101
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Śledź KM, Moore SF, Durrant TN, Blair TA, Hunter RW, Hers I. Rapamycin restrains platelet procoagulant responses via FKBP-mediated protection of mitochondrial integrity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113975. [PMID: 32298692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Rapamycin is a potent immunosuppressant and anti-proliferative agent used clinically to prevent organ transplant rejection and for coating coronary stents to counteract restenosis. Rapamycin complexes with the immunophilin FKBP12, which subsequently binds and inhibits mTORC1. Despite several reports demonstrating that rapamycin affects platelet-mediated responses, the underlying mechanism of how it alters platelet function is poorly characterised. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of rapamycin on platelet procoagulant responses. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of rapamycin on platelet activation and signalling was investigated alongside the catalytic mTOR inhibitors KU0063794 and WYE-687, and the FKBP12-binding macrolide FK506. KEY RESULTS Rapamycin affects platelet procoagulant responses by reducing externalisation of the procoagulant phospholipid phosphatidylserine, formation of balloon-like structures and local generation of thrombin. Catalytic mTOR kinase inhibitors did not alter platelet procoagulant processes, despite having a similar effect as rapamycin on Ca2+ signalling, demonstrating that the effect of rapamycin on procoagulant responses is independent of mTORC1 inhibition and not linked to a reduction in Ca2+ signalling. FK506, which also forms a complex with FKBP12 but does not target mTOR, reduced platelet procoagulant responses to a similar extent as rapamycin. Both rapamycin and FK506 prevented the loss of mitochondria integrity induced by platelet activation, one of the central regulatory events leading to PS externalisation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Rapamycin suppresses platelet procoagulant responses by protecting mitochondrial integrity in a manner independent of mTORC1 inhibition. Rapamycin and other drugs targeting FKBP immunophilins could aid the development of novel complementary anti-platelet therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila M Śledź
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha F Moore
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Tom N Durrant
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Blair
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Roger W Hunter
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Ingeborg Hers
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
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102
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Boada-Romero E, Martinez J, Heckmann BL, Green DR. The clearance of dead cells by efferocytosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:398-414. [PMID: 32251387 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple modes of cell death have been identified, each with a unique function and each induced in a setting-dependent manner. As billions of cells die during mammalian embryogenesis and daily in adult organisms, clearing dead cells and associated cellular debris is important in physiology. In this Review, we present an overview of the phagocytosis of dead and dying cells, a process known as efferocytosis. Efferocytosis is performed by macrophages and to a lesser extent by other 'professional' phagocytes (such as monocytes and dendritic cells) and 'non-professional' phagocytes, such as epithelial cells. Recent discoveries have shed light on this process and how it functions to maintain tissue homeostasis, tissue repair and organismal health. Here, we outline the mechanisms of efferocytosis, from the recognition of dying cells through to phagocytic engulfment and homeostatic resolution, and highlight the pathophysiological consequences that can arise when this process is abrogated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Boada-Romero
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Inflammation & Autoimmunity Group, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bradlee L Heckmann
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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103
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Reddy EC, Rand ML. Procoagulant Phosphatidylserine-Exposing Platelets in vitro and in vivo. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:15. [PMID: 32195268 PMCID: PMC7062866 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological heterogeneity of platelets leads to diverse responses and the formation of discrete subpopulations upon platelet stimulation. Procoagulant platelets are an example of such subpopulations, a key characteristic of which is exposure either of the anionic aminophospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) or of tissue factor on the activated platelet surface. This review focuses on the former, in which PS exposure on a subpopulation of platelets facilitates assembly of the intrinsic tenase and prothrombinase complexes, thereby accelerating thrombin generation on the activated platelet surface, contributing importantly to the hemostatic process. Mechanisms involved in platelet PS exposure, and accompanying events, induced by physiologically relevant agonists are considered then contrasted with PS exposure resulting from intrinsic pathway-mediated apoptosis in platelets. Pathologies of PS exposure, both inherited and acquired, are described. A consideration of platelet PS exposure as an antithrombotic target concludes the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Reddy
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret L Rand
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Translational Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Biochemistry, and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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104
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Wei H, Davies JE, Harper MT. 2-Aminoethoxydiphenylborate (2-APB) inhibits release of phosphatidylserine-exposing extracellular vesicles from platelets. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:10. [PMID: 32140260 PMCID: PMC7051957 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated, procoagulant platelets shed phosphatidylserine (PS)-exposing extracellular vesicles (EVs) from their surface in a Ca2+- and calpain-dependent manner. These PS-exposing EVs are prothrombotic and proinflammatory and are found at elevated levels in many cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. How PS-exposing EVs are shed is not fully understood. A clearer understanding of this process may aid the development of drugs to selectively block their release. In this study we report that 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate (2-APB) significantly inhibits the release of PS-exposing EVs from platelets stimulated with the Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, or the pore-forming toxin, streptolysin-O. Two analogues of 2-APB, diphenylboronic anhydride (DPBA) and 3-(diphenylphosphino)-1-propylamine (DP3A), inhibited PS-exposing EV release with similar potency. Although 2-APB and DPBA weakly inhibited platelet PS exposure and calpain activity, this was not seen with DP3A despite inhibiting PS-exposing EV release. These data suggest that there is a further target of 2-APB, independent of cytosolic Ca2+ signalling, PS exposure and calpain activity, that is required for PS-exposing EV release. DP3A is likely to inhibit the same target, without these other effects. Identifying the target of 2-APB, DPBA and DP3A may provide a new way to inhibit PS-exposing EV release from activated platelets and inhibit their contribution to thrombosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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105
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Nagata S, Sakuragi T, Segawa K. Flippase and scramblase for phosphatidylserine exposure. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 62:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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106
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Wu N, Cernysiov V, Davidson D, Song H, Tang J, Luo S, Lu Y, Qian J, Gyurova IE, Waggoner SN, Trinh VQH, Cayrol R, Sugiura A, McBride HM, Daudelin JF, Labrecque N, Veillette A. Critical Role of Lipid Scramblase TMEM16F in Phosphatidylserine Exposure and Repair of Plasma Membrane after Pore Formation. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1129-1140.e5. [PMID: 31995754 PMCID: PMC7104872 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane damage and cell death during processes such as necroptosis and apoptosis result from cues originating intracellularly. However, death caused by pore-forming agents, like bacterial toxins or complement, is due to direct external injury to the plasma membrane. To prevent death, the plasma membrane has an intrinsic repair ability. Here, we found that repair triggered by pore-forming agents involved TMEM16F, a calcium-activated lipid scramblase also mutated in Scott's syndrome. Upon pore formation and the subsequent influx of intracellular calcium, TMEM16F induced rapid "lipid scrambling" in the plasma membrane. This response was accompanied by membrane blebbing, extracellular vesicle release, preserved membrane integrity, and increased cell viability. TMEM16F-deficient mice exhibited compromised control of infection by Listeria monocytogenes associated with a greater sensitivity of neutrophils to the pore-forming Listeria toxin listeriolysin O (LLO). Thus, the lipid scramblase TMEM16F is critical for plasma membrane repair after injury by pore-forming agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W1R7, Canada; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.
