteria in the seawater. The average molecular weight and carbon preference index of saturated fatty acids significantly decreased within fine SSA during the progression of the mesocosm, which was not observed in coarse SSA, sea-surface microlayer or in fresh seawater. This study helps to define the molecular composition of nascent SSA and biological processes in the ocean relate to SSA composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Cochran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Olga Laskina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Thilina Jayarathne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Peng Lin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Camille Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kathryn A Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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142
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Brady JM, Stokes MD, Bonnardel J, Bertram TH. Characterization of a Quadrotor Unmanned Aircraft System for Aerosol-Particle-Concentration Measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1376-1383. [PMID: 26730457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High-spatial-resolution, near-surface vertical profiling of atmospheric chemical composition is currently limited by the availability of experimental platforms that can sample in constrained environments. As a result, measurements of near-surface gradients in trace gas and aerosol particle concentrations have been limited to studies conducted from fixed location towers or tethered balloons. Here, we explore the utility of a quadrotor unmanned aircraft system (UAS) as a sampling platform to measure vertical and horizontal concentration gradients of trace gases and aerosol particles at high spatial resolution (1 m) within the mixed layer (0-100 m). A 3D Robotics Iris+ autonomous quadrotor UAS was outfitted with a sensor package consisting of a two-channel aerosol optical particle counter and a CO2 sensor. The UAS demonstrated high precision in both vertical (±0.5 m) and horizontal positions (±1 m), highlighting the potential utility of quadrotor UAS drones for aerosol- and trace-gas measurements within complex terrain, such as the urban environment, forest canopies, and above difficult-to-access areas such as breaking surf. Vertical profiles of aerosol particle number concentrations, acquired from flights conducted along the California coastline, were used to constrain sea-spray aerosol-emission rates from coastal wave breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Brady
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, 53706 Wisconsin, United States
| | - M Dale Stokes
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , La Jolla, 92037 California, United States
| | - Jim Bonnardel
- Radio Control Specialties , San Diego, California 92111, United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, 53706 Wisconsin, United States
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143
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Patterson JP, Collins D, Michaud J, Axson JL, Sultana CM, Moser T, Dommer AC, Conner J, Grassian VH, Stokes MD, Deane GB, Evans JE, Burkart MD, Prather KA, Gianneschi N. Sea Spray Aerosol Structure and Composition Using Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:40-47. [PMID: 26878061 PMCID: PMC4731829 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The composition and surface properties of atmospheric aerosol particles largely control their impact on climate by affecting their ability to uptake water, react heterogeneously, and nucleate ice in clouds. However, in the vacuum of a conventional electron microscope, the native surface and internal structure often undergo physicochemical rearrangement resulting in surfaces that are quite different from their atmospheric configurations. Herein, we report the development of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy where laboratory generated sea spray aerosol particles are flash frozen in their native state with iterative and controlled thermal and/or pressure exposures and then probed by electron microscopy. This unique approach allows for the detection of not only mixed salts, but also soft materials including whole hydrated bacteria, diatoms, virus particles, marine vesicles, as well as gel networks within hydrated salt droplets-all of which will have distinct biological, chemical, and physical processes. We anticipate this method will open up a new avenue of analysis for aerosol particles, not only for ocean-derived aerosols, but for those produced from other sources where there is interest in the transfer of organic or biological species from the biosphere to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Douglas
B. Collins
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jennifer
M. Michaud
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jessica L. Axson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Camile M. Sultana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Trevor Moser
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Abigail C. Dommer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jack Conner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - M. Dale Stokes
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Grant B. Deane
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - James E. Evans
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Michael D. Burkart
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan
C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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144
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Biteen JS, Blainey PC, Cardon ZG, Chun M, Church GM, Dorrestein PC, Fraser SE, Gilbert JA, Jansson JK, Knight R, Miller JF, Ozcan A, Prather KA, Quake SR, Ruby EG, Silver PA, Taha S, van den Engh G, Weiss PS, Wong GCL, Wright AT, Young TD. Tools for the Microbiome: Nano and Beyond. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6-37. [PMID: 26695070 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome presents great opportunities for understanding and improving the world around us and elucidating the interactions that compose it. The microbiome also poses tremendous challenges for mapping and manipulating the entangled networks of interactions among myriad diverse organisms. Here, we describe the opportunities, technical needs, and potential approaches to address these challenges, based on recent and upcoming advances in measurement and control at the nanoscale and beyond. These technical needs will provide the basis for advancing the largely descriptive studies of the microbiome to the theoretical and mechanistic understandings that will underpin the discipline of microbiome engineering. We anticipate that the new tools and methods developed will also be more broadly useful in environmental monitoring, medicine, forensics, and other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Biteen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul C Blainey
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Zoe G Cardon
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1015, United States
| | - Miyoung Chun
