101
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jablonski
- Department of Geophysical Sciences University of Chicago Chicago Illinois
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102
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Goswami A, Watanabe A, Felice RN, Bardua C, Fabre AC, Polly PD. High-Density Morphometric Analysis of Shape and Integration: The Good, the Bad, and the Not-Really-a-Problem. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:669-683. [PMID: 31243431 PMCID: PMC6754122 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of comparative morphology has entered a new phase with the rapid generation of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) data. With freely available 3D data of thousands of species, methods for quantifying morphology that harness this rich phenotypic information are quickly emerging. Among these techniques, high-density geometric morphometric approaches provide a powerful and versatile framework to robustly characterize shape and phenotypic integration, the covariances among morphological traits. These methods are particularly useful for analyses of complex structures and across disparate taxa, which may share few landmarks of unambiguous homology. However, high-density geometric morphometrics also brings challenges, for example, with statistical, but not biological, covariances imposed by placement and sliding of semilandmarks and registration methods such as Procrustes superimposition. Here, we present simulations and case studies of high-density datasets for squamates, birds, and caecilians that exemplify the promise and challenges of high-dimensional analyses of phenotypic integration and modularity. We assess: (1) the relative merits of "big" high-density geometric morphometrics data over traditional shape data; (2) the impact of Procrustes superimposition on analyses of integration and modularity; and (3) differences in patterns of integration between analyses using high-density geometric morphometrics and those using discrete landmarks. We demonstrate that for many skull regions, 20-30 landmarks and/or semilandmarks are needed to accurately characterize their shape variation, and landmark-only analyses do a particularly poor job of capturing shape variation in vault and rostrum bones. Procrustes superimposition can mask modularity, especially when landmarks covary in parallel directions, but this effect decreases with more biologically complex covariance patterns. The directional effect of landmark variation on the position of the centroid affects recovery of covariance patterns more than landmark number does. Landmark-only and landmark-plus-sliding-semilandmark analyses of integration are generally congruent in overall pattern of integration, but landmark-only analyses tend to show higher integration between adjacent bones, especially when landmarks placed on the sutures between bones introduces a boundary bias. Allometry may be a stronger influence on patterns of integration in landmark-only analyses, which show stronger integration prior to removal of allometric effects compared to analyses including semilandmarks. High-density geometric morphometrics has its challenges and drawbacks, but our analyses of simulated and empirical datasets demonstrate that these potential issues are unlikely to obscure genuine biological signal. Rather, high-density geometric morphometric data exceed traditional landmark-based methods in characterization of morphology and allow more nuanced comparisons across disparate taxa. Combined with the rapid increases in 3D data availability, high-density morphometric approaches have immense potential to propel a new class of studies of comparative morphology and phenotypic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Goswami
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Akinobu Watanabe
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Ryan N Felice
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centre for Integrative Anatomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Carla Bardua
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - P David Polly
- Departments of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Biology, and Anthropology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 10 Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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103
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Sharker SI, Holekamp S, Mansoor MM, Fish FE, Truscott TT. Water entry impact dynamics of diving birds. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2019; 14:056013. [PMID: 31387087 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab38cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Some seabirds (such as northern gannets and brown boobies) can dive from heights as high as 30 m reaching speeds of up to 24 m s-1 as they impact the water surface. The physical geometry of plunge diving birds, particularly of the beak, allows them to limit high impact forces compared to non-diving birds. Numerically simulated data for one species (northern gannet) provides some insight into the impact forces experienced during diving, however, no reliable experimental data with real bird geometries exist for comparison purposes. This study utilizes eleven 3D printed diving bird models of three types of birds: plunge-diving (five), surface-diving (five) and dipper (one), with embedded accelerometers to measure water-entry impact accelerations for impact velocities ranging between 4.4-23.2 m s-1. Impact forces for all bird types are found to be comparable under similar impact conditions and well within the safe zone characterized by neck strength as found in recent studies. However, the time that each bird requires to reach maximum impact acceleration from impact is different based on its beak and head shape and so is its effect, represented here by its derivative (i.e. jerk). We show that surface diving birds have high non-dimensional jerk, which exceed a safe limit estimated from human impact analysis, whereas those by plunge divers do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saberul I Sharker
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
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104
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Herrera-Álvarez S. Digest: A decoupling between size and shape in Indo-Pacific shore fishes. Evolution 2019; 73:2028-2029. [PMID: 31411744 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To what extent has body size driven body shape disparity across fish species? Friedman et al. found that for Indo-Pacific shore fishes, body size accounts for a low fraction of variation, suggesting that there is a very weak relationship between body size and shape in this group.
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105
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Pérez-Ben CM, Báez AM, Schoch RR. Morphological evolution of the skull roof in temnospondyl amphibians mirrors conservative ontogenetic patterns. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Addressing the patterns of ontogenetic allometry is relevant to understand morphological diversification because allometry might constrain evolution to specific directions of change in shape but also facilitate phenotypic differentiation along lines of least evolutionary resistance. Temnospondyl amphibians are a suitable group to address these issues from a deep-time perspective because different growth stages are known for numerous Palaeozoic and Mesozoic species. Herein we examine the patterns of ontogenetic allometry in the skull roof of 15 temponspondyl species and their relationship with adult morphological evolution. Using geometric morphometrics, we assessed ontogenetic and evolutionary allometries of this cranial part and the distribution of adult shapes in the morphospace to investigate whether these patterns relate to each other and/or to lifestyle and phylogeny. We found conspicuous stereotyped ontogenetic changes of the skull roof which are mirrored at the evolutionary level and consistency of the adult shape with phylogeny rather than lifestyle. These results suggest that the evolution of adult cranial shape was significantly biased by development towards pathways patterned by ontogenetic change in shape. The retrieved conserved patterns agree with a widespread evolutionary craniofacial trend found in amniotes, suggesting that they might have originated early in tetrapod evolutionary history or even earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M Pérez-Ben
- CONICET. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Báez
- CONICET. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rainer R Schoch
- Staaliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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106
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Schumm M, Edie SM, Collins KS, Gómez-Bahamón V, Supriya K, White AE, Price TD, Jablonski D. Common latitudinal gradients in functional richness and functional evenness across marine and terrestrial systems. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190745. [PMID: 31362632 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional diversity is an important aspect of biodiversity, but its relationship to species diversity in time and space is poorly understood. Here we compare spatial patterns of functional and taxonomic diversity across marine and terrestrial systems to identify commonalities in their respective ecological and evolutionary drivers. We placed species-level ecological traits into comparable multi-dimensional frameworks for two model systems, marine bivalves and terrestrial birds, and used global species-occurrence data to examine the distribution of functional diversity with latitude and longitude. In both systems, tropical faunas show high total functional richness (FR) but low functional evenness (FE) (i.e. the tropics contain a highly skewed distribution of species among functional groups). Functional groups that persist toward the poles become more uniform in species richness, such that FR declines and FE rises with latitude in both systems. Temperate assemblages are more functionally even than tropical assemblages subsampled to temperate levels of species richness, suggesting that high species richness in the tropics reflects a high degree of ecological specialization within a few functional groups and/or factors that favour high recent speciation or reduced extinction rates in those groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schumm
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - S M Edie
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - K S Collins
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - V Gómez-Bahamón
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street (MC066), Chicago, IL 60607, USA.,Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - K Supriya
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - A E White
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 166, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - T D Price
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - D Jablonski
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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107
