101
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Wang Y, Liu H, Liu X, Zhang X, Wu J, Yuan L, Du X, Wang R, Ma Y, Chen X, Cheng X, Zhuang D, Zhang H. Histone acetylation plays an important role in MC-LR-induced apoptosis and cycle disorder in SD rat testicular cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125073. [PMID: 31683423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a variant of microcystins (MCs), which poses a serious threat to the reproductive system. Histone acetylation modification can regulate the expressions of apoptosis-related genes. However the mechanisms of histone acetylation involving MC-LR-induced apoptosis were not understood. This study investigated the change of histone acetylation and its role in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by MC-LR. MC-LR enhanced the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC), decreased the activity of histone acetylase (HAT), up-regulated the expression of HDAC1, and down-regulated the expressions of Ac-H3 and Ac-H4 in vitro and vivo. Meanwhile, MC-LR induced testicular tissue injury and increased the expressions of apoptosis-related genes, such as Bax, Caspase3 and Caspase8, ultimately causing cells apoptosis in testicular tissues. Furthermore, MC-LR also induced cell cycle arrest in S phase, increased the expression of P21Wif1/Cip1, and inhibited the expressions of cyclinD1, cyclinE1, CDK2 and E2F1. Importantly, HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) could ameliorate MC-LR-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by reverse-regulating the expressions of these proteins. These results indicated that MC-LR could activate the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and disorder the cell cycle pathway to induce the cell apoptosis by enhancing HDAC activity and reducing histone acetylation of normal testicular cells in SD rats. Hence, histone acetylation has a vital function in MC-LR-induced apoptosis in SD rat testicular cells, which provides a new insight on the reproductive toxicity of male induced by MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jinxia Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Le Yuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ya Ma
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Donggang Zhuang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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102
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Santori N, Buratti FM, Scardala S, Dorne JLCM, Testai E. In vitro detoxication of microcystins in human samples: variability among variants with different hydrophilicity and structure. Toxicol Lett 2020; 322:131-139. [PMID: 31953209 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins, among which >200 variants of Microcystins (MC), constitute an emerging issue in food safety. Microcystins (MC) toxicity is congener-specific; however, the in vitro inhibition of PP1/PP2A (the key molecular event of MC toxicity) by single MC variants is comparable and MC toxicokinetics seems to be the critical point. Here, the variability in GSH conjugation catalysed by human recombinant enzymes and human hepatic cytosol has been compared between hydrophilic (MC-LR and MC-RR) and hydrophobic (MC-LW, MC-YR and MC-LF) variants, according to measured logPow. In vitro detoxication reaction (spontaneous plus enzymatic) is favored by the variant hydrophilicity, with MC-LF very poorly detoxified. With MC-YR and -LW the spontaneous reaction always gave the major contribution, whereas with MC-LR and -RR the enzymatic reaction became by far predominant when GSH was depleted. Consequently, the well-known GST polymorphisms seems not to be the major driver for potential human variability in susceptibility towards the MC-toxicity, except for MC-RR and -LR when GSH is depleted. Looking at these results and literature data, MC-RR (the least cytotoxic and acutely toxic in rodents) is the more hydrophilic, has the lowest OATP-mediated hepatic uptake and the highest detoxication efficiency. The opposite is true for the most lipophilic MC-LF: once entered in the cells with the highest uptake, it is very poorly detoxified, and resulted as the most toxic in various cell types. MC-dependent TK should be considered in order to estimate the variability in toxicity and to support the use of quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolation models of single toxins and their mixtures co-occurring in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Santori
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome Italy
| | - Franca Maria Buratti
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome Italy.
| | - Simona Scardala
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome Italy
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103
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Martínez-Alesón García P, Martínez Esteban RP, Díaz-Alejo Guerrero HM, García Balboa C, López Rodas V, Costas E. ¿Son las cianotoxinas un peligro emergente en las aguas de baño y de abastecimiento? REVISTA MADRILEÑA DE SALUD PÚBLICA 2019. [DOI: 10.36300/remasp.2019.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
El cambio ambiental global incrementa la proliferación de cianobacterias y la liberación de cianotoxinas muy peligrosas en aguas de abastecimiento y recreo. Estas citotoxinas pueden ocasionar graves problemas de salud, por lo que se hace necesario incrementar el control, especialmente en las aguas de baño, para evitar eventos indeseables en la población.
Se analizaron cianobacterias productoras de toxinas y cianotoxinas (microcistinas) en muestras de columnas agua y de la superficie de las zonas de baño autorizadas por la Comunidad de Madrid, así como en embalses para abastecimiento de agua de consumo. Los muestreos se realizaron en los meses desde mayo a octubre de 2018. De cada lugar se realizaron, al menos, dos determinaciones en diferentes tiempos.
Con excepción de la Playa de Presillas (Rascafría), en las zonas muestreadas se han detectado cianobacterias productoras de cianotoxinas, así como niveles de microcistina mayores de 1μg/L, considerado perjudicial para la salud. Los máximos tanto de microcistinas como de cianobacterias se encuentran en los meses de julio y agosto.