- The Kavli Foundation , Oxnard, California 93030, United States
| | - George M Church
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and Biophysics Program, Harvard University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Scott E Fraser
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California , Molecular and Computational Biology, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Institute for Genomic and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolution and Department of Surgery, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Edward G Ruby
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii-Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - Pamela A Silver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and Biophysics Program, Harvard University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sharif Taha
- The Kavli Foundation , Oxnard, California 93030, United States
| | - Ger van den Engh
- Center for Marine Cytometry , Concrete, Washington 98237, United States
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción , Concepción, Chile
| | | | | | - Aaron T Wright
- Earth and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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145
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Abstract
Ice nucleating particles (INPs) are vital for ice initiation in, and precipitation from, mixed-phase clouds. A source of INPs from oceans within sea spray aerosol (SSA) emissions has been suggested in previous studies but remained unconfirmed. Here, we show that INPs are emitted using real wave breaking in a laboratory flume to produce SSA. The number concentrations of INPs from laboratory-generated SSA, when normalized to typical total aerosol number concentrations in the marine boundary layer, agree well with measurements from diverse regions over the oceans. Data in the present study are also in accord with previously published INP measurements made over remote ocean regions. INP number concentrations active within liquid water droplets increase exponentially in number with a decrease in temperature below 0 °C, averaging an order of magnitude increase per 5 °C interval. The plausibility of a strong increase in SSA INP emissions in association with phytoplankton blooms is also shown in laboratory simulations. Nevertheless, INP number concentrations, or active site densities approximated using "dry" geometric SSA surface areas, are a few orders of magnitude lower than corresponding concentrations or site densities in the surface boundary layer over continental regions. These findings have important implications for cloud radiative forcing and precipitation within low-level and midlevel marine clouds unaffected by continental INP sources, such as may occur over the Southern Ocean.
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146
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Laskina O, Morris HS, Grandquist JR, Estillore AD, Stone EA, Grassian VH, Tivanski AV. Substrate-Deposited Sea Spray Aerosol Particles: Influence of Analytical Method, Substrate, and Storage Conditions on Particle Size, Phase, and Morphology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13447-53. [PMID: 26477686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are often collected on substrates and analyzed weeks or months after the initial collection. We investigated how the selection of substrate and microscopy method influence the measured size, phase, and morphology of sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles and how sample storage conditions affect individual particles using three common microscopy techniques: optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to determine changes in the water content of stored particles. The results show that microscopy techniques operating under ambient conditions provide the most relevant and robust measurement of particle size. Samples stored in a desiccator and at ambient conditions leads to similar sizes and morphologies, while storage that involves freezing and thawing leads to irreversible changes due to phase changes and water condensation. Typically, SSA particles are deposited wet and, if possible, samples used for single-particle analysis should be stored at or near conditions at which they were collected in order to avoid dehydration. However, if samples need to be dry, as is often the case, then this study found that storing SSA particles at ambient laboratory conditions (17-23% RH and 19-21 °C) was effective at preserving them and reducing changes that would alter samples and subsequent data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Laskina
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Holly S Morris
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Joshua R Grandquist
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Armando D Estillore
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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147
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Ryder OS, Campbell NR, Morris H, Forestieri S, Ruppel MJ, Cappa C, Tivanski A, Prather K, Bertram TH. Role of Organic Coatings in Regulating N2O5 Reactive Uptake to Sea Spray Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11683-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S. Ryder
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicole R. Campbell
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Holly Morris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Sara Forestieri
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Matthew J. Ruppel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Cappa
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alexei Tivanski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kimberly Prather
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San
Diego, California 92037, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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148
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Kim G, Cho HJ, Seo A, Kim D, Gim Y, Lee BY, Yoon YJ, Park K. Comparison of Hygroscopicity, Volatility, and Mixing State of Submicrometer Particles between Cruises over the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12024-12035. [PMID: 26389581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ship-borne measurements of ambient aerosols were conducted during an 11 937 km cruise over the Arctic Ocean (cruise 1) and the Pacific Ocean (cruise 2). A frequent nucleation event was observed during cruise 1 under marine influence, and the abundant organic matter resulting from the strong biological activity in the ocean could contribute to the formation of new particles and their growth to a detectable size. Concentrations of particle mass and black carbon increased with increasing continental influence from polluted areas. During cruise 1, multiple peaks of hygroscopic growth factor (HGF) of 1.1-1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 were found, and higher amounts of volatile organic species existed in the particles compared to that during cruise 2, which is consistent with the greater availability of volatile organic species caused by the strong oceanic biological activity (cruise 1). Internal mixtures of volatile and nonhygroscopic organic species, nonvolatile and less-hygroscopic organic species, and nonvolatile and hygroscopic nss-sulfate with varying fractions can be assumed to constitute the submicrometer particles. On the basis of elemental composition and morphology, the submicrometer particles were classified into C-rich mixture, S-rich mixture, C/S-rich mixture, Na-rich mixture, C/P-rich mixture, and mineral-rich mixture. Consistently, the fraction of biological particles (i.e., P-containing particles) increased when the ship traveled along a strongly biologically active area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibaek Kim