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Watanabe A, Fabre AC, Felice RN, Maisano JA, Müller J, Herrel A, Goswami A. Ecomorphological diversification in squamates from conserved pattern of cranial integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14688-14697. [PMID: 31262818 PMCID: PMC6642379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820967116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors intrinsic and extrinsic to organisms dictate the course of morphological evolution but are seldom considered together in comparative analyses. Among vertebrates, squamates (lizards and snakes) exhibit remarkable morphological and developmental variations that parallel their incredible ecological spectrum. However, this exceptional diversity also makes systematic quantification and analysis of their morphological evolution challenging. We present a squamate-wide, high-density morphometric analysis of the skull across 181 modern and extinct species to identify the primary drivers of their cranial evolution within a unified, quantitative framework. Diet and habitat preferences, but not reproductive mode, are major influences on skull-shape evolution across squamates, with fossorial and aquatic taxa exhibiting convergent and rapid changes in skull shape. In lizards, diet is associated with the shape of the rostrum, reflecting its use in grasping prey, whereas snakes show a correlation between diet and the shape of posterior skull bones important for gape widening. Similarly, we observe the highest rates of evolution and greatest disparity in regions associated with jaw musculature in lizards, whereas those forming the jaw articulation evolve faster in snakes. In addition, high-resolution ancestral cranial reconstructions from these data support a terrestrial, nonfossorial origin for snakes. Despite their disparate evolutionary trends, lizards and snakes unexpectedly share a common pattern of trait integration, with the highest correlations in the occiput, jaw articulation, and palate. We thus demonstrate that highly diverse phenotypes, exemplified by lizards and snakes, can and do arise from differential selection acting on conserved patterns of phenotypic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568;
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan N Felice
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
- Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica A Maisano
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Johannes Müller
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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108
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Yang TR, Sander PM. The origin of the bird's beak: new insights from dinosaur incubation periods. Biol Lett 2019; 14:rsbl.2018.0090. [PMID: 29794006 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The toothless beak of modern birds was considered as an adaption for feeding ecology; however, several recent studies suggested that developmental factors are also responsible for the toothless beak. Neontological and palaeontological studies have progressively uncovered how birds evolved toothless beaks and suggested that the multiple occurrences of complete edentulism in non-avian dinosaurs were the result of selection for specialized diets. Although developmental biology and ecological factors are not mutually exclusive, the conventional hypothesis that ecological factors account for the toothless beak appears insufficient. A recent study on dinosaur incubation period using embryonic teeth posited that tooth formation rate limits developmental speed, constraining toothed dinosaur incubation to slow reptilian rates. We suggest that selection for tooth loss was a side effect of selection for fast embryo growth and thus shorter incubation. This observation would also explain the multiple occurrences of tooth loss and beaks in non-avian dinosaur taxa crownward of Tyrannosaurus Whereas our hypothesis is an observation without any experimental supports, more studies of gene regulation of tooth formation in embryos would allow testing for the trade-off between incubation period and tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ruei Yang
- Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - P Martin Sander
- Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
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109
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110
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Friedman ST, Martinez CM, Price SA, Wainwright PC. The influence of size on body shape diversification across Indo‐Pacific shore fishes*. Evolution 2019; 73:1873-1884. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T. Friedman
- Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis California 95616
| | | | - Samantha A. Price
- Department of Biological Sciences Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - Peter C. Wainwright
- Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis California 95616
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111
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Bright JA, Marugán-Lobón J, Rayfield EJ, Cobb SN. The multifactorial nature of beak and skull shape evolution in parrots and cockatoos (Psittaciformes). BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:104. [PMID: 31101003 PMCID: PMC6525378 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Psittaciformes (parrots and cockatoos) are characterised by their large beaks, and are renowned for their ability to produce high bite forces. These birds also possess a suite of modifications to their cranial architecture interpreted to be adaptations for feeding on mechanically resistant foods, yet the relationship between cranial morphology and diet has never been explicitly tested. Here, we provide a three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the developmental and biomechanical factors that may be influencing the evolution of psittaciformes’ distinctive cranial morphologies. Results Contrary to our own predictions, we find that dietary preferences for more- or less- mechanically resistant foods have very little influence on beak and skull shape, and that diet predicts only 2.4% of the shape variation in psittaciform beaks and skulls. Conversely, evolutionary allometry and integration together predict almost half the observed shape variation, with phylogeny remaining an important factor in shape identity throughout our analyses, particularly in separating cockatoos (Cacatuoidea) from the true parrots (Psittacoidea). Conclusions Our results are similar to recent findings about the evolutionary trajectories of skull and beak shape in other avian families. We therefore propose that allometry and integration are important factors causing canalization of the avian head, and while diet clearly has an influence on beak shape between families, this may not be as important at driving evolvability within families as is commonly assumed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1432-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen A Bright
- School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
| | - Jesús Marugán-Lobón
- Unidad de Paleontologıa, Departamento Biologıa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Musuem of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Emily J Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Samuel N Cobb
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.,Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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112
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Tsang LR, Wilson LAB, Ledogar J, Wroe S, Attard M, Sansalone G. Raptor talon shape and biomechanical performance are controlled by relative prey size but not by allometry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7076. [PMID: 31068662 PMCID: PMC6506530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most birds of prey (raptors), rely heavily on their talons for capturing prey. However, the relationship between talon shape and the ability to take prey is poorly understood. In this study we investigate whether raptor talons have evolved primarily in response to adaptive pressures exerted by different dietary demands, or if talon morphology is largely constrained by allometric or phylogenetic factors. We focus on the hallux talon and include 21 species in total varying greatly in body mass and feeding ecology, ranging from active predation on relatively large prey to obligate scavenging. To quantify the variation in talon shape and biomechanical performance within a phylogenetic framework, we combined three dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics, finite element modelling and phylogenetic comparative methods. Our results indicate that relative prey size plays a key role in shaping the raptorial talon. Species that hunt larger prey are characterised by both distinct talon shape and mechanical performance when compared to species that predate smaller prey, even when accounting for phylogeny. In contrast to previous results of skull-based analysis, allometry had no significant effect. In conclusion, we found that raptor talon evolution has been strongly influenced by relative prey size, but not allometry and, that talon shape and mechanical performance are good indicators of feeding ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah R Tsang
- Ornithology Collection, Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010, Australia.,Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Laboratory, Zoology, School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Laura A B Wilson
- Palaeontology, Geobiology & Earth Archives Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences. University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Justin Ledogar
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Laboratory, Zoology, School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Stephen Wroe
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Laboratory, Zoology, School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Marie Attard
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Gabriele Sansalone
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Laboratory, Zoology, School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
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113
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Urano Y, Sugimoto Y, Tanoue K, Matsumoto R, Kawabe S, Ohashi T, Fujiwara SI. The sandwich structure of keratinous layers controls the form and growth orientation of chicken rhinotheca. J Anat 2019; 235:299-312. [PMID: 30993724 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper beak bone of birds is known to be overlain by the rhinotheca, which is composed of the horny sheath of keratinous layers. However, the details of the structure and growth pattern of the rhinotheca are yet to be understood. In this study, the microstructure of the rhinotheca from chicken specimens of different growth stages (ranging from 1 to ~ 80 days old) was analyzed using a combination of thin section and scanning electron microscopy observations, and small-angle X-ray scattering analysis. We found that the rhinotheca comprises three different layers - outer, intermediate, and inner layers - throughout its growth. The outer layer arises from the proximal portion of the beak bone and covers the dorsal surface of the rhinotheca, whereas the intermediate and inner layers originate in the distal portion of the beak bone and underlie the outer layer. This tri-layered structure of the rhinotheca was also observed in wild bird specimens (grey wagtail, king quail, and brown dipper). On the median plane, micro-layers making up the outer and inner layers are bedded nearly parallel to the rostral bone at the base. However, more distally positioned micro-layers of the outer layer are more anteverted distally. The micro-layers of the intermediate layer are bedded nearly perpendicular to those of the outer and inner layers on the median plane. The growth of micro-layers in the intermediate layer adds thickness to the rhinotheca, which causes the difference in profile between the beak bone and the rhinotheca in the distal portion of the beak. Moreover, the entire intermediate layer grows distally as new proximal micro-layers form. The outer layer is dragged distally by the intermediate layer as a result of its distal growth, for the three layers are closely packed to each other at their boundaries. Furthermore, the occurrence of the intermediate and inner layers in the distal portion of the rostral bone may be because the distal end of the beak is frequently used and worn, and the rhinotheca therefore needs to be replaced more frequently at the distal end. The rhinotheca structure described here will be an important and useful factor in the reconstruction of the beaks of birds in extinct taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukine Urano