El estudio confirma que hay presencia de microcistinas en concentraciones tóxicas en época de baño. Se hace necesario establecer controles de las cianotoxinas estableciendo un sistema de aviso de aparición de los blooms tóxicos en aguas de recreo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío Paloma Martínez Esteban
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (España). Servicio Madrileño de Salud (SERMAS)
| | | | - Camino García Balboa
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (España)
| | - Victoria López Rodas
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (España)
| | - Eduardo Costas
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (España)
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104
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Roegner A, Truong L, Weirich C, Pírez-Schirmer M, Brena B, Miller TR, Tanguay R. Combined Danio rerio embryo morbidity, mortality and photomotor response assay: A tool for developmental risk assessment from chronic cyanoHAB exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134210. [PMID: 32380631 PMCID: PMC7111134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater harmful algal blooms produce a broad array of bioactive compounds, with variable polarity. Acute exposure to cyanotoxins can impact the liver, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and immune function. Increasing evidence suggests chronic effects from low-level exposures of cyanotoxins and other associated bioactive metabolites of cyanobacterial origin. These sundry compounds persist in drinking and recreational waters and challenge resource managers in detection and removal. A systematic approach to assess the developmental toxicity of cyanobacterial metabolite standards was employed utilizing a robust and high throughput developmental Danio rerio embryo platform that incorporated a neurobehavioral endpoint, photomotor response. Subsequently, we applied the platform to cyanobacterial bloom surface water samples taken from temperate recreational beaches and tropical lake subsistence drinking water sources as a model approach. Dechorionated Danio rerio embryos were statically immersed beginning at four to six hours post fertilization at environmentally relevant concentrations, and then assessed at 24 h and 5 days for morbidity, morphological changes, and photomotor response. At least one assessed endpoint deviated significantly for exposed embryos for 22 out of 25 metabolites examined. Notably, the alkaloid lyngbyatoxin-a resulted in profound, dose-dependent morbidity and mortality beginning at 5 μg/L. In addition, hydrophobic components of extracts from beach monitoring resulted in potent morbidity and mortality despite only trace cyanotoxins detected. The hydrophilic extracts with several order of magnitude higher concentrations of microcystins resulted in no morbidity or mortality. Developmental photomotor response was consistently altered in environmental bloom samples, independent of the presence or concentration of toxins detected in extracts. While limited with respect to more polar compounds, this novel screening approach complements specific fingerprinting of acutely toxic metabolites with robust assessment of developmental toxicity, critical for chronic exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Roegner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Lisa Truong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, 28645 East Highway 34, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Chelsea Weirich
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Macarena Pírez-Schirmer
- Departamento de Biociencias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Instituto de Higiene, A. Navarro 3051, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Brena
- Departamento de Biociencias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Instituto de Higiene, A. Navarro 3051, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Biociencias, Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Robert Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, 28645 East Highway 34, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
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105
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Assessment of Constructed Wetlands’ Potential for the Removal of Cyanobacteria and Microcystins (MC-LR). WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microcystis blooms and the subsequent release of hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) pose a serious threat to the safety of water for human and livestock consumption, agriculture irrigation, and aquaculture worldwide. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), the most toxic variant of MCs, has been widely detected in a variety of environments such as water, sediments, plants, and many aquatic organisms. Conventional solutions of water treatment are costly, requiring specific infrastructure, as well as specialized personnel and equipment. Therefore, these solutions are not feasible in many rural areas or in the treatment of large reservoirs. In this regard, low-cost and low-technology solutions, such as constructed wetlands (CWs), are attractive solutions to treat surface waters contaminated with toxic cyanobacteria blooms from lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and irrigation systems. In line with this, the main aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of CWs for the treatment of water contaminated with MC-LR produced by Microcystis aeruginosa—LEGE 91094. For that, microcosms (0.4 × 0.3 × 0.3 m) simulating CWs were assembled with Phragmites australis to treat lake water contaminated with Microcystis aeruginosa cells and MCs. Results showed removal percentages of M. aeruginosa cells above 94% and about 99% removal of MC-LR during 1 week treatment cycles. CWs maintained their functions, regardless the presence of MC-LR in the system, and also showed significant removal of nutrients (ammonium ion removal up to 86%) and organic matter (removal reaching 98%). The present work indicates that CWs have the potential for removal of cyanobacterial cells and cyanotoxins, which can be useful for the treatment of eutrophic waters and provide water of sufficient quality to be used, for instance, in agriculture.
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106
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Jin H, Wang B, Hou J, Ma T, Qiao D, Miao Y, Ding J, Han X. The mechanism of Oatp1a5-mediated microcystin-leucine arginine entering into GnRH neurons. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109614. [PMID: 31526925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) enters into gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and induces decline of serum GnRH levels resulting in male reproductive toxicity via hypothalamic-pituitary-testis axis. The organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a5 (Oatp1a5) is a critical transporter for the uptake of MC-LR by GnRH neurons. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the transport process are still elusive. In this study, we found that the transmembrane domains 2, 8, and 9 played important roles in transporting function of Oatp1a5. In addition, our data demonstrated that N-linked glycosylation was involved in the transport of MC-LR by Oatp1a5. Moreover, we showed that N-linked glycosylation sites Asn483 and Asn492 were vital for the transport function of Oatp1a5. In summary, the study furthered our understanding of mechanisms that the uptake of MC-LR by GnRH neurons and laid a theoretical foundation for preventing MC-LR from injuring male reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Jin
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Jiwei Hou
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Tan Ma
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Dan Qiao
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yingwen Miao
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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107
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Mokoena MM, Mukhola MS. Current Effects of Cyanobacteria Toxin in Water Sources and Containers in the Hartbeespoort Dam Area, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224468. [PMID: 31766304 PMCID: PMC6888198 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of cyanobacteria toxins such as microcystins in water sources and water stored in containers during its blooming and decaying seasons. Samples from water sources and containers near the Hartbeespoort Dam in South Africa were analysed using a microcystin ELIZA test kit. Microcystins were present in water sources used by the community, with an average of 4.3 μg/L in communal tap water and 4.8 μg/L in the water stored in tanks. The concentration of microcystins was lower in groundwater in the decaying season (0.38 μg/L) than in the blooming season (1.4 μg/L). Although microcystins were present in the storage containers, the average levels in all water samples were below the acceptable limit of 1 μg/L. The present study confirmed the presence of microcystins in the water storage containers. Therefore, it is suggested that water used for drinking from community water sources should be treated before storage to eliminate microcystins.