| | - Vitalij Cernysiov
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W1R7, Canada
| | - Dominique Davidson
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W1R7, Canada
| | - Hua Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Jianlong Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Luo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W1R7, Canada
| | - Jin Qian
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W1R7, Canada
| | - Ivayla E Gyurova
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vincent Quoc-Huy Trinh
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Romain Cayrol
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ayumu Sugiura
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Heidi M McBride
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Nathalie Labrecque
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C3J7, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C3J7, Canada
| | - André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W1R7, Canada; Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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107
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Sapar ML, Ji H, Wang B, Poe AR, Dubey K, Ren X, Ni JQ, Han C. Phosphatidylserine Externalization Results from and Causes Neurite Degeneration in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2020; 24:2273-2286. [PMID: 30157423 PMCID: PMC6174084 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic clearance of degenerating dendrites or axons is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing neuroinflammation. Externalized phosphatidylserine (PS) has been postulated to be an ‘‘eat-me’’ signal allowing recognition of degenerating neurites by phagocytes. Here we show that in Drosophila, PS is dynamically exposed on degenerating dendrites during developmental pruning and after physical injury, but PS exposure is suppressed when dendrite degeneration is genetically blocked. Ectopic PS exposure via phospholipid flippase knockout and scramblase overexpression induced PS exposure preferentially at distal dendrites and caused distinct modes of neurite loss that differ in larval sensory dendrites and in adult olfactory axons. Surprisingly, extracellular lactadherin that lacks the integrin-interaction domain induced phagocyte-dependent degeneration of PS-exposing dendrites, revealing an unidentified bridging function that potentiates phagocytes. Our findings establish a direct causal relationship between PS exposure and neurite degeneration in vivo. Using in vivo phosphatidylserine (PS) sensors, Sapar et al. reveal dynamic patterns of PS exposure on degenerating dendrites in Drosophila. Flippase knockout and scramblase overexpression lead to ectopic PS exposure on distal dendrites and context-dependent neurite degeneration. Lactadherin potentiates phagocytes to destruct PS-exposing dendrites, independent of its integrin-interaction domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Sapar
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hui Ji
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bei Wang
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Amy R Poe
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kush Dubey
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xingjie Ren
- Gene Regulatory Lab, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian-Quan Ni
- Gene Regulatory Lab, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chun Han
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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108
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Ryoden Y, Fujii T, Segawa K, Nagata S. Functional Expression of the P2X7 ATP Receptor Requires Eros. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:559-568. [PMID: 31862710 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In response to extracellular ATP, the purinergic receptor P2X7 mediates various biological processes, including phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposure, phospholipid scrambling, dye uptake, ion transport, and IL-1β production. A genome-wide CRISPR screen for molecules responsible for ATP-induced PtdSer exposure identified a transmembrane protein, essential for reactive oxygen species (Eros), as a necessary component for P2X7 expression. An Eros-null mouse T cell line lost the ability to expose PtdSer, to scramble phospholipids, and to internalize a dye YO-PRO-1 and Ca2+ ions. Eros-null mutation abolished the ability of an LPS-primed human THP-1 macrophage cell line and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages to secrete IL-1β in response to ATP. Eros is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and functions as a chaperone for NADPH oxidase components. Similarly, Eros at the endoplasmic reticulum transiently associated with P2X7 to promote the formation of a stable homotrimeric complex of P2X7. These results indicated that Eros acts as a chaperone not only for NADPH oxidase, but also for P2X7, and contributes to the innate immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ryoden
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Fujii
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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109
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Shlomovitz I, Speir M, Gerlic M. Flipping the dogma - phosphatidylserine in non-apoptotic cell death. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:139. [PMID: 31665027 PMCID: PMC6819419 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer plasma membrane has long been considered a unique feature of apoptotic cells. Together with other "eat me" signals, it enables the recognition and phagocytosis of dying cells (efferocytosis), helping to explain the immunologically-silent nature of apoptosis. Recently, however, PS exposure has also been reported in non-apoptotic forms of regulated inflammatory cell death, such as necroptosis, challenging previous dogma. In this review, we outline the evidence for PS exposure in non-apoptotic cells and extracellular vesicles (EVs), and discuss possible mechanisms based on our knowledge of apoptotic-PS exposure. In addition, we examine the outcomes of non-apoptotic PS exposure, including the reversibility of cell death, efferocytosis, and consequent inflammation. By examining PS biology, we challenge the established approach of distinguishing apoptosis from other cell death pathways by AnnexinV staining of PS externalization. Finally, we re-evaluate how PS exposure is thought to define apoptosis as an immunologically silent process distinct from other non-apoptotic and inflammatory cell death pathways. Ultimately, we suggest that a complete understanding of how regulated cell death processes affect the immune system is far from being fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbar Shlomovitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mary Speir
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Motti Gerlic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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110
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Bushell SR, Pike ACW, Falzone ME, Rorsman NJG, Ta CM, Corey RA, Newport TD, Christianson JC, Scofano LF, Shintre CA, Tessitore A, Chu A, Wang Q, Shrestha L, Mukhopadhyay SMM, Love JD, Burgess-Brown NA, Sitsapesan R, Stansfeld PJ, Huiskonen JT, Tammaro P, Accardi A, Carpenter EP. The structural basis of lipid scrambling and inactivation in the endoplasmic reticulum scramblase TMEM16K. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3956. [PMID: 31477691 PMCID: PMC6718402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Membranes in cells have defined distributions of lipids in each leaflet, controlled by lipid scramblases and flip/floppases. However, for some intracellular membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the scramblases have not been identified. Members of the TMEM16 family have either lipid scramblase or chloride channel activity. Although TMEM16K is widely distributed and associated with the neurological disorder autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCAR10), its location in cells, function and structure are largely uncharacterised. Here we show that TMEM16K is an ER-resident lipid scramblase with a requirement for short chain lipids and calcium for robust activity. Crystal structures of TMEM16K show a scramblase fold, with an open lipid transporting groove. Additional cryo-EM structures reveal extensive conformational changes from the cytoplasmic to the ER side of the membrane, giving a state with a closed lipid permeation pathway. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the open-groove conformation is necessary for scramblase activity. TMEM16K is a member of the TMEM16 family of integral membrane proteins that are either lipid scramblases or chloride channels. Here the authors combine cell biology, electrophysiology measurements, X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM and MD simulations to structurally characterize TMEM16K and show that it is an ER-resident lipid scramblase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Bushell
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ashley C W Pike
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Maria E Falzone
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical School, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nils J G Rorsman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,OxSyBio, Atlas Building, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Chau M Ta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,Department of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Robin A Corey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Thomas D Newport
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4DQ, UK
| | - John C Christianson
- Nuffield Department of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Lara F Scofano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Chitra A Shintre
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Vertex Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Milton Park, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Annamaria Tessitore
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Amy Chu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Qinrui Wang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Leela Shrestha
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shubhashish M M Mukhopadhyay
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - James D Love
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461-1602, USA.,Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Nicola A Burgess-Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Sitsapesan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Phillip J Stansfeld
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Paolo Tammaro
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Alessio Accardi
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical School, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical School, 25 East 68th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical School, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Elisabeth P Carpenter
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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111
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Abstract
Tissue macrophages rapidly recognize and engulf apoptotic cells. These events require the display of so-called eat-me signals on the apoptotic cell surface, the most fundamental of which is phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Externalization of this phospholipid is catalysed by scramblase enzymes, several of which are activated by caspase cleavage. PtdSer is detected both by macrophage receptors that bind to this phospholipid directly and by receptors that bind to a soluble bridging protein that is independently bound to PtdSer. Prominent among the latter receptors are the MER and AXL receptor tyrosine kinases. Eat-me signals also trigger macrophages to engulf virus-infected or metabolically traumatized, but still living, cells, and this 'murder by phagocytosis' may be a common phenomenon. Finally, the localized presentation of PtdSer and other eat-me signals on delimited cell surface domains may enable the phagocytic pruning of these 'locally dead' domains by macrophages, most notably by microglia of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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112
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Alterations in platelet secretion differentially affect thrombosis and hemostasis. Blood Adv 2019; 2:2187-2198. [PMID: 30185436 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018019166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We genetically manipulated the major platelet vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMP2, VAMP3, and VAMP8) to create mice with varying degrees of disrupted platelet secretion. As previously shown, loss of VAMP8 reduced granule secretion, and this defect was exacerbated by further deletion of VAMP2 and VAMP3. VAMP2Δ3Δ8-/- platelets also had reduced VAMP7. Loss of VAMP2 and VAMP3 (VAMP2Δ3Δ) had a minimal impact on secretion when VAMP7 and VAMP8 were present. Integrin αIIbβ3 activation and aggregation were not affected, although spreading was reduced in VAMP2Δ3Δ8-/- platelets. Using these mice as tools, we asked how much secretion is needed for proper thrombosis and hemostasis in vivo. VAMP2Δ3Δ mice showed no deficiency, whereas VAMP8-/- mice had attenuated formation of occlusive thrombi upon FeCl3-induced arterial injury but no excessive bleeding upon tail transection. VAMP2Δ3Δ8-/- mice bled profusely and failed to form occlusive thrombi. Plasma-coagulation factors were normal in all of the strains, but phosphatidylserine exposure was reduced in VAMP2Δ3Δ and VAMP2Δ3Δ8-/- platelets. From our data, an ∼40% to 50% reduction in platelet secretion in vitro (dense and α granule) correlated with reduced occlusive thrombosis but no compromise in hemostasis. At a >50% reduction, thrombosis and hemostasis were defective in vivo. Our studies are the first systematic manipulation of platelet exocytic machinery to demonstrate a quantitative linkage between in vitro platelet secretion and hemostasis and thrombosis in vivo. The animals described will be invaluable tools for future investigations into how platelet secretion affects other vascular processes.
