101
|
Zhao X, Zhao Q, Xu C, Wang J, Zhu J, Shang B, Zhang X. Phot2-regulated relocation of NPH3 mediates phototropic response to high-intensity blue light in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:562-577. [PMID: 29393576 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two redundant blue-light receptors, known as phototropins (phot1 and phot2), influence a variety of physiological responses, including phototropism, chloroplast positioning, and stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana. Whereas phot1 functions in both low- and high-intensity blue light (HBL), phot2 functions primarily in HBL. Here, we aimed to elucidate phot2-specific functions by screening for HBL-insensitive mutants among mutagenized Arabidopsis phot1 mutants. One of the resulting phot2 signaling associated (p2sa) double mutants, phot1 p2sa2, exhibited phototropic defects that could be restored by constitutively expressing NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3), indicating that P2SA2 was allelic to NPH3. It was observed that NPH3-GFP signal mainly localized to and clustered on the plasma membrane in darkness. This NPH3 clustering on the plasma membrane was not affected by mutations in genes encoding proteins that interact with NPH3, including PHOT1, PHOT2 and ROOT PHOTOTROPISM 2 (RPT2). However, the HBL irradiation-mediated release of NPH3 proteins into the cytoplasm was inhibited in phot1 mutants and enhanced in phot2 and rpt2-2 mutants. Furthermore, HBL-induced hypocotyl phototropism was enhanced in phot1 mutants and inhibited in the phot2 and rpt2-2 mutants. Our findings indicate that phot1 regulates the dissociation of NPH3 from the plasma membrane, whereas phot2 mediates the stabilization and relocation of NPH3 to the plasma membrane to acclimate to HBL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qingping Zhao
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Chunye Xu
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jindong Zhu
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Baoshuan Shang
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Younas M, Drouet S, Nadeem M, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Differential accumulation of silymarin induced by exposure of Silybum marianum L. callus cultures to several spectres of monochromatic lights. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 184:61-70. [PMID: 29803074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Silybum marianum L. (Milk thistle) is one of the most extensively studied medicinal herbs with well-known hepatoprotective activity. Light is considered as a key abiotic elicitor influencing several physiological processes in plants, including the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In this study, we investigated the influence of light quality on morphological and biochemical aspects in in vitro grown leaf-derived callus cultures of S. marianum. Combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP 2.5 mg/L) and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA 1.0 mg/L) resulted in optimum callogenic response (97%) when placed under cool-white light with 16 h light and 8 h dark. Red light significantly increased the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities while highest peroxidase (POD) activity was recorded for the dark grown cultures, followed by green light grown cultures. HPLC analysis revealed enhanced total silymarin content under red light (18.67 mg/g DW), which was almost double than control (9.17 mg/g DW). Individually, the level of silychristin, isosilychristin, silydianin, silybin A and silybin B were found greatest under red light, whereas green spectrum resulted in highest accumulation of isosilybin A and isosilybin B. Conversely, the amount of taxifolin was found maximum under continuous white light (0.480 mg/g DW) which was almost 8-fold greater than control (0.063 mg/g DW). A positive correlation was found between the TPC, TFC and antioxidant activities. This study will assist in comprehending the influence of light quality on production of valuable secondary metabolites in in vitro cultures of S. marianum L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Younas
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), Plant Lignans Team, UPRES EA 1207 INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, F 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), Plant Lignans Team, UPRES EA 1207 INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, F 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), Plant Lignans Team, UPRES EA 1207 INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, F 28000 Chartres, France; EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Li Y, Zhang Y, Li M, Luo Q, Mallano AI, Jing Y, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Li W. GmPLP1, a PAS/LOV protein, functions as a possible new type of blue light photoreceptor in soybean. Gene 2018; 645:170-178. [PMID: 29248583 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Light is one of the most important environmental factors for the growth and development of plants. To adapt to changes in day length, the photoreception and transmission of the light signals in plants mainly depend on the various light receptor proteins. The PAS/LOV protein (PLP) has a PAS domain in the N-terminal and LOV domain in the C-terminal and has been confirmed as a new type of blue light receptor in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the role of its counterpart in soybean remains largely unclear. In this study, the expression pattern of the GmPLP1 under different light qualities was determined by real-time RT-PCR analysis using the cultivar 'DongNong 42', a photosensitive soybean cultivar, suggesting that GmPLP1 was affected by the circadian clock and was a dark-induced gene. Moreover, the mRNA abundance increased significantly under blue light. Further analysis revealed that overexpression of GmPLP1 displayed the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation under blue light, and the expression of CRY1, CRY2, CKL3, CKL4, BIT1, and HY5 were simultaneously increased in GmPLP1-transgenic Arabidopsis, suggesting that the shortened hypocotyl was associated with the up-regulation of these genes. Taken together, our results suggest that GmPLP1, which is a new possible type of blue light photoreceptor in soybean, plays an important role in the blue light signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Northeastern Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Genetics & Breeding in Chinese Ministry of Agriculture), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Northeastern Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Genetics & Breeding in Chinese Ministry of Agriculture), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mengting Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Northeastern Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Genetics & Breeding in Chinese Ministry of Agriculture), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qiulan Luo
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetic, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Ali Inayat Mallano
- Department of Biotechnology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan
| | - Ya Jing
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Northeastern Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Genetics & Breeding in Chinese Ministry of Agriculture), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Northeastern Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Genetics & Breeding in Chinese Ministry of Agriculture), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Northeastern Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Genetics & Breeding in Chinese Ministry of Agriculture), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry (Northeastern Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Genetics & Breeding in Chinese Ministry of Agriculture), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Schnabel J, Hombach P, Waksman T, Giuriani G, Petersen J, Christie JM. A chemical genetic approach to engineer phototropin kinases for substrate labeling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5613-5623. [PMID: 29475950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) control many aspects of plant physiology by regulating signaling networks through protein phosphorylation. Phototropins (phots) are plasma membrane-associated serine/threonine PKs that control a range of physiological processes that collectively serve to optimize photosynthetic efficiency in plants. These include phototropism, leaf positioning and flattening, chloroplast movement, and stomatal opening. Despite their identification over two decades ago, only a handful of substrates have been identified for these PKs. Progress in this area has been hampered by the lack of a convenient means to confirm the identity of potential substrate candidates. Here we demonstrate that the kinase domain of Arabidopsis phot1 and phot2 can be successfully engineered to accommodate non-natural ATP analogues by substituting the bulky gatekeeper residue threonine for glycine. This approach circumvents the need for radioactivity to track phot kinase activity and follow light-induced receptor autophosphorylation in vitro by incorporating thiophosphate from N6-benzyl-ATPγS. Consequently, thiophosphorylation of phot substrate candidates can be readily monitored when added or co-expressed with phots in vitro Furthermore, gatekeeper-modified phot1 retained its functionality and its ability to accommodate N6-benzyl-ATPγS as a phosphodonor when expressed in Arabidopsis We therefore anticipate that this chemical genetic approach will provide new opportunities for labeling and identifying substrates for phots and other related AGC kinases under in vitro and near-native in vivo conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Schnabel
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
| | - Peter Hombach
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and.,RNA Biology and Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Waksman
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
| | - Giovanni Giuriani
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
| | - Jan Petersen
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
| | - John M Christie
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Magerl K, Stambolic I, Dick B. Switching from adduct formation to electron transfer in a light-oxygen-voltage domain containing the reactive cysteine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:10808-10819. [PMID: 28271102 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08370f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