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108
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Mchau GJ, Makule E, Machunda R, Gong YY, Kimanya M. Harmful algal bloom and associated health risks among users of Lake Victoria freshwater: Ukerewe Island, Tanzania. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:826-836. [PMID: 31638032 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a global concern regarding the occurrences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their effects on human health. Lake Victoria (LV) has been reported to face eutrophication challenges, resulting in an increase of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. This study is aimed at understanding the association of HABs and health risks at Ukerewe Island. A cross-sectional study conducted on 432 study subjects and water samples for cyanobacteria species identification were collected at LV shores. The results reveal that concentrations of cyanobacteria cells are beyond (WHO) acceptable limits; species of Microcystis aeruginosa range from 90,361.63 to 3,032.031.65 cells/mL and Anabaena spp. range from 13,310.00 to 4,814,702 cells/mL. Water usage indicates that 31% use lake water, 53% well water and 16% treated supplied pipe water. Vomiting and throat irritation was highly reported by lake water users as compared to wells and pipe water (P < 0.001). Gastrointestinal illness (GI) was significantly elevated among lake water users as compared to pipe and well water users (P < 0.001). Visible blooms in lake water were associated with GI, skin irritation and vomiting as compared to water without visible blooms (P < 0.001). The concentration of cyanobacteria blooms poses greater risks when water is used without treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geofrey J Mchau
- Nelson Mandela Africa Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania E-mail: ; Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, P.O. Box 573, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Edna Makule
- Nelson Mandela Africa Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania E-mail:
| | - Revocatus Machunda
- Nelson Mandela Africa Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania E-mail:
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martin Kimanya
- Nelson Mandela Africa Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania E-mail:
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109
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Svirčev Z, Lalić D, Bojadžija Savić G, Tokodi N, Drobac Backović D, Chen L, Meriluoto J, Codd GA. Global geographical and historical overview of cyanotoxin distribution and cyanobacterial poisonings. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2429-2481. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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110
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Accumulation of Microcystin-LR in Grains of Two Rice Varieties ( Oryza sativa L.) and a Leafy Vegetable, Ipomoea aquatica. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080432. [PMID: 31344839 PMCID: PMC6722703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential transfer of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) to humans via crop plants irrigated with MC-contaminated water is causing serious concern. In this study, two Oryza sativa variants, a hybrid (BG358), a traditional (Suwandel) variety, and a leafy green vegetable crop, Ipomoea aquatica, were exposed under laboratory conditions to natural blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa sampled from a hypereutrophic lake contaminated with MC-LR (3,197.37 ± 1.04 µg/L). Field samples of O. sativa and I. aquatica were collected from farmlands that had been irrigated from a reservoir, containing MC-LR (180 µg/L). MC-LR was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography followed by photodiode-array detection (HPLC-PDA). From the laboratory study, we calculated the potential human health exposure from BG358, Suwandel and I. aquatica as 2.84 ± 0.01, 0.22 ± 0.01, and 0.06 ± 0.01 µg/kg of body weight/day, respectively, whereas the potential health exposures from BG358, Suwandel and I. aquatica collected from the field were 0.10 ± 0.01, 0.009 ± 0.005, and 0.03 ± 0.01 µg/kg of body weight/day, respectively. In certain instances, the results exceeded the World Health Organization’s (WHO) tolerable daily intake of MC-LR, posing a potential health risk to humans. Thus, our results emphasize the importance of continuous screening programs for cyanotoxins in edible plants in the future to prevent the consumption of contaminated crops.
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111
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Abstract
Eutrophication is a process that occurs due to the excessive accumulation of nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, from natural and anthropogenic sources. This phenomenon causes cyanobacterial overgrowth, which over time leads to cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) that affect public drinking water sources and water sites with recreational usage. The rapid detection of bloom-forming cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies is critical in order to implement prevention strategies. Cyanobacteria contain phycobiliproteins such as phycoerythrin and allophycocyanin as part of the phycobilisome that allows autofluorescence. In this study, samples from 36 freshwater bodies in 14 New Jersey counties were collected and analyzed using flow cytometry with forward-scatter phycoerythrin and allophycocyanin parameters. Pure cultures of Synechococcus sp. IU 625, Cylindrospermum spp. and Microcystis aeruginosa were used as references. The results revealed that 17 out of the 36 analyzed sites contained all three references and related species. Seven sites showed Microcystis and Cylindrospermum-like species, while four sites indicated Microcystis and Cylindrospermum-like species. Six water bodies showed Cylindrospermum-like species, and two sites showed Microcystis-like species. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays further confirmed the flow cytometric results. The findings from this study suggest that flow cytometry could potentially serve as a rapid method for freshwater cyanobacteria detection and screening.