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113
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Stabilin Receptors: Role as Phosphatidylserine Receptors. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080387. [PMID: 31434355 PMCID: PMC6723754 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine is a membrane phospholipid that is localized to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Phosphatidylserine externalization to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is an important signal for various physiological processes, including apoptosis, platelet activation, cell fusion, lymphocyte activation, and regenerative axonal fusion. Stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 are membrane receptors that recognize phosphatidylserine on the cell surface. Here, we discuss the functions of Stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 as phosphatidylserine receptors in apoptotic cell clearance (efferocytosis) and cell fusion, and their ligand-recognition and signaling pathways.
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114
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Shin SA, Moon SY, Park D, Park JB, Lee CS. Apoptotic cell clearance in the tumor microenvironment: a potential cancer therapeutic target. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:658-671. [PMID: 31243646 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Millions of cells in the human body undergo apoptosis not only under normal physiological conditions but also under pathological conditions such as infection or other diseases related to acute tissue injury. Swift apoptotic cell clearance is essential for tissue homeostasis. Defective clearance of dead cells is linked to pathogenesis of diseases such as inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, neurological disease, and cancer. Significance of apoptotic cell clearance has been emerging as an interesting field for disease treatment. Efficient apoptotic cell clearance plays an important role in reducing inflammation through the suppression of inappropriate inflammatory responses under healthy and diseased conditions. However, apoptotic cell clearance related to cancer pathogenesis is more complex in tumor microenvironments. Chronic inflammation resulting from the failure of apoptotic cell clearance can contribute to tumor progression. Conversely, tumor cells can exploit the anti-inflammatory effect of apoptotic cell clearance to generate an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this review, focus is on the current understanding of apoptotic cell clearance in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we discuss how signaling molecules (PtdSer and PtdSer recognition receptor) mediating apoptotic cell clearance are aberrantly expressed in the tumor microenvironment and their current development state as potential therapeutic targets for clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ah Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Moon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Park
- School of Life Sciences and Aging Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 10408, Republic of Korea.,Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Sup Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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115
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Fuentes E, Araya-Maturana R, Urra FA. Regulation of mitochondrial function as a promising target in platelet activation-related diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 136:172-182. [PMID: 30625393 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are anucleated cell elements produced by fragmentation of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes and have a unique metabolic phenotype compared with circulating leukocytes, exhibiting a high coupling efficiency to mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production with reduced respiratory reserve capacity. Platelet mitochondria are well suited for ex vivo analysis of different diseases. Even some diseases induce mitochondrial changes in platelets without reflecting them in other organs. During platelet activation, an integrated participation of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation is mediated by oxidative stress production-dependent signaling. The platelet activation-dependent procoagulant activity mediated by collagen, thrombin and hyperglycemia induce mitochondrial dysfunction to promote thrombosis in oxidative stress-associated pathological conditions. Interestingly, some compounds exhibit a protective action on platelet mitochondrial dysfunction through control of mitochondrial oxidative stress production or inhibition of respiratory complexes. They can be grouped in a) Natural source-derived compounds (e.g. Xanthohumol, Salvianoloc acid A and Sila-amide derivatives of NAC), b) TPP+-linked small molecules (e.g. mitoTEMPO and mitoQuinone) and c) FDA-approved drugs (e.g. metformin and statins), illustrating the wide range of molecular structures capable of effectively interacting with platelet mitochondria. The present review article aims to discuss the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and their association with platelet activation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes
- Thrombosis Research Center, Medical Technology School, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.
| | - Ramiro Araya-Maturana
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Programa de Investigación Asociativa en Cáncer Gástrico (PIA-CG), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Félix A Urra
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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116
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Lin H, Jun I, Woo JH, Lee MG, Kim SJ, Nam JH. Temperature-dependent increase in the calcium sensitivity and acceleration of activation of ANO6 chloride channel variants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6706. [PMID: 31040335 PMCID: PMC6491614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anoctamin-6 (ANO6) belongs to a family of calcium (Ca2+)-activated chloride channels (CaCCs), with three splicing variants (V1, V2, and V5) showing plasma membrane expression. Unlike other CaCCs, ANO6 requires a non-physiological intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i > 1 μM) and several minutes for full activation under a whole-cell patch clamp. Therefore, its physiological role as an ion channel is uncertain and it is more commonly considered a Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scramblase. Here, we demonstrate that physiological temperature (37 °C) increases ANO6 Ca2+ sensitivity under a whole-cell patch clamp; V1 was activated by 1 μM [Ca2+]i, whereas V2 and V5 were activated by 300 nM [Ca2+]i. Increasing the temperature to 42 °C led to activation of all ANO6 variants by 100 nM [Ca2+]i. The delay time for activation of the three variants was significantly shortened at 37 °C. Notably, the temperature-dependent Ca2+-sensitisation of ANO6 became insignificant under inside-out patch clamp, suggesting critical roles of unknown cytosolic factors. Unlike channel activity, 27 °C but not 37 °C (physiological temperature) induced the scramblase activity of ANO6 at submicromolar [Ca2+]i (300 nM), irrespective of variant type. Our results reveal a physiological ion conducting property of ANO6 at 37 °C and suggest that ANO6 channel function acts separately from its scramblase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Lin
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikhyun Jun
- The Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Han Woo
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
- Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsan Dong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo Hyun Nam
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea.
- Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsan Dong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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117
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Taylor KA, Mahaut-Smith MP. A major interspecies difference in the ionic selectivity of megakaryocyte Ca 2+-activated channels sensitive to the TMEM16F inhibitor CaCCinh-A01. Platelets 2019; 30:962-966. [PMID: 31008669 PMCID: PMC6816474 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1595560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
TMEM16F is a surface membrane protein critical for platelet procoagulant activity, which exhibits both phospholipid scramblase and ion channel activities following sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+. The extent to which the ionic permeability of TMEM16F is important for platelet scramblase responses remains controversial. To date, only one study has reported the electrophysiological properties of TMEM16F in cells of platelet/megakaryocyte lineage, which observed cation-selectivity within excised patch recordings from murine marrow-derived megakaryocytes. This contrasts with reports using whole-cell recordings that describe this channel as displaying either selectivity for anions or being relatively non-selective amongst the major physiological monovalent ions. We have studied TMEM16F expression and channel activity in primary rat and mouse megakaryocytes and the human erythroleukemic (HEL) cell line that exhibits megakaryocytic surface markers. Immunocytochemical analysis was consistent with surface TMEM16F expression in cells from all three species. Whole-cell recordings in the absence of K+-selective currents revealed an outwardly rectifying conductance activated by a high intracellular Ca2+ concentration in all three species. These currents appeared after 5-6 minutes and were blocked by CaCCinh-A01, properties typical of TMEM16F. Ion substitution experiments showed that the underlying conductance was predominantly Cl--permeable in rat megakaryocytes and HEL cells, yet non-selective between monovalent anions and cations in mouse megakaryocytes. In conclusion, the present study further highlights the difference in ionic selectivity of TMEM16F in platelet lineage cells of the mouse compared to other mammalian species. This provides additional support for the ionic "leak" hypothesis that the scramblase activity of TMEM16F does not rely upon its ability to conduct ions of a specific type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk A. Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardio-respiratory Section, Imperial College London, London, UK
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118
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Sapar ML, Han C. Die in pieces: How Drosophila sheds light on neurite degeneration and clearance. J Genet Genomics 2019; 46:187-199. [PMID: 31080046 PMCID: PMC6541534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendrites and axons are delicate neuronal membrane extensions that undergo degeneration after physical injuries. In neurodegenerative diseases, they often degenerate prior to neuronal death. Understanding the mechanisms of neurite degeneration has been an intense focus of neurobiology research in the last two decades. As a result, many discoveries have been made in the molecular pathways that lead to neurite degeneration and the cell-cell interactions responsible for the subsequent clearance of neuronal debris. Drosophila melanogaster has served as a prime in vivo model system for identifying and characterizing the key molecular players in neurite degeneration, thanks to its genetic tractability and easy access to its nervous system. The knowledge learned in the fly provided targets and fuel for studies in other model systems that have further enhanced our understanding of neurodegeneration. In this review, we will introduce the experimental systems developed in Drosophila to investigate injury-induced neurite degeneration, and then discuss the biological pathways that drive degeneration. We will also cover what is known about the mechanisms of how phagocytes recognize and clear degenerating neurites, and how recent findings in this area enhance our understanding of neurodegenerative disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Sapar
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Chun Han
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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119
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Marcoux G, Magron A, Sut C, Laroche A, Laradi S, Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Allaeys I, Cabon O, Julien AS, Garraud O, Cognasse F, Boilard E. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles convey mitochondrial DAMPs in platelet concentrates and their levels are associated with adverse reactions. Transfusion 2019; 59:2403-2414. [PMID: 30973972 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas platelet transfusion is a common medical procedure, inflammation still occurs in a fraction of transfused individuals despite the absence of any apparent infectious agents. Platelets can shed membrane vesicles, called extracellular vesicles (EVs), some of which contain mitochondria (mito+EV). With its content of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), the mitochondrion can stimulate the innate immune system. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a recognized DAMP detected in the extracellular milieu in numerous inflammatory conditions and in platelet concentrates. We hypothesized that platelet-derived mitochondria encapsulated in EVs may represent a reservoir of mtDNA. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Herein, we explored the implication of mito+EVs in the occurrence of mtDNA quantified in platelet concentrate supernatants that induced or did not induce transfusion adverse reactions. RESULTS We observed that EVs were abundant in platelet concentrates, and platelet-derived mito+EVs were more abundant in platelet concentrates that induced adverse reactions. A significant correlation (rs = 0.73; p < 0.0001) between platelet-derived mito+EV levels and mtDNA concentrations was found. However, there was a nonsignificant correlation between the levels of EVs without mitochondria and mtDNA concentrations (rs = -0.11; p = 0.5112). The majority of the mtDNA was encapsulated into EVs. CONCLUSION This study suggests that platelet-derived EVs, such as those that convey mitochondrial DAMPs, may be a useful biomarker for the prediction of potential risk of adverse transfusion reactions. Moreover, our work implies that investigations are necessary to determine whether there is a causal pathogenic role of mitochondrial DAMP encapsulated in EVs as opposed to mtDNA in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Marcoux
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Audrey Magron
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Sut
- Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, GIMAP, EA 3064, Saint-Étienne, France.,Département Scientifique, Établissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Audree Laroche
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Sandrine Laradi
- Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, GIMAP, EA 3064, Saint-Étienne, France.,Département Scientifique, Établissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France
| | | | - Isabelle Allaeys
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Ophelie Cabon
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Julien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistic, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Garraud
- Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, GIMAP, EA 3064, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, GIMAP, EA 3064, Saint-Étienne, France.,Département Scientifique, Établissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Eric Boilard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada.,Canadian National Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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120
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Abstract
Phospholipids can undergo transverse diffusion, changing leaflets in the bilayer via translocase or scramblase activity. In this issue of Structure, Morra et al. (2018) provide insight into the mechanism used by one scramblase, opsin, based on large-scale ensemble atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Results support a proposed "credit card reader" model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia H Reggio
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA.
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121
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Phosphorylation-mediated activation of mouse Xkr8 scramblase for phosphatidylserine exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2907-2912. [PMID: 30718401 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820499116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) to the cell surface is regulated by the down-regulation of flippases and the activation of scramblases. Xkr8 has been identified as a scramblase that is activated during apoptosis, but its exogenous expression in the mouse Ba/F3 pro B cell line induces constitutive PtdSer exposure. Here we found that this Xkr8-mediated PtdSer exposure occurred at 4 °C, but not at 20 °C, although its scramblase activity was observed at 20 °C. The Xkr8-mediated PtdSer exposure was inhibited by a kinase inhibitor and enhanced by phosphatase inhibitors. Phosphorylated Xkr8 was detected by Phos-tag PAGE, and a mass spectrometric and mutational analysis identified three phosphorylation sites. Their phosphomimic mutation rendered Xkr8 resistant to the kinase inhibitor for PtdSer exposure at 4 °C, but unlike phosphatase inhibitors, it did not induce constitutive PtdSer exposure at 20 °C. On the other hand, when the flippase genes were deleted, the Xkr8 induced constitutive PtdSer exposure at high temperature, indicating that the flippase activity normally counteracted Xkr8's ability to expose PtdSer. These results indicate that PtdSer exposure can be increased by the phosphorylation-mediated activation of Xkr8 scramblase and flippase down-regulation.
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122
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Han TW, Ye W, Bethel NP, Zubia M, Kim A, Li KH, Burlingame AL, Grabe M, Jan YN, Jan LY. Chemically induced vesiculation as a platform for studying TMEM16F activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1309-1318. [PMID: 30622179 PMCID: PMC6347726 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817498116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium-activated phospholipid scramblase mediates the energy-independent bidirectional translocation of lipids across the bilayer, leading to transient or, in the case of apoptotic scrambling, sustained collapse of membrane asymmetry. Cells lacking TMEM16F-dependent lipid scrambling activity are deficient in generation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that shed from the plasma membrane in a Ca2+-dependent manner, namely microvesicles. We have adapted chemical induction of giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs), which require both TMEM16F-dependent phospholipid scrambling and calcium influx, as a kinetic assay to investigate the mechanism of TMEM16F activity. Using the GPMV assay, we identify and characterize both inactivating and activating mutants that elucidate the mechanism for TMEM16F activation and facilitate further investigation of TMEM16F-mediated lipid translocation and its role in extracellular vesiculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina W Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Wenlei Ye
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Neville P Bethel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mario Zubia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Andrew Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kathy H Li
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael Grabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Yuh Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Lily Y Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
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123
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Grover SP, Bergmeier W, Mackman N. Platelet Signaling Pathways and New Inhibitors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:e28-e35. [PMID: 29563117 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Grover
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (S.P.G., N.M.) and McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (S.P.G., N.M.) and McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (S.P.G., N.M.) and McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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124
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Choi D, Spinelli C, Montermini L, Rak J. Oncogenic Regulation of Extracellular Vesicle Proteome and Heterogeneity. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800169. [PMID: 30561828 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutational and epigenetic driver events profoundly alter intercellular communication pathways in cancer. This effect includes deregulated release, molecular composition, and biological activity of extracellular vesicles (EVs), membranous cellular fragments ranging from a few microns to less than 100 nm in diameter and filled with bioactive molecular cargo (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids). While EVs are usually classified on the basis of their physical properties and biogenetic mechanisms, recent analyses of their proteome suggest a larger than expected molecular diversity, a notion that is also supported by multicolour nano-flow cytometry and other emerging technology platforms designed to analyze single EVs. Both protein composition and EV diversity are markedly altered by oncogenic transformation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and differentiation of cancer stem cells. Interestingly, only a subset of EVs released from mutant cells may carry oncogenic proteins (e.g., EGFRvIII), hence, these EVs are often referred to as "oncosomes". Indeed, oncogenic transformation alters the repertoire of EV-associated proteins, increases the presence of pro-invasive cargo, and alters the composition of distinct EV populations. Molecular profiling of single EVs may reveal a more intricate effect of transforming events on the architecture of EV populations in cancer and shed new light on their biological role and diagnostic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsic Choi
- Research Institute, Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Cristiana Spinelli
- Research Institute, Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Laura Montermini
- Research Institute, Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute, Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
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125
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Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:9-17. [PMID: 30602770 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2215] [Impact Index Per Article: 443.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of exosomes to transfer cargo from donor to acceptor cells, thereby triggering phenotypic changes in the latter, has generated substantial interest in the scientific community. However, the extent to which exosomes differ from other extracellular vesicles in terms of their biogenesis and functions remains ill-defined. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the specificities of exosomes and other types of extracellular vesicles, and their roles as important agents of cell-to-cell communication.