- National Leading Research Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Joo Cho
- National Leading Research Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Arom Seo
- National Leading Research Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyung Kim
- National Leading Research Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeontae Gim
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yong Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Yoon
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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149
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O'Dowd C, Ceburnis D, Ovadnevaite J, Bialek J, Stengel DB, Zacharias M, Nitschke U, Connan S, Rinaldi M, Fuzzi S, Decesari S, Facchini MC, Marullo S, Santoleri R, Dell'Anno A, Corinaldesi C, Tangherlini M, Danovaro R. Connecting marine productivity to sea-spray via nanoscale biological processes: Phytoplankton Dance or Death Disco? Sci Rep 2015; 5:14883. [PMID: 26464099 PMCID: PMC4604474 DOI: 10.1038/srep14883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bursting bubbles at the ocean-surface produce airborne salt-water spray-droplets, in turn, forming climate-cooling marine haze and cloud layers. The reflectance and ultimate cooling effect of these layers is determined by the spray's water-uptake properties that are modified through entrainment of ocean-surface organic matter (OM) into the airborne droplets. We present new results illustrating a clear dependence of OM mass-fraction enrichment in sea spray (OMss) on both phytoplankton-biomass, determined from Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Net Primary Productivity (NPP). The correlation coefficient for OMss as a function of Chl-a increased form 0.67 on a daily timescale to 0.85 on a monthly timescale. An even stronger correlation was found as a function of NPP, increasing to 0.93 on a monthly timescale. We suggest the observed dependence is through the demise of the bloom, driven by nanoscale biological processes (such as viral infections), releasing large quantities of transferable OM comprising cell debris, exudates and other colloidal materials. This OM, through aggregation processes, leads to enrichment in sea-spray, thus demonstrating an important coupling between biologically-driven plankton bloom termination, marine productivity and sea-spray modification with potentially significant climate impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics &Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Physics &Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics &Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jakub Bialek
- School of Physics &Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dagmar B Stengel
- School of Natural Sciences &Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Merry Zacharias
- School of Natural Sciences &Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Udo Nitschke
- School of Natural Sciences &Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Solene Connan
- School of Natural Sciences &Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | - Salvatore Marullo
- Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, ENEA - Centro Ricerche Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Dell'Anno
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cinzia Corinaldesi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Michael Tangherlini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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150
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Bzdek BR, Power RM, Simpson SH, Reid JP, Royall CP. Precise, contactless measurements of the surface tension of picolitre aerosol droplets. Chem Sci 2015; 7:274-285. [PMID: 28758004 PMCID: PMC5515047 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03184b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise measurements of the surface tension and viscosity of airborne picolitre droplets can be accomplished using holographic optical tweezers.
The surface composition and surface tension of aqueous droplets can influence key aerosol characteristics and processes including the critical supersaturation required for activation to form cloud droplets in the atmosphere. Despite its fundamental importance, surface tension measurements on droplets represent a considerable challenge owing to their small volumes. In this work, we utilize holographic optical tweezers to study the damped surface oscillations of a suspended droplet (<10 μm radius) following the controlled coalescence of a pair of droplets and report the first contactless measurements of the surface tension and viscosity of droplets containing only 1–4 pL of material. An advantage of performing the measurement in aerosol is that supersaturated solute states (common in atmospheric aerosol) may be accessed. For pairs of droplets starting at their equilibrium surface composition, surface tensions and viscosities are consistent with bulk equilibrium values, indicating that droplet surfaces respond to changes in surface area on microsecond timescales and suggesting that equilibrium values can be assumed for growing atmospheric droplets. Furthermore, droplet surfaces are shown to be rapidly modified by trace species thereby altering their surface tension. This equilibration of droplet surface tension to the local environmental conditions is illustrated for unknown contaminants in laboratory air and also for droplets exposed to gas passing through a water–ethanol solution. This approach enables precise measurements of surface tension and viscosity over long time periods, properties that currently are poorly constrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Bzdek
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
| | - Rory M Power
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK . .,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Dresden , 01307 , Germany
| | - Stephen H Simpson
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK . .,Institute of Scientific Instruments of the ASCR. v.v.i. , Krávolopolská 147 , 612 64 , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Jonathan P Reid
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
| | - C Patrick Royall
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK . .,H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory , University of Bristol , Bristol , BS8 1TL , UK.,Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum Information , University of Bristol , BS8 1FD , UK
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