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112
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Quiñones‐Reyes G, Agulló C, Mercader JV, Abad‐Somovilla A, Abad‐Fuentes A. Synthetic Haptens and Monoclonal Antibodies to the Cyanotoxin Anatoxin‐a. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Quiñones‐Reyes
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Valencia Doctor Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
- Present address: Unidad Académica de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad de Zacatecas Zacatecas Mexico
| | - Consuelo Agulló
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Valencia Doctor Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Josep V. Mercader
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA)Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Agustí Escardino 7 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
| | - Antonio Abad‐Somovilla
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Valencia Doctor Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Antonio Abad‐Fuentes
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA)Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Agustí Escardino 7 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
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113
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Regulations of organism by materials: a new understanding of biological inorganic chemistry. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:467-481. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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114
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Wei L, He L, Fu J, Liu Y, Ruan J, Liu L, Zhong Q. Molecular characterization of caspase-8-like and its expression induced by microcystin-LR in grass carp (Ctenopharygodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:727-735. [PMID: 30981886 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-8, an initiator caspase, plays a vital role in apoptosis. In this study, caspase-8-like (named as Cicaspase-8-like), a homologue of caspase-8, was identified in grass carp (Ctenopharygodon idella). The full-length cDNA sequence of CiCaspase-8-like was 1409 bp and contained a 162 bp 5'-UTR, a 239 bp 3'-UTR and a 1008 bp coding sequence. The putative amino acids sequence was 335 residues long, including a large subunit (P20) and a small subunit (P10), but lacking conserved death effector domains. A histidine active site DHSQMDAFVCCVLSHG and a cysteine active-site motif KPKLFFIQACQG were found in P20. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Cicaspase-8-like clustered with the caspase-8 and caspase-8-like of other fish and grouped closely with Carassius auratus caspase-8-like. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the Cicaspase-8-like mRNA were expressed constitutively in all tested tissues from healthy grass carp, with high expression level in the blood, spleen, liver and gill, indicating its role in immune reaction. The expression of Cicaspase-8-like mRNA was decreased significantly in the liver because of the stress caused by microcystin-LR (MC-LR) (75 and 100 μg MC-LR/kg BW) at 24 h and 96 h post injection (P < 0.05), but it was increased significantly in grass carp treated with 25 μg MC-LR/kg BW at 24 h (P < 0.05) post injection. Cleaved fragments of Cicaspase-8-like were observed using western blot analysis, and the expression of Cicaspase-8-like protein was increased after MC-LR treatments. Moreover, the expression of both caspase-9 and caspase-3 mRNA increased significantly after treatment with the three doses of MC-LR. TUNEL assay results showed remarkable changes in apoptosis after the MC-LR treatment. These results suggest that Cicaspase-8-like is an important caspase and plays an essential role in MC-LR-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiLi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330045, PR China.
| | - Li He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330045, PR China
| | - Jianping Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330022, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330022, PR China
| | - Jiming Ruan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330045, PR China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330045, PR China
| | - Qiwang Zhong
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330045, PR China.
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Chen J, Bian R, Li J, Qiu L, Lu B, Ouyang X. Chronic exposure to microcystin-LR reduces thyroid hormone levels by activating p38/MAPK and MEK/ERK signal pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 173:142-148. [PMID: 30771657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most toxic and abundant microcystin that produced by cyanobacteria. Previous studies have shown MC-LR had acute toxic to thyroid, however, the mechanism is still unclear, and the effect of long-term, low-dose MC-LR on thyroid remains uncertain. In this study, we investigated the chronic, low-dose effect of MC-LR on mouse thyroid tissues and thyroid hormone metabolism. MC-LR was orally administered to mice at 0, 1, 10, 20 and 40 μg/L for 6 consecutive months for histopathological and immunoblot analysis. Nthy-ori 3-1 cells were cultured in various concentrations of MC-LR (0, 0.5, 5, 50, 500 nmol/L) for indicated time, meanwhile the cell viability and proteins change were tested. From our study, the chronic, low-dose MC-LR exposure can disturb thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism through activating the p38/MAPK and MEK/ERK signaling pathways, then up-regulating the expression of type 3 deiodinase. These data support the potential toxic effects of MC-LR on thyroid tissue and thyroid hormone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihai Chen
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Luojia Road 30, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Rongwen Bian
- Center for Chronic Diseases and Health Management, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Luojia Road 30, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Pathology, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Luojia Road 30, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Liang Qiu
- Department of Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Luojia Road 30, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Luojia Road 30, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Xiaojun Ouyang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Luojia Road 30, Nanjing 210024, China.