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Brass LF, Tomaiuolo M, Welsh J, Poventud-Fuentes I, Zhu L, Diamond SL, Stalker TJ. Hemostatic Thrombus Formation in Flowing Blood. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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127
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Nechipurenko DY, Receveur N, Yakimenko AO, Shepelyuk TO, Yakusheva AA, Kerimov RR, Obydennyy SI, Eckly A, Léon C, Gachet C, Grishchuk EL, Ataullakhanov FI, Mangin PH, Panteleev MA. Clot Contraction Drives the Translocation of Procoagulant Platelets to Thrombus Surface. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:37-47. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
After activation at the site of vascular injury, platelets differentiate into 2 subpopulations, exhibiting either proaggregatory or procoagulant phenotype. Although the functional role of proaggregatory platelets is well established, the physiological significance of procoagulant platelets, the dynamics of their formation, and spatial distribution in thrombus remain elusive.
Approach and Results—
Using transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy of arterial thrombi formed in vivo after ferric chloride–induced injury of carotid artery or mechanical injury of abdominal aorta in mice, we demonstrate that procoagulant platelets are located at the periphery of the formed thrombi. Real-time cell tracking during thrombus formation ex vivo revealed that procoagulant platelets originate from different locations within the thrombus and subsequently translocate towards its periphery. Such redistribution of procoagulant platelets was followed by generation of fibrin at thrombus surface. Using in silico model, we show that the outward translocation of procoagulant platelets can be driven by the contraction of the forming thrombi, which mechanically expels these nonaggregating cells to thrombus periphery. In line with the suggested mechanism, procoagulant platelets failed to translocate and remained inside the thrombi formed ex vivo in blood derived from nonmuscle myosin (
MYH9
)-deficient mice. Ring-like distribution of procoagulant platelets and fibrin around the thrombus observed with blood of humans and wild-type mice was not present in thrombi of
MYH9
-knockout mice, confirming a major role of thrombus contraction in this phenomenon.
Conclusions—
Contraction of arterial thrombus is responsible for the mechanical extrusion of procoagulant platelets to its periphery, leading to heterogeneous structure of thrombus exterior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Y. Nechipurenko
- From the Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia (D.Y.N., R.R.K., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
| | - Nicolas Receveur
- INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang-Grand Est, UMR_S1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, France (N.R., A.E., C.L., C.G., P.H.M.)
| | - Alena O. Yakimenko
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
| | - Taisiya O. Shepelyuk
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia (T.O.S.)
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
| | - Alexandra A. Yakusheva
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
| | - Roman R. Kerimov
- From the Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia (D.Y.N., R.R.K., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
| | - Sergei I. Obydennyy
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
| | - Anita Eckly
- INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang-Grand Est, UMR_S1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, France (N.R., A.E., C.L., C.G., P.H.M.)
| | - Catherine Léon
- INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang-Grand Est, UMR_S1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, France (N.R., A.E., C.L., C.G., P.H.M.)
| | - Christian Gachet
- INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang-Grand Est, UMR_S1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, France (N.R., A.E., C.L., C.G., P.H.M.)
| | - Ekaterina L. Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.L.G.)
| | - Fazoil I. Ataullakhanov
- From the Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia (D.Y.N., R.R.K., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia (F.I.A., M.A.P.)
| | - Pierre H. Mangin
- INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang-Grand Est, UMR_S1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, France (N.R., A.E., C.L., C.G., P.H.M.)
| | - Mikhail A. Panteleev
- From the Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia (D.Y.N., R.R.K., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia (F.I.A., M.A.P.)
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128
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Mathieu M, Martin-Jaular L, Lavieu G, Théry C. Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication. Nat Cell Biol 2019. [PMID: 30602770 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0250-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of exosomes to transfer cargo from donor to acceptor cells, thereby triggering phenotypic changes in the latter, has generated substantial interest in the scientific community. However, the extent to which exosomes differ from other extracellular vesicles in terms of their biogenesis and functions remains ill-defined. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the specificities of exosomes and other types of extracellular vesicles, and their roles as important agents of cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Mathieu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Grégory Lavieu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France.
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129
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The evolving understanding of factor VIII binding sites and implications for the treatment of hemophilia A. Blood Rev 2019; 33:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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130
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Spinelli C, Adnani L, Choi D, Rak J. Extracellular Vesicles as Conduits of Non-Coding RNA Emission and Intercellular Transfer in Brain Tumors. Noncoding RNA 2018; 5:ncrna5010001. [PMID: 30585246 PMCID: PMC6468529 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) species have emerged in as molecular fingerprints and regulators of brain tumor pathogenesis and progression. While changes in ncRNA levels have been traditionally regarded as cell intrinsic there is mounting evidence for their extracellular and paracrine function. One of the key mechanisms that enables ncRNA to exit from cells is their selective packaging into extracellular vesicles (EVs), and trafficking in the extracellular space and biofluids. Vesicular export processes reduce intracellular levels of specific ncRNA in EV donor cells while creating a pool of EV-associated ncRNA in the extracellular space and biofluids that enables their uptake by other recipient cells; both aspects have functional consequences. Cancer cells produce several EV subtypes (exosomes, ectosomes), which differ in their ncRNA composition, properties and function. Several RNA biotypes have been identified in the cargo of brain tumor EVs, of which microRNAs are the most studied, but other species (snRNA, YRNA, tRNA, and lncRNA) are often more abundant. Of particular interest is the link between transforming oncogenes and the biogenesis, cargo, uptake and function of tumor-derived EV, including EV content of oncogenic RNA. The ncRNA repertoire of EVs isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and serum is being developed as a liquid biopsy platform in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Spinelli
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Lata Adnani
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Dongsic Choi
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Janusz Rak
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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131
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Chen M, Yan R, Zhou K, Li X, Zhang Y, Liu C, Jiang M, Ye H, Meng X, Pang N, Zhao L, Liu J, Xiao W, Hu R, Cui Q, Zhong W, Zhao Y, Zhu M, Lin A, Ruan C, Dai K. Akt-mediated platelet apoptosis and its therapeutic implications in immune thrombocytopenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10682-E10691. [PMID: 30337485 PMCID: PMC6233141 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808217115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by low platelet count which can cause fatal hemorrhage. ITP patients with antiplatelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX autoantibodies appear refractory to conventional treatments, and the mechanism remains elusive. Here we show that the platelets undergo apoptosis in ITP patients with anti-GPIbα autoantibodies. Consistent with these findings, the anti-GPIbα monoclonal antibodies AN51 and SZ2 induce platelet apoptosis in vitro. We demonstrate that anti-GPIbα antibody binding activates Akt, which elicits platelet apoptosis through activation of phosphodiesterase (PDE3A) and PDE3A-mediated PKA inhibition. Genetic ablation or chemical inhibition of Akt or blocking of Akt signaling abolishes anti-GPIbα antibody-induced platelet apoptosis. We further demonstrate that the antibody-bound platelets are removed in vivo through an apoptosis-dependent manner. Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on apoptotic platelets results in phagocytosis of platelets by macrophages in the liver. Notably, inhibition or genetic ablation of Akt or Akt-regulated apoptotic signaling or blockage of PS exposure protects the platelets from clearance. Therefore, our findings reveal pathogenic mechanisms of ITP with anti-GPIbα autoantibodies and, more importantly, suggest therapeutic strategies for thrombocytopenia caused by autoantibodies or other pathogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxing Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Rong Yan
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China;
| | - Kangxi Zhou
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Chunliang Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Mengxiao Jiang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Honglei Ye
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Xingjun Meng
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Ningbo Pang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Weiling Xiao
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Renping Hu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Qingya Cui
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhao
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Mingqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Anning Lin
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Changgeng Ruan
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Kesheng Dai
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboraotry of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China;
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132
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De Paoli SH, Tegegn TZ, Elhelu OK, Strader MB, Patel M, Diduch LL, Tarandovskiy ID, Wu Y, Zheng J, Ovanesov MV, Alayash A, Simak J. Dissecting the biochemical architecture and morphological release pathways of the human platelet extracellular vesiculome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3781-3801. [PMID: 29427073 PMCID: PMC11105464 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Platelet extracellular vesicles (PEVs) have emerged as potential mediators in intercellular communication. PEVs exhibit several activities with pathophysiological importance and may serve as diagnostic biomarkers. Here, imaging and analytical techniques were employed to unveil morphological pathways of the release, structure, composition, and surface properties of PEVs derived from human platelets (PLTs) activated with the thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP). Based on extensive electron microscopy analysis, we propose four morphological pathways for PEVs release from TRAP-activated PLTs: (1) plasma membrane budding, (2) extrusion of multivesicular α-granules and cytoplasmic vacuoles, (3) plasma membrane blistering and (4) "pearling" of PLT pseudopodia. The PLT extracellular vesiculome encompasses ectosomes, exosomes, free mitochondria, mitochondria-containing vesicles, "podiasomes" and PLT "ghosts". Interestingly, a flow cytometry showed a population of TOM20+LC3+ PEVs, likely products of platelet mitophagy. We found that lipidomic and proteomic profiles were different between the small PEV (S-PEVs; mean diameter 103 nm) and the large vesicle (L-PEVs; mean diameter 350 nm) fractions separated by differential centrifugation. In addition, the majority of PEVs released by activated PLTs was composed of S-PEVs which have markedly higher thrombin generation activity per unit of PEV surface area compared to L-PEVs, and contribute approximately 60% of the PLT vesiculome procoagulant potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia H De Paoli