LOV (light-, oxygen- or voltage-sensitive) domains act as photosensory units of many prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins. Upon blue light excitation they undergo a photocycle via the excited triplet state of their flavin chromophore yielding the flavin-cysteinyl adduct. Adduct formation is highly conserved among all LOV domains and constitutes the primary step of LOV domain signaling. But recently, it has been shown that signal propagation can also be triggered by flavin photoreduction to the neutral semiquinone offering new prospects for protein engineering. This, however, requires mutation of the photo-active Cys. Here, we report on LOV1 mutants of C. reinhardtii phototropin in which adduct formation is suppressed although the photo-active Cys is present. Introduction of a Tyr into the LOV core induces a proton coupled electron transfer towards the flavin chromophore. Flavin radical species are formed via either the excited flavin singlet or triplet state depending on the geometry of donor and acceptor. This photoreductive pathway resembles the photoreaction observed in other blue light photoreceptors, e.g. blue-light sensors using flavin adenine dinucleotide (BLUF) domains or cryptochromes. The ability to tune the photoreactivity of the flavin chromophore inside the LOV core has implications for the mechanism of adduct formation in the wild type and may be of use for protein engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Magerl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Borriss R, Danchin A, Harwood CR, Médigue C, Rocha EP, Sekowska A, Vallenet D. Bacillus subtilis, the model Gram-positive bacterium: 20 years of annotation refinement. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:3-17. [PMID: 29280348 PMCID: PMC5743806 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome annotation is, nowadays, performed via automatic pipelines that cannot discriminate between right and wrong annotations. Given their importance in increasing the accuracy of the genome annotations of other organisms, it is critical that the annotations of model organisms reflect the current annotation gold standard. The genome of Bacillus subtilis strain 168 was sequenced twenty years ago. Using a combination of inductive, deductive and abductive reasoning, we present a unique, manually curated annotation, essentially based on experimental data. This reveals how this bacterium lives in a plant niche, while carrying a paleome operating system common to Firmicutes and Tenericutes. Dozens of new genomic objects and an extensive literature survey have been included for the sequence available at the INSDC (AccNum AL009126.3). We also propose an extension to Demerec's nomenclature rules that will help investigators connect to this type of curated annotation via the use of common gene names.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Borriss
- Department of PhytomedicineHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinLentzeallee 55‐5714195BerlinGermany
| | - Antoine Danchin
- Hôpital de la Pitié‐SalpêtrièreInstitute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital75013ParisFrance
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Kashing Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Hong Kong21 Sassoon RoadPok Fu LamSAR Hong KongChina
| | - Colin R. Harwood
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell BiologyNewcastle UniversityBaddiley‐Clark BuildingRichardson RoadNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4AXUK
| | - Claudine Médigue
- CEA DRF Genoscope LABGeMCNRS, UMR8030 Génomique MétaboliqueUniversité d'Evry Val d'EssonneUniversité Paris‐SaclayF‐91057EvryFrance
| | - Eduardo P.C. Rocha
- Microbial Evolutionary Genomics UnitInstitut Pasteur28 rue du Docteur Roux75724Paris Cedex 15France
| | - Agnieszka Sekowska
- Hôpital de la Pitié‐SalpêtrièreInstitute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital75013ParisFrance
| | - David Vallenet
- CEA DRF Genoscope LABGeMCNRS, UMR8030 Génomique MétaboliqueUniversité d'Evry Val d'EssonneUniversité Paris‐SaclayF‐91057EvryFrance
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Oguchi R, Onoda Y, Terashima I, Tholen D. Leaf Anatomy and Function. THE LEAF: A PLATFORM FOR PERFORMING PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
108
|
Liu L, Wu Y, Liao Z, Xiong J, Wu F, Xu J, Lan H, Tang Q, Zhou S, Liu Y, Lu Y. Evolutionary conservation and functional divergence of the LFK gene family play important roles in the photoperiodic flowering pathway of land plants. Heredity (Edinb) 2017; 120:310-328. [PMID: 29225355 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-017-0006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ZEITLUPE (ZTL), LOV KELCH PROTEIN 2 (LKP2), and FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1 (FKF1)-blue-light photoreceptors-play important roles in regulating the circadian clock and photoperiodic flowering pathway in plants. In this study, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the LOV (Light, Oxygen, or Voltage) and Kelch repeat-containing F-box (LFK) gene family can be classified into two clades, ZTL/LKP2 and FKF1, with clear differentiation between monocots and dicots within each clade. The LFK family genes underwent strong purifying selection; however, signatures of positive selection to adapt to local conditions still existed in 18 specific codons. In 87 diverse maize inbred lines, significant differences were identified (P ≤ 0.01) for days to female flowering between the haplotypes consisting of eight positive selection sites at ZmFKF1b corresponding to tropical and temperate maize groups of the phylogenetic tree, indicating a key role of ZmFKF1b in maize adaptive evolution. In addition, positive coevolution was detected in the domains of the LFK family for long-term cooperation to targets. The Type-I and Type-II functional divergence analysis revealed subfunctionalization or neofunctionalization of the LFKs, and the ZTL subfamily is most likely to maintain the ancestral function of LFKs. Over 50% of critical amino acid sites involved in the functional divergence were identified in the Kelch repeat domain, resulting in the distinction of substrates for ubiquitination and degradation. These results suggest that evolutionary conservation contributes to the maintenance of critical physiological functions, whereas functional divergence after duplication helps to generate diverse molecular regulation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yuanqi Wu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Zhengqiao Liao
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Fengkai Wu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Hai Lan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Qiling Tang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Shufeng Zhou
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yaxi Liu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Ganesan M, Lee HY, Kim JI, Song PS. Development of transgenic crops based on photo-biotechnology. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2469-2486. [PMID: 28010046 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypes associated with plant photomorphogenesis such as the suppressed shade avoidance response and de-etiolation offer the potential for significant enhancement of crop yields. Of many light signal transducers and transcription factors involved in the photomorphogenic responses of plants, this review focuses on the transgenic overexpression of the photoreceptor genes at the uppermost stream of the signalling events, particularly phytochromes, crytochromes and phototropins as the transgenes for the genetic engineering of crops with improved harvest yields. In promoting the harvest yields of crops, the photoreceptors mediate the light regulation of photosynthetically important genes, and the improved yields often come with the tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and heavy metal ions. As a genetic engineering approach, the term photo-biotechnology has been coined to convey the idea that the greater the photosynthetic efficiency that crop plants can be engineered to possess, the stronger the resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Development of GM crops based on photoreceptor transgenes (mainly phytochromes, crytochromes and phototropins) is reviewed with the proposal of photo-biotechnology that the photoreceptors mediate the light regulation of photosynthetically important genes, and the improved yields often come with the added benefits of crops' tolerance to environmental stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markkandan Ganesan
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute and Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Hyo-Yeon Lee
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute and Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Pill-Soon Song
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute and Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
He L, Jing J, Zhu L, Tan P, Ma G, Zhang Q, Nguyen NT, Wang J, Zhou Y, Huang Y. Optical control of membrane tethering and interorganellar communication at nanoscales. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5275-5281. [PMID: 28959426 PMCID: PMC5606013 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01115f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms an extensive intracellular membranous network in eukaryotes that dynamically connects and communicates with diverse subcellular compartments such as plasma membrane (PM) through membrane contact sites (MCSs), with the inter-membrane gaps separated by a distance of 10-40 nm. Phosphoinositides (PI) constitute an important class of cell membrane phospholipids shared by many MCSs to regulate a myriad of cellular events, including membrane trafficking, calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism. By installing photosensitivity into a series of engineered PI-binding domains with minimal sizes, we have created an optogenetic toolkit (designated as 'OptoPB') to enable rapid and reversible control of protein translocation and inter-membrane tethering at MCSs. These genetically-encoded, single-component tools can be used as scaffolds for grafting lipid-binding domains to dissect molecular determinants that govern protein-lipid interactions in living cells. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the use of OptoPB as a versatile fusion tag to photomanipulate protein translocation toward PM for reprogramming of PI metabolism. When tethered to the ER membrane with the insertion of flexible spacers, OptoPB can be applied to reversibly photo-tune the gap distances at nanometer scales between the two organellar membranes at MCSs, and to gauge the distance requirement for the free diffusion of protein complexes into MCSs. Our modular optical tools will find broad applications in non-invasive and remote control of protein subcellular localization and interorganellar contact sites that are critical for cell signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian He
- Center for Translational Cancer Research , Institute of Biosciences and Technology , Department of Medical Physiology , College of Medicine , Texas A&M University , Houston , TX 77030 , USA .
| | - Ji Jing
- Center for Translational Cancer Research , Institute of Biosciences and Technology , Department of Medical Physiology , College of Medicine , Texas A&M University , Houston , TX 77030 , USA .
| | - Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230031 , Anhui , China .
| | - Peng Tan
- Center for Translational Cancer Research , Institute of Biosciences and Technology , Department of Medical Physiology , College of Medicine , Texas A&M University , Houston , TX 77030 , USA .
| | - Guolin Ma
- Center for Translational Cancer Research , Institute of Biosciences and Technology , Department of Medical Physiology , College of Medicine , Texas A&M University , Houston , TX 77030 , USA .
| | - Qian Zhang
- Center for Translational Cancer Research , Institute of Biosciences and Technology , Department of Medical Physiology , College of Medicine , Texas A&M University , Houston , TX 77030 , USA .
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430060 , China
| | - Nhung T Nguyen
- Center for Translational Cancer Research , Institute of Biosciences and Technology , Department of Medical Physiology , College of Medicine , Texas A&M University , Houston , TX 77030 , USA .
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230031 , Anhui , China .
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Center for Translational Cancer Research , Institute of Biosciences and Technology , Department of Medical Physiology , College of Medicine , Texas A&M University , Houston , TX 77030 , USA .
| | - Yun Huang
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention , Institute of Biosciences and Technology , Department of Medical Physiology , College of Medicine , Texas A&M University , Houston , TX 77030 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Petersen J, Inoue SI, Kelly SM, Sullivan S, Kinoshita T, Christie JM. Functional characterization of a constitutively active kinase variant of Arabidopsis phototropin 1. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13843-13852. [PMID: 28663371 PMCID: PMC5566536 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.799643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Phototropins (phots) are plasma membrane–associated serine/threonine kinases that coordinate a range of processes linked to optimizing photosynthetic efficiency in plants. These photoreceptors contain two light-, oxygen-, or voltage-sensing (LOV) domains within their N terminus, with each binding one molecule of flavin mononucleotide as a UV/blue light–absorbing chromophore. Although phots contain two LOV domains, light-induced activation of the C-terminal kinase domain and subsequent receptor autophosphorylation is controlled primarily by the A′α-LOV2-Jα photosensory module. Mutations that disrupt interactions between the LOV2 core and its flanking helical segments can uncouple this mode of light regulation. However, the impact of these mutations on phot function in Arabidopsis has not been explored. Here we report that histidine substitution of Arg-472 located within the A′α-helix of Arabidopsis phot1 constitutively activates phot1 kinase activity in vitro without affecting LOV2 photochemistry. Expression analysis of phot1 R472H in the phot-deficient mutant confirmed that it is autophosphorylated in darkness in vivo but unable to initiate phot1 signaling in the absence of light. Instead, we found that phot1 R472H is poorly functional under low-light conditions but can restore phototropism, chloroplast accumulation, stomatal opening, and leaf positioning and expansion at higher light intensities. Our findings suggest that Arabidopsis can adapt to the elevated phosphorylation status of the phot1 R472H mutant in part by reducing its stability, whereas the activity of the mutant under high-light conditions can be attributed to additional increases in LOV2-mediated photoreceptor autophosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petersen
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sharon M Kelly
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Sullivan
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- the Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - John M Christie
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom,
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Wang SE, Brooks AES, Cann B, Simoes-Barbosa A. The fluorescent protein iLOV outperforms eGFP as a reporter gene in the microaerophilic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 216:1-4. [PMID: 28602728 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan causing a notorious urogenital infection in humans. Due to its anaerobic metabolism, an alternative fluorescent protein that can be readily expressed in oxygen-deprived conditions is ideal. This study assessed the performance of iLOV, which does not require oxygen to function, as compared to the conventional enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in T. vaginalis. The results indicated that iLOV outperforms eGFP in both transient and stable expression, being detectable earlier and producing higher fluorescent intensity than eGFP in T. vaginalis. This finding facilitates forthcoming genetic studies that will advance the knowledge on this human parasitic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi E Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Anna E S Brooks
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Bronwyn Cann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Augusto Simoes-Barbosa
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Repina NA, Rosenbloom A, Mukherjee A, Schaffer DV, Kane RS. At Light Speed: Advances in Optogenetic Systems for Regulating Cell Signaling and Behavior. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2017; 8:13-39. [PMID: 28592174 PMCID: PMC5747958 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cells are bombarded by extrinsic signals that dynamically change in time and space. Such dynamic variations can exert profound effects on behaviors, including cellular signaling, organismal development, stem cell differentiation, normal tissue function, and disease processes such as cancer. Although classical genetic tools are well suited to introduce binary perturbations, new approaches have been necessary to investigate how dynamic signal variation may regulate cell behavior. This fundamental question is increasingly being addressed with optogenetics, a field focused on engineering and harnessing light-sensitive proteins to interface with cellular signaling pathways. Channelrhodopsins initially defined optogenetics; however, through recent use of light-responsive proteins with myriad spectral and functional properties, practical applications of optogenetics currently encompass cell signaling, subcellular localization, and gene regulation. Now, important questions regarding signal integration within branch points of signaling networks, asymmetric cell responses to spatially restricted signals, and effects of signal dosage versus duration can be addressed. This review summarizes emerging technologies and applications within the expanding field of optogenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Repina
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, and University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Alyssa Rosenbloom
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Abhirup Mukherjee
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332; ,
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Ravi S Kane
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332; ,
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Iwata T, Nozaki D, Yamamoto A, Koyama T, Nishina Y, Shiga K, Tokutomi S, Unno M, Kandori H. Hydrogen Bonding Environment of the N3-H Group of Flavin Mononucleotide in the Light Oxygen Voltage Domains of Phototropins. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3099-3108. [PMID: 28530801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The light oxygen voltage (LOV) domain is a flavin-binding blue-light receptor domain, originally found in a plant photoreceptor phototropin (phot). Recently, LOV domains have been used in optogenetics as the photosensory domain of fusion proteins. Therefore, it is important to understand how LOV domains exhibit light-induced structural changes for the kinase domain regulation, which enables the design of LOV-containing optogenetics tools with higher photoactivation efficiency. In this study, the hydrogen bonding environment of the N3-H group of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) of the LOV2 domain from Adiantum neochrome (neo) 1 was investigated by low-temperature Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Using specifically 15N-labeled FMN, [1,3-15N2]FMN, the N3-H stretch was identified at 2831 cm-1 for the unphotolyzed state at 150 K, indicating that the N3-H group forms a fairly strong hydrogen bond. The N3-H stretch showed temperature dependence, with a shift to lower frequencies at ≤200 K and to higher frequencies at ≥250 K from the unphotolyzed to the intermediate states. Similar trends were observed in the LOV2 domains from Arabidopsis phot1 and phot2. By contrast, the N3-H stretch of the Q1029L mutant of neo1-LOV2 and neo1-LOV1 was not temperature dependent in the intermediate state. These results seemed correlated with our previous finding that the LOV2 domains show the structural changes in the β-sheet region and/or the adjacent Jα helix of LOV2 domain, but that such structural changes do not take place in the Q1029L mutant or neo1-LOV1 domain. The environment around the N3-H group was also investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Iwata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Dai Nozaki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Takayuki Koyama
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuzo Nishina
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Shiga
- Department of Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kuhonji, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Satoru Tokutomi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Masashi Unno
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University , Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Schirò G, Woodhouse J, Weik M, Schlichting I, Shoeman RL. Simple and efficient system for photoconverting light-sensitive proteins in serial crystallography experiments. J Appl Crystallogr 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717006264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins that change their structure in response to light absorption regulate many functional processes in living cells. Moreover, biotechnological approaches like optogenetics and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy recently triggered the generation of new genetically modified photosensitive proteins. Light-induced structural changes in photosensitive proteins can be studied by time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX), an X-ray diffraction technique that allows the determination of macromolecular structures at X-ray free-electron lasers from a large number of nano- to micro-sized crystals. This article describes a simple and efficient system for converting photosensitive proteins into light-induced semi-stationary states by inline laser illumination prior to sample injection with a gas-focused liquid jet and subsequent optical pump–X-ray probe exposure. The simple setup of this device makes it suitable for integration into other liquid injectors (like electro-spinning and electro-kinetic injectors) and potentially also in high-viscosity extruders, provided that embedding microcrystals in viscous media does not alter protein photophysical properties. The functioning of the device is demonstrated with an example of a photoswitchable fluorescent protein pre-illuminated (photoactivated) for time-resolved SFX experiments. The device can be easily adapted for the conversion in time-resolved SFX experiments of other microcrystalline proteins, such as photosystems, phytochromes and rhodopsins.
Collapse
|
116
|
Berntsson O, Diensthuber RP, Panman MR, Björling A, Hughes AJ, Henry L, Niebling S, Newby G, Liebi M, Menzel A, Henning R, Kosheleva I, Möglich A, Westenhoff S. Time-Resolved X-Ray Solution Scattering Reveals the Structural Photoactivation of a Light-Oxygen-Voltage Photoreceptor. Structure 2017; 25:933-938.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
117
|
A simple optogenetic MAPK inhibitor design reveals resonance between transcription-regulating circuitry and temporally-encoded inputs. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15017. [PMID: 28497795 PMCID: PMC5437309 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering light-sensitive protein regulators has been a tremendous multidisciplinary challenge. Optogenetic regulators of MAPKs, central nodes of cellular regulation, have not previously been described. Here we present OptoJNKi, a light-regulated JNK inhibitor based on the AsLOV2 light-sensor domain using the ubiquitous FMN chromophore. OptoJNKi gene-transfer allows optogenetic applications, whereas protein delivery allows optopharmacology. Development of OptoJNKi suggests a design principle for other optically regulated inhibitors. From this, we generate Optop38i, which inhibits p38MAPK in intact illuminated cells. Neurons are known for interpreting temporally-encoded inputs via interplay between ion channels, membrane potential and intracellular calcium. However, the consequences of temporal variation of JNK-regulating trophic inputs, potentially resulting from synaptic activity and reversible cellular protrusions, on downstream targets are unknown. Using OptoJNKi, we reveal maximal regulation of c-Jun transactivation can occur at unexpectedly slow periodicities of inhibition depending on the inhibitor's subcellular location. This provides evidence for resonance in metazoan JNK-signalling circuits. Light-sensitive regulators of protein kinases could offer valuable insights into intracellular signalling. Here the authors design an optogenetic inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and show evidence for resonance in JNK signalling circuits in neurons, and use the same design principle to develop an inhibitor for p38MAPK.
Collapse
|
118
|
Zhou H, Zoltowski BD, Tao P. Revealing Hidden Conformational Space of LOV Protein VIVID Through Rigid Residue Scan Simulations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46626. [PMID: 28425502 PMCID: PMC5397860 DOI: 10.1038/srep46626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
VIVID(VVD) protein is a Light-Oxygen-Voltage(LOV) domain in circadian clock system. Upon blue light activation, a covalent bond is formed between VVD residue Cys108 and its cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD), and prompts VVD switching from Dark state to Light state with significant conformational deviation. However, the mechanism of this local environment initiated global protein conformational change remains elusive. We employed a recently developed computational approach, rigid residue scan(RRS), to systematically probe the impact of the internal degrees of freedom in each amino acid residue of VVD on its overall dynamics by applying rigid body constraint on each residue in molecular dynamics simulations. Key residues were identified with distinctive impacts on Dark and Light states, respectively. All the simulations display wide range of distribution on a two-dimensional(2D) plot upon structural root-mean-square deviations(RMSD) from either Dark or Light state. Clustering analysis of the 2D RMSD distribution leads to 15 representative structures with drastically different conformation of N-terminus, which is also a key difference between Dark and Light states of VVD. Further principle component analyses(PCA) of RRS simulations agree with the observation of distinctive impact from individual residues on Dark and Light states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery(CD4), Center for Scientific Computation, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States of America
| | - Brian D Zoltowski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery(CD4), Center for Scientific Computation, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States of America
| | - Peng Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery(CD4), Center for Scientific Computation, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Czapiński J, Kiełbus M, Kałafut J, Kos M, Stepulak A, Rivero-Müller A. How to Train a Cell-Cutting-Edge Molecular Tools. Front Chem 2017; 5:12. [PMID: 28344971 PMCID: PMC5344921 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In biological systems, the formation of molecular complexes is the currency for all cellular processes. Traditionally, functional experimentation was targeted to single molecular players in order to understand its effects in a cell or animal phenotype. In the last few years, we have been experiencing rapid progress in the development of ground-breaking molecular biology tools that affect the metabolic, structural, morphological, and (epi)genetic instructions of cells by chemical, optical (optogenetic) and mechanical inputs. Such precise dissection of cellular processes is not only essential for a better understanding of biological systems, but will also allow us to better diagnose and fix common dysfunctions. Here, we present several of these emerging and innovative techniques by providing the reader with elegant examples on how these tools have been implemented in cells, and, in some cases, organisms, to unravel molecular processes in minute detail. We also discuss their advantages and disadvantages with particular focus on their translation to multicellular organisms for in vivo spatiotemporal regulation. We envision that further developments of these tools will not only help solve the processes of life, but will give rise to novel clinical and industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Czapiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kiełbus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kałafut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
| | - Michał Kos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Kerr SC, Gaiti F, Beveridge CA, Tanurdzic M. De novo transcriptome assembly reveals high transcriptional complexity in Pisum sativum axillary buds and shows rapid changes in expression of diurnally regulated genes. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:221. [PMID: 28253862 PMCID: PMC5335751 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decision for a bud to grow into a branch is a key regulatory process affecting plant architecture. In order to study molecular processes regulating axillary bud outgrowth in the model plant garden pea (Pisum sativum), we sequenced the axillary bud transcriptome and performed de novo transcriptome assembly. RESULTS We assembled a pea axillary bud transcriptome into 81,774 transcripts comprised of 194,067 isoforms. This new pea transcriptome resource is both comprehensive and representative, as shown by comparison to other available pea sequence resources. Over half of the transcriptome could be annotated based on sequence homology to Arabidopsis thaliana proteins, while almost one quarter of the isoforms were identified as putative long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). This transcriptome will be useful in studies of pea buds because it includes genes expressed specifically in buds which are not represented in other transcriptome studies. We also investigated the impact of a short time collection series on gene expression. Differential gene expression analysis identified 142 transcripts changing within the short 170 min time frame that the buds were harvested within. Thirty-three of these transcripts are implicated in diurnal fluctuations in other flowering plants, while the remaining transcripts include 31 putative lncRNA. Further investigation of the differentially expressed transcripts found an enrichment of genes involved in post-transcriptional regulation, including RNA processing and modification, as well as genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS We have sequenced and assembled a high quality pea bud transcriptome containing both coding and non-coding RNA transcripts that will be useful for further studies into axillary bud outgrowth. Over the short sample collection time frame of just 170 min, we identified differentially expressed coding and non-coding RNA, some of which are implicated in diurnal regulation, highlighting the utility of our transcriptome resource in identifying gene expression changes and informing future experimental designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. Kerr
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Federico Gaiti
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Christine A. Beveridge
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Milos Tanurdzic
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Structure of a LOV protein in apo-state and implications for construction of LOV-based optical tools. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42971. [PMID: 28211532 PMCID: PMC5314338 DOI: 10.1038/srep42971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique features of Light-Oxygen-Voltage (LOV) proteins like relatively small size (~12–19 kDa), inherent modularity, highly-tunable photocycle and oxygen-independent fluorescence have lately been exploited for the generation of optical tools. Structures of LOV domains reported so far contain a flavin chromophore per protein molecule. Here we report two new findings on the short LOV protein W619_1-LOV from Pseudomonas putida. First, the apo-state crystal structure of W619_1-LOV at 2.5 Å resolution reveals conformational rearrangements in the secondary structure elements lining the chromophore pocket including elongation of the Fα helix, shortening of the Eα-Fα loop and partial unfolding of the Eα helix. Second, the apo W619_1-LOV protein binds both natural and structurally modified flavin chromophores. Remarkably different photophysical and photochemical properties of W619_1-LOV bound to 7-methyl-8-chloro-riboflavin (8-Cl-RF) and lumichrome imply application of these variants as novel optical tools as they offer advantages such as no adduct state formation, and a broader choice of wavelengths for in vitro studies.
Collapse
|
122
|
Investigations of human myosin VI targeting using optogenetically controlled cargo loading. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1607-E1616. [PMID: 28193860 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614716114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosins play countless critical roles in the cell, each requiring it to be activated at a specific location and time. To control myosin VI with this specificity, we created an optogenetic tool for activating myosin VI by fusing the light-sensitive Avena sativa phototropin1 LOV2 domain to a peptide from Dab2 (LOVDab), a myosin VI cargo protein. Our approach harnesses the native targeting and activation mechanism of myosin VI, allowing direct inferences on myosin VI function. LOVDab robustly recruits human full-length myosin VI to various organelles in vivo and hinders peroxisome motion in a light-controllable manner. LOVDab also activates myosin VI in an in vitro gliding filament assay. Our data suggest that protein and lipid cargoes cooperate to activate myosin VI, allowing myosin VI to integrate Ca2+, lipid, and protein cargo signals in the cell to deploy in a site-specific manner.
Collapse
|
123
|
Losi A, Gärtner W. Solving Blue Light Riddles: New Lessons from Flavin-binding LOV Photoreceptors. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:141-158. [PMID: 27861974 DOI: 10.1111/php.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Detection of blue light (BL) via flavin-binding photoreceptors (Fl-Blues) has evolved throughout all three domains of life. Although the main BL players, that is light, oxygen and voltage (LOV), blue light sensing using flavins (BLUF) and Cry (cryptochrome) proteins, have been characterized in great detail with respect to structure and function, still several unresolved issues at different levels of complexity remain and novel unexpected findings were reported. Here, we review the most prevailing riddles of LOV-based photoreceptors, for example: the relevance of water and/or small metabolites for the dynamics of the photocycle; molecular details of light-to-signal transduction events; the interplay of BL sensing by LOV domains with other environmental stimuli, such as BL plus oxygen-mediating photodamage and its impact on microbial lifestyles; the importance of the cell or chromophore redox state in determining the fate of BL-driven reactions; the evolutionary pathways of LOV-based BL sensing and associated functions through the diverse phyla. We will discuss major novelties emerged during the last few years on these intriguing aspects of LOV proteins by presenting paradigmatic examples from prokaryotic photosensors that exhibit the largest complexity and richness in associated functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aba Losi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Gärtner
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Taxis C. Development of a Synthetic Switch to Control Protein Stability in Eukaryotic Cells with Light. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1596:241-255. [PMID: 28293891 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6940-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, virtually all regulatory processes are influenced by proteolysis. Thus, synthetic control of protein stability is a powerful approach to influence cellular behavior. To achieve this, selected target proteins are modified with a conditional degradation sequence (degron) that responds to a distinct signal. For development of a synthetic degron, an appropriate sensor domain is fused with a degron such that activity of the degron is under control of the sensor. This chapter describes the development of a light-activated, synthetic degron in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This photosensitive degron module is composed of the light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) 2 photoreceptor domain of Arabidopsis thaliana phototropin 1 and a degron derived from murine ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Excitation of the photoreceptor with blue light induces a conformational change that leads to exposure and activation of the degron. Subsequently, the protein is targeted for degradation by the proteasome. Here, the strategy for degron module development and optimization is described in detail together with experimental aspects, which were pivotal for successful implementation of light-controlled proteolysis. The engineering of the photosensitive degron (psd) module may well serve as a blueprint for future development of sophisticated synthetic switches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christof Taxis
- Department of Biology/Genetics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Vandenbrink JP, Herranz R, Medina FJ, Edelmann RE, Kiss JZ. A novel blue-light phototropic response is revealed in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana in microgravity. PLANTA 2016; 244:1201-1215. [PMID: 27507239 PMCID: PMC5748516 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Blue-light positive phototropism in roots is masked by gravity and revealed in conditions of microgravity. In addition, the magnitude of red-light positive phototropic curvature is correlated to the magnitude of gravity. Due to their sessile nature, plants utilize environmental cues to grow and respond to their surroundings. Two of these cues, light and gravity, play a substantial role in plant orientation and directed growth movements (tropisms). However, very little is currently known about the interaction between light- (phototropic) and gravity (gravitropic)-mediated growth responses. Utilizing the European Modular Cultivation System on board the International Space Station, we investigated the interaction between phototropic and gravitropic responses in three Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes, Landsberg wild type, as well as mutants of phytochrome A and phytochrome B. Onboard centrifuges were used to create a fractional gravity gradient ranging from reduced gravity up to 1g. A novel positive blue-light phototropic response of roots was observed during conditions of microgravity, and this response was attenuated at 0.1g. In addition, a red-light pretreatment of plants enhanced the magnitude of positive phototropic curvature of roots in response to blue illumination. In addition, a positive phototropic response of roots was observed when exposed to red light, and a decrease in response was gradual and correlated with the increase in gravity. The positive red-light phototropic curvature of hypocotyls when exposed to red light was also confirmed. Both red-light and blue-light phototropic responses were also shown to be affected by directional light intensity. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of a positive blue-light phototropic response in Arabidopsis roots, as well as the first description of the relationship between these phototropic responses in fractional or reduced gravities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Vandenbrink
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Raul Herranz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - John Z Kiss
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Sullivan S, Takemiya A, Kharshiing E, Cloix C, Shimazaki K, Christie JM. Functional characterization of Arabidopsis phototropin 1 in the hypocotyl apex. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:907-920. [PMID: 27545835 PMCID: PMC5215551 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phototropin (phot1) is a blue light-activated plasma membrane-associated kinase that acts as the principal photoreceptor for shoot phototropism in Arabidopsis in conjunction with the signalling component Non-Phototropic Hypocotyl 3 (NPH3). PHOT1 is uniformly expressed throughout the Arabidopsis hypocotyl, yet decapitation experiments have localized the site of light perception to the upper hypocotyl. This prompted us to investigate in more detail the functional role of the hypocotyl apex, and the regions surrounding it, in establishing phototropism. We used a non-invasive approach where PHOT1-GFP (P1-GFP) expression was targeted to the hypocotyl apex of the phot-deficient mutant using the promoters of CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 3 (CUC3) and AINTEGUMENTA (ANT). Expression of CUC3::P1-GFP was clearly visible at the hypocotyl apex, with weaker expression in the cotyledons, whereas ANT::P1-GFP was specifically targeted to the developing leaves. Both lines showed impaired curvature to 0.005 μmol m-2 sec-1 unilateral blue light, indicating that regions below the apical meristem are necessary for phototropism. Curvature was however apparent at higher fluence rates. Moreover, CUC3::P1-GFP partially or fully complemented petiole positioning, leaf flattening and chloroplast accumulation, but not stomatal opening. Yet, tissue analysis of NPH3 de-phosphorylation showed that CUC3::P1-GFP and ANT::P1-GFP mis-express very low levels of phot1 that likely account for this responsiveness. Our spatial targeting approach therefore excludes the hypocotyl apex as the site for light perception for phototropism and shows that phot1-mediated NPH3 de-phosphorylation is tissue autonomous and occurs more prominently in the basal hypocotyl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Sullivan
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBower BuildingGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Atsushi Takemiya
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceKyushu University744 Motooka, Nishi‐kuFukuoka819‐395Japan
- Present address: Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for InnovationYamaguchi University1677‐1 YoshidaYamaguchi753‐8512Japan
| | - Eros Kharshiing
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBower BuildingGlasgowG12 8QQUK
- Department of BotanySt. Edmund's CollegeShillong793003MeghalayaIndia
| | - Catherine Cloix
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBower BuildingGlasgowG12 8QQUK
- Present address: Beatson Institute for Cancer ResearchGarscube Estate, Switchback RoadBearsden, GlasgowG61 1BDUK
| | - Ken‐ichiro Shimazaki
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceKyushu University744 Motooka, Nishi‐kuFukuoka819‐395Japan
| | - John M. Christie
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBower BuildingGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
NicAogáin K, O’Byrne CP. The Role of Stress and Stress Adaptations in Determining the Fate of the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in the Food Chain. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1865. [PMID: 27933042 PMCID: PMC5120093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is a highly adaptable organism that can persist in a wide range of environmental and food-related niches. The consumption of contaminated ready-to-eat foods can cause infections, termed listeriosis, in vulnerable humans, particularly those with weakened immune systems. Although these infections are comparatively rare they are associated with high mortality rates and therefore this pathogen has a significant impact on food safety. L. monocytogenes can adapt to and survive a wide range of stress conditions including low pH, low water activity, and low temperature, which makes it problematic for food producers who rely on these stresses for preservation. Stress tolerance in L. monocytogenes can be explained partially by the presence of the general stress response (GSR), a transcriptional response under the control of the alternative sigma factor sigma B (σB) that reconfigures gene transcription to provide homeostatic and protective functions to cope with the stress. Within the host σB also plays a key role in surviving the harsh conditions found in the gastrointestinal tract. As the infection progresses beyond the GI tract L. monocytogenes uses an intracellular infectious cycle to propagate, spread and remain protected from the host's humoral immunity. Many of the virulence genes that facilitate this infectious cycle are under the control of a master transcriptional regulator called PrfA. In this review we consider the environmental reservoirs that enable L. monocytogenes to gain access to the food chain and discuss the stresses that the pathogen must overcome to survive and grow in these environments. The overlap that exists between stress tolerance and virulence is described. We review the principal measures that are used to control the pathogen and point to exciting new approaches that might provide improved means of control in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Conor P. O’Byrne
- Bacterial Stress Response Group, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, College of Science, National University of IrelandGalway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Vanhaelewyn L, Schumacher P, Poelman D, Fankhauser C, Van Der Straeten D, Vandenbussche F. REPRESSOR OF ULTRAVIOLET-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS function allows efficient phototropin mediated ultraviolet-B phototropism in etiolated seedlings. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:215-221. [PMID: 27717456 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UV-B) light is a part of the solar radiation which has significant effects on plant morphology, even at low doses. In Arabidopsis, many of these morphological changes have been attributed to a specific UV-B receptor, UV resistance locus 8 (UVR8). Recent findings showed that next to phototropin regulated phototropism, UVR8 mediated signaling is able of inducing directional bending towards UV-B light in etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis, in a phototropin independent manner. In this study, kinetic analysis of phototropic bending was used to evaluate the relative contribution of each of these pathways in UV-B mediated phototropism. Diminishing UV-B light intensity favors the importance of phototropins. Molecular and genetic analyses suggest that UV-B is capable of inducing phototropin signaling relying on phototropin kinase activity and regulation of NPH3. Moreover, enhanced UVR8 responses in the UV-B hypersensitive rup1rup2 mutants interferes with the fast phototropin mediated phototropism. Together the data suggest that phototropins are the most important receptors for UV-B induced phototropism in etiolated seedlings, and a RUP mediated negative feedback pathway prevents UVR8 signaling to interfere with the phototropin dependent response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Vanhaelewyn
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Paolo Schumacher
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Poelman
- Lumilab, Department of Solid State Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 181, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Filip Vandenbussche
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Shimomura A, Naka A, Miyazaki N, Moriuchi S, Arima S, Sato S, Hirakawa H, Hayashi M, Maymon M, Hirsch AM, Suzuki A. Blue Light Perception by Both Roots and Rhizobia Inhibits Nodule Formation in Lotus japonicus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:786-796. [PMID: 27611874 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-16-0048-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In many legumes, roots that are exposed to light do not form nodules. Here, we report that blue light inhibits nodulation in Lotus japonicus roots inoculated with Mesorhizobium loti. Using RNA interference, we suppressed the expression of the phototropin and cryptochrome genes in L. japonicus hairy roots. Under blue light, plants transformed with an empty vector did not develop nodules, whereas plants exhibiting suppressed expression of cry1 and cry2 genes formed nodules. We also measured rhizobial growth to investigate whether the inhibition of nodulation could be caused by a reduced population of rhizobia in response to light. Although red light had no effect on rhizobial growth, blue light had a strong inhibitory effect. Rhizobial growth under blue light was partially restored in signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) strains in which LOV-HK/PAS- and photolyase-related genes were disrupted. Moreover, when Ljcry1A and Ljcry2B-silenced plants were inoculated with the STM strains, nodulation was additively increased. Our data show that blue light receptors in both the host plant and the symbiont have a profound effect on nodule development. The exact mechanism by which these photomorphogenetic responses function in the symbiosis needs further study, but they are clearly involved in optimizing legume nodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shimomura
- 1 United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Naka
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Miyazaki
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Sayaka Moriuchi
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Susumu Arima
- 1 United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Shusei Sato
- 3 Department of Environmental Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- 4 Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- 5 RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Maskit Maymon
- 6 Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, U.S.A.; and
| | - Ann M Hirsch
- 6 Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, U.S.A.; and
- 7 Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- 1 United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Röllen K, Granzin J, Panwalkar V, Arinkin V, Rani R, Hartmann R, Krauss U, Jaeger KE, Willbold D, Batra-Safferling R. Signaling States of a Short Blue-Light Photoreceptor Protein PpSB1-LOV Revealed from Crystal Structures and Solution NMR Spectroscopy. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3721-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
131
|
Armengot L, Marquès-Bueno MM, Jaillais Y. Regulation of polar auxin transport by protein and lipid kinases. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4015-4037. [PMID: 27242371 PMCID: PMC4968656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The directional transport of auxin, known as polar auxin transport (PAT), allows asymmetric distribution of this hormone in different cells and tissues. This system creates local auxin maxima, minima, and gradients that are instrumental in both organ initiation and shape determination. As such, PAT is crucial for all aspects of plant development but also for environmental interaction, notably in shaping plant architecture to its environment. Cell to cell auxin transport is mediated by a network of auxin carriers that are regulated at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. Here we review our current knowledge on some aspects of the 'non-genomic' regulation of auxin transport, placing an emphasis on how phosphorylation by protein and lipid kinases controls the polarity, intracellular trafficking, stability, and activity of auxin carriers. We describe the role of several AGC kinases, including PINOID, D6PK, and the blue light photoreceptor phot1, in phosphorylating auxin carriers from the PIN and ABCB families. We also highlight the function of some receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and two-component histidine kinase receptors in PAT, noting that there are probably RLKs involved in co-ordinating auxin distribution yet to be discovered. In addition, we describe the emerging role of phospholipid phosphorylation in polarity establishment and intracellular trafficking of PIN proteins. We outline these various phosphorylation mechanisms in the context of primary and lateral root development, leaf cell shape acquisition, as well as root gravitropism and shoot phototropism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Armengot
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Maria Mar Marquès-Bueno
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
- Correspondence to:
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Photoreceptors mapping from past history till date. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 162:223-231. [PMID: 27387671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The critical source of information in plants is light, which is perceived by receptors present in plants and animals. Receptors present in plant and animal system regulate important processes, and knowing the chromophores and signalling domains for each receptor could pave a way to trace out links between these receptors. The signalling mechanism for each receptor will give insight knowledge. This review has focussed on the photoreceptors from past history till date, that have evolved in the plant as well as in the animal system (to lesser extent). We have also focussed our attention on finding the links between the receptors by showing the commonalities as well as the differences between them, and also tried to trace out the links with the help of chromophores and signalling domain. Several photoreceptors have been traced out, which share similarity in the chromophore as well as in the signalling domain, which indicate towards the evolution of photoreceptors from one another. For instance, cryptochrome has been found to evolve three times from CPD photolyase as well as evolution of different types of phytochrome is a result of duplication and divergence. In addition, similarity between the photoreceptors suggested towards evolution from one another. This review has also discussed possible mechanism for each receptor i.e. how they regulate developmental processes and involve what kinds of regulators and also gives an insight on signalling mechanisms by these receptors. This review could also be a new initiative in the study of UVR8 associated studies.