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Sugimoto
- Nagoya University Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kyo Tanoue
- Department of Earth System Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryoko Matsumoto
- Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Odawara, Japan
| | | | - Tomoyuki Ohashi
- Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Kitakyushu, Japan
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114
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Crouch NMA, Ricklefs RE. Speciation Rate Is Independent of the Rate of Evolution of Morphological Size, Shape, and Absolute Morphological Specialization in a Large Clade of Birds. Am Nat 2019; 193:E78-E91. [PMID: 30912971 DOI: 10.1086/701630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Whether ecological differences between species evolve in parallel with lineage diversification is a fundamental issue in evolutionary biology. These processes might be connected if conditions that favor the proliferation of species, such as release from competitors, facilitate the evolution of novel ecological relationships. Despite this, phylogenetic studies do not consistently identify such a connection. Conversely, if higher diversity caused species to become increasingly specialized ecologically, then lineage diversification might become dissociated from ecological diversification. In this analysis, we ask whether the rate of lineage diversification in a large clade of birds is correlated with morphological specialization and with rates of morphological evolution. We find that morphological variation is related to species richness within clades but that rates of morphological evolution are decoupled from the rate of lineage diversification. Additionally, morphological specialization within lineages is independent of the rate at which lineages diversify, with the results apparently robust against false negative inference. This dissociation is likely a consequence of the major ecomorphological differences between avian clades arising early in their evolutionary history, with comparatively little variation added subsequently, while avian diversification has been driven predominantly by geographic isolation and sexual selection. Accordingly, biodiversity appears to be limited by the extent to which taxa can subdivide exploited regions of ecological space and not just overall ecological opportunity.
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115
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Bird Evolution: Convergence Fits the Bill. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R132-R134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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116
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Feeding in Crocodylians and Their Relatives: Functional Insights from Ontogeny and Evolution. FEEDING IN VERTEBRATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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117
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Navalón G, Bright JA, Marugán‐Lobón J, Rayfield EJ. The evolutionary relationship among beak shape, mechanical advantage, and feeding ecology in modern birds*. Evolution 2018; 73:422-435. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Navalón
- School of Earth SciencesUniversity of Bristol Bristol BS8 1RL United Kingdom
- Unidad de PaleontologíaDepartamento de BiologíaUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain
| | - Jen A. Bright
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of South Florida Tampa Florida 33620
| | - Jesús Marugán‐Lobón
- Unidad de PaleontologíaDepartamento de BiologíaUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain
- Dinosaur InstituteNatural History Museum of Los Angeles County Los Angeles California 90007
| | - Emily J. Rayfield
- School of Earth SciencesUniversity of Bristol Bristol BS8 1RL United Kingdom
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118
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Wong JY, Chan KYK, Chan BKK. Phylogenetic, ecological and biomechanical constraints on larval form: A comparative morphological analysis of barnacle nauplii. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206973. [PMID: 30408826 PMCID: PMC6224274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Barnacle naupliar larvae are differentiated from other zooplankton by their unique pair of frontal lateral horns, frontal filaments, and a pear-shaped cephalic shield. Their morphology impose constraints on their ecological functions and reflect their evolutionary history. To explore the potential functional basis underlying the similarities and differences in barnacle larval form, we conducted a meta-analysis on the shape of the barnacle nauplii's cephalic shield and examined its relation to larval size, trophic mode, pelagic larval duration and habitat. Nauplii cephalic shield morphology of 102 species were quantified with normalized elliptic Fourier analysis. Most of the species were distributed around the center of the morphospace but a few extreme groups occupied the periphery: nauplii that were large and lecithotrophic. Subsequent principal component regression analyses showed that larval size was a good predictor of the first shape variations axis (aspect ratio). After allometry adjustment, nauplii from different trophic modes differentiated along the second axis of the major shape variations (relative frontal horn length). Habitat was a poor predictor of variations in naupliar body form, but it could be used to differentiate extreme morphology groups from other nauplii. Our result suggests that size-related biomechanical or developmental constraints and feeding requirements are important in shaping the evolution of the naupliar body form. Within the limitations of these functional constraints, habitat drives the divergence of extreme morphology groups from the majority of species. Our comparative morphometrics analysis demonstrated how variations in larval body form can be quantitatively linked to the functional needs that constrain or drive their diversity, and inform further empirical experiments on larval functional morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Y. Wong
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - K. Y. Karen Chan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
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119
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Ocampo D, Barrantes G, Uy JAC. Morphological adaptations for relatively larger brains in hummingbird skulls. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10482-10488. [PMID: 30464820 PMCID: PMC6238128 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A common allometric pattern called Haller's Rule states that small species have relatively larger brains and eyes than larger species of the same taxonomic group. This pattern imposes drastic structural changes and energetic costs on small species to produce and maintain a disproportionate amount of nervous tissue. Indeed, several studies have shown the significant metabolic costs of having relatively larger brains; however, little is known about the structural constraints and adaptations required for housing these relatively larger brains and eyes. Because hummingbirds include the smallest birds, they are ideal for exploring how small species evolve morphological adaptations for housing relatively larger brain and eyes. We here present results from a comparative study of hummingbirds and show that the smallest species have the lowest levels of ossification, the most compact braincases, and relatively larger eye sockets, but lower eye/head proportion, than larger species. In contrast to Passerines, skull ossification in hummingbirds correlates with body and brain size but not with age. Correlation of these skull traits with body size might represent adaptations to facilitate housing relatively larger brain and eyes, rather than just heterochronic effects related to change in body size. These structural changes in skull traits allow small animals to accommodate disproportionately larger brains and eyes without further increasing overall head size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ocampo
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MiamiCoral GablesFlorida
- Escuela de BiologíaUniversidad de Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica
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120
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Developmental Bias and Evolution: A Regulatory Network Perspective. Genetics 2018; 209:949-966. [PMID: 30049818 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic variation is generated by the processes of development, with some variants arising more readily than others-a phenomenon known as "developmental bias." Developmental bias and natural selection have often been portrayed as alternative explanations, but this is a false dichotomy: developmental bias can evolve through natural selection, and bias and selection jointly influence phenotypic evolution. Here, we briefly review the evidence for developmental bias and illustrate how it is studied empirically. We describe recent theory on regulatory networks that explains why the influence of genetic and environmental perturbation on phenotypes is typically not uniform, and may even be biased toward adaptive phenotypic variation. We show how bias produced by developmental processes constitutes an evolving property able to impose direction on adaptive evolution and influence patterns of taxonomic and phenotypic diversity. Taking these considerations together, we argue that it is not sufficient to accommodate developmental bias into evolutionary theory merely as a constraint on evolutionary adaptation. The influence of natural selection in shaping developmental bias, and conversely, the influence of developmental bias in shaping subsequent opportunities for adaptation, requires mechanistic models of development to be expanded and incorporated into evolutionary theory. A regulatory network perspective on phenotypic evolution thus helps to integrate the generation of phenotypic variation with natural selection, leaving evolutionary biology better placed to explain how organisms adapt and diversify.