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Room 4210, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Tseday Z Tegegn
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Room 4210, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Oumsalama K Elhelu
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Room 4210, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michael B Strader
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Mehulkumar Patel
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Room 4210, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lukas L Diduch
- Dakota Consulting, Inc., 1110 Bonifant St., Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ivan D Tarandovskiy
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Room 4210, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail V Ovanesov
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Abdu Alayash
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Jan Simak
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Room 4210, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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133
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Whitlock JM, Yu K, Cui YY, Hartzell HC. Anoctamin 5/TMEM16E facilitates muscle precursor cell fusion. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:1498-1509. [PMID: 30257928 PMCID: PMC6219693 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L arises from mutations in the anoctamin ANO5, whose role in muscle physiology is unknown. Whitlock et al. show that loss of ANO5 perturbs phosphatidylserine exposure and cell–cell fusion in muscle precursor cells, which is an essential step in muscle repair. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L (LGMD2L) is a myopathy arising from mutations in ANO5; however, information about the contribution of ANO5 to muscle physiology is lacking. To explain the role of ANO5 in LGMD2L, we previously hypothesized that ANO5-mediated phospholipid scrambling facilitates cell–cell fusion of mononucleated muscle progenitor cells (MPCs), which is required for muscle repair. Here, we show that heterologous overexpression of ANO5 confers Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scrambling to HEK-293 cells and that scrambling is associated with the simultaneous development of a nonselective ionic current. MPCs isolated from adult Ano5−/− mice exhibit defective cell fusion in culture and produce muscle fibers with significantly fewer nuclei compared with controls. This defective fusion is associated with a decrease of Ca2+-dependent phosphatidylserine exposure on the surface of Ano5−/− MPCs and a decrease in the amplitude of Ca2+-dependent outwardly rectifying ionic currents. Viral introduction of ANO5 in Ano5−/− MPCs restores MPC fusion competence, ANO5-dependent phospholipid scrambling, and Ca2+-dependent outwardly rectifying ionic currents. ANO5-rescued MPCs produce myotubes having numbers of nuclei similar to wild-type controls. These data suggest that ANO5-mediated phospholipid scrambling or ionic currents play an important role in muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred M Whitlock
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kuai Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yuan Yuan Cui
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - H Criss Hartzell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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134
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Lin H, Roh J, Woo JH, Kim SJ, Nam JH. TMEM16F/ANO6, a Ca 2+-activated anion channel, is negatively regulated by the actin cytoskeleton and intracellular MgATP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2348-2354. [PMID: 29964013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Anoctamin 6 (ANO6/TMEM16F) is a recently identified membrane protein that has both phospholipid scramblase activity and anion channel function activated by relatively high [Ca2+]i. In addition to the low sensitivity to Ca2+, the activation of ANO6 Cl- conductance is very slow (>3-5 min to reach peak level at 10 μM [Ca2+]i), with subsequent inactivation. In a whole-cell patch clamp recording of ANO6 current (IANO6,w-c), disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin-D (cytoD) significantly accelerated the activation kinetics, while actin filament-stabilizing agents (phalloidin and jasplakinolide) commonly inhibited IANO6,w-c. Inside-out patch clamp recording of ANO6 (IANO6,i-o) showed immediate activation by raising [Ca2+]i. We also found that intracellular ATP (3 mM MgATP in pipette solution) decelerated the activation of IANO6,w-c, and also prevented the inactivation of IANO6,w-c. However, the addition of cytoD still accelerated both activation and inactivation of IANO6,w-c. We conclude that the actin cytoskeleton and intracellular ATP play major roles in the Ca2+-dependent activation and inactivation of IANO6,w-c, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Lin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Roh
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Han Woo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo Hyun Nam
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea; Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsan Dong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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135
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Stewart SE, Ashkenazi A, Williamson A, Rubinsztein DC, Moreau K. Transbilayer phospholipid movement facilitates the translocation of annexin across membranes. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs217034. [PMID: 29930080 PMCID: PMC6080606 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Annexins are cytosolic phospholipid-binding proteins that can be found on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The extracellular functions of annexin include modulating fibrinolysis activity and cell migration. Despite having well-described extracellular functions, the mechanism of annexin transport from the cytoplasmic inner leaflet to the extracellular outer leaflet of the plasma membrane remains unclear. Here, we show that the transbilayer movement of phospholipids facilitates the transport of annexins A2 and A5 across membranes in cells and in liposomes. We identified TMEM16F (also known as anoctamin-6, ANO6) as a lipid scramblase required for transport of these annexins to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. This work reveals a mechanism for annexin translocation across membranes which depends on plasma membrane phospholipid remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Stewart
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Avraham Ashkenazi
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Athena Williamson
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin Moreau
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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136
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Choi D, Montermini L, Kim DK, Meehan B, Roth FP, Rak J. The Impact of Oncogenic EGFRvIII on the Proteome of Extracellular Vesicles Released from Glioblastoma Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1948-1964. [PMID: 30006486 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive and heterogeneous form of primary brain tumors, driven by a complex repertoire of oncogenic alterations, including the constitutively active epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII). EGFRvIII impacts both cell-intrinsic and non-cell autonomous aspects of GBM progression, including cell invasion, angiogenesis and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. This is, at least in part, attributable to the release and intercellular trafficking of extracellular vesicles (EVs), heterogeneous membrane structures containing multiple bioactive macromolecules. Here we analyzed the impact of EGFRvIII on the profile of glioma EVs using isogenic tumor cell lines, in which this oncogene exhibits a strong transforming activity. We observed that EGFRvIII expression alters the expression of EV-regulating genes (vesiculome) and EV properties, including their protein composition. Using mass spectrometry, quantitative proteomic analysis and Gene Ontology terms filters, we observed that EVs released by EGFRvIII-transformed cells were enriched for extracellular exosome and focal adhesion related proteins. Among them, we validated the association of pro-invasive proteins (CD44, BSG, CD151) with EVs of EGFRvIII expressing glioma cells, and downregulation of exosomal markers (CD81 and CD82) relative to EVs of EGFRvIII-negative cells. Nano-flow cytometry revealed that the EV output from individual glioma cell lines was highly heterogeneous, such that only a fraction of vesicles contained specific proteins (including EGFRvIII). Notably, cells expressing EGFRvIII released EVs double positive for CD44/BSG, and these proteins also colocalized in cellular filopodia. We also detected the expression of homophilic adhesion molecules and increased homologous EV uptake by EGFRvIII-positive glioma cells. These results suggest that oncogenic EGFRvIII reprograms the proteome and uptake of GBM-related EVs, a notion with considerable implications for their biological activity and properties relevant for the development of EV-based cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsic Choi
- From the ‡Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Laura Montermini
- From the ‡Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Dae-Kyum Kim
- §Donnelly Centre and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada.,¶Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- From the ‡Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Frederick P Roth
- §Donnelly Centre and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada.,¶Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada.,‖Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- From the ‡Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada;
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137
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by a wide number of cells including blood cells, immune system cells, tumour cells, adult and embryonic stem cells. EVs are a heterogeneous group of vesicles (~30-1000 nm) including microvesicles and exosomes. The physiological release of EVs represents a normal state of the cell, raising a metabolic equilibrium between catabolic and anabolic processes. Moreover, when the cells are submitted to stress with different inducers or in pathological situations (malignancies, chronic diseases, infectious diseases.), they respond with an intense and dynamic release of EVs. The EVs released from stimulated cells vs those that are released constitutively may themselves differ, both physically and in their cargo. EVs contain protein, lipids, nucleic acids and biomolecules that can alter cell phenotypes or modulate neighbouring cells. In this review, we have summarized findings involving EVs in certain protozoan diseases. We have commented on strategies to study the communicative roles of EVs during host-pathogen interaction and hypothesized on the use of EVs for diagnostic, preventative and therapeutic purposes in infectious diseases. This kind of communication could modulate the innate immune system and reformulate concepts in parasitism. Moreover, the information provided within EVs could produce alternatives in translational medicine.