Collapse
|
133
|
Stevenson SR, Kamisugi Y, Trinh CH, Schmutz J, Jenkins JW, Grimwood J, Muchero W, Tuskan GA, Rensing SA, Lang D, Reski R, Melkonian M, Rothfels CJ, Li FW, Larsson A, Wong GKS, Edwards TA, Cuming AC. Genetic Analysis of Physcomitrella patens Identifies ABSCISIC ACID NON-RESPONSIVE, a Regulator of ABA Responses Unique to Basal Land Plants and Required for Desiccation Tolerance. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1310-27. [PMID: 27194706 PMCID: PMC4944411 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The anatomically simple plants that first colonized land must have acquired molecular and biochemical adaptations to drought stress. Abscisic acid (ABA) coordinates responses leading to desiccation tolerance in all land plants. We identified ABA nonresponsive mutants in the model bryophyte Physcomitrella patens and genotyped a segregating population to map and identify the ABA NON-RESPONSIVE (ANR) gene encoding a modular protein kinase comprising an N-terminal PAS domain, a central EDR domain, and a C-terminal MAPKKK-like domain. anr mutants fail to accumulate dehydration tolerance-associated gene products in response to drought, ABA, or osmotic stress and do not acquire ABA-dependent desiccation tolerance. The crystal structure of the PAS domain, determined to 1.7-Å resolution, shows a conserved PAS-fold that dimerizes through a weak dimerization interface. Targeted mutagenesis of a conserved tryptophan residue within the PAS domain generates plants with ABA nonresponsive growth and strongly attenuated ABA-responsive gene expression, whereas deleting this domain retains a fully ABA-responsive phenotype. ANR orthologs are found in early-diverging land plant lineages and aquatic algae but are absent from more recently diverged vascular plants. We propose that ANR genes represent an ancestral adaptation that enabled drought stress survival of the first terrestrial colonizers but were lost during land plant evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Stevenson
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Yasuko Kamisugi
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Chi H Trinh
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598 HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806
| | - Jerry W Jenkins
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598 HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806
| | - Jane Grimwood
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598 HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- University of Marburg, Plant Cell Biology, D-35043 Marburg, Germany BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Lang
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Carl J Rothfels
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley California 94720-3140
| | - Fay-Wei Li
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Anders Larsson
- Uppsala University, Systematic Biology, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gane K-S Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Thomas A Edwards
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Cuming
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Kong SG, Wada M. Molecular basis of chloroplast photorelocation movement. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:159-66. [PMID: 26794773 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast photorelocation movement is an essential physiological response for sessile plant survival and the optimization of photosynthetic ability. Simple but effective experiments on the physiological, cell biological and molecular genetic aspects have been widely used to investigate the signaling components of chloroplast photorelocation movement in Arabidopsis for the past few decades. Although recent knowledge on chloroplast photorelocation movement has led us to a deeper understanding of its physiological and molecular basis, the biochemical roles of the downstream factors remain largely unknown. In this review, we briefly summarize recent advances regarding chloroplast photorelocation movement and propose that a new high-resolution approach is necessary to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying actin-based chloroplast photorelocation movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam-Geun Kong
- Division of Structural Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
- Research Center for Live-Protein Dynamics, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Masamitsu Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Okajima K. Molecular mechanism of phototropin light signaling. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:149-157. [PMID: 26815763 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phototropin (phot) is a blue light (BL) receptor kinase involved in the BL responses of several species, ranging from green algae to higher plants. Phot converts BL signals from the environment into biochemical signals that trigger cellular responses. In phot, the LOV1 and LOV2 domains of the N-terminal region utilize BL for cyclic photoreactions and regulate C-terminal serine/threonine kinase (STK) activity. LOV2-STK peptides are the smallest functional unit of phot and are useful for understanding regulation mechanisms. The combined analysis of spectroscopy and STK activity assay in Arabidopsis phots suggests that the decay speed of the photo-intermediate S390 in LOV2 is one of the factors contributing to light sensitive kinase activity. LOV2 and STK are thought to be adjacent to each other in LOV2-STK with small angle scattering (SAXS). BL irradiation induces LOV2-STK elongation, resulting in LOV2 shifting away from STK. The N- and C-terminal lateral regions of LOV2, A'α-helix, Jα-helix, and A'α/Aβ gap are responsible for the propagation of the BL signal to STK via conformational changes. The comparison between LOV2-STK and full-length phot from Chlamydomonas suggests that LOV1 is directly adjacent to LOV2 in LOV2-STK; therefore, LOV1 may indirectly regulate STK. The molecular mechanism of phot is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Okajima
- Department of Physics, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan.
- RIKEN Harima Institute, Spring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Takemiya A, Shimazaki KI. Arabidopsis phot1 and phot2 phosphorylate BLUS1 kinase with different efficiencies in stomatal opening. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:167-74. [PMID: 26780063 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, phototropins (phot1 and phot2), light-activated receptor kinases, redundantly regulate various photoresponses such as phototropism, chloroplast photorelocation movement, stomatal opening, and leaf flattening. However, it is still unclear how phot1 and phot2 signals are integrated into a common target and regulate physiological responses. In the present study, we provide evidence that phot1 and phot2 phosphorylate BLUE LIGHT SIGNALING1 (BLUS1) kinase as a common substrate in stomatal opening. Biochemical analysis revealed that the recombinant phot2 protein directly phosphorylated BLUS1 in vitro in a blue light-dependent manner, as reported for phot1. BLUS1 phosphorylation was observed in both phot1 and phot2 mutants, and phot2 mutant exhibited higher phosphorylation of BLUS1 than did phot1 mutant. Transgenic plants expressing phot1-GFP (P1G) and phot2-GFP (P2G) at a similar level under the PHOT2 promoter demonstrated that P1G initiated higher phosphorylation of BLUS1 than P2G, suggesting that phot1 phosphorylates BLUS1 more efficiently. Similarly, P1G mediated a higher activation of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase and stomatal opening than P2G, indicating that the phosphorylation status of BLUS1 is a key determinant of physiological response. Together, these findings provide insights into the signal integration and different properties of phot1 and phot2 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takemiya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Ken-ichiro Shimazaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Ishishita K, Suetsugu N, Hirose Y, Higa T, Doi M, Wada M, Matsushita T, Gotoh E. Functional characterization of blue-light-induced responses and PHOTOTROPIN 1 gene in Welwitschia mirabilis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:175-87. [PMID: 26858202 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The blue light (BL) receptor phototropin (phot) is specifically found in green plants; it regulates various BL-induced responses such as phototropism, chloroplast movement, stomatal opening, and leaf flattening. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two phototropins--phot1 and phot2--respond to blue light in overlapping but distinct ways. These BL-receptor-mediated responses enhance the photosynthetic activity of plants under weak light and minimize photodamage under strong light conditions. Welwitschia mirabilis Hook.f. found in the Namib Desert, and it has adapted to severe environmental stresses such as limiting water and strong sunlight. Although the plant has physiologically and ecologically unique features, it is unknown whether phototropin is functional in this plant. In this study, we assessed the functioning of phot-mediated BL responses in W. mirabilis. BL-dependent phototropism and stomatal opening was observed but light-dependent chloroplast movement was not detected. We performed a functional analysis of the PHOT1 gene of W. mirabilis, WmPHOT1, in Arabidopsis thaliana. We generated transgenic A. thaliana lines expressing WmPHOT1 in a phot1 phot2 double mutant background. Several Wmphot1 transgenic plants showed normal growth, although phot1 phot2 double mutant plants showed stunted growth. Furthermore, Wmphot1 transgenic plants showed normal phot1-mediated responses including phototropism, chloroplast accumulation, stomatal opening, and leaf flattening, but lacked the chloroplast avoidance response that is specifically mediated by phot2. Thus, our findings indicate that W. mirabilis possesses typical phot-mediated BL responses that were at least partially mediated by functional phototropin 1, an ortholog of Atphot1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ishishita
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
- Department of Plant Gene and Totipotency, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirose
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takeshi Higa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
- Department of Plant Gene and Totipotency, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Michio Doi
- Faculty of Art and Science, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Wada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tomonao Matsushita
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Eiji Gotoh
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Sullivan S, Petersen J, Blackwood L, Papanatsiou M, Christie JM. Functional characterization of Ostreococcus tauri phototropin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:612-23. [PMID: 26414490 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phototropins (phots) regulate a range of adaptive processes in plants that serve to optimize photosynthetic efficiency and promote growth. Light sensing by Arabidopsis thaliana phots is predominantly mediated by the Light, Oxygen and Voltage sensing 2 (LOV2) flavin-binding motif located within the N-terminus of the photoreceptor. Here we characterize the photochemical and biochemical properties of phot from the marine picoalga Ostreococcus tauri phototropin (Otphot) and examine its ability to replace phot-mediated function in Arabidopsis. Photochemical properties of Otphot rely on both LOV1 and LOV2. Yet, biochemical analysis indicates that light-dependent receptor autophosphorylation is primarily dependent on LOV2. As found for Arabidopsis phots, Otphot associates with the plasma membrane and partially internalizes, albeit to a limited extent, in response to blue-light irradiation. Otphot is able to elicit a number of phot-regulated processes in Arabidopsis, including petiole positioning, leaf expansion, stomatal opening and chloroplast accumulation movement. However, Otphot is unable to restore phototropism and chloroplast avoidance movement. Consistent with its lack of phototropic function in Arabidopsis, Otphot does not associate with or trigger dephosphorylation of the phototropic signalling component Non-Phototropic Hypocotyl 3 (NPH3). Taken together, these findings indicate that the mechanism of action of plant and evolutionarily distant algal phots is less well conserved than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Sullivan
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jan Petersen
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lisa Blackwood
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Maria Papanatsiou
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John M Christie
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
WADA M. Chloroplast and nuclear photorelocation movements. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016; 92:387-411. [PMID: 27840388 PMCID: PMC5328789 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.92.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts move toward weak light to increase photosynthetic efficiency, and migrate away from strong light to protect chloroplasts from photodamage and eventual cell death. These chloroplast behaviors were first observed more than 100 years ago, but the underlying mechanism has only recently been identified. Ideal plant materials, such as fern gametophytes for photobiological and cell biological approaches, and Arabidopsis thaliana for genetic analyses, have been used along with sophisticated methods, such as partial cell irradiation and time-lapse video recording under infrared light to study chloroplast movement. These studies have revealed precise chloroplast behavior, and identified photoreceptors, other relevant protein components, and novel actin filament structures required for chloroplast movement. In this review, our findings regarding chloroplast and nuclear movements are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu WADA
- Department Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Takemiya A, Doi A, Yoshida S, Okajima K, Tokutomi S, Shimazaki KI. Reconstitution of an Initial Step of Phototropin Signaling in Stomatal Guard Cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:152-159. [PMID: 26707730 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phototropins are light-activated receptor kinases that mediate a wide range of blue light responses responsible for the optimization of photosynthesis. Despite the physiological importance of phototropins, it is still unclear how they transduce light signals into physiological responses. Here, we succeeded in reproducing a primary step of phototropin signaling in vitro using a physiological substrate of phototropin, the BLUS1 (BLUE LIGHT SIGNALING1) kinase of guard cells. When PHOT1 and BLUS1 were expressed in Escherichia coli and the resulting recombinant proteins were incubated with ATP, white and blue light induced phosphorylation of BLUS1 but red light and darkness did not. Site-directed mutagenesis of PHOT1 and BLUS1 revealed that the phosphorylation was catalyzed by phot1 kinase. Similar to stomatal blue light responses, the BLUS1 phosphorylation depended on the fluence rate of blue light and was inhibited by protein kinase inhibitors, K-252a and staurosporine. In contrast to the result in vivo, BLUS1 was not dephosphorylated in vitro, suggesting the involvement of a protein phosphatase in the response in vivo. phot1 with a C-terminal kinase domain but devoid of the N-terminal domain, constitutively phosphorylated BLUS1 without blue light, indicating that the N-terminal domain has an autoinhibitory action and prevents substrate phosphorylation. The results provide the first reconstitution of a primary step of phototropin signaling and a clue for understanding the molecular nature of this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takemiya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Ayaka Doi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Sayumi Yoshida
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Koji Okajima
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-851 Japan Present address: Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Kanagawa, 223-8522 Japan.
| | - Satoru Tokutomi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-851 Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Shimazaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Sullivan S, Hart JE, Rasch P, Walker CH, Christie JM. Phytochrome A Mediates Blue-Light Enhancement of Second-Positive Phototropism in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:290. [PMID: 27014313 PMCID: PMC4786545 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypocotyl phototropism of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings is primarily mediated by the blue-light receptor kinase phototropin 1 (phot1). Phot1-mediated curvature to continuous unilateral blue light irradiation (0.5 μmol m(-2) s(-1)) is enhanced by overhead pre-treatment with red light (20 μmol m(-2) s(-1) for 15 min) through the action of phytochrome (phyA). Here, we show that pre-treatment with blue light is equally as effective in eliciting phototropic enhancement and is dependent on phyA. Although blue light pre-treatment was sufficient to activate early phot1 signaling events, phot1 autophosphorylation in vivo was not found to be saturated, as assessed by subsequently measuring phot1 kinase activity in vitro. However, enhancement effects by red and blue light pre-treatment were not observed at higher intensities of phototropic stimulation (10 μmol m(-2) s(-1)). Phototropic enhancement by red and blue light pre-treatments to 0.5 μmol m(-2) s(-1) unilateral blue light irradiation was also lacking in transgenic Arabidopsis where PHOT1 expression was restricted to the epidermis. Together, these findings indicate that phyA-mediated effects on phot1 signaling are restricted to low intensities of phototropic stimulation and originate from tissues other than the epidermis.
Collapse
|
142
|
Takahashi M, Mikami K. Phototropism in the Marine Red Macroalga <i>Pyropia yezoensis</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.717211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
143
|
He L, Zhang Y, Ma G, Tan P, Li Z, Zang S, Wu X, Jing J, Fang S, Zhou L, Wang Y, Huang Y, Hogan PG, Han G, Zhou Y. Near-infrared photoactivatable control of Ca(2+) signaling and optogenetic immunomodulation. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26646180 PMCID: PMC4737651 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of current channelrhodopsin-based optogenetic tools is limited by the lack of strict ion selectivity and the inability to extend the spectra sensitivity into the near-infrared (NIR) tissue transmissible range. Here we present an NIR-stimulable optogenetic platform (termed 'Opto-CRAC') that selectively and remotely controls Ca2+ oscillations and Ca2+-responsive gene expression to regulate the function of non-excitable cells, including T lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. When coupled to upconversion nanoparticles, the optogenetic operation window is shifted from the visible range to NIR wavelengths to enable wireless photoactivation of Ca2+-dependent signaling and optogenetic modulation of immunoinflammatory responses. In a mouse model of melanoma by using ovalbumin as surrogate tumor antigen, Opto-CRAC has been shown to act as a genetically-encoded 'photoactivatable adjuvant' to improve antigen-specific immune responses to specifically destruct tumor cells. Our study represents a solid step forward towards the goal of achieving remote and wireless control of Ca2+-modulated activities with tailored function. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10024.001 Optogenetics is a technique that has been used to study nerve cells for several years. It involves genetically engineering these cells to produce proteins from light-sensitive bacteria, and results in nerve cells that will either send, or stop sending, nerve impulses when they are exposed to a particular color of light. Neuroscientists have learned a lot about brain circuits using the technique, and now researchers in many other fields are giving it a try. There are, however, several challenges to using optogenetics in other types of cells. Nerve cells create a tiny electrical impulses when they are activated, which helps them quickly transmit messages. But other types of cells use more diverse means to communicate and transmit signals. This means that optogenetics techniques must be adapted. Additionally, many cells are located deep in the body and so getting the light to them can be difficult. He, Zhang et al. have now developed an optogenetic system (termed “Opto-CRAC”) that can control immune cells buried deep in tissue. The action of immune cells can be tuned by controlling the flow of calcium ions through gate-like proteins in their membranes. He, Zhang et al. genetically engineered immune cells so that a calcium gate-controlling protein became light sensitive. When the cells were exposed to a blue light the calcium ion gates opened. When the light was turned off, the gates closed. More intense light caused more calcium to enter into the cells. Further experiments then revealed that exposing these engineered immune cells to blue light in the laboratory could trigger an immune response. The next obstacle was getting light to immune cells in a live animal. So, He, Zhang et al. used specific nanoparticles that have been shown to help transmit light deep within tissue. In these experiments, mice were injected with the light-sensitive immune cells and the nanoparticles. Then, a near-infrared laser beam that can transmit into the tissues was pointed at the mice. This caused calcium channels to open in the engineered cells deep in the mice. Finally, further experiments were used to show that this light-based stimulation could boost an immune response to aid the killing of cancer cells. Other scientists will likely use the technique to help them study immune, heart, and other types of cells that use calcium to communicate. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10024.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian He
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, United States
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Guolin Ma
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, United States
| | - Peng Tan
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, United States
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Shengbing Zang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, United States
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Ji Jing
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, United States
| | - Shaohai Fang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, United States
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Youjun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, United States
| | - Patrick G Hogan
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, United States
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, United States.,Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, United States
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Domratcheva T, Fedorov R, Schlichting I. Analysis of the Primary Photocycle Reactions Occurring in the Light, Oxygen, and Voltage Blue-Light Receptor by Multiconfigurational Quantum-Chemical Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 2:1565-74. [PMID: 26627027 DOI: 10.1021/ct0600114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photocycle reactions occurring between the flavin mononucleotide cofactor and the reactive cysteine residue in the blue-light photoreceptor domain light, oxygen, and voltage (LOV) were modeled for a system consisting of lumiflavin and thiomethanol. The electronic structure and energies of the reactive species were estimated using the CASSCF and MCQDPT2 quantum-chemical methods. The reaction pathway for the S-C4a covalent adduct formation in the triplet state was determined. Concerted electron and proton transfer from the thiol to the flavin in the triplet electronic state results in a biradical complex that is, however, unstable because its structure corresponds to a triplet-singlet crossing. The covalent adduct dissociation in the ground electronic state is a reverse of the photoreaction proceeding via a single energy barrier for hydrogen transfer. Thus, both photo- and dark reactions were found to be single-step chemical transformations occurring without stable intermediates. The photoreaction yielding the S-C4a covalent adduct is an intrinsic property of the isoalloxazine-thiol complex in the specific geometry arranged by the protein in LOV. The S-C4a covalent adduct between lumiflavin and thiomethanol is rather stable implying that in LOV its dissociation is facilitated by the protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Domratcheva
- Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roman Fedorov
- Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilme Schlichting
- Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Yu G, Rosenberg JN, Betenbaugh MJ, Oyler GA. Pac-Man for biotechnology: co-opting degrons for targeted protein degradation to control and alter cell function. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 36:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
146
|
Falklöf O, Durbeej B, Norman P. Inter-Excited-State Phosphorescence in the Four-Component Relativistic Kohn–Sham Approximation: A Case Study on Lumiflavin. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11911-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Falklöf
- Division of Theoretical
Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical
Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Patrick Norman
- Division of Theoretical
Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Lee R, Gam J, Moon J, Lee SG, Suh YG, Lee BJ, Lee J. A critical element of the light-induced quaternary structural changes in YtvA-LOV. Protein Sci 2015; 24:1997-2007. [PMID: 26402155 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
YtvA, a photosensory LOV (light-oxygen-voltage) protein from Bacillus subtilis, exists as a dimer that previously appeared to undergo surprisingly small structural changes after light illumination compared with other light-sensing proteins. However, we now report that light induces significant structural perturbations in a series of YtvA-LOV domain derivatives in which the Jα helix has been truncated or replaced. Results from native gel analysis showed significant mobility changes in these derivatives after light illumination; YtvA-LOV without the Jα helix dimerized in the dark state but existed as a monomer in the light state. The absence of the Jα helix also affected the dark regeneration kinetics and the stability of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) binding to its binding site. Our results demonstrate an alternative way of photo-induced signal propagation that leads to a bigger functional response through dimer/monomer conversions of the YtvA-LOV than the local disruption of Jα helix in the As-LOV domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rang Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Jongsik Gam
- Department of Medicinal Bioscience, College of Interdisciplinary & Creative Studies, Konyang University, Nonsan-Si, 320-711, Korea
| | - Jayoung Moon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Seung-Goo Lee
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Bong-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Kutta RJ, Magerl K, Kensy U, Dick B. A search for radical intermediates in the photocycle of LOV domains. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:288-99. [PMID: 25380177 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
LOV domains are the light sensitive parts of phototropins and many other light-activated enzymes that regulate the response to blue light in plants and algae as well as some fungi and bacteria. Unlike all other biological photoreceptors known so far, the photocycle of LOV domains involves the excited triplet state of the chromophore. This chromophore is flavin mononucleotide (FMN) which forms a covalent adduct with a cysteine residue in the signaling state. Since the formation of this adduct from the triplet state involves breaking and forming of two bonds as well as a change from the triplet to the singlet spin state, various intermediates have been proposed, e.g. a protonated triplet state (3)FMNH(+), the radical anion (2)FMN˙(-), or the neutral semiquinone radical (2)FMNH˙. We performed an extensive search for these intermediates by two-dimensional transient absorption (2D-TA) with a streak camera. However, no transient with a rate constant between the decay of fluorescence and the decay of the triplet state could be detected. Analysis of the decay associated difference spectra results in quantum yields for the formation of the adduct from the triplet of ΦA(LOV1) ≈ 0.75 and ΦA(LOV2) ≈ 0.80. This is lower than the values ΦA(LOV1) ≈ 0.95 and ΦA(LOV2) ≈ 0.99 calculated from the rate constants, giving indirect evidence of an intermediate that reacts either to form the adduct or to decay back to the ground state. Since there is no measurable delay between the decay of the triplet and the formation of the adduct, we conclude that this intermediate reacts much faster than it is formed. The LOV1-C57S mutant shows a weak and slowly decaying (τ > 100 μs) transient whose decay associated spectrum has bands at 375 and 500 nm, with a shoulder at 400 nm. This transient is insensitive to the pH change in the range 6.5-10.0 but increases on addition of β-mercaptoethanol as the reducing agent. We assign this intermediate to the radical anion which is protected from protonation by the protein. We propose that the adduct is formed via the same intermediate by combination of the radical ion pair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Jan Kutta
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Łabuz J, Hermanowicz P, Gabryś H. The impact of temperature on blue light induced chloroplast movements in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:238-49. [PMID: 26398808 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast movements in Arabidopsis thaliana are controlled by two blue light photoreceptors, phototropin1 and phototropin2. Under weak blue light chloroplasts gather at cell walls perpendicular to the direction of incident light. This response, called chloroplast accumulation, is redundantly regulated by both phototropins. Under strong blue light chloroplasts move to cell walls parallel to the direction of incident light, this avoidance response being solely dependent on phototropin2. Temperature is an important factor in modulating chloroplast relocations. Here we focus on temperature effects in Arabidopsis leaves. At room temperature, under medium blue light chloroplasts start to move to cell walls parallel to the light direction and undergo a partial avoidance response. In the same conditions, at low temperatures the avoidance response is strongly enhanced-chloroplasts behave as if they were responding to strong light. Higher sensitivity of avoidance response is correlated with changes in gene expression. After cold treatment, in darkness, the expression of phototropin1 is down-regulated, while phototropin2 levels are up-regulated. The motile system of chloroplasts in Arabidopsis is more sensitive to blue light at low temperatures, similar to other species studied before. The physiological role of the cold-enhancement of the avoidance response is explained in the context of phototropin levels, photochemical activities and signaling in the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Łabuz
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Paweł Hermanowicz
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Halina Gabryś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Light generation of intracellular Ca(2+) signals by a genetically encoded protein BACCS. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8021. [PMID: 26282514 PMCID: PMC4557345 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ signals are highly regulated in a spatiotemporal manner in numerous cellular physiological events. Here we report a genetically engineered blue light-activated Ca2+ channel switch (BACCS), as an optogenetic tool for generating Ca2+ signals. BACCS opens Ca2+-selective ORAI ion channels in response to light. A BACCS variant, dmBACCS2, combined with Drosophila Orai, elevates the Ca2+ concentration more rapidly, such that Ca2+ elevation in mammalian cells is observed within 1 s on light exposure. Using BACCSs, we successfully control cellular events including NFAT-mediated gene expression. In the mouse olfactory system, BACCS mediates light-dependent electrophysiological responses. Furthermore, we generate BACCS mutants, which exhibit fast and slow recovery of intracellular Ca2+. Thus, BACCSs are a useful optogenetic tool for generating temporally various intracellular Ca2+ signals with a large dynamic range, and will be applicable to both in vitro and in vivo studies. Current tools for optogenetic control of intracellular calcium signals currently suffer from slow response time or low dynamic range. Here the authors develop blue light-activated Ca2+ channel switch (BACCS) that modulates the activity of Ca2+-sensitive Orai channels with high temporal resolution and large dynamic range.
Collapse
|