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Quiñones‐Reyes G, Agulló C, Mercader JV, Abad‐Somovilla A, Abad‐Fuentes A. Synthetic Haptens and Monoclonal Antibodies to the Cyanotoxin Anatoxin‐a. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9134-9139. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Quiñones‐Reyes
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Valencia Doctor Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
- Present address: Unidad Académica de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad de Zacatecas Zacatecas Mexico
| | - Consuelo Agulló
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Valencia Doctor Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Josep V. Mercader
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA)Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Agustí Escardino 7 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
| | - Antonio Abad‐Somovilla
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Valencia Doctor Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Antonio Abad‐Fuentes
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA)Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Agustí Escardino 7 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
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117
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Zhang Y, Liu H, Yan S, Wen X, Qin H, Wang Z, Zhang Z. Phosphorus removal from the hyper-eutrophic Lake Caohai (China) with large-scale water hyacinth cultivation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12975-12984. [PMID: 30895539 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A phytoremediation project involving the large-scale cultivation of water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) was conducted in Lake Caohai (China) from May to November during 2011-2013 to remove pollutants and decrease eutrophication. Water hyacinths were cultivated in two areas of Lake Caohai, Neicaohai, and Waicaohai, which are connected and function as a relatively independent water body. The areas for macrophyte growth varied in size from 4.30 km2 in 2011 to 0.85 km2 (2012) and 1.15 km2 (2013). Compared with historical data from 2007, the concentrations of total phosphorus decreased significantly, while dissolved oxygen concentrations increased slightly. After plant cultivation in 2011, the average concentrations of total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, and phosphate anions decreased from 0.54, 0.35, and 0.23 mg L-1 upstream (river estuaries) to 0.15, 0.13, and 0.08 mg L-1 downstream (Xiyuan Channel), respectively. The amount of phosphorus assimilated by the macrophytes (44.31 t) was more than 100% of the total removed phosphorus (40.93 t) from lake water when water hyacinths covered 40.9% of the area, which could indicate sedimentary phosphorus release. Our study showed the great potential of utilizing water hyacinth phytoremediation to remove phosphorus in eutrophic waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory at Yangtze River Plain for Agricultural Environment, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Haiqin Liu
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory at Yangtze River Plain for Agricultural Environment, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Shaohua Yan
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory at Yangtze River Plain for Agricultural Environment, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xuezheng Wen
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory at Yangtze River Plain for Agricultural Environment, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Hongjie Qin
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory at Yangtze River Plain for Agricultural Environment, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, Hubei, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Wuhan, 430077, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory at Yangtze River Plain for Agricultural Environment, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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118
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Li H, Alsanea A, Barber M, Goel R. High-throughput DNA sequencing reveals the dominance of pico- and other filamentous cyanobacteria in an urban freshwater Lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 661:465-480. [PMID: 30677691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents findings related to algal blooms in a fresh water lake, which has been experiencing severe cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs). Primarily, picocyanobacteria belonging to the genus Synechococcus and filamentous cyanobacterial group belonging to Aphanizomenon and Dolichospermum dominated top water column during non-bloom and bloom periods respectively. The dominance of Synechococcus in early summer informs that blooming in Utah Lake starts in early summer and then later is taken over by other bloom-forming cyanobacteria, such as species belonging to the genus Aphanizomenon. A strong negative correlation (r = -0.9, p < 0.001) was found between the occurrence of Aphanizomenon and Synechococcus which correlates very well with the fact that the blooms of these two different cyanobacteria never coexisted. The predominance of cyanobacteria in 2017 was attributed more to temperature (r = 0.18, p < 0.001). The Actinobacteria was negatively correlated with primary production and high chlorophyll a concentration. Flavobacterium and Limnohabitans were the main phytoplankton colonizers and predators detected that could secrete extracellular enzymes to degrade algal exudates (such as proteins and polysaccharides). Additionally, cyanotoxins producers Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix accounted for up to 12.43% and 7.04% of total cyanobacteria abundance during blooms. The relative abundance of chloroplast reads was overall lower than the cyanobacteria reads, except for the May 5th sampling in 2017. There was inter-annual variability in the bloom-associated heterotrophic bacterial populations, but these populations were consistent with bloom-associated bacterial populations found in other lakes. Community diversity analysis for both Shannon and Simpson indices indicated lower community diversity during the bloom period. The beta diversity conducted by PCoA and UPGMA trees suggested the significant temporal rather than spatial impacts on shaping the phytoplankton community structures during the summer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Anwar Alsanea
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Michael Barber
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Ramesh Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA.
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119
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Zhang H, Meng G, Mao F, Li W, He Y, Gin KYH, Ong CN. Use of an integrated metabolomics platform for mechanistic investigations of three commonly used algaecides on cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 367:120-127. [PMID: 30594710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Algal blooms are a global environmental and public health problem. Copper Sulfate (CuSO4), Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Sodium Carbonate Peroxide (SCP) are commonly used algaecides for algal bloom control. However, their efficacy and mechanisms of interaction with algae have not been well studied. This study aimed to compare their capability, and concurrently elucidate the metabolic responses of a common cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa. Algal responses were measured by cell density, chlorophyll a, toxin release and an integrated GC- and LC- Mass Spectrometry-Time of Flight metabolomics platform. CuSO4 was observed to kill the algae cells rapidly at relative low concentration, compared with the other two algaecides. However, it led to severe secondary contamination, with substantial release of various microcystins. Metabolomics data showed that a total of 32 metabolites were significantly changed compared with the controls. Most of the metabolites identified in CuSO4 treated algae were significantly reduced, whereas metabolites in algae treated with H2O2 and SCP were found to increase, and were of similar types. Although most of the metabolites identified for the three algaecides are associated to oxidative stress, the pathways affected appear to be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Ge Meng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Feijian Mao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - Wenxi Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore.
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 117549, Singapore.
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120
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Manolidi K, Triantis TM, Kaloudis T, Hiskia A. Neurotoxin BMAA and its isomeric amino acids in cyanobacteria and cyanobacteria-based food supplements. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:346-365. [PMID: 30448548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms distributed globally in aquatic and terrestrial environments. They are also industrially cultivated to be used as dietary supplements, as they have a high nutritional value; however, they are also known to produce a wide range of toxic secondary metabolites, called cyanotoxins. BMAA (β-methylamino-l-alanine) and its most common structural isomers, DAB (2,4-diaminobutyric acid) and AEG (N-2-aminoethylglycine) produced by cyanobacteria, are non-proteinogenic amino acids that have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases. A possible route of exposure to those amino acids is through consumption of food supplements based on cyanobacteria. The review critically discusses existing reports regarding the occurrence of BMAA, DAB and AEG in cyanobacteria and cyanobacteria-based food supplements. It is shown that inconsistencies in reported results could be attributed to performance of different methods of extraction and analysis applied and in ambiguities regarding determination of soluble and bound fractions of the compounds. The critical aspect of this review aims to grow awareness of human intake of neurotoxic amino acids, while results presented in literature concerning dietary supplements aim to promote further research, quality control as well as development of guidelines for cyanotoxins in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korina Manolidi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Patriarchou Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Chemistry, 15784, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece.
| | - Theodoros M Triantis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Patriarchou Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece.
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Patriarchou Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece; Water Quality Control Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company - EYDAP SA, Athens, Greece.
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Patriarchou Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece.
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121
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Adegoke EO, Adeniran SO, Zeng Y, Wang X, Wang H, Wang C, Zhang H, Zheng P, Zhang G. Pharmacological inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB with TLR4-IN-C34 attenuated microcystin-leucine arginine toxicity in bovine Sertoli cells. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:832-843. [PMID: 30671980 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the pharmacological inhibition of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) genes as a measure to attenuate microcystin-LR (MC-LR) reproductive toxicity. Bovine Sertoli cells were pretreated with TLR4-IN-C34 (C34) for 1 hour. Thereafter the pretreated and non-pretreated Sertoli cells were cultured in medium containing 10% heat-activated fetal bovine serum + 80 μg/L MC-LR for 24 hours to assess the ability of TLR4-IN-C34 to attenuate the toxic effects of MC-LR. The results showed that TLR4-IN-C34 inhibited MC-LR-induced mitochondria membrane damage, mitophagy and downregulation of blood-testis barrier constituent proteins via TLR4/nuclear factor-kappaB and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway blockage. The downregulation of the mitochondria electron transport chain, energy production and DNA replication related genes (mt-ND2, COX-1, COX-2, ACAT, mtTFA) and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, interferon-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and transforming growth factor β1) were modulated by TLR4-IN-C34. Taken together, we conclude that TLR4-IN-C34 inhibits MC-LR-related disruption of mitochondria membrane, mitophagy and downregulation of blood-testis barrier proteins of the bovine Sertoli cell via cytochrome c release and TLR4 signaling blockage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elikanah Olusayo Adegoke
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Samson Olugbenga Adeniran
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixue Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Díez-Quijada L, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Jos A, Cameán AM. Microcystin-RR: Occurrence, content in water and food and toxicological studies. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 168:467-489. [PMID: 30399604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxins, produced by various species of cyanobacteria, whose occurrence is increasing worldwide owing to climate change and anthropogenic activities. More than 100 variants have been reported, and among them MC-LR is the most extensively studied, but there are other MC congeners that deserve to be investigated. The need for data to characterize the toxicological profile of MC variants other than MC-LR has been identified in order to improve risk assessment in humans and wildlife. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the information available in the scientific literature dealing with MC-RR, as this congener is the second most common cyanotoxin in the environment. The review focuses on aspects such as occurrence in water and food, and toxicity studies both in vitro and in vivo. It reveals that, although MC-RR is a real hazard with a high exposure potential in some countries, little is known yet about its specific toxicological properties that differ from those of MC-LR, and important aspects such as genotoxicity and chronic effects have not yet been sufficiently addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Christophoridis C, Zervou SK, Manolidi K, Katsiapi M, Moustaka-Gouni M, Kaloudis T, Triantis TM, Hiskia A. Occurrence and diversity of cyanotoxins in Greek lakes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17877. [PMID: 30552354 PMCID: PMC6294760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacteria occur in Greek surface water bodies. However, studies on the occurrence of cyanotoxins (CTs) are often limited to mainly microcystins (MCs), with use of screening methods, such as ELISA, that are not conclusive of the chemical structure of the CT variants and can be subject to false positive results. A multi-lake survey in Greece (14 lakes) was conducted in water and biomass, targeted to a wide range of multi-class CTs including MCs, nodularin-R (NOD), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin-a (ANA-a) and saxitoxins (STXs), using multi-class/variant LC-MS/MS analytical workflows, achieving sensitive detection, definitive identification and accurate quantitation. A wide variety of CTs (CYN, ANA-a, STX, neoSTX, dmMC-RR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-HtyR, dm3MC-LR, MC-LR, MC-HilR, MC-WR, MC-LA, MC-LY, MC-LW and MC-LF), were detected, with MCs being the most commonly occurring. In biomass, MC-RR was the most abundant toxin, reaching 754 ng mg−1 dw, followed by MC-LR (458 ng mg−1 dw). CYN and ANA-a were detected for the first time in the biomass of Greek lakes at low concentrations and STXs in lakes Trichonis, Vistonis and Petron. The abundance and diversity of CTs were also evaluated in relation to recreational health risks, in a case study with a proven history of MCs (Lake Kastoria).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophoros Christophoridis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Korina Manolidi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Katsiapi
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Moustaka-Gouni
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece.,Water Quality Control Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company - EYDAP SA, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros M Triantis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece.
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124
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Tarento TD, McClure DD, Vasiljevski E, Schindeler A, Dehghani F, Kavanagh JM. Microalgae as a source of vitamin K1. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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125
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Ding J, Wang J, Jin H, Xia T, Cheng Y, Wu J, Han X. Microcystin-LR reduces the synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by activating multiple signaling pathways resulting in decrease of testosterone in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:496-506. [PMID: 29945085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) could enter the hypothalamus, reduce the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and induce male reproductive barriers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying in the hypothalamus have not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we further showed that MC-LR inhibited the synthesis of GnRH in GnRH neurons via activating protein kinase a (PKA), cAMP-response element binding protein (Creb), protein kinase c (PKC), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), extracellular regulated protein kinases (Erk) and P38 protein, and thus resulted in the change of activity of transcriptional enhancers or suppressors such as Oct-1, Otx-2, Pbx1a, Dlx-2, c-Jun and c-Fos. Following exposure, MC-LR-treated mice exhibited decreased GnRH level. Our data demonstrated that MC-LR can stimulate intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP to activate PKC, PKA and MAPK signaling pathways in GnRH neurons, and then inhibit Pbx1a, Oct-1, Dlx-2, Otx-2 and upregulate c-Jun and c-Fos to initiate the transcription of GnRH, which provides novel insights to explore the mechanism associated with MC-LR-induced male reproductive barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haibo Jin
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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126
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Dalu T, Wasserman RJ. Cyanobacteria dynamics in a small tropical reservoir: Understanding spatio-temporal variability and influence of environmental variables. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:835-841. [PMID: 29958171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbances within or near aquatic ecosystems often contribute to eutrophication events. Cyanobacteria are a key group responsible for environmental problems associated with eutrophication processes. Interest is growing in estimating the threat of cyanobacteria in tropical Africa, however, there is still a lack of understanding regarding temporal drivers of cyanobacteria dynamics in natural aquatic ecosystems given the paucity of relevant fundamental research in this area. To better understand cyanobacteria dynamics, potential drivers of cyanobacteria dynamics were investigated in a model tropical reservoir system, whereby phytoplankton communities and water quality parameters were sampled during the tropical hot-wet, cool-dry and hot-dry seasons. Fifteen cyanobacteria taxa were recorded over the study period. Microcystis spp. and Cylindrospermopsis spp., known cyanotoxins producers, were the most prevalent bloom-forming taxa found in the study, with overall Cyanobacteria relative abundances being greatest during the cool-dry season. This was likely driven by decreased river inflows and increased reservoir mixing during the cool-dry period. Combinations of macrophyte cover, dissolved oxygen levels, water transparency, reactive phosphorus, water depth and chemical oxygen demand were found to significantly affect cyanobacteria community structure. The study highlights that under climate change forecasts (for much of tropical arid Africa), potentially harmful and problematic algal species may proliferate. Management options, therefore, need to be explored to maintain water quality and potable availability to mitigate against indirect harmful effects of environmental changes on ecosystems and human communities that utilise their services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatenda Dalu
- Department of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
| | - Ryan J Wasserman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
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127
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Sendall BC, McGregor GB. Cryptic diversity within the Scytonema complex: Characterization of the paralytic shellfish toxin producer Heterosyctonema crispum, and the establishment of the family Heteroscytonemataceae (Cyanobacteria/Nostocales). HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 80:158-170. [PMID: 30502809 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Strains of the freshwater filamentous, benthic cyanobacterium Scytonema crispum Agardh isolated from six sites in subtropical south-east Queensland were characterised using a combination of phenotypic and genetic traits. Morphologically, the strains were consistent with the description of Scytonemataceae sensu stricto, and the description of Scytonema crispum. However, phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, the 16S-23S rRNA operon, and the nifH gene revealed that these strains and three others from outside Australia formed a monophyletic clade distinct from Scytonema and other species in the Scytonemataceae. Collectively, this data suggests this group is sufficiently evolutionarily distinct to be placed in a new family, Heteroscytonemataceae fam. nov. Accordingly, the taxon previously known as S. crispum has been transferred to a new genus Heteroscytonema gen nov., as H. crispum. Some strains of H. crispum exhibited facultative production of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). The concentration of PSTs produced by individual strains varied widely, from 2.7 μg g-1 to 171.3 μg g-1, and included C toxins, decarbamoyl saxitoxin (dcSTX), gonyautoxins (GTX2, GTX3 and GTX5), saxitoxin (STX) and uncharacterised PSTs. The majority of the Australian strains produced dcSTX as the dominant saxitoxin analogue, a significant finding given that dcSTX has approximately half the relative toxicity of STX. The PST profile varied within and between Australian strains of H. crispum and in strains collected from New Zealand and the United States. The sxtA gene, one of the determinants for the production of PSTs, was present in all strains in which PSTs were detected. The discovery of PST-producing H. crispum in the headwaters of a major drinking water reservoir presents a serious risk for potential human and animal exposure to these neurotoxic compounds and further highlights the importance of monitoring benthic cyanobacteria populations for potentially toxigenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Sendall
- Queensland Department of Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia.
| | - Glenn B McGregor
- Queensland Department of Environment and Science, GPO Box 5078 Brisbane Qld 4001, Australia
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128
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Xiao CC, Chen MJ, Mei FB, Fang X, Huang TR, Li JL, Deng W, Li YD. Influencing factors and health risk assessment of microcystins in the Yongjiang river (China) by Monte Carlo simulation. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5955. [PMID: 30479903 PMCID: PMC6241391 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Yongjiang river is a large, shallow, hyper-trophic, freshwater river in Guangxi, China. To investigate the presence of microcystin-RR, microcystin-LR, and microcystin-YR (MC-RR, MC-LR, and MC-YR) in the Yongjiang river and describe their correlation with environmental factors, as well as, assess health risk using Monte Carlo simulation, 90 water samples were collected at three sample points from March to December 2017. Results showed that during the monitoring period, total concentrations of MC-RR (TMC-RR), MC-YR (TMC-YR), and MC-LR (TMC-LR) varied from 0.0224 to 0.3783 μg/L, 0.0329 to 0.1433 μg/L, and 0.0341 to 0.2663 μg/L, respectively. Total phosphorus (TP) content appeared to be related to TMC-LR and the total concentrations of microcystins (TMCs), while pH and total nitrogen (TN)/TP ratio appeared to be related to TMC-RR and TMC-YR, respectively. Using the professional health risk assessment software @Risk7.5, the risks of dietary intake of microcystins (MCs), including the carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk, were evaluated. It was found that the carcinogenic risk of MC-RR from drinking water was higher than MC-LR and MC-YR, and the presence of MCs would lead to high potential health risks, especially in children. The carcinogenic risk of MC-RR to children was >1 × 10-4, the maximum allowance level recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency; as for adults, it was >5 × 10-5, the maximum allowance level recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI) of MC-RR, MC-YR, and MC-LR increased successively, indicating that MC-LR was more hazardous to human health than MC-YR and MC-RR, but its HI was <1. This suggests that MCs pose less risk to health. However, it is necessary to strengthen the protection and monitoring of drinking water source for effective control of water pollution and safeguarding of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Chan Xiao
- Department of Experimental Research, Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Mao-Jian Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fan-Biao Mei
- Department of Experimental Research, Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Experimental Research, Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tian-Ren Huang
- Department of Experimental Research, Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ji-Lin Li
- Department of Experimental Research, Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Experimental Research, Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuan-Dong Li
- Department of Experimental Research, Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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129
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Adegoke EO, Wang C, Machebe NS, Wang X, Wang H, Adeniran SO, Zhang H, Zheng P, Zhang G. Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) induced inflammatory response in bovine sertoli cell via TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 63:115-126. [PMID: 30212741 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sertoli cells were treated with 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 μg/L of MC-LR to investigate its toxic effects, mechanism of action and immune response of the cells. Our results revealed that treatment containing 20 μg/L of MC-LR was non-toxic to the cells. Treatments containing 40, 60 and 80 μg/L of MC-LR reduced the cell viability, induced nuclear morphological changes and downregulated the blood-testis barrier constituent proteins within 48 h after treatment. The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) were activated and significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated in cells treated with 40, 60 and 80 μg/L of MC-LR compared to the control. The pro-inflammatory cytokines were upregulated within 48 h after treatment. However commencing from 72 h, upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines and expression of blood-testis barrier constituent proteins was observed. This study indicates that MC-LR induced inflammatory response in bovine Sertoli cell via activation of TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Adegoke
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - N S Machebe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - S O Adeniran
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Guixue Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China.
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130
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Ascott MJ, Gooddy DC, Lapworth DJ, Davidson P, Bowes MJ, Jarvie HP, Surridge BWJ. Phosphorus fluxes to the environment from mains water leakage: Seasonality and future scenarios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:1321-1332. [PMID: 29913593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of sources of phosphorus (P) entering the environment is essential for the management of aquatic ecosystems. P fluxes from mains water leakage (MWL-P) have recently been identified as a potentially significant source of P in urbanised catchments. However, both the temporal dynamics of this flux and the potential future significance relative to P fluxes from wastewater treatment works (WWT-P) remain poorly constrained. Using the River Thames catchment in England as an exemplar, we present the first quantification of both the seasonal dynamics of current MWL-P fluxes and future flux scenarios to 2040, relative to WWT-P loads and to P loads exported from the catchment. The magnitude of the MWL-P flux shows a strong seasonal signal, with pipe burst and leakage events resulting in peak P fluxes in winter (December, January, February) that are >150% of fluxes in either spring (March, April, May) or autumn (September, October, November). We estimate that MWL