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121
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Felice RN, Randau M, Goswami A. A fly in a tube: Macroevolutionary expectations for integrated phenotypes. Evolution 2018; 72:2580-2594. [PMID: 30246245 PMCID: PMC6585935 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic integration and modularity are ubiquitous features of complex organisms, describing the magnitude and pattern of relationships among biological traits. A key prediction is that these relationships, reflecting genetic, developmental, and functional interactions, shape evolutionary processes by governing evolvability and constraint. Over the last 60 years, a rich literature of research has quantified patterns of integration and modularity across a variety of clades and systems. Only recently has it become possible to contextualize these findings in a phylogenetic framework to understand how trait integration interacts with evolutionary tempo and mode. Here, we review the state of macroevolutionary studies of integration and modularity, synthesizing empirical and theoretical work into a conceptual framework for predicting the effects of integration on evolutionary rate and disparity: a fly in a tube. While magnitude of integration is expected to influence the potential for phenotypic variation to be produced and maintained, thus defining the shape and size of a tube in morphospace, evolutionary rate, or the speed at which a fly moves around the tube, is not necessarily controlled by trait interactions. Finally, we demonstrate this reduced disparity relative to the Brownian expectation for a given rate of evolution with an empirical example: the avian cranium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Felice
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5DB, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Marcela Randau
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5DB, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5DB, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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122
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Yamasaki T, Aoki S, Tokita M. Allometry and integration do not strongly constrain beak shape evolution in large-billed ( Corvus macrorhynchos) and carrion crows ( Corvus corone). Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10057-10066. [PMID: 30397447 PMCID: PMC6206190 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent geometric morphometric study on certain landbird lineages revealed that a major part of the variation in beak shape is accounted for by skull size and cranial shape. The study interpreted this result as evidence for the presence of strong evolutionary constraints that severely prevented beak shape from evolving substantially away from predictions of allometry and morphological integration. However, there is another overlooked but similarly plausible explanation for this result: The reason why beak shape does not depart much from predictions might simply be that selection pressures favoring such changes in shape are themselves rare. Here, to evaluate the intensity of evolutionary constraints on avian beak shape more appropriately, we selected large-billed (Corvus macrorhynchos) and carrion crows (Corvus corone) as study objects. These landbird species seem to experience selection pressures favoring a departure from an allometric trajectory. A landmark-based geometric morphometric approach using three-dimensional reconstructions of CT scan images revealed that only 45.4% of the total shape variation was explained by allometry and beak-braincase integration. This suggests that when a selection pressure acts in a different direction to allometry and integration, avian beak shape can react to it and evolve flexibly. As traditionally considered, evolutionary constraints on avian beak shape might not be all that strong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamasaki
- Division of Natural HistoryYamashina Institute for OrnithologyAbikoChibaJapan
| | - Sou Aoki
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceToho UniversityFunabashiChibaJapan
| | - Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceToho UniversityFunabashiChibaJapan
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123
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Chira AM, Cooney CR, Bright JA, Capp EJR, Hughes EC, Moody CJA, Nouri LO, Varley ZK, Thomas GH. Correlates of rate heterogeneity in avian ecomorphological traits. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1505-1514. [PMID: 30133084 PMCID: PMC6175488 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in rates of trait evolution is widespread, but it remains unclear which processes drive fast and slow character divergence across global radiations. Here, we test multiple hypotheses for explaining rate variation in an ecomorphological trait (beak shape) across a globally distributed group (birds). We find low support that variation in evolutionary rates of species is correlated with life history, environmental mutagenic factors, range size, number of competitors, or living on islands. Indeed, after controlling for the negative effect of species' age, 80% of variation in species‐specific evolutionary rates remains unexplained. At the clade level, high evolutionary rates are associated with unusual phenotypes or high species richness. Taken together, these results imply that macroevolutionary rates of ecomorphological traits are governed by both ecological opportunity in distinct adaptive zones and niche differentiation among closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Chira
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - C R Cooney
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - J A Bright
- School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - E J R Capp
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - E C Hughes
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - C J A Moody
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - L O Nouri
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Z K Varley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - G H Thomas
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.,Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Tring, Hertfordshire, UK
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124
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Stange M, Núñez-León D, Sánchez-Villagra MR, Jensen P, Wilson LAB. Morphological variation under domestication: how variable are chickens? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180993. [PMID: 30225085 PMCID: PMC6124038 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The process of domestication has long fascinated evolutionary biologists, yielding insights into the rapidity with which selection can alter behaviour and morphology. Previous studies on dogs, cattle and pigeons have demonstrated that domesticated forms show greater magnitudes of morphological variation than their wild ancestors. Here, we quantify variation in skull morphology, modularity and integration in chickens and compare those to the wild fowl using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistics. Similar to other domesticated species, chickens exhibit a greater magnitude of variation in shape compared with their ancestors. The most variable part of the chicken skull is the cranial vault, being formed by dermal and neural crest-derived bones, its form possibly related to brain shape variation in chickens, especially in crested breeds. Neural crest-derived portions of the skull exhibit a higher amount of variation. Further, we find that the chicken skull is strongly integrated, confirming previous studies in birds, in contrast to the presence of modularity and decreased integration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Stange
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
- Authors for correspondence: Madlen Stange e-mail:
| | - Daniel Núñez-León
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Per Jensen
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Laura A. B. Wilson
- Palaeontology, Geobiology and Earth Archives Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Authors for correspondence: Laura A. B. Wilson e-mail:
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125
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Sun Y, Si G, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang Z. Geometric morphometric analysis of skull shape in the Accipitridae. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-018-0406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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126
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Navarro CA, Martin-Silverstone E, Stubbs TL. Morphometric assessment of pterosaur jaw disparity. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172130. [PMID: 29765665 PMCID: PMC5936930 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pterosaurs were a successful group of Mesozoic flying reptiles. They were the first vertebrate group to achieve powered flight and varied enormously in morphology and ecology, occupying a variety of niches and developing specialized feeding strategies. Ecomorphological principles suggest this variation should be reflected by great morphological diversity in the lower jaw, given that the mandible served as the primary apparatus for prey acquisition. Here we present the first study of mandibular shape disparity in pterosaurs and aim to characterize major aspects of variation. We use a combination of geometric morphometric approaches, incorporating both outline analysis using elliptical Fourier analysis and semi-landmark approaches. Our results show that morphological convergence is prevalent and many pterosaurs, belonging to diverse dietary groups and subclades, overlap in morphospace and possessed relatively simple 'rod-shaped' jaws. There is no clear trend of size distributions in pterosaur mandibular morphospace, and larger forms are widely distributed. Additionally, there is limited functional signal within pterosaur lower jaw morphospace. Instead, the development of a large anterior ventral crest represents the major component of disparity. This suggests that a socio-sexual trait was a key driver for innovation in pterosaur lower jaw shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie A. Navarro
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Martin-Silverstone
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Thomas L. Stubbs
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
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127
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Urano Y, Tanoue K, Matsumoto R, Kawabe S, Ohashi T, Fujiwara SI. How does the curvature of the upper beak bone reflect the overlying rhinotheca morphology? J Morphol 2018; 279:636-647. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukine Urano
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Environmental Studies; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kyo Tanoue
- Department of Earth System Science; Fukuoka University; Fukuoka Japan
| | | | | | - Tomoyuki Ohashi
- Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History; Kitakyushu Japan
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128
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Tseng ZJ, Flynn JJ. Structure-function covariation with nonfeeding ecological variables influences evolution of feeding specialization in Carnivora. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao5441. [PMID: 29441363 PMCID: PMC5810607 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Skull shape convergence is pervasive among vertebrates. Although this is frequently inferred to indicate similar functional underpinnings, neither the specific structure-function linkages nor the selective environments in which the supposed functional adaptations arose are commonly identified and tested. We demonstrate that nonfeeding factors relating to sexual maturity and precipitation-related arboreality also can generate structure-function relationships in the skulls of carnivorans (dogs, cats, seals, and relatives) through covariation with masticatory performance. We estimated measures of masticatory performance related to ecological variables that covary with cranial shape in the mammalian order Carnivora, integrating geometric morphometrics and finite element analyses. Even after accounting for phylogenetic autocorrelation, cranial shapes are significantly correlated to both feeding and nonfeeding ecological variables, and covariation with both variable types generated significant masticatory performance gradients. This suggests that mechanisms of obligate shape covariation with nonfeeding variables can produce performance changes resembling those arising from feeding adaptations in Carnivora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Jack Tseng
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - John J. Flynn
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
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129
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Field
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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130
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Potier S, Duriez O, Cunningham GB, Bonhomme V, O'Rourke C, Fernández-Juricic E, Bonadonna F. Visual field shape and foraging ecology in diurnal raptors. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.177295. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.177295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Birds, particularly raptors, are believed to forage primarily using visual cues. However, raptor foraging tactics are highly diverse — from chasing mobile prey to scavenging — which may reflect adaptations of their visual systems. To investigate this, we studied the visual field configuration of 15 species of diurnal Accipitriformes that differ in such tactics, first focusing on the binocular field and blind area by using a single traits approach, and then exploring the shape of the binocular field with morphometric approaches. While the maximum binocular field width did not differ in species of different foraging tactics, the overall shape of their binocular fields did. In particular, raptors chasing terrestrial prey (ground predators) had a more protruding binocular field and a wider blind area above the head than did raptors chasing aerial or aquatic prey and obligate scavengers. Ground predators that forage on mammals from above have a wide but short bill — which increases ingestion rate — and large suborbital ridge to avoid sun glare. This may explain the protruding binocular field and the wide blind area above the head. By contrast, species from the two other groups have long but narrow bills used to pluck, flake or tear food and may need large visual coverage (and reduced suborbital ridges) to increase their foraging efficiency (e.g. using large visual coverage to follow the escaping prey in three dimensions or detect conspecifics). We propose that binocular field shape is associated with bill and suborbital ridge shape and, ultimately, foraging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Potier
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE – 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, S-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Olivier Duriez
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE – 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Gregory B. Cunningham
- Department of Biology, St. John Fisher College, 3690 East Avenue, Rochester NY, 14618 USA
| | - Vincent Bonhomme
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution-Montpellier (ISEM-UMR 5554), Equipe Dynamique de la Biodiversité, Anthropo-écologie. Université de Montpellier, CC65. Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Colleen O'Rourke
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | | | - Francesco Bonadonna
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE – 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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131
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Abstract
Studies reconstructing morphological evolution have long relied on simple representations of organismal form or on limited sampling of species, hindering a comprehensive understanding of the factors shaping biological diversity. Here, we combine high-resolution 3D quantification of skull shape with dense taxonomic sampling across a major vertebrate clade, birds, to demonstrate that the avian skull is formed of multiple semi-independent regions that epitomize mosaic evolution, with cranial regions and major lineages evolving with distinct rates and modes. We further show that the evolvability of different cranial regions reflects their disparate embryonic origins. Finally, we present a hypothetical reconstruction of the ancestral bird skull using this high-resolution shape data to generate a detailed estimate of extinct forms in the absence of well-preserved three-dimensional fossils. Mosaic evolution, which results from multiple influences shaping morphological traits and can lead to the presence of a mixture of ancestral and derived characteristics, has been frequently invoked in describing evolutionary patterns in birds. Mosaicism implies the hierarchical organization of organismal traits into semiautonomous subsets, or modules, which reflect differential genetic and developmental origins. Here, we analyze mosaic evolution in the avian skull using high-dimensional 3D surface morphometric data across a broad phylogenetic sample encompassing nearly all extant families. We find that the avian cranium is highly modular, consisting of seven independently evolving anatomical regions. The face and cranial vault evolve faster than other regions, showing several bursts of rapid evolution. Other modules evolve more slowly following an early burst. Both the evolutionary rate and disparity of skull modules are associated with their developmental origin, with regions derived from the anterior mandibular-stream cranial neural crest or from multiple embryonic cell populations evolving most quickly and into a greater variety of forms. Strong integration of traits is also associated with low evolutionary rate and low disparity. Individual clades are characterized by disparate evolutionary rates among cranial regions. For example, Psittaciformes (parrots) exhibit high evolutionary rates throughout the skull, but their close relatives, Falconiformes, exhibit rapid evolution in only the rostrum. Our dense sampling of cranial shape variation demonstrates that the bird skull has evolved in a mosaic fashion reflecting the developmental origins of cranial regions, with a semi-independent tempo and mode of evolution across phenotypic modules facilitating this hyperdiverse evolutionary radiation.
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132
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Tokita M, Yano W, James HF, Abzhanov A. Cranial shape evolution in adaptive radiations of birds: comparative morphometrics of Darwin's finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2015.0481. [PMID: 27994122 PMCID: PMC5182413 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive radiation is the rapid evolution of morphologically and ecologically diverse species from a single ancestor. The two classic examples of adaptive radiation are Darwin's finches and the Hawaiian honeycreepers, which evolved remarkable levels of adaptive cranial morphological variation. To gain new insights into the nature of their diversification, we performed comparative three-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses based on X-ray microcomputed tomography (µCT) scanning of dried cranial skeletons. We show that cranial shapes in both Hawaiian honeycreepers and Coerebinae (Darwin's finches and their close relatives) are much more diverse than in their respective outgroups, but Hawaiian honeycreepers as a group display the highest diversity and disparity of all other bird groups studied. We also report a significant contribution of allometry to skull shape variation, and distinct patterns of evolutionary change in skull morphology in the two lineages of songbirds that underwent adaptive radiation on oceanic islands. These findings help to better understand the nature of adaptive radiations in general and provide a foundation for future investigations on the developmental and molecular mechanisms underlying diversification of these morphologically distinguished groups of birds. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Wataru Yano
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
| | - Helen F James
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 116, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Arhat Abzhanov
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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133
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Larson JR, Manyama MF, Cole JB, Gonzalez PN, Percival CJ, Liberton DK, Ferrara TM, Riccardi SL, Kimwaga EA, Mathayo J, Spitzmacher JA, Rolian C, Jamniczky HA, Weinberg SM, Roseman CC, Klein O, Lukowiak K, Spritz RA, Hallgrimsson B. Body size and allometric variation in facial shape in children. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:327-342. [PMID: 29178597 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Morphological integration, or the tendency for covariation, is commonly seen in complex traits such as the human face. The effects of growth on shape, or allometry, represent a ubiquitous but poorly understood axis of integration. We address the question of to what extent age and measures of size converge on a single pattern of allometry for human facial shape. METHODS Our study is based on two large cross-sectional cohorts of children, one from Tanzania and the other from the United States (N = 7,173). We employ 3D facial imaging and geometric morphometrics to relate facial shape to age and anthropometric measures. RESULTS The two populations differ significantly in facial shape, but the magnitude of this difference is small relative to the variation within each group. Allometric variation for facial shape is similar in both populations, representing a small but significant proportion of total variation in facial shape. Different measures of size are associated with overlapping but statistically distinct aspects of shape variation. Only half of the size-related variation in facial shape can be explained by the first principal component of four size measures and age while the remainder associates distinctly with individual measures. CONCLUSIONS Allometric variation in the human face is complex and should not be regarded as a singular effect. This finding has important implications for how size is treated in studies of human facial shape and for the developmental basis for allometric variation more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinda R Larson
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mange F Manyama
- Division of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Anatomy, Catholic University of Health and Allied Science, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Joanne B Cole
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paula N Gonzalez
- Department of Anthropology, University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Denise K Liberton
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tracey M Ferrara
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sheri L Riccardi
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Emmanuel A Kimwaga
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic University of Health and Allied Science, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Joshua Mathayo
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic University of Health and Allied Science, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | - Campbell Rolian
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Charles C Roseman
- Department of Animal Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Ophir Klein
- Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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134
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Joganic JL, Willmore KE, Richtsmeier JT, Weiss KM, Mahaney MC, Rogers J, Cheverud JM. Additive genetic variation in the craniofacial skeleton of baboons (genus Papio) and its relationship to body and cranial size. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:269-285. [PMID: 29154459 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determining the genetic architecture of quantitative traits and genetic correlations among them is important for understanding morphological evolution patterns. We address two questions regarding papionin evolution: (1) what effect do body and cranial size, age, and sex have on phenotypic (VP ) and additive genetic (VA ) variation in baboon crania, and (2) how might additive genetic correlations between craniofacial traits and body mass affect morphological evolution? MATERIALS AND METHODS We use a large captive pedigreed baboon sample to estimate quantitative genetic parameters for craniofacial dimensions (EIDs). Our models include nested combinations of the covariates listed above. We also simulate the correlated response of a given EID due to selection on body mass alone. RESULTS Covariates account for 1.2-91% of craniofacial VP . EID VA decreases across models as more covariates are included. The median genetic correlation estimate between each EID and body mass is 0.33. Analysis of the multivariate response to selection reveals that observed patterns of craniofacial variation in extant baboons cannot be attributed solely to correlated response to selection on body mass, particularly in males. DISCUSSION Because a relatively large proportion of EID VA is shared with body mass variation, different methods of correcting for allometry by statistically controlling for size can alter residual VP patterns. This may conflate direct selection effects on craniofacial variation with those resulting from a correlated response to body mass selection. This shared genetic variation may partially explain how selection for increased body mass in two different papionin lineages produced remarkably similar craniofacial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Joganic
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, (PACEA), UMR 5199, Pessac, France
| | - Katherine E Willmore
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth M Weiss
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael C Mahaney
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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135
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime A. Chaves
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y AmbientalesUniversidad San Francisco de Quito Quito Cumbayá Ecuador
- Galápagos Science CenterPuerto Baquerizo Moreno Galápagos Ecuador
| | - Raymond M. Danner
- Department of Biology and Marine BiologyUniversity of North Carolina Wilmington Wilmington NC USA
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136
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Congreve CR, Falk AR, Lamsdell JC. Biological hierarchies and the nature of extinction. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:811-826. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis R. Congreve
- Department of Geosciences; 510 Deike Building, Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 U.S.A
| | - Amanda R. Falk
- Department of Biology; Centre College, 600 West Walnut Street; Danville KY 40422 U.S.A
| | - James C. Lamsdell
- Department of Geology and Geography, 98 Beechurst Avenure, Brooks Hall; West Virginia University; Morgantown WV 26506 U.S.A
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137
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Dalton HA, Wood BJ, Widowski TM, Guerin MT, Torrey S. An analysis of beak shape variation in two ages of domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) using landmark-based geometric morphometrics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185159. [PMID: 28934330 PMCID: PMC5608350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess beak shape variation in domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and determine the effects of age, sex, and beak size on beak shape variation using geometric morphometrics. Dorsal and right lateral images were taken of 2442 turkeys at 6 and 18.5 weeks of age. Landmarks were digitized in tpsDig in three analyses of the dorsal upper mandible, lateral upper mandible, and lateral lower mandible shape of each turkey at both ages. The coordinate data were then subjected to a principal components analysis (PCA), multivariate regression, and a canonical variates analysis (CVA) with a Procrustes ANOVA in MorphoJ. For the dorsal images, three principal components (PCs) showed beak shape variation ranged from long, narrow, and pointed to short, wide, and blunt upper mandibles at both ages (6 weeks: 95.36%, 18.5 weeks: 92.21%). Three PCs showed the lateral upper mandible shape variation ranged from long, wide beaks with long, curved beak tips to short, narrow beaks with short, pointed beak tips at both ages (6 weeks: 94.91%, 18.5 weeks: 94.33%). Three PCs also explained 97.80% (6 weeks) and 97.11% (18.5 weeks) of the lateral lower mandible shape variation ranging from wide and round to narrow and thin lower mandibles with superior/inferior beak tip shifts. Beak size accounted for varying proportions of the beak shape variation (0.96-54.76%; P < 0.0001) in the three analyses of each age group. For all the analyses, the CVA showed sexual dimorphism in beak shape (P < 0.0001) with female upper mandibles appearing wider and blunter dorsally with long, curved beak tips laterally. Whereas male turkey upper mandibles had a narrow, pointed dorsal appearance and short, pointed beak tips laterally. Future applications of beak shape variability could have a genetic and welfare value by incorporating beak shape variation to select for specific turkey beak phenotypes as an alternative to beak treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A. Dalton
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin J. Wood
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Hybrid Turkeys, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tina M. Widowski
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michele T. Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Torrey
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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138
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Outomuro D, Johansson F. A potential pitfall in studies of biological shape: Does size matter? J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1447-1457. [PMID: 28699246 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The number of published studies using geometric morphometrics (GM) for analysing biological shape has increased steadily since the beginning of the 1990s, covering multiple research areas such as ecology, evolution, development, taxonomy and palaeontology. Unfortunately, we have observed that many published studies using GM do not evaluate the potential allometric effects of size on shape, which normally require consideration or assessment. This might lead to misinterpretations and flawed conclusions in certain cases, especially when size effects explain a large part of the shape variation. We assessed, for the first time and in a systematic manner, how often published studies that have applied GM consider the potential effects of allometry on shape. We reviewed the 300 most recent published papers that used GM for studying biological shape. We also estimated how much of the shape variation was explained by allometric effects in the reviewed papers. More than one-third (38%) of the reviewed studies did not consider the allometric component of shape variation. In studies where the allometric component was taken into account, it was significant in 88% of the cases, explaining up to 87.3% of total shape variation. We believe that one reason that may cause the observed results is a misunderstanding of the process that superimposes landmark configurations, i.e. the Generalized Procrustes Analysis, which removes isometric effects of size on shape, but not allometric effects. Allometry can be a crucial component of shape variation. We urge authors to address, and report, size effects in studies of biological shape. However, we do not propose to always remove size effects, but rather to evaluate the research question with and without the allometric component of shape variation. This approach can certainly provide a thorough understanding of how much size contributes to the observed shaped variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Outomuro
- Section for Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Johansson
- Section for Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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139
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Mahler DL, Weber MG, Wagner CE, Ingram T. Pattern and Process in the Comparative Study of Convergent Evolution. Am Nat 2017; 190:S13-S28. [DOI: 10.1086/692648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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140
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Anyone with a Long-Face? Craniofacial Evolutionary Allometry (CREA) in a Family of Short-Faced Mammals, the Felidae. Evol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-017-9421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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141
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Rico-Guevara A. Relating form to function in the hummingbird feeding apparatus. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3449. [PMID: 28607842 PMCID: PMC5466813 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A complete understanding of the feeding structures is fundamental in order to study how animals survive. Some birds use long and protrusible tongues as the main tool to collect their central caloric source (e.g., woodpeckers and nectarivores). Hummingbirds are the oldest and most diverse clade of nectarivorous vertebrates, being a perfect subject to study tongue specializations. Their tongue functions to intraorally transport arthropods through their long bills and enables them to exploit the nectarivorous niche by collecting small amounts of liquid, therefore it is of vital importance to study its anatomy and structure at various scales. I focused on the portions of the hummingbird tongue that have been shown to be key for understanding their feeding mechanisms. I used histology, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, microCT, and ex-vivo experiments in order to advance the comprehension of the morphology and functioning of the hummingbird feeding apparatus. I found that hummingbird tongues are composed mainly of thin cornified epithelium, lack papillae, and completely fill the internal cast of the rostral oropharyngeal cavity. Understanding this puzzle-piece match between bill and tongue will be essential for the study of intraoral transport of nectar. Likewise, I found that the structural composition and tissue architecture of the tongue groove walls provide the rostral portion of the tongue with elastic properties that are central to the study of tongue-nectar interactions during the feeding process. Detailed studies on hummingbirds set the basis for comparisons with other nectar-feeding birds and contribute to comprehend the natural solutions to collecting liquids in the most efficient way possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rico-Guevara
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
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142
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Olsen
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
- Bird Division The Field Museum of Natural History Chicago IL USA
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143
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Davies TG, Rahman IA, Lautenschlager S, Cunningham JA, Asher RJ, Barrett PM, Bates KT, Bengtson S, Benson RBJ, Boyer DM, Braga J, Bright JA, Claessens LPAM, Cox PG, Dong XP, Evans AR, Falkingham PL, Friedman M, Garwood RJ, Goswami A, Hutchinson JR, Jeffery NS, Johanson Z, Lebrun R, Martínez-Pérez C, Marugán-Lobón J, O'Higgins PM, Metscher B, Orliac M, Rowe TB, Rücklin M, Sánchez-Villagra MR, Shubin NH, Smith SY, Starck JM, Stringer C, Summers AP, Sutton MD, Walsh SA, Weisbecker V, Witmer LM, Wroe S, Yin Z, Rayfield EJ, Donoghue PCJ. Open data and digital morphology. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:rspb.2017.0194. [PMID: 28404779 PMCID: PMC5394671 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the development of methods for visualizing and analysing specimens digitally, in three and even four dimensions, has transformed the study of living and fossil organisms. However, the initial promise that the widespread application of such methods would facilitate access to the underlying digital data has not been fully achieved. The underlying datasets for many published studies are not readily or freely available, introducing a barrier to verification and reproducibility, and the reuse of data. There is no current agreement or policy on the amount and type of data that should be made available alongside studies that use, and in some cases are wholly reliant on, digital morphology. Here, we propose a set of recommendations for minimum standards and additional best practice for three-dimensional digital data publication, and review the issues around data storage, management and accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Davies
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Imran A Rahman
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK
| | - Stephan Lautenschlager
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - John A Cunningham
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Robert J Asher
- Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Paul M Barrett
- Dept. Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Karl T Bates
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Stefan Bengtson
- Dept. Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger B J Benson
- Dept. Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Doug M Boyer
- Dept. Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, PO Box 90383, Biological Sciences Building, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - José Braga
- Computer-assisted Palaeoanthropology Team, UMR 5288 CNRS-Université de Toulouse (Paul Sabatier), Toulouse, France.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jen A Bright
- School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.,Center for Virtualization and Applied Spatial Technologies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Philip G Cox
- Dept. Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Xi-Ping Dong
- School of Earth and Space Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Peter L Falkingham
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matt Friedman
- Dept. Earth and Environmental Sciences and Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Russell J Garwood
- Dept. Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Dept. Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and Dept. Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London SW17 7PL, UK
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Lab, Dept. Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Nathan S Jeffery
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Dept. Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Renaud Lebrun
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CC64, Université de Montpellier, campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jesús Marugán-Lobón
- Unidad de Paleontología, Dpto. Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - Paul M O'Higgins
- Dept. Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Brian Metscher
- Dept. Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Austria
| | - Maëva Orliac
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CC64, Université de Montpellier, campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Timothy B Rowe
- Jackson School of Geosciences C1100, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Martin Rücklin
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Neil H Shubin
- Dept. Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Selena Y Smith
- Dept. Earth and Environmental Sciences and Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J Matthias Starck
- Dept. Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Großhadernerstr. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Chris Stringer
- Dept. Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Adam P Summers
- University of Washington, Friday Harbor Labs, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| | - Mark D Sutton
- Dept. Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stig A Walsh
- National Museums Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK
| | - Vera Weisbecker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lawrence M Witmer
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Stephen Wroe
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Zongjun Yin
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Emily J Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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144
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Craniofacial diversification in the domestic pigeon and the evolution of the avian skull. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:95. [PMID: 28812673 PMCID: PMC5559897 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A central question in evolutionary developmental biology is how highly conserved developmental systems can generate the remarkable phenotypic diversity observed among distantly related species. In part, this paradox reflects our limited knowledge about the potential for species to both respond to selection and generate novel variation. Consequently, the developmental links between small-scale microevolutionary variations within populations to larger macroevolutionary patterns among species remains unbridged. Domesticated species such as the pigeon are unique resources for addressing this question because a history of strong artificial selection has significantly increased morphological diversity, offering a direct comparison of the developmental potential of a single species to broader evolutionary patterns. Here we demonstrate that patterns of variation and covariation within and between the face and braincase in domesticated breeds of the pigeon are predictive of avian cranial evolution. These results indicate that selection on variation generated by a conserved developmental system is sufficient to explain the evolution of crania as different in shape as the albatross or eagle, parakeet or hummingbird. These “rules” of craniofacial variation are a common pattern in the evolution of a broad diversity of vertebrate species, and may ultimately reflect structural limitations of a shared embryonic bauplan on functional variation.
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145
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Cooney CR, Bright JA, Capp EJR, Chira AM, Hughes EC, Moody CJA, Nouri LO, Varley ZK, Thomas GH. Mega-evolutionary dynamics of the adaptive radiation of birds. Nature 2017; 542:344-347. [PMID: 28146475 PMCID: PMC5321581 DOI: 10.1038/nature21074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The origin and expansion of biological diversity is regulated by both developmental trajectories and limits on available ecological niches. As lineages diversify, an early and often rapid phase of species and trait proliferation gives way to evolutionary slow-downs as new species pack into ever more densely occupied regions of ecological niche space. Small clades such as Darwin's finches demonstrate that natural selection is the driving force of adaptive radiations, but how microevolutionary processes scale up to shape the expansion of phenotypic diversity over much longer evolutionary timescales is unclear. Here we address this problem on a global scale by analysing a crowdsourced dataset of three-dimensional scanned bill morphology from more than 2,000 species. We find that bill diversity expanded early in extant avian evolutionary history, before transitioning to a phase dominated by packing of morphological space. However, this early phenotypic diversification is decoupled from temporal variation in evolutionary rate: rates of bill evolution vary among lineages but are comparatively stable through time. We find that rare, but major, discontinuities in phenotype emerge from rapid increases in rate along single branches, sometimes leading to depauperate clades with unusual bill morphologies. Despite these jumps between groups, the major axes of within-group bill-shape evolution are remarkably consistent across birds. We reveal that macroevolutionary processes underlying global-scale adaptive radiations support Darwinian and Simpsonian ideas of microevolution within adaptive zones and accelerated evolution between distinct adaptive peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Cooney
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jen A Bright
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.,School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.,Center for Virtualization and Applied Spatial Technologies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Elliot J R Capp
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Angela M Chira
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Emma C Hughes
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Christopher J A Moody
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Lara O Nouri
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Zoë K Varley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.,Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Tring, Hertfordshire, UK
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Miller ET, Wagner SK, Harmon LJ, Ricklefs RE. Radiating despite a Lack of Character: Ecological Divergence among Closely Related, Morphologically Similar Honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae) Co-occurring in Arid Australian Environments. Am Nat 2016; 189:E14-E30. [PMID: 28107055 DOI: 10.1086/690008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the relationship between form and function can inform use of morphology as a surrogate for ecology. How the strength of this relationship varies continentally can inform understanding of evolutionary radiations; for example, does the relationship break down when certain lineages invade and diversify in novel habitats? The 75 species of Australian honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) are morphologically and ecologically diverse, with species feeding on nectar, insects, fruit, and other resources. We investigated Meliphagidae ecomorphology and community structure by (1) quantifying the concordance between morphology and ecology (foraging behavior), (2) estimating rates of trait evolution in relation to the packing of ecological space, and (3) comparing phylogenetic and trait community structure across the broad environmental gradients of the continent. We found that morphology explained 37% of the variance in ecology (and 62% vice versa), and we uncovered well-known bivariate relationships among the multivariate ecomorphological data. Ecological trait diversity declined less rapidly than phylogenetic diversity along a gradient of decreasing precipitation. We employ a new method (trait fields) and extend another (phylogenetic fields) to show that while species in phylogenetically clustered, arid-environment assemblages are similar morphologically, they are as varied in foraging behavior as those from more diverse assemblages. Thus, although closely related and similar morphologically, these arid-adapted species have diverged in ecological space to a similar degree as their mesic counterparts.
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Linde-Medina M. Testing the cranial evolutionary allometric 'rule' in Galliformes. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1873-8. [PMID: 27306761 PMCID: PMC5021629 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent comparative studies have indicated the existence of a common cranial evolutionary allometric (CREA) pattern in mammals and birds, in which smaller species have relatively smaller faces and bigger braincases than larger species. In these studies, cranial allometry was tested using a multivariate regression between shape (described using landmarks coordinates) and size (i.e. centroid size), after accounting for phylogenetic relatedness. Alternatively, cranial allometry can be determined by comparing the sizes of two anatomical parts using a bivariate regression analysis. In this analysis, a slope higher or lower than one indicates the existence of positive or negative allometry, respectively. Thus, in those species that support the CREA 'rule', positive allometry is expected for the association between face size and braincase size, which would indicate that larger species have disproportionally larger faces. In this study, I applied these two approaches to explore cranial allometry in 83 Galliformes (Aves, Galloanserae), ranging in mean body weight from 30 g to 2.5 kg. The multivariate regression between shape and centroid size revealed the existence of a significant allometric pattern resembling CREA, whereas the second analysis revealed a negative allometry for beak size and braincase size (i.e. contrary to the CREA 'rule', larger galliform species have disproportionally shorter beaks than smaller galliform species). This study suggests that the presence of CREA may be overestimated when using cranium size as the standard measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Linde-Medina
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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