101
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Zhang X, Yu HJ, Zhang XM, Yang XY, Zhao WC, Li Q, Jiang WJ. Effect of nitrogen deficiency on ascorbic acid biosynthesis and recycling pathway in cucumber seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 108:222-230. [PMID: 27459340 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
L-Ascorbic acid (AsA, ascorbate) is one of the most abundant natural antioxidants, and it is an important factor in the nutritional quality of cucumber. In this work, key enzymes involved in the ascorbic acid biosynthesis and recycling pathway in cucumber seedlings under nitrogen deficiency were investigated at the levels of transcription and enzyme activity. The activities of myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) and transcript levels of MIOXs increased dramatically, while the activities of ascorbate oxidase (AO) and glutathione reductase (GR) and transcript levels of AOs and GR2 decreased significantly in N-limited leaves, as did the ascorbate concentration, in nitrogen-deficient cucumber seedlings. The activities of other enzymes and transcript levels of other genes involved in the ascorbate recycling pathway and ascorbate synthesis pathways decreased or remained unchanged under nitrogen deficiency. These results indicate that nitrogen deficiency induced genes involved in the ascorbate-glutathione recycling and myo-inositol pathway in cucumber leaves. Thus, the AO, GR and MIOX involved in the pathways might play roles in AsA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hong Jun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiao Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xue Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen Chao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agriculture Application and New Technology, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wei Jie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China.
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102
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Kumar A, Kumar S, Bains S, Vaidya V, Singh B, Kaur R, Kaur J, Singh K. De novo Transcriptome Analysis Revealed Genes Involved in Flavonoid and Vitamin C Biosynthesis in Phyllanthus emblica (L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1610. [PMID: 27833630 PMCID: PMC5081490 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phyllanthus emblica is an affluent source of various therapeutic components. A few of them like vitamin C and flavonoids are predominant bioactive compounds that are being used in immense pharmacological applications. In-spite of numerous applications, the genomic information of this plant was limited to a few expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in DNA databases. Herein, we developed in-depth transcriptome information of P. emblica using Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform and characterized. A total of 31,285,965 high-quality reads were assembled into 91,288 contigs with the N50 value 358. Out of them, 47,267 contigs were functionally annotated using BLASTX search against NCBI-non-redundant (NR) protein database. Further, 31,366 contigs showed similarity with various gene ontology (GO) terms, and 1299 were related to different enzymes and biosynthetic pathways. We identified the transcripts related to each gene involved in flavonoid and vitamin C biosynthesis. Several cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and glucosyltransferases (GTs) genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and various other metabolic pathways were also documented. Further, 6510 transcription factors and 4420 EST derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were also predicted. The present study enlightened various characteristic features of P. emblica genome, and provided an important resource for future molecular and functional genomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab UniversityChandigarh, India
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103
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Bulley S, Laing W. The regulation of ascorbate biosynthesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 33:15-22. [PMID: 27179323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We review the regulation of ascorbate (vitamin C) biosynthesis, focusing on the l-galactose pathway. We discuss the regulation of ascorbate biosynthesis at the level of gene transcription (both repression and enhancement) and translation (feedback inhibition of translation by ascorbate concentration) and discuss the eight proteins that have been demonstrated to date to affect ascorbate concentration in plant tissues. GDP-galactose phosphorylase (GGP) and GDP-mannose epimerase are critical steps that regulate ascorbate biosynthesis. These and other biosynthetic genes are controlled at the transcriptional level, while GGP is also controlled at the translational level. Ascorbate feedback on enzyme activity has not been observed unequivocally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Bulley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, 412 No 1 Road, RD 2, Te Puke 3182, New Zealand
| | - William Laing
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Batchelar Road, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
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104
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Mounet-Gilbert L, Dumont M, Ferrand C, Bournonville C, Monier A, Jorly J, Lemaire-Chamley M, Mori K, Atienza I, Hernould M, Stevens R, Lehner A, Mollet JC, Rothan C, Lerouge P, Baldet P. Two tomato GDP-D-mannose epimerase isoforms involved in ascorbate biosynthesis play specific roles in cell wall biosynthesis and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4767-77. [PMID: 27382114 PMCID: PMC4973747 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
GDP-D-mannose epimerase (GME, EC 5.1.3.18) converts GDP-D-mannose to GDP-L-galactose, and is considered to be a central enzyme connecting the major ascorbate biosynthesis pathway to primary cell wall metabolism in higher plants. Our previous work demonstrated that GME is crucial for both ascorbate and cell wall biosynthesis in tomato. The aim of the present study was to investigate the respective role in ascorbate and cell wall biosynthesis of the two SlGME genes present in tomato by targeting each of them through an RNAi-silencing approach. Taken individually SlGME1 and SlGME2 allowed normal ascorbate accumulation in the leaf and fruits, thus suggesting the same function regarding ascorbate. However, SlGME1 and SlGME2 were shown to play distinct roles in cell wall biosynthesis, depending on the tissue considered. The RNAi-SlGME1 plants harbored small and poorly seeded fruits resulting from alterations of pollen development and of pollination process. In contrast, the RNAi-SlGME2 plants exhibited vegetative growth delay while fruits remained unaffected. Analysis of SlGME1- and SlGME2-silenced seeds and seedlings further showed that the dimerization state of pectin rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) was altered only in the RNAi-SlGME2 lines. Taken together with the preferential expression of each SlGME gene in different tomato tissues, these results suggest sub-functionalization of SlGME1 and SlGME2 and their specialization for cell wall biosynthesis in specific tomato tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Mounet-Gilbert
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Marie Dumont
- Normandy University, Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Carine Ferrand
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Céline Bournonville
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Monier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Joana Jorly
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Martine Lemaire-Chamley
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Atienza
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Michel Hernould
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Rebecca Stevens
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche 1052 Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Domaine Saint Maurice, 67, Allée des Chênes, CS 60094 F-84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Normandy University, Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jean Claude Mollet
- Normandy University, Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Normandy University, Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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105
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Krishnamurthy P, Kim JA, Jeong MJ, Nou IS, Lee SI. Gene loss/retention and evolutionary pattern of ascorbic acid biosynthesis and recycling genes in Brassica rapa following whole genome triplication. Genes Genomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-016-0455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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106
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Ruggieri V, Bostan H, Barone A, Frusciante L, Chiusano ML. Integrated bioinformatics to decipher the ascorbic acid metabolic network in tomato. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:397-412. [PMID: 27007138 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is involved in a plethora of reactions in both plant and animal metabolism. It plays an essential role neutralizing free radicals and acting as enzyme co-factor in several reaction. Since humans are ascorbate auxotrophs, enhancing the nutritional quality of a widely consumed vegetable like tomato is a desirable goal. Although the main reactions of the ascorbate biosynthesis, recycling and translocation pathways have been characterized, the assignment of tomato genes to each enzymatic step of the entire network has never been reported to date. By integrating bioinformatics approaches, omics resources and transcriptome collections today available for tomato, this study provides an overview on the architecture of the ascorbate pathway. In particular, 237 tomato loci were associated with the different enzymatic steps of the network, establishing the first comprehensive reference collection of candidate genes based on the recently released tomato gene annotation. The co-expression analyses performed by using RNA-Seq data supported the functional investigation of main expression patterns for the candidate genes and highlighted a coordinated spatial-temporal regulation of genes of the different pathways across tissues and developmental stages. Taken together these results provide evidence of a complex interplaying mechanism and highlight the pivotal role of functional related genes. The definition of genes contributing to alternative pathways and their expression profiles corroborates previous hypothesis on mechanisms of accumulation of ascorbate in the later stages of fruit ripening. Results and evidences here provided may facilitate the development of novel strategies for biofortification of tomato fruit with Vitamin C and offer an example framework for similar studies concerning other metabolic pathways and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Ruggieri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Hamed Bostan
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Amalia Barone
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Frusciante
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy.
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107
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Meng X, Zhao Q, Jin Y, Yu J, Yin Z, Chen S, Dai S. Chilling-responsive mechanisms in halophyte Puccinellia tenuiflora seedlings revealed from proteomics analysis. J Proteomics 2016; 143:365-381. [PMID: 27130536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alkali grass (Puccinellia tenuiflora), a monocotyledonous perennial halophyte species, is a good pasture with great nutritional value for livestocks. It can thrive under low temperature in the saline-alkali soil of Songnen plain in northeastern China. In the present study, the chilling-responsive mechanism in P. tenuiflora leaves was investigated using physiological and proteomic approaches. After treatment of 10°C for 10 and 20days, photosynthesis, biomass, contents of osmolytes and antioxidants, and activities of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes were analyzed in leaves of 20-day-old seedlings. Besides, 89 chilling-responsive proteins were revealed from proteomic analysis. All the results highlighted that the growth of seedlings was inhibited due to chilling-decreased enzymes in photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy supplying. The accumulation of osmolytes (i.e., proline, soluble sugar, and glycine betaine) and enhancement of ascorbate-glutathione cycle and glutathione peroxidase/glutathione S-transferase pathway in leaves could minimize oxidative damage of membrane and other molecules under the chilling conditions. In addition, protein synthesis and turnover in cytoplasm and chloroplast were altered to cope with the chilling stress. This study provides valuable information for understanding the chilling-responsive and cross-tolerant mechanisms in monocotyledonous halophyte plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Meng
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yudan Jin
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Juanjuan Yu
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zepeng Yin
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China.