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138
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Wei H, Malcor JDM, Harper MT. Lipid rafts are essential for release of phosphatidylserine-exposing extracellular vesicles from platelets. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9987. [PMID: 29968812 PMCID: PMC6030044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets protect the vascular system during damage or inflammation, but platelet activation can result in pathological thrombosis. Activated platelets release a variety of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs shed from the plasma membrane often expose phosphatidylserine (PS). These EVs are pro-thrombotic and increased in number in many cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The mechanisms by which PS-exposing EVs are shed from activated platelets are not well characterised. Cholesterol-rich lipid rafts provide a platform for coordinating signalling through receptors and Ca2+ channels in platelets. We show that cholesterol depletion with methyl-β-cyclodextrin or sequestration with filipin prevented the Ca2+-triggered release of PS-exposing EVs. Although calpain activity was required for release of PS-exposing, calpain-dependent cleavage of talin was not affected by cholesterol depletion. P2Y12 and TPα, receptors for ADP and thromboxane A2, respectively, have been reported to be in platelet lipid rafts. However, the P2Y12 antagonist, AR-C69931MX, or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, aspirin, had no effect on A23187-induced release of PS-exposing EVs. Together, these data show that lipid rafts are required for release of PS-exposing EVs from platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew T Harper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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139
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Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles: regenerative and immunomodulatory effects and potential applications in sepsis. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:1-15. [PMID: 29955951 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2871-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells (MSCs) have multipotent differentiation capacity and exist in nearly all forms of post-natal organs and tissues. The immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties of MSCs have made them an ideal candidate in the treatment of diseases, such as sepsis, in which inflammation plays a critical role. One of the key mechanisms of MSCs appears to derive from their paracrine activity. Recent studies have demonstrated that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are at least partially responsible for the paracrine effect. MSC-EVs transfer molecules (such as proteins/peptides, mRNA, microRNA and lipids) with immunoregulatory properties to recipient cells. MSC-EVs have been shown to mimic MSCs in alleviating sepsis and may serve as an alternative to whole cell therapy. Compared with MSCs, MSC-EVs may offer specific advantages due to lower immunogenicity and higher safety profile. The first two sections of the review discuss the preclinical and clinical findings of MSCs in sepsis. Next, we review the characteristics of EVs and MSC-EVs. Then, we summarize the mechanisms of MSC-EVs, including tissue regeneration and immunomodulation. Finally, our review presents the evidences that MSC-EVs are effective in treating models of sepsis. In conclusion, MSC-EVs may have the potential to become a novel therapeutic strategy for sepsis.
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140
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Kumar S, Calianese D, Birge RB. Efferocytosis of dying cells differentially modulate immunological outcomes in tumor microenvironment. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:149-164. [PMID: 29027226 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is an integral part of tissue homeostasis in complex organisms, allowing for tissue turnover, repair, and renewal while simultaneously inhibiting the release of self antigens and danger signals from apoptotic cell-derived constituents that can result in immune activation, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Unlike cells in culture, the physiological fate of cells that die by apoptosis in vivo is their rapid recognition and engulfment by phagocytic cells (a process called efferocytosis). To this end, apoptotic cells express specific eat-me signals, such as externalized phosphatidylserine (PS), that are recognized in a specific context by receptors to initiate signaling pathways for engulfment. The importance of carefully regulated recognition and clearance pathways is evident in the spectrum of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders caused by defects in PS receptors and signaling molecules. However, in recent years, several additional cell death pathways have emerged, including immunogenic cell death, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and netosis that interweave different cell death pathways with distinct innate and adaptive responses from classical apoptosis that can shape long-term host immunity. In this review, we discuss the role of different cell death pathways in terms of their immune potential outcomes specifically resulting in specific cell corpse/phagocyte interactions (phagocytic synapses) that impinge on host immunity, with a main emphasis on tolerance and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - David Calianese
- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Raymond B Birge
- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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141
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Agbani EO, Williams CM, Li Y, van den Bosch MT, Moore SF, Mauroux A, Hodgson L, Verkman AS, Hers I, Poole AW. Aquaporin-1 regulates platelet procoagulant membrane dynamics and in vivo thrombosis. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99062. [PMID: 29769447 PMCID: PMC6012506 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to collagen stimulation, platelets use a coordinated system of fluid entry to undergo membrane ballooning, procoagulant spreading, and microvesiculation. We hypothesized that water entry was mediated by the water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and aimed to determine its role in the platelet procoagulant response and thrombosis. We established that human and mouse platelets express AQP1 and localize to internal tubular membrane structures. However, deletion of AQP1 had minimal effects on collagen-induced platelet granule secretion, aggregation, or membrane ballooning. Conversely, procoagulant spreading, microvesiculation, phosphatidylserine exposure, and clot formation time were significantly diminished. Furthermore, in vivo thrombus formation after FeCl3 injury to carotid arteries was also markedly suppressed in AQP1-null mice, but hemostasis after tail bleeding remained normal. The mechanism involves an AQP1-mediated rapid membrane stretching during procoagulant spreading but not ballooning, leading to calcium entry through mechanosensitive cation channels and a full procoagulant response. We conclude that AQP1 is a major regulator of the platelet procoagulant response, able to modulate coagulation after injury or pathologic stimuli without affecting other platelet functional responses or normal hemostasis. Clinically effective AQP1 inhibitors may therefore represent a novel class of antiprocoagulant antithrombotics. AQP1 controls platelet procoagulant response and modulates coagulation after injury or pathologic stimuli without affecting other platelet functional responses or normal hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejaife O Agbani
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher M Williams
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Li
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Tj van den Bosch
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha F Moore
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Adele Mauroux
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Hodgson
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ingeborg Hers
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair W Poole
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
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142
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Boilard E. Extracellular vesicles and their content in bioactive lipid mediators: more than a sack of microRNA. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2037-2046. [PMID: 29678959 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r084640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, are small membrane-bound vesicles released by cells under various conditions. In a multitude of physiological and pathological conditions, EVs contribute to intercellular communication by facilitating exchange of material between cells. Rapidly growing interest is aimed at better understanding EV function and their use as biomarkers. The vast EV cargo includes cytokines, growth factors, organelles, nucleic acids (messenger and micro RNA), and transcription factors. A large proportion of research dedicated to EVs is focused on their microRNA cargo; however, much less is known about other EV constituents, in particular, eicosanoids. These potent bioactive lipid mediators, derived from arachidonic acid, are shuttled in EVs along with the enzymes in charge of their synthesis. In the extracellular milieu, EVs also interact with secreted phospholipases to generate eicosanoids, which then regulate the transfer of cargo into a cellular recipient. Eicosanoids are useful as biomarkers and contribute to a variety of biological functions, including modulation of distal immune responses. Here, we review the reported roles of eicosanoids conveyed by EVs and describe their potential as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quebec City, QC, Canada, and Canadian National Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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143
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Boisseau P, Bene MC, Besnard T, Pachchek S, Giraud M, Talarmain P, Robillard N, Gourlaouen MA, Bezieau S, Fouassier M. A new mutation of ANO6 in two familial cases of Scott syndrome. Br J Haematol 2018; 180:750-752. [PMID: 27879994 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Boisseau
- Service de Génétique médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marie C Bene
- Service d'Hématologie biologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Besnard
- Service de Génétique médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Mathilde Giraud
- Service de Génétique médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Nelly Robillard
- Service d'Hématologie biologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Marc Fouassier
- Service d'Hématologie biologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre de Traitement de l'Hémophilie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
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144
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Mechanisms of platelet clearance and translation to improve platelet storage. Blood 2018; 131:1512-1521. [PMID: 29475962 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-08-743229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of billions of platelets are cleared daily from circulation via efficient and highly regulated mechanisms. These mechanisms may be stimulated by exogenous reagents or environmental changes to accelerate platelet clearance, leading to thrombocytopenia. The interplay between antiapoptotic Bcl-xL and proapoptotic molecules Bax and Bak sets an internal clock for the platelet lifespan, and BH3-only proteins, mitochondrial permeabilization, and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure may also contribute to apoptosis-induced platelet clearance. Binding of plasma von Willebrand factor or antibodies to the ligand-binding domain of glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα) on platelets can activate GPIb-IX in a shear-dependent manner by inducing unfolding of the mechanosensory domain therein, and trigger downstream signaling in the platelet including desialylation and PS exposure. Deglycosylated platelets are recognized by the Ashwell-Morell receptor and potentially other scavenger receptors, and are rapidly cleared by hepatocytes and/or macrophages. Inhibitors of platelet clearance pathways, including inhibitors of GPIbα shedding, neuraminidases, and platelet signaling, are efficacious at preserving the viability of platelets during storage and improving their recovery and survival in vivo. Overall, common mechanisms of platelet clearance have begun to emerge, suggesting potential strategies to extend the shelf-life of platelets stored at room temperature or to enable refrigerated storage.
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145
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A microengineered vascularized bleeding model that integrates the principal components of hemostasis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:509. [PMID: 29410404 PMCID: PMC5802762 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemostasis encompasses an ensemble of interactions among platelets, coagulation factors, blood cells, endothelium, and hemodynamic forces, but current assays assess only isolated aspects of this complex process. Accordingly, here we develop a comprehensive in vitro mechanical injury bleeding model comprising an "endothelialized" microfluidic system coupled with a microengineered pneumatic valve that induces a vascular "injury". With perfusion of whole blood, hemostatic plug formation is visualized and "in vitro bleeding time" is measured. We investigate the interaction of different components of hemostasis, gaining insight into several unresolved hematologic issues. Specifically, we visualize and quantitatively demonstrate: the effect of anti-platelet agent on clot contraction and hemostatic plug formation, that von Willebrand factor is essential for hemostasis at high shear, that hemophilia A blood confers unstable hemostatic plug formation and altered fibrin architecture, and the importance of endothelial phosphatidylserine in hemostasis. These results establish the versatility and clinical utility of our microfluidic bleeding model.
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146
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Abstract
The human body generates 10-100 billion cells every day, and the same number of cells die to maintain homeostasis in our body. Cells infected by bacteria or viruses also die. The cell death that occurs under physiological conditions mainly proceeds by apoptosis, which is a noninflammatory, or silent, process, while pathogen infection induces necroptosis or pyroptosis, which activates the immune system and causes inflammation. Dead cells generated by apoptosis are quickly engulfed by macrophages for degradation. Caspases are a large family of cysteine proteases that act in cascades. A cascade that leads to caspase 3 activation mediates apoptosis and is responsible for killing cells, recruiting macrophages, and presenting an "eat me" signal(s). When apoptotic cells are not efficiently engulfed by macrophages, they undergo secondary necrosis and release intracellular materials that represent a damage-associated molecular pattern, which may lead to a systemic lupus-like autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
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147
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Luévano-Martínez LA, Kowaltowski AJ. Topological characterization of the mitochondrial phospholipid scramblase 3. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:4056-4066. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Luévano-Martínez
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Brazil
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148
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Zaldivia MTK, McFadyen JD, Lim B, Wang X, Peter K. Platelet-Derived Microvesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:74. [PMID: 29209618 PMCID: PMC5702324 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs) circulating in the blood are small vesicles (100–1,000 nm in diameter) derived from membrane blebs of cells such as activated platelets, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. A growing body of evidence now supports the concept that platelet-derived microvesicles (PMVs), the most abundant MVs in the circulation, are important regulators of hemostasis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Compared with healthy individuals, a large increase of circulating PMVs has been observed, particularly in patients with cardiovascular diseases. As observed in MVs from other parent cells, PMVs exert their biological effects in multiple ways, such as triggering various intercellular signaling cascades and by participating in transcellular communication by the transfer of their “cargo” of cytoplasmic components and surface receptors to other cell types. This review describes our current understanding of the potential role of PMVs in mediating hemostasis, inflammation, and angiogenesis and their consequences on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and venous thrombosis. Furthermore, new developments of the therapeutic potential of PMVs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T K Zaldivia
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James D McFadyen
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Haematology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bock Lim
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Heart Centre, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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149
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Procoagulant platelets: generation, function, and therapeutic targeting in thrombosis. Blood 2017; 130:2171-2179. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-787259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Current understanding of how platelets localize coagulation to wound sites has come mainly from studies of a subpopulation of activated platelets. In this review, we summarize data from the last 4 decades that have described these platelets with a range of descriptive titles and attributes. We identify striking overlaps in the reported characteristics of these platelets, which imply a single subpopulation of versatile platelets and thus suggest that their commonality requires unification of their description. We therefore propose the term procoagulant platelet as the unifying terminology. We discuss the agonist requirements and molecular drivers for the dramatic morphological transformation platelets undergo when becoming procoagulant. Finally, we provide perspectives on the biomarker potential of procoagulant platelets for thrombotic events as well as on the possible clinical benefits of inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase enzymes and the water channel Aquaporin-1 for targeting this subpopulation of platelets as antiprocoagulant antithrombotics.
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Takatsu H, Takayama M, Naito T, Takada N, Tsumagari K, Ishihama Y, Nakayama K, Shin HW. Phospholipid flippase ATP11C is endocytosed and downregulated following Ca 2+-mediated protein kinase C activation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1423. [PMID: 29123098 PMCID: PMC5680300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others showed that ATP11A and ATP11C, members of the P4-ATPase family, translocate phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine from the exoplasmic to the cytoplasmic leaflets at the plasma membrane. PS exposure on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane in activated platelets, erythrocytes, and apoptotic cells was proposed to require the inhibition of PS-flippases, as well as activation of scramblases. Although ATP11A and ATP11C are cleaved by caspases in apoptotic cells, it remains unclear how PS-flippase activity is regulated in non-apoptotic cells. Here we report that the PS-flippase ATP11C, but not ATP11A, is sequestered from the plasma membrane via clathrin-mediated endocytosis upon Ca2+-mediated PKC activation. Importantly, we show that a characteristic di-leucine motif (SVRPLL) in the C-terminal cytoplasmic region of ATP11C becomes functional upon PKC activation. Moreover endocytosis of ATP11C is induced by Ca2+-signaling via Gq-coupled receptors. Our data provide the first evidence for signal-dependent regulation of mammalian P4-ATPase. ATP11C is a flippase that uses ATP hydrolysis to translocate phospholipids at the plasma membrane. Here, the authors show that the activation of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase C increases ATP11C endocytosis thus downregulating phospholipid translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoki Naito
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoto Takada
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tsumagari
- Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hye-Won Shin
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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