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108
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Zhang C, Huang J, Li X. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Metabolic Mechanism of L-Ascorbic Acid in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:122. [PMID: 26913041 PMCID: PMC4753306 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is the most economically important member of the Rhamnaceae family and contains a high concentration of ascorbic acid (AsA). To explore the metabolic mechanism of AsA accumulation, we investigated the abundance of AsA in the fruit development stages, the leaf and flower of Z. jujuba cv Junzao, and the mature fruit of one type of wild jujube (Z. jujuba var. spinosa Hu, Yanchuan sour jujube). And the expression patterns of genes involved in AsA biosynthesis, degradation, and recycling were analyzed. The result showed that AsA biosynthesis during early fruit development (the enlargement stage) is the main reason for jujube high accumulation. The L-galactose pathway plays a predominant role in the biosynthesis of AsA during jujube fruit development, and the genes GMP1, GME1, GGP, and GaLDH involved in the determination of AsA concentration during fruit development and in different genotypes; the myo-inositol pathway along with the genes GME2 and GMP2 in the L-galactose pathway play a compensatory role in maintaining AsA accumulation during the ripening stage. These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanism in regulating AsA accumulation for jujube.
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109
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Qin H, Deng Z, Zhang C, Wang Y, Wang J, Liu H, Zhang Z, Huang R, Zhang Z. Rice GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase OsVTC1-1 and OsVTC1-3 play different roles in ascorbic acid synthesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:317-27. [PMID: 26715595 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPase) catalyzes the synthesis of GDP-D-mannose, which is a precursor for ascorbic acid (AsA) synthesis in plants. The rice genome encodes three GMPase homologs OsVTC1-1, OsVTC1-3 and OsVTC1-8, but their roles in AsA synthesis are unclear. The overexpression of OsVTC1-1 or OsVTC1-3 restored the AsA synthesis of vtc1-1 in Arabidopsis, while that of OsVTC1-8 did not, indicating that only OsVTC1-1 and OsVTC1-3 are involved in AsA synthesis in rice. Similar to Arabidopsis VTC1, the expression of OsVTC1-1 was high in leaves, induced by light, and inhibited by dark. Unlike OsVTC1-1, the expression level of OsVTC1-3 was high in roots and quickly induced by the dark, while the transcription level of OsVTC1-8 did not show obvious changes under constant light or dark treatments. In OsVTC1-1 RNAi plants, the AsA content of rice leaves decreased, and the AsA production induced by light was limited. In contrast, OsVTC1-3 RNAi lines altered AsA synthesis levels in rice roots, but not in the leaves or under the light/dark treatment. The enzyme activity showed that OsVTC1-1 and OsVTC1-3 had higher GMPase activities than OsVTC1-8 in vitro. Our data showed that, unlike in Arabidopsis, the rice GPMase homologous proteins illustrated a new model in AsA synthesis: OsVTC1-1 may be involved in the AsA synthesis, which takes place in leaves, while OsVTC1-3 may be responsible for AsA synthesis in roots. The different roles of rice GMPase homologous proteins in AsA synthesis may be due to their differences in transcript levels and enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Qin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zaian Deng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571000, China
| | - Chuanyu Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571000, China
| | - Yayun Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hai Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Zhili Zhang
- Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571000, China
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhijin Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China.
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110
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Hu T, Ye J, Tao P, Li H, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Ye Z. The tomato HD-Zip I transcription factor SlHZ24 modulates ascorbate accumulation through positive regulation of the D-mannose/L-galactose pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:16-29. [PMID: 26610866 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate (AsA) is an antioxidant that can scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced when plants encounter stressful conditions. Here, it was revealed by a yeast one-hybrid assay that a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) HD-Zip I family transcription factor, SlHZ24, binds to the promoter of an AsA biosynthetic gene encoding GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase 3 (SlGMP3). Both the transient expression system and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that SlHZ24 binds to a regulatory cis-element in the SlGMP3 promoter, and further overexpression of SlHZ24 in transgenic tomato lines resulted in increased AsA levels. In contrast, suppressing expression of the gene using RNA interference (RNAi) had the opposite effect. These data suggest that SlHZ24 can positively regulate the accumulation of AsA, and in support of this it was shown that SlGMP3 expression increased in the SlHZ24-overexpressing lines and declined in SlHZ24-RNAi lines. SlHZ24 also affected the expression of other genes in the D-mannose/L-galactose pathway, such as genes encoding GDP-mannose-3',5'-epimerase 2 (SlGME2), GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (SlGGP) and SlGMP4. The EMSA indicated that SlHZ24 bound to the promoters of SlGME2 and SlGGP, suggesting multi-targeted regulation of AsA biosynthesis. Finally, SlHZ24-overexpressing plants showed less sensitivity to oxidative stress; we therefore conclude that SlHZ24 promotes AsA biosynthesis, which in turn enhances oxidative stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tixu Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Peiwen Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hanxia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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111
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Aboobucker SI, Lorence A. Recent progress on the characterization of aldonolactone oxidoreductases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 98:171-85. [PMID: 26696130 PMCID: PMC4725720 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
L-Ascorbic acid (ascorbate, AsA, vitamin C) is essential for animal and plant health. Despite our dependence on fruits and vegetables to fulfill our requirement for this vitamin, the metabolic network leading to its formation in plants is just being fully elucidated. There is evidence supporting the operation of at least four biosynthetic pathways leading to AsA formation in plants. These routes use D-mannose/L-galactose, L-gulose, D-galacturonate, and myo-inositol as the main precursors. This review focuses on aldonolactone oxidoreductases, a subgroup of the vanillyl alcohol oxidase (VAO; EC 1.1.3.38) superfamily, enzymes that catalyze the terminal step in AsA biosynthesis in bacteria, protozoa, animals, and plants. In this report, we review the properties of well characterized aldonolactone oxidoreductases to date. A shared feature in these proteins is the presence of a flavin cofactor as well as a thiol group. The flavin cofactor in many cases is bound to the N terminus of the enzymes or to a recently discovered HWXK motif in the C terminus. The binding between the flavin moiety and the protein can be either covalent or non-covalent. Substrate specificity and subcellular localization differ among the isozymes of each kingdom. All oxidases among these enzymes possess dehydrogenase activity, however, exclusive dehydrogenases are also found. We also discuss recent evidence indicating that plants have both L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidases and L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenases involved in AsA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddique I Aboobucker
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 639, State University, AR 72467, USA
| | - Argelia Lorence
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 639, State University, AR 72467, USA; Department of Chemistry and Physics, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 419, State University, AR 72467, USA.
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Castro JC, Maddox JD, Cobos M, Requena D, Zimic M, Bombarely A, Imán SA, Cerdeira LA, Medina AE. De novo assembly and functional annotation of Myrciaria dubia fruit transcriptome reveals multiple metabolic pathways for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:997. [PMID: 26602763 PMCID: PMC4658800 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myrciaria dubia is an Amazonian fruit shrub that produces numerous bioactive phytochemicals, but is best known by its high L-ascorbic acid (AsA) content in fruits. Pronounced variation in AsA content has been observed both within and among individuals, but the genetic factors responsible for this variation are largely unknown. The goals of this research, therefore, were to assemble, characterize, and annotate the fruit transcriptome of M. dubia in order to reconstruct metabolic pathways and determine if multiple pathways contribute to AsA biosynthesis. Results In total 24,551,882 high-quality sequence reads were de novo assembled into 70,048 unigenes (mean length = 1150 bp, N50 = 1775 bp). Assembled sequences were annotated using BLASTX against public databases such as TAIR, GR-protein, FB, MGI, RGD, ZFIN, SGN, WB, TIGR_CMR, and JCVI-CMR with 75.2 % of unigenes having annotations. Of the three core GO annotation categories, biological processes comprised 53.6 % of the total assigned annotations, whereas cellular components and molecular functions comprised 23.3 and 23.1 %, respectively. Based on the KEGG pathway assignment of the functionally annotated transcripts, five metabolic pathways for AsA biosynthesis were identified: animal-like pathway, myo-inositol pathway, L-gulose pathway, D-mannose/L-galactose pathway, and uronic acid pathway. All transcripts coding enzymes involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle were also identified. Finally, we used the assembly to identified 6314 genic microsatellites and 23,481 high quality SNPs. Conclusions This study describes the first next-generation sequencing effort and transcriptome annotation of a non-model Amazonian plant that is relevant for AsA production and other bioactive phytochemicals. Genes encoding key enzymes were successfully identified and metabolic pathways involved in biosynthesis of AsA, anthocyanins, and other metabolic pathways have been reconstructed. The identification of these genes and pathways is in agreement with the empirically observed capability of M. dubia to synthesize and accumulate AsA and other important molecules, and adds to our current knowledge of the molecular biology and biochemistry of their production in plants. By providing insights into the mechanisms underpinning these metabolic processes, these results can be used to direct efforts to genetically manipulate this organism in order to enhance the production of these bioactive phytochemicals. The accumulation of AsA precursor and discovery of genes associated with their biosynthesis and metabolism in M. dubia is intriguing and worthy of further investigation. The sequences and pathways produced here present the genetic framework required for further studies. Quantitative transcriptomics in concert with studies of the genome, proteome, and metabolome under conditions that stimulate production and accumulation of AsA and their precursors are needed to provide a more comprehensive view of how these pathways for AsA metabolism are regulated and linked in this species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2225-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Castro
- Unidad Especializada de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales de la Amazonía (CIRNA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP), Pasaje Los Paujiles S/N, San Juan Bautista, Iquitos, Perú. .,Círculo de Investigación en Plantas con Efecto en Salud (FONDECYT N° 010-2014), Lima, Perú.
| | - J Dylan Maddox
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Marianela Cobos
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioenergética, Universidad Científica del Perú (UCP), Av. Abelardo Quiñones km 2.5, San Juan Bautista, Iquitos, Perú.
| | - David Requena
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo (LID), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú. .,FARVET S.A.C. Carretera Panamericana Sur N° 766 Km 198.5, Chincha Alta, Ica, Perú.
| | - Mirko Zimic
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo (LID), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú. .,FARVET S.A.C. Carretera Panamericana Sur N° 766 Km 198.5, Chincha Alta, Ica, Perú.
| | | | - Sixto A Imán
- Área de Conservación de Recursos Fitogenéticos, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Calle San Roque 209, Iquitos, Perú.
| | - Luis A Cerdeira
- Unidad Especializada de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales de la Amazonía (CIRNA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP), Pasaje Los Paujiles S/N, San Juan Bautista, Iquitos, Perú.
| | - Andersson E Medina
- Unidad Especializada de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales de la Amazonía (CIRNA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP), Pasaje Los Paujiles S/N, San Juan Bautista, Iquitos, Perú.
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Nguyen TP, Cueff G, Hegedus DD, Rajjou L, Bentsink L. A role for seed storage proteins in Arabidopsis seed longevity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6399-413. [PMID: 26184996 PMCID: PMC4588887 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics approaches have been a useful tool for determining the biological roles and functions of individual proteins and identifying the molecular mechanisms that govern seed germination, vigour and viability in response to ageing. In this work the dry seed proteome of four Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes, that carry introgression fragments at the position of seed longevity quantitative trait loci and as a result display different levels of seed longevity, was investigated. Seeds at two physiological states, after-ripened seeds that had the full germination ability and aged (stored) seeds of which the germination ability was severely reduced, were compared. Aged dry seed proteomes were markedly different from the after-ripened and reflected the seed longevity level of the four genotypes, despite the fact that dry seeds are metabolically quiescent. Results confirmed the role of antioxidant systems, notably vitamin E, and indicated that protection and maintenance of the translation machinery and energy pathways are essential for seed longevity. Moreover, a new role for seed storage proteins (SSPs) was identified in dry seeds during ageing. Cruciferins (CRUs) are the most abundant SSPs in Arabidopsis and seeds of a triple mutant for three CRU isoforms (crua crub cruc) were more sensitive to artificial ageing and their seed proteins were highly oxidized compared with wild-type seeds. These results confirm that oxidation is involved in seed deterioration and that SSPs buffer the seed from oxidative stress, thus protecting important proteins required for seed germination and seedling formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Phuong Nguyen
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gwendal Cueff
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, ERL CNRS 3559, Laboratory of Excellence 'Saclay Plant Sciences' (LabEx SPS), RD10, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France AgroParisTech, Chair of Plant Physiology, 16 rue Claude Bernard, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N5A9, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Loïc Rajjou
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, ERL CNRS 3559, Laboratory of Excellence 'Saclay Plant Sciences' (LabEx SPS), RD10, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France AgroParisTech, Chair of Plant Physiology, 16 rue Claude Bernard, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Leónie Bentsink
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Höller S, Ueda Y, Wu L, Wang Y, Hajirezaei MR, Ghaffari MR, von Wirén N, Frei M. Ascorbate biosynthesis and its involvement in stress tolerance and plant development in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 88:545-60. [PMID: 26129988 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis and its implications for stress tolerance and plant development were investigated in a set of rice knock-out (KO) mutants for AsA biosynthetic genes and their wild-types. KO of two isoforms of GDP-D-mannose epimerase (OsGME) reduced the foliar AsA level by 20-30%, and KO of GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (OsGGP) by 80%, while KO of myo-inositol oxygenase (OsMIOX) did not affect foliar AsA levels. AsA concentration was negatively correlated with lipid peroxidation in foliar tissue under ozone stress and zinc deficiency, but did not affect the sensitivity to iron toxicity. Lack of AsA reduced the photosynthetic efficiency as represented by the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (Vmax), the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter ΦPSII. Mutants showed lower biomass production than their wild-types, especially when OsGGP was lacking (around 80% reductions). All plants except for KO mutants of OsGGP showed distinct peaks in foliar AsA concentrations during the growth, which were consistent with up-regulation of OsGGP, suggesting that OsGGP plays a pivotal role in regulating foliar AsA levels during different growth stages. In conclusion, our data demonstrate multiple roles of AsA in stress tolerance and development of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Höller
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Strasse 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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115
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Developing Streptomyces venezuelae as a cell factory for the production of small molecules used in drug discovery. Arch Pharm Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mizrachi E, Maloney VJ, Silberbauer J, Hefer CA, Berger DK, Mansfield SD, Myburg AA. Investigating the molecular underpinnings underlying morphology and changes in carbon partitioning during tension wood formation in Eucalyptus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1351-63. [PMID: 25388807 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tension wood has distinct physical and chemical properties, including altered fibre properties, cell wall composition and ultrastructure. It serves as a good system for investigating the genetic regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis and wood formation. The reference genome sequence for Eucalyptus grandis allows investigation of the global transcriptional reprogramming that accompanies tension wood formation in this global wood fibre crop. We report the first comprehensive analysis of physicochemical wood property changes in tension wood of Eucalyptus measured in a hybrid (E. grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla) clone, as well as genome-wide gene expression changes in xylem tissues 3 wk post-induction using RNA sequencing. We found that Eucalyptus tension wood in field-grown trees is characterized by an increase in cellulose, a reduction in lignin, xylose and mannose, and a marked increase in galactose. Gene expression profiling in tension wood-forming tissue showed corresponding down-regulation of monolignol biosynthetic genes, and differential expression of several carbohydrate active enzymes. We conclude that alterations of cell wall traits induced by tension wood formation in Eucalyptus are a consequence of a combination of down-regulation of lignin biosynthesis and hemicellulose remodelling, rather than the often proposed up-regulation of the cellulose biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Victoria J Maloney
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 4030-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Janine Silberbauer
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Charles A Hefer
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Dave K Berger
- Department of Plant Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 4030-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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Shigeoka S, Maruta T. Cellular redox regulation, signaling, and stress response in plants. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 78:1457-70. [PMID: 25209493 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.942254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular and organellar redox states, which are characterized by the balance between oxidant and antioxidant pool sizes, play signaling roles in the regulation of gene expression and protein function in a wide variety of plant physiological processes including stress acclimation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ascorbic acid (AsA) are the most abundant oxidants and antioxidants, respectively, in plant cells; therefore, the metabolism of these redox compounds must be strictly and spatiotemporally controlled. In this review, we provided an overview of our previous studies as well as recent advances in (1) the molecular mechanisms and regulation of AsA biosynthesis, (2) the molecular and genetic properties of ascorbate peroxidases, and (3) stress acclimation via ROS-derived oxidative/redox signaling pathways, and discussed future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Shigeoka
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Advanced Bioscience , Kinki University , Nara , Japan
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118
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Zhang GY, Liu RR, Zhang CQ, Tang KX, Sun MF, Yan GH, Liu QQ. Manipulation of the rice L-galactose pathway: evaluation of the effects of transgene overexpression on ascorbate accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125870. [PMID: 25938231 PMCID: PMC4418601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA) is the most abundant water-soluble antioxidant in plants, and it plays a crucial role in plant growth, development and abiotic stress tolerance. In the present study, six key Arabidopsis or rapeseed genes involved in AsA biosynthesis were constitutively overexpressed in an elite Japonica rice cultivar. These genes encoded the GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP), GDP-mannose-3',5'-epimerase (GME), GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (GGP), L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase (GPP), L-galactose dehydrogenase (GDH), and L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GalLDH). The effects of transgene expression on rice leaf AsA accumulation were carefully evaluated. In homozygous transgenic seedlings, AtGGP transgenic lines had the highest AsA contents (2.55-fold greater than the empty vector transgenic control), followed by the AtGME and AtGDH transgenic lines. Moreover, with the exception of the AtGPP lines, the increased AsA content also provoked an increase in the redox state (AsA/DHA ratio). To evaluate salt tolerance, AtGGP and AtGME transgenic seedlings were exposed to salt stress for one week. The relative plant height, root length and fresh weight growth rates were significantly higher for the transgenic lines compared with the control plants. Altogether, our results suggest that GGP may be a key rate-limiting step in rice AsA biosynthesis, and the plants with elevated AsA contents demonstrated enhanced tolerance for salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Agricultural Science Institute of Coastal Region of Jiangsu, Yancheng 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ru-Ru Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang-Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke-Xuan Tang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ming-Fa Sun
- Agricultural Science Institute of Coastal Region of Jiangsu, Yancheng 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Hong Yan
- Agricultural Science Institute of Coastal Region of Jiangsu, Yancheng 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhang YT, Zhang YL, Chen SX, Yin GH, Yang ZZ, Lee S, Liu CG, Zhao DD, Ma YK, Song FQ, Bennett JW, Yang FS. Proteomics of methyl jasmonate induced defense response in maize leaves against Asian corn borer. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:224. [PMID: 25885025 PMCID: PMC4375847 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) regulate plant development, resistance to stress, and insect attack by inducing specific gene expression. However, little is known about the mechanism of plant defense against herbivore attack at a protein level. Using a high-resolution 2-D gel, we identified 62 MeJA-responsive proteins and measured protein expression level changes. RESULTS Among these 62 proteins, 43 proteins levels were increased while 11 proteins were decreased. We also found eight proteins uniquely expressed in response to MeJA treatment. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001793. The proteins identified in this study have important biological functions including photosynthesis and energy related proteins (38.4%), protein folding, degradation and regulated proteins (15.0%), stress and defense regulated proteins (11.7%), and redox-responsive proteins (8.3%). The expression levels of four important genes were determined by qRT-PCR analysis. The expression levels of these proteins did not correlate well with their translation levels. To test the defense functions of the differentially expressed proteins, expression vectors of four protein coding genes were constructed to express in-fusion proteins in E. coli. The expressed proteins were used to feed Ostrinia furnacalis, the Asian corn borer (ACB). Our results demonstrated that the recombinant proteins of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) and thioredoxin M-type, chloroplastic precursor (TRXM) showed the significant inhibition on the development of larvae and pupae. CONCLUSIONS We found MeJA could not only induce plant defense mechanisms to insects, it also enhanced toxic protein production that potentially can be used for bio-control of ACB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
- Majorbio Pharm Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yu Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China.
| | - Si Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
| | - Guo Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China.
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Ze Zhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
- Institute of Pesticide Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
| | - Samantha Lee
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Chun Guang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.
| | - Dan Dan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.
| | - Yu Kun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.
| | - Fu Qiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.
| | - Joan W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Feng Shan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.
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Wheeler G, Ishikawa T, Pornsaksit V, Smirnoff N. Evolution of alternative biosynthetic pathways for vitamin C following plastid acquisition in photosynthetic eukaryotes. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25768426 PMCID: PMC4396506 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an enzyme co-factor in eukaryotes that also plays a critical role in protecting photosynthetic eukaryotes against damaging reactive oxygen species derived from the chloroplast. Many animal lineages, including primates, have become ascorbate auxotrophs due to the loss of the terminal enzyme in their biosynthetic pathway, l-gulonolactone oxidase (GULO). The alternative pathways found in land plants and Euglena use a different terminal enzyme, l-galactonolactone dehydrogenase (GLDH). The evolutionary processes leading to these differing pathways and their contribution to the cellular roles of ascorbate remain unclear. Here we present molecular and biochemical evidence demonstrating that GULO was functionally replaced with GLDH in photosynthetic eukaryote lineages following plastid acquisition. GULO has therefore been lost repeatedly throughout eukaryote evolution. The formation of the alternative biosynthetic pathways in photosynthetic eukaryotes uncoupled ascorbate synthesis from hydrogen peroxide production and likely contributed to the rise of ascorbate as a major photoprotective antioxidant. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06369.001 Animals, plants, algae and other eukaryotic organisms all need vitamin C to enable many of their enzymes to work properly. Vitamin C also protects plant and algal cells from damage by molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be produced when these cells harvest energy from sunlight in a process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs inside structures called chloroplasts, and has evolved on multiple occasions in eukaryotes when non-photosynthetic organisms acquired chloroplasts from other algae and then had to develop improved defences against ROS. There are several steps involved in the production of vitamin C. In many animals, an enzyme called GULO carries out the final step by converting a molecule known as an aldonolactone into vitamin C; this reaction also produces ROS as a waste product. The GULO enzyme is missing in humans, primates and some other groups of animals, so these organisms must get all the vitamin C they need from their diet. Plants and algae use a different enzyme—called GLDH—to make vitamin C from aldonolactone. GLDH is very similar to GULO, but it does not produce ROS as a waste product. It is not clear how the different pathways have evolved, or why some animals have lost the ability to make their own vitamin C. Here, Wheeler et al. used genetics and biochemistry to investigate the evolutionary origins of vitamin C production in a variety of eukaryotic organisms. This investigation revealed that although GULO is missing from the insects and several other groups of animals, it is present in the sponges and many other eukaryotes. This suggests that GULO evolved in early eukaryotic organisms and has since been lost by the different groups of animals. On the other hand, GLDH is only found in plants and the other eukaryotes that can photosynthesize. Wheeler et al.'s findings suggest that GULO has been lost and replaced by GLDH in all plants and algae following their acquisition of chloroplasts. GDLH allows plants and algae to make vitamin C without also producing ROS, which could explain why vitamin C has been able to take on an extra role in these organisms. The results allow us to better understand the functions of vitamin C in photosynthetic organisms and the processes associated with the acquisition of chloroplasts during evolution. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06369.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Wheeler
- Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Varissa Pornsaksit
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Zhao W, Yang X, Yu H, Jiang W, Sun N, Liu X, Liu X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Gu X. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome profiling of early nitrogen deficiency response in cucumber seedlings provides new insight into the putative nitrogen regulatory network. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:455-67. [PMID: 25432971 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is both an important macronutrient and a signal for plant growth and development. However, the early regulatory mechanism of plants in response to N starvation is not well understood, especially in cucumber, an economically important crop that normally consumes excessive N during production. In this study, the early time-course transcriptome response of cucumber leaves under N deficiency was monitored using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). More than 23,000 transcripts were examined in cucumber leaves, of which 364 genes were differentially expressed in response to N deficiency. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database, gene ontology (GO) and protein-protein interaction analysis, 64 signaling-related N-deficiency-responsive genes were identified. Furthermore, the potential regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation, Chl decline and cell wall remodeling were assessed at the transcription level. Increased ascorbic acid synthesis was identified in cucumber seedlings and fruit under N-deficient conditions, and a new corresponding regulatory hypothesis has been proposed. A data cross-comparison between model plants and cucumber was made, and some common and specific N-deficient response mechanisms were found in the present study. Our study provides novel insights into the responses of cucumber to nitrogen starvation at the global transcriptome level, which are expected to be highly useful for dissecting the N response pathways in this major vegetable and for improving N fertilization practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China Beijing Key Laboratory for Agriculture Application and New Technology, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xueyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hongjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Weijie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingfang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China
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122
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Yan X, Zhang X, Lu M, He Y, An H. De novo sequencing analysis of the Rosa roxburghii fruit transcriptome reveals putative ascorbate biosynthetic genes and EST-SSR markers. Gene 2015; 561:54-62. [PMID: 25701597 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Rosa roxburghii Tratt. is a well-known ornamental rose species native to China. In addition, the fruits of this species are valued for their nutritional and medicinal characteristics, especially their high ascorbic acid (AsA) levels. Nevertheless, AsA biosynthesis in R. roxburghii fruit has not been explored in detail because of a lack of genomic resources for this species. High-throughput transcriptomic sequencing generating large volumes of transcript sequence data can aid in gene discovery and molecular marker development. In this study, we generated more than 53 million clean reads using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. De novo assembly yielded 106,590 unigenes, with an average length of 343 bp. On the basis of sequence similarity to known proteins, 9301 and 2393 unigenes were classified into Gene Ontology and Clusters of Orthologous Group categories, respectively. There were 7480 unigenes assigned to 124 pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome pathway database. BLASTx searches identified 498 unique putative transcripts encoding various transcription factors, some known to regulate fruit development. qRT-PCR validated the expressions of most of the genes encoding the main enzymes involved in ascorbate biosynthesis. In addition, 9131 potential simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were identified among the unigenes. One hundred and two primer pairs were synthesized and 71 pairs produced an amplification product during initial screening. Among the amplified products, 30 were polymorphic in the 16 R. roxburghii germplasms tested. Our study was the first to produce a large volume of transcriptome data from R. roxburghii. The resulting sequence collection is a valuable resource for gene discovery and marker-assisted selective breeding in this rose species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Yan
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Min Lu
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Yong He
- Guizhou Tongjitang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Huaming An
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
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123
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Lovat C, Nassar AM, Kubow S, Li XQ, Donnelly DJ. Metabolic Biosynthesis of Potato (Solanum tuberosuml.) Antioxidants and Implications for Human Health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:2278-303. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.830208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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124
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Takáč T, Šamajová O, Vadovič P, Pechan T, Košútová P, Ovečka M, Husičková A, Komis G, Šamaj J. Proteomic and biochemical analyses show a functional network of proteins involved in antioxidant defense of the Arabidopsis anp2anp3 double mutant. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5347-61. [PMID: 25325904 PMCID: PMC4423761 DOI: 10.1021/pr500588c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Disentanglement of functional complexity associated with plant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling has benefited from transcriptomic, proteomic, phosphoproteomic, and genetic studies. Published transcriptomic analysis of a double homozygous recessive anp2anp3 mutant of two MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) genes called Arabidopsis thaliana Homologues of Nucleus- and Phragmoplast-localized Kinase 2 (ANP2) and 3 (ANP3) showed the upregulation of stress-related genes. In this study, a comparative proteomic analysis of anp2anp3 mutant against its respective Wassilevskaja ecotype (Ws) wild type background is provided. Such differential proteomic analysis revealed overabundance of core enzymes such as FeSOD1, MnSOD, DHAR1, and FeSOD1-associated regulatory protein CPN20, which are involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species in the anp2anp3 mutant. The proteomic results were validated at the level of single protein abundance by Western blot analyses and by quantitative biochemical determination of antioxidant enzymatic activities. Finally, the functional network of proteins involved in antioxidant defense in the anp2anp3 mutant was physiologically linked with the increased resistance of mutant seedlings against paraquat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Takáč
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Vadovič
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Petra Košútová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Husičková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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125
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Venkatesh J, Park SW. Role of L-ascorbate in alleviating abiotic stresses in crop plants. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:38. [PMID: 28510969 PMCID: PMC5432849 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-55-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a major antioxidant in plants and plays a significant role in mitigation of excessive cellular reactive oxygen species activities caused by number of abiotic stresses. Plant ascorbate levels change differentially in response to varying environmental stress conditions, depending on the degree of stress and species sensitivity. Successful modulation of ascorbate biosynthesis through genetic manipulation of genes involved in biosynthesis, catabolism and recycling of ascorbate has been achieved. Recently, role of ascorbate in alleviating number of abiotic stresses has been highlighted in crop plants. In this article, we discuss the current understanding of ascorbate biosynthesis and its antioxidant role in order to increase our comprehension of how ascorbate helps plants to counteract or cope with various abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu South Korea
| | - Se Won Park
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu South Korea
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126
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Höller S, Meyer A, Frei M. Zinc deficiency differentially affects redox homeostasis of rice genotypes contrasting in ascorbate level. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1748-56. [PMID: 25238655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is an important mineral disorder affecting rice production, and is associated with the formation of oxidative stress in plant tissue. In this study we investigated processes of oxidative stress formation as affected by ascorbate (AsA) in two pairs of contrasting rice genotypes: (i) two indica lines differing in field tolerance to Zn deficiency and AsA metabolism, i.e. RIL46 (tolerant) and IR74 (sensitive); (ii) the japonica wild-type Nipponbare (tolerant) and the AsA deficient TOS17 mutant line ND6172 (sensitive) having a 20-30% lower AsA level due to the knockout of an AsA biosynthetic gene (OsGME1). Plants were grown hydroponically under +Zn and -Zn conditions for 21 days and samples were investigated after 7, 14, and 21 days of treatment. Tissue Zn concentrations below 20mg kg(-1) in the -Zn treatment induced the formation of visible symptoms of Zn deficiency from day 14 in all genotypes, but especially in the sensitive IR74. Significant increases in lipid peroxidation were observed in the leaves of the sensitive genotypes IR74 and ND6172, and in the roots of IR74, but not in the tolerant genotypes. At day 21, the tolerant genotypes RIL46 and Nipponbare had significantly higher AsA levels in both shoots and roots compared to the sensitive lines. Consistently, higher levels of hydrogen peroxide formation in leaves and roots of the sensitive genotypes were detected using staining methods. Differences in foliar hydrogen peroxide formation between IR74 and RIL46 became apparent on day 7 and between ND6172 and Nipponbare on day 14. Similarly, genotypic differences in hydrogen peroxide formation in the roots were seen on day 21. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that Zn deficiency leads to a redox imbalance in roots and shoots prior to the occurrence of visible symptoms, and that the antioxidant AsA plays an important role in maintaining the redox homeostasis under Zn deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Höller
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Frei
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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127
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Anjum NA, Gill SS, Gill R, Hasanuzzaman M, Duarte AC, Pereira E, Ahmad I, Tuteja R, Tuteja N. Metal/metalloid stress tolerance in plants: role of ascorbate, its redox couple, and associated enzymes. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:1265-83. [PMID: 24682425 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under metal/metalloid stress is most common in plants, and the elevated ROS must be successfully metabolized in order to maintain plant growth, development, and productivity. Ascorbate (AsA) is a highly abundant metabolite and a water-soluble antioxidant, which besides positively influencing various aspects in plants acts also as an enigmatic component of plant defense armory. As a significant component of the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) pathway, it performs multiple vital functions in plants including growth and development by either directly or indirectly metabolizing ROS and its products. Enzymes such as monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR, EC 1.6.5.4) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1) maintain the reduced form of AsA pool besides metabolically controlling the ratio of AsA with its oxidized form (dehydroascorbate, DHA). Ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) utilizes the reduced AsA pool as the specific electron donor during ROS metabolism. Thus, AsA, its redox couple (AsA/DHA), and related enzymes (MDHAR, DHAR, and APX) cumulatively form an AsA redox system to efficiently protect plants particularly against potential anomalies caused by ROS and its products. Here we present a critical assessment of the recent research reports available on metal/metalloid-accrued modulation of reduced AsA pool, AsA/DHA redox couple and AsA-related major enzymes, and the cumulative significance of these antioxidant system components in plant metal/metalloid stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser A Anjum
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal,
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128
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Vaculíková M, Vaculík M, Šimková L, Fialová I, Kochanová Z, Sedláková B, Luxová M. Influence of silicon on maize roots exposed to antimony - growth and antioxidative response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014. [PMID: 25201566 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-799963-0.00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of antimony (Sb) raises a serious environmental problem. Although this non-essential element can be taken up by roots and accumulated in plant tissues in relatively high concentrations, there is still lack of knowledge about the effect of Sb on biochemical and metabolic processes in plants. It was shown that application of silicon (Si) can decrease the toxicity of other heavy metals and toxic elements in various plants. The aim of this study was to assess how Si influences the growth and antioxidative response of young Zea mays L. roots exposed to elevated concentrations of Sb. Antimony reduced the root growth and induced oxidative stress and activated antioxidant defense mechanisms in maize. Silicon addition to Sb treated roots decreased oxidative stress symptoms documented by lower lipid peroxidation, proline accumulation, and decreased activity of antioxidative enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, EC 1.11.1.11; catalase, EC 1.11.1.6; and guaiacol peroxidase, EC 1.11.1.7). Although neither positive nor negative effect of Si has been observed on root length and biomass, changes in the oxidative response of plants exposed to Sb indicate a possible mitigation role of Si on Sb toxicity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Vaculíková
- Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Marek Vaculík
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina B2, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Šimková
- Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Fialová
- Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kochanová
- Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Sedláková
- Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Luxová
- Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
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129
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Amaya I, Osorio S, Martinez-Ferri E, Lima-Silva V, Doblas VG, Fernández-Muñoz R, Fernie AR, Botella MA, Valpuesta V. Increased antioxidant capacity in tomato by ectopic expression of the strawberry D-galacturonate reductase gene. Biotechnol J 2014; 10:490-500. [PMID: 25143316 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increasing L-ascorbic acid (AsA, vitamin C) content in fruits is a common goal in current breeding programs due to its beneficial effect on human health. Attempts to increase AsA content by genetic engineering have resulted in variable success likely due to AsA's complex regulation. Here, we report the effect of ectopically expressing in tomato the D-galacturonate reductase (FaGalUR) gene from strawberry, involved in AsA biosynthesis, either under the control of the constitutive 35S or the tomato fruit-specific polygalucturonase (PG) promoters. Although transgenic lines showed a moderate increase on AsA content, complex changes in metabolites were found in transgenic fruits. Metabolomic analyses of ripe fruits identified a decrease in citrate, glutamate, asparagine, glucose, and fructose, accompanied by an increase of sucrose, galactinol, and chlorogenic acid. Significant metabolic changes also occurred in leaves of 35S-FaGalUR lines, which showed higher non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ), indicative of a higher constitutive photo-protective capacity. Overall, overexpression of FaGalUR increased total antioxidant capacity in fruits and the results suggest a tight control of AsA content, probably linked to a complex regulation of cellular redox state and metabolic adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraida Amaya
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro de Churriana, Málaga, Spain
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130
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Huang M, Xu Q, Deng XX. L-Ascorbic acid metabolism during fruit development in an ascorbate-rich fruit crop chestnut rose (Rosa roxburghii Tratt). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1205-16. [PMID: 25019249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chestnut rose (Rosa roxburghii Tratt) is a fruit crop that contains unusually high levels of l-ascorbic acid (AsA; ∼1300 mg 100g(-1) FW). To explore the mechanisms underlying AsA metabolism, we investigated the distribution and abundance of AsA during fruit development. We also analyzed gene expression patterns, enzyme activities, and content of metabolites related to AsA biosynthesis and recycling. AsA first accumulated during late fruit development and continued to accumulate during ripening, with the highest accumulation rate near fruit maturity. The redox state of AsA in fruit was also enhanced during late fruit development, while leaf and other tissues had much lower levels of AsA and the redox state of AsA was lower. In mature fruit, AsA was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of the mesocarp. Correlation analysis suggested that the gene expression patterns, enzyme activities, and related metabolite concentrations involved in the l-galactose pathway showed relatively high correlations with the accumulation rate of AsA. The gene expression pattern and activity of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1) correlated strongly with AsA concentration, possibly indicating the crucial role of DHAR in the accumulation of high levels of AsA in chestnut rose fruit. Over expression of DHAR in Arabidopsis significantly increased the reduced AsA content and redox state. This was more effective than over expression of the l-galactose pathway gene GDP-d-mannose-3,5-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.18). These findings will enhance understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating accumulation of AsA in chestnut rose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiu-Xin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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131
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Ma L, Wang Y, Liu W, Liu Z. Overexpression of an alfalfa GDP-mannose 3, 5-epimerase gene enhances acid, drought and salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis by increasing ascorbate accumulation. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:2331-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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132
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Biosynthetic Mechanism forL-Gulose in Main Polar Lipids ofThermoplasma acidophilumand Possible Resemblance to Plant Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:2087-93. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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133
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Cai X, Ye J, Hu T, Zhang Y, Ye Z, Li H. Genome-wide classification and expression analysis of nucleobase–ascorbate transporter (NAT) gene family in tomato. PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2014. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s10725-013-9864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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134
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Alós E, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarías L. Differential transcriptional regulation of L-ascorbic acid content in peel and pulp of citrus fruits during development and maturation. PLANTA 2014; 239:1113-28. [PMID: 24567029 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruits are an important source of ascorbic acid (AsA) for human nutrition, but the main pathways involved in its biosynthesis and their regulation are still not fully characterized. To study the transcriptional regulation of AsA accumulation, expression levels of 13 genes involved in AsA biosynthesis, 5 in recycling and 5 in degradation were analyzed in peel and pulp of fruit of two varieties with different AsA concentration: Navel orange (Citrus sinensis) and Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu). AsA accumulation in peel and pulp correlated with the transcriptional profiling of the L-galactose pathway genes, and the myo-inositol pathway appeared to be also relevant in the peel of immature-green orange. Differences in AsA content between varieties were associated with differential gene expression of GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP), GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (GGP) and L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase (GPP), myo-inositol oxygenase in peel, and GGP and GPP in pulp. Relative expressions of monodehydroascorbate reductase 3 (MDHAR3) and dehydroascorbate reductase1 (DHAR1) correlated with AsA accumulation during development and ripening in peel and pulp, respectively, and were more highly expressed in the variety with higher AsA contents. Collectively, results indicated a differential regulation of AsA concentration in peel and pulp of citrus fruits that may change during the different stages of fruit development. The L-galactose pathway appears to be predominant in both tissues, but AsA concentration is regulated by complex mechanisms in which degradation and recycling also play important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enriqueta Alós
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain,
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135
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Dumont J, Keski-Saari S, Keinänen M, Cohen D, Ningre N, Kontunen-Soppela S, Baldet P, Gibon Y, Dizengremel P, Vaultier MN, Jolivet Y, Oksanen E, Le Thiec D. Ozone affects ascorbate and glutathione biosynthesis as well as amino acid contents in three Euramerican poplar genotypes. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:253-266. [PMID: 24682617 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is an air pollutant that causes oxidative stress by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the leaf. The capacity to detoxify ROS and repair ROS-induced damage may contribute to ozone tolerance. Ascorbate and glutathione are known to be key players in detoxification. Ozone effects on their biosynthesis and on amino acid metabolism were investigated in three Euramerican poplar genotypes (Populus deltoides Bartr. × Populus nigra L.) differing in ozone sensitivity. Total ascorbate and glutathione contents were increased in response to ozone in all genotypes, with the most resistant genotype (Carpaccio) showing an increase of up to 70%. Reduced ascorbate (ASA) concentration at least doubled in the two most resistant genotypes (Carpaccio and Cima), whereas the most sensitive genotype (Robusta) seemed unable to regenerate ASA from oxidized ascorbate (DHA), leading to an increase of 80% of the oxidized form. Increased ascorbate (ASA + DHA) content correlated with the increase in gene expression in its biosynthetic pathway, especially the putative gene of GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase VTC2. Increased cysteine availability combined with increased expression of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1) and glutathione synthetase (GSH2) genes allows higher glutathione biosynthesis in response to ozone, particularly in Carpaccio. In addition, ozone caused a remobilization of amino acids with a decreased pool of total amino acids and an increase of Cys and putrescine, especially in Carpaccio. In addition, the expression of genes encoding threonine aldolase was strongly induced only in the most tolerant genotype, Carpaccio. Reduced ascorbate levels could partly explain the sensitivity to ozone for Robusta but not for Cima. Reduced ascorbate level alone is not sufficient to account for ozone tolerance in poplar, and it is necessary to consider several other factors including glutathione content.
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136
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Höller S, Hajirezaei MR, von Wirén N, Frei M. Ascorbate metabolism in rice genotypes differing in zinc efficiency. PLANTA 2014; 239:367-79. [PMID: 24173698 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Effects of zinc (Zn) deficiency on shoot metabolites were investigated in contrasting rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes with special focus on ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis, recycling, and catabolism. The genotypes IR74 (sensitive) and RIL46 (tolerant) were subjected to -Zn and control treatments for 3 weeks, and samples were taken at three different stages representing the pre-stress phase, emergence of visible stress, and severe visible stress. The emergence of visible symptoms was paralleled by an increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in AsA concentration in the sensitive, but not in the tolerant genotype. The tolerant RIL46 showed enhanced transcript levels of several genes involved in the mannose/L-galactose pathway to AsA biosynthesis, and significant up-regulation of a gene involved in the putative alternative myo-inositol pathway under low Zn stress. The level of most AsA precursors was negatively affected by Zn deficiency, but RIL46 had a constitutively higher level of non-phosphorylated precursors. Products of AsA catabolism such as oxalate and threonate did not accumulate in either genotype, suggesting that AsA degradation did not contribute to the stress-induced decline of the AsA pool in IR74. Further factors possibly contributing to tolerance in RIL46 included an almost fivefold higher proline level under -Zn stress and significantly higher trehalose content. The implications of these compounds in AsA metabolism and Zn efficiency thus deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Höller
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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Dam S, Dyrlund TF, Ussatjuk A, Jochimsen B, Nielsen K, Goffard N, Ventosa M, Lorentzen A, Gupta V, Andersen SU, Enghild JJ, Ronson CW, Roepstorff P, Stougaard J. Proteome reference maps of the Lotus japonicus nodule and root. Proteomics 2014; 14:230-40. [PMID: 24293220 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Legume symbiosis with rhizobia results in the formation of a specialized organ, the root nodule, where atmospheric dinitrogen is reduced to ammonia. In Lotus japonicus (Lotus), several genes involved in nodule development or nodule function have been defined using biochemistry, genetic approaches, and high-throughput transcriptomics. We have employed proteomics to further understand nodule development. Two developmental stages representing nodules prior to nitrogen fixation (white) and mature nitrogen fixing nodules (red) were compared with roots. In addition, the proteome of a spontaneous nodule formation mutant (snf1) was determined. From nodules and roots, 780 and 790 protein spots from 2D gels were identified and approximately 45% of the corresponding unique gene accessions were common. Including a previous proteomics set from Lotus pod and seed, the common gene accessions were decreased to 7%. Interestingly, an indication of more pronounced PTMs in nodules than in roots was determined. Between the two nodule developmental stages, higher levels of pathogen-related 10 proteins, HSPs, and proteins involved in redox processes were found in white nodules, suggesting a higher stress level at this developmental stage. In contrast, protein spots corresponding to nodulins such as leghemoglobin, asparagine synthetase, sucrose synthase, and glutamine synthetase were prevalent in red nodules. The distinct biochemical state of nodules was further highlighted by the conspicuous presence of several nitrilases, ascorbate metabolic enzymes, and putative rhizobial effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svend Dam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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138
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Yoshimura K, Nakane T, Kume S, Shiomi Y, Maruta T, Ishikawa T, Shigeoka S. Transient expression analysis revealed the importance of VTC2 expression level in light/dark regulation of ascorbate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:60-6. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.877831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ascorbate (AsA) is an important antioxidant and an enzyme cofactor involved in various metabolic pathways. In this study, we investigated the effects of estrogen (ES)-inducible transient expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the d-mannose/l-galactose (d-Man/l-Gal) pathway for plant AsA biosynthesis on AsA levels under light and dark conditions. No significant difference was observed in AsA levels between Arabidopsis plants transiently expressing phosphomannose isomerase (PMI1), GDP-d-Man pyrophosphorylase (GMP/VTC1), GDP-Man-3′,5′-epimerase (GME), and l-Gal 1-phosphate phosphatase (GPP/VTC4), but AsA levels in the plants transiently expressing GDP-l-Gal phosphorylase (GGP/VTC2) were 2.5-fold higher than those in control plants 7 d after ES treatment. The increase in AsA levels under continuous light conditions and the decrease in AsA levels under dark conditions were enhanced and suppressed, respectively, in the ES-treated plants. These results suggest that GGP/VTC2 acts as a rate-limiting step regulating AsA biosynthesis in response to light and dark conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Yoshimura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Tomono Nakane
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Seina Kume
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiomi
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Takanori Maruta
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kinki University, Nara, Japan
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139
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Massot C, Bancel D, Lopez Lauri F, Truffault V, Baldet P, Stevens R, Gautier H. High temperature inhibits ascorbate recycling and light stimulation of the ascorbate pool in tomato despite increased expression of biosynthesis genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84474. [PMID: 24367665 PMCID: PMC3868655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the fruit microclimate affects ascorbate (AsA) biosynthesis, oxidation and recycling is a great challenge in improving fruit nutritional quality. For this purpose, tomatoes at breaker stage were harvested and placed in controlled environment conditions at different temperatures (12, 17, 23, 27 and 31 °C) and irradiance regimes (darkness or 150 µmol m(-2) s(-1)). Fruit pericarp tissue was used to assay ascorbate, glutathione, enzymes related to oxidative stress and the AsA/glutathione cycle and follow the expression of genes coding for 5 enzymes of the AsA biosynthesis pathway (GME, VTC2, GPP, L-GalDH, GLDH). The AsA pool size in pericarp tissue was significantly higher under light at temperatures below 27 °C. In addition, light promoted glutathione accumulation at low and high temperatures. At 12 °C, increased AsA content was correlated with the enhanced expression of all genes of the biosynthesis pathway studied, combined with higher DHAR and MDHAR activities and increased enzymatic activities related to oxidative stress (CAT and APX). In contrast, at 31 °C, MDHAR and GR activities were significantly reduced under light indicating that enzymes of the AsA/glutathione cycle may limit AsA recycling and pool size in fruit pericarp, despite enhanced expression of genes coding for AsA biosynthesis enzymes. In conclusion, this study confirms the important role of fruit microclimate in the regulation of fruit pericarp AsA content, as under oxidative conditions (12 °C, light) total fruit pericarp AsA content increased up to 71%. Moreover, it reveals that light and temperature interact to regulate both AsA biosynthesis gene expression in tomato fruits and AsA oxidation and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Massot
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Système de cultures Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | - Doriane Bancel
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Système de cultures Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | | | - Vincent Truffault
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Système de cultures Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, France Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rebecca Stevens
- INRA, UR 1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Montfavet, France
| | - Hélène Gautier
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Système de cultures Horticoles, Avignon, France
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140
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Ren J, Chen Z, Duan W, Song X, Liu T, Wang J, Hou X, Li Y. Comparison of ascorbic acid biosynthesis in different tissues of three non-heading Chinese cabbage cultivars. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:229-36. [PMID: 24157701 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (L-AsA) is an important antioxidant in plants and humans. Vegetables are one of the main sources of ascorbic acid for humans. For instance, non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino) is considered as one of the most important vegetables in south China. To elucidate the mechanism by which AsA accumulates, we systematically investigated the expression profiles of D-mannose/L-galactose pathway-related genes. We also investigated the recycling-related genes and AsA contents in different tissues of three non-heading Chinese cabbage cultivars, 'Suzhouqing', 'Wutacai' and 'Erqing' containing different amounts of AsA. Our results showed that six genes [D-mannose-6-phosphate isomerase 1 (PMI1), GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase 1 (GGP1), GGP2, GGP4, GDP-mannose-3', 5'-epimerase1 (GME1), and GME2] were expressed at high level and ascorbate oxidase (AAO) was expressed at low level. This expression pattern contributes, at least partially, to higher AsA accumulation in the leaves and petioles than in the roots. Eight genes (PMI1, GME, GGP, L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase, L-galactose dehydrogenase, L-galactono-1, 4-lactone dehydrogenase, monodehydroascorbate reductase 1, and glutathione reductase1) were also expressed at high level; AAO and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were expressed at low level. This expression pattern may similarly contribute to higher AsA accumulation in 'Wutacai' and 'Suzhouqing' than in 'Erqing'. Therefore, the high expression levels of PMI, GME, and GGP and the low expression level of AAO contributed to the high AsA accumulation in non-heading Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ren
- Horticultural Department, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
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141
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Gao C, Ju Z, Li S, Zuo J, Fu D, Tian H, Luo Y, Zhu B. Deciphering ascorbic acid regulatory pathways in ripening tomato fruit using a weighted gene correlation network analysis approach. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:1080-1091. [PMID: 23718676 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Genotype is generally determined by the co-expression of diverse genes and multiple regulatory pathways in plants. Gene co-expression analysis combining with physiological trait data provides very important information about the gene function and regulatory mechanism. L-Ascorbic acid (AsA), which is an essential nutrient component for human health and plant metabolism, plays key roles in diverse biological processes such as cell cycle, cell expansion, stress resistance, hormone synthesis, and signaling. Here, we applied a weighted gene correlation network analysis approach based on gene expression values and AsA content data in ripening tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit with different AsA content levels, which leads to identification of AsA relevant modules and vital genes in AsA regulatory pathways. Twenty-four modules were compartmentalized according to gene expression profiling. Among these modules, one negatively related module containing genes involved in redox processes and one positively related module enriched with genes involved in AsA biosynthetic and recycling pathways were further analyzed. The present work herein indicates that redox pathways as well as hormone-signal pathways are closely correlated with AsA accumulation in ripening tomato fruit, and allowed us to prioritize candidate genes for follow-up studies to dissect this interplay at the biochemical and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
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142
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Szarka A, Bánhegyi G, Asard H. The inter-relationship of ascorbate transport, metabolism and mitochondrial, plastidic respiration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1036-44. [PMID: 23259603 PMCID: PMC3763225 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Ascorbate, this multifaceted small molecular weight carbohydrate derivative, plays important roles in a range of cellular processes in plant cells, from the regulation of cell cycle, through cell expansion and senescence. Beyond these physiological functions, ascorbate has a critical role in responses to abiotic stresses, such as high light, high salinity, or drought. The biosynthesis, recycling, and intracellular transport are important elements of the balancing of ascorbate level to the always-changing conditions and demands. RECENT ADVANCES A bidirectional tight relationship was described between ascorbate biosynthesis and the mitochondrial electron transfer chain (mETC), since L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GLDH), the enzyme catalyzing the ultimate step of ascorbate biosynthesis, uses oxidized cytochrome c as the only electron acceptor and has a role in the assembly of Complex I. A similar bidirectional relationship was revealed between the photosynthetic apparatus and ascorbate biosynthesis since the electron flux through the photosynthetic ETC affects the biosynthesis of ascorbate and the level of ascorbate could affect photosynthesis. CRITICAL ISSUES The details of this regulatory network of photosynthetic electron transfer, respiratory electron transfer, and ascorbate biosynthesis are still not clear, as are the potential regulatory role and the regulation of intracellular ascorbate transport and fluxes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The elucidation of the role of ascorbate as an important element of the network of photosynthetic, respiratory ETC and tricarboxylic acid cycle will contribute to understanding plant cell responses to different stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szarka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
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143
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Xu Y, Zhu X, Chen Y, Gong Y, Liu L. Expression profiling of genes involved in ascorbate biosynthesis and recycling during fleshy root development in radish. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 70:269-277. [PMID: 23800662 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate is a primary antioxidant and an essential enzyme cofactor in plants, which has an important effect on the development of plant root system. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of ascorbate accumulation during root development and reveal the key genes of the ascorbate biosynthesis and recycling pathways, the expression of 16 related genes together with ascorbate abundance were analyzed in the flesh and skin of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) fleshy root. The content of ascorbate decreased with root growth in both the flesh and skin. Expression of GDP-d-mannose pyrophosphorylase, GDP-d-mannose-3',5'-epimerase and d-galacturonate reductase were also decreased and correlated with ascorbate levels in the flesh. In the skin, the expression of GDP-d-mannose pyrophosphorylase and l-galactose dehydrogenase was correlated with ascorbate levels. These results suggested that ascorbate accumulation is affected mainly by biosynthesis rather than recycling in radish root, and the l-galactose pathway may be the major biosynthetic route of ascorbate, and moreover, the salvage pathway may also contribute to ascorbate accumulation. The data suggested that GDP-d-mannose pyrophosphorylase could play an important role in the regulation of ascorbate accumulation during radish fleshy taproot development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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144
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Gallie DR. Increasing vitamin C content in plant foods to improve their nutritional value-successes and challenges. Nutrients 2013; 5:3424-46. [PMID: 23999762 PMCID: PMC3798912 DOI: 10.3390/nu5093424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C serves as a cofactor in the synthesis of collagen needed to support cardiovascular function, maintenance of cartilage, bones, and teeth, as well as being required in wound healing. Although vitamin C is essential, humans are one of the few mammalian species unable to synthesize the vitamin and must obtain it through dietary sources. Only low levels of the vitamin are required to prevent scurvy but subclinical vitamin C deficiency can cause less obvious symptoms such as cardiovascular impairment. Up to a third of the adult population in the U.S. obtains less than the recommended amount of vitamin C from dietary sources of which plant-based foods constitute the major source. Consequently, strategies to increase vitamin C content in plants have been developed over the last decade and include increasing its synthesis as well as its recycling, i.e., the reduction of the oxidized form of ascorbic acid that is produced in reactions back into its reduced form. Increasing vitamin C levels in plants, however, is not without consequences. This review provides an overview of the approaches used to increase vitamin C content in plants and the successes achieved. Also discussed are some of the potential limitations of increasing vitamin C and how these may be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Gallie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0129, USA.
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145
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Cavaiuolo M, Cocetta G, Ferrante A. The Antioxidants Changes in Ornamental Flowers during Development and Senescence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2013; 2:132-55. [PMID: 26784342 PMCID: PMC4665434 DOI: 10.3390/antiox2030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of antioxidant compounds is constitutive and variable from species to species and is also variable considering the development of the plant tissue. In this review, we take into consideration the antioxidant changes and the physiological, biochemical and molecular factors that are able to modulate the accumulation of antioxidant compounds in ornamental flowers during the whole development process until the senescence. Many ornamental flowers are natural sources of very important bioactive compounds with benefit to the human health and their possible role as dietary components has been reported. The most part of antioxidants are flower pigments such as carotenoids and polyphenols, often present in higher concentration compared with the most common fruits and vegetables. The antioxidants content changes during development and during senescence many biochemical systems and molecular mechanisms are activated to counteract the increase of reactive oxygen species and free radicals. There is a tight correlation between antioxidants and senescence processes and this aspect is detailed and appropriately discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cavaiuolo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Cocetta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy.
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146
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Sanahuja G, Farré G, Bassie L, Zhu C, Christou P, Capell T. Ascorbic acid synthesis and metabolism in maize are subject to complex and genotype-dependent feedback regulation during endosperm development. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:1221-30. [PMID: 23744785 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an antioxidant and electron donor whose metabolism in plants is under strict feedback control. The factors that influence L-ascorbic acid accumulation in staple crops are only partially understood. One way to gain insight into the regulation of L-ascorbic acid metabolism is to investigate the endogenous pathways in various genetic backgrounds and characterize their interactions with transgenes encoding relevant enzymes. In an initial step, we investigated the developmental profile of L-ascorbic acid accumulation in the endosperm of three diverse maize genotypes and a transgenic line expressing rice dehydroascorbate reductase, which enhances L-ascorbic acid recycling. We determined the transcript levels of all the key genes in the L-ascorbic acid metabolic pathways as well as the specific levels of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbate. L-ascorbic acid levels were high 20 days after pollination and declined thereafter. We found significant genotype-dependent variations in the transcript levels of some genes, with particular complexity in the ascorbic acid recycling pathway. Our data will help to elucidate the complex mechanisms underlying the regulation of L-ascorbic acid metabolism in plants, particularly the impact of genetic background on the strict regulation of ascorbic acid metabolism in endosperm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Sanahuja
- Department de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
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147
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Conklin PL, DePaolo D, Wintle B, Schatz C, Buckenmeyer G. Identification of Arabidopsis VTC3 as a putative and unique dual function protein kinase::protein phosphatase involved in the regulation of the ascorbic acid pool in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2793-804. [PMID: 23749562 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA) is present at high levels in plants and is a potent antioxidant and cellular reductant. The major plant AsA biosynthetic pathway is through the intermediates D-mannose and L-galactose. Although there is ample evidence that plants respond to fluctuating environmental conditions with changes in the pool size of AsA, it is unclear how this regulation occurs. The AsA-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutants vtc3-1 and vtc3-2 define a locus that has been identified by positional cloning as At2g40860. Confirmation of this identification was through the study of AsA-deficient At2g40860 insertion mutants and by transgenic complementation of the AsA deficiency in vtc3-1 and vtc3-2 with wild-type At2g40860 cDNA. The very unusual VTC3 gene is predicted to encode a novel polypeptide with an N-terminal protein kinase domain tethered covalently to a C-terminal protein phosphatase type 2C domain. Homologues of this gene exist only within the Viridiplantae/Chloroplastida and the gene may therefore have arisen along with the D-mannose/L-galactose AsA biosynthetic pathway. The vtc3 mutant plants are defective in the ability to elevate the AsA pool in response to light and heat, suggestive of an important role for VTC3 in the regulation of the AsA pool size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Conklin
- Biological Sciences Department, State University of New York at Cortland, Bowers Hall, Cortland, NY 13045, USA.
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148
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Rosa JCC, Colombo LT, Alvim MCT, Avonce N, Van Dijck P, Passos FML. Metabolic engineering of Kluyveromyces lactis for L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) biosynthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:59. [PMID: 23799937 PMCID: PMC3699391 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) is naturally synthesized in plants from D-glucose by 10 steps pathway. The pathway branch to synthesize L-galactose, the key intermediate for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis, has been recently elucidated. Budding yeast produces an 5-carbon ascorbic acid analogue Dehydro-D-arabinono 1,4-lactone (D-DAL), which is synthesized from D-arabinose. Yeast is able to synthesize L-ascorbic acid only if it is cultivated in the presence of one of its precursors: L-galactose, L-galactono 1,4-lactone, or L-gulono 1,4-lactone extracted from plants or animals. To avoid feeding the yeast culture with this "L" enantiomer, we engineered Kluyveromyces lactis with L-galactose biosynthesis pathway genes: GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase (GME), GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (VTC2) and L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase (VTC4) isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana. RESULTS Plasmids were constructed and modified such that the cloned plant genes were targeted to the K. lactis LAC4 Locus by homologous recombination and that the expression was associated to the growth on D-galactose or lactose. Upon K. lactis transformation, GME was under the control of the native LAC4 promoter whereas VTC2 and VTC4 were expressed from the S. cerevisiae promoters GPD1 and ADH1 respectively. The expression in K. lactis, of the L-galactose biosynthesis genes was determined by Reverse Transcriptase-PCR and western blotting. The recombinant yeasts were capable to produce about 30 mg.L(-1) of L-ascorbic acid in 48 hours of cultivation when cultured on rich medium with 2% (w/v) D-galactose. We also evaluated the L-AA production culturing recombinant recombinant strains in cheese whey, a waste product during cheese production, as an alternative source of lactose. CONCLUSIONS This work is the first attempt to engineer K. lactis cells for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis by a fermentation process without any trace of "L" isomers precursors in the culture medium. We have engineered K. lactis strains capable of converting lactose and D-galactose into L-galactose, by the integration of the genes from the A. thaliana L-galactose pathway. L-galactose is a rare sugar, which is one of the main precursors for L-AA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Câmara Rosa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Microrganismos, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, campus Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Lívia Tavares Colombo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Microrganismos, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, campus Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Mariana Caroline Tocantins Alvim
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Microrganismos, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, campus Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Nelson Avonce
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU, Leuven
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU, Leuven
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Flávia Maria Lopes Passos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Microrganismos, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, campus Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Av. P. H. Rolfs s/nº, 36571-000, Laboratório de Fisiologia de Microrganismos, BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa–MG, Brazil
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149
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Tóth SZ, Schansker G, Garab G. The physiological roles and metabolism of ascorbate in chloroplasts. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:161-75. [PMID: 23163968 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate is a multifunctional metabolite in plants. It is essential for growth control, involving cell division and cell wall synthesis and also involved in redox signaling, in the modulation of gene expression and regulation of enzymatic activities. Ascorbate also fulfills crucial roles in scavenging reactive oxygen species, both enzymatically and nonenzymatically, a well-established phenomenon in the chloroplasts stroma. We give an overview on these important physiological functions and would like to give emphasis to less well-known roles of ascorbate, in the thylakoid lumen, where it also plays multiple roles. It is essential for photoprotection as a cofactor for violaxanthin de-epoxidase, a key enzyme in the formation of nonphotochemical quenching. Lumenal ascorbate has recently also been shown to act as an alternative electron donor of photosystem II once the oxygen-evolving complex is inactivated and to protect the photosynthetic machinery by slowing down donor-side induced photoinactivation; it is yet to be established if ascorbate has a similar role in the case of other stress effects, such as high light and UV-B stress. In bundle sheath cells, deficient in oxygen evolution, ascorbate provides electrons to photosystem II, thereby poising cyclic electron transport around photosystem I. It has also been shown that, by supporting linear electron transport through photosystem II in sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells, in which oxygen evolution is largely inhibited, externally added ascorbate enhances hydrogen production. For fulfilling its multiple roles, Asc has to be transported into the thylakoid lumen and efficiently regenerated; however, very little is known yet about these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Z Tóth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, P.O. Box 521, H-6701, Hungary.
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150
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Zhang C, Ouyang B, Yang C, Zhang X, Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li H, Ye Z. Reducing AsA leads to leaf lesion and defence response in knock-down of the AsA biosynthetic enzyme GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase gene in tomato plant. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61987. [PMID: 23626761 PMCID: PMC3633959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a vital antioxidant, L-ascorbic acid (AsA) affects diverse biological processes in higher plants. Lack of AsA in cell impairs plant development. In the present study, we manipulated a gene of GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase which catalyzes the conversion of D-mannose-1-P to GDP-D-mannose in AsA biosynthetic pathway and found out the phenotype alteration of tomato. In the tomato genome, there are four members of GMP gene family and they constitutively expressed in various tissues in distinct expression patterns. As expected, over-expression of SlGMP3 increased total AsA contents and enhanced the tolerance to oxidative stress in tomato. On the contrary, knock-down of SlGMP3 significantly decreased AsA contents below the threshold level and altered the phenotype of tomato plants with lesions and further senescence. Further analysis indicated the causes for this symptom could result from failing to instantly deplete the reactive oxygen species (ROS) as decline of free radical scavenging activity. More ROS accumulated in the leaves and then triggered expressions of defence-related genes and mimic symptom occurred on the leaves similar to hypersensitive responses against pathogens. Consequently, the photosynthesis of leaves was dramatically fallen. These results suggested the vital roles of AsA as an antioxidant in leaf function and defence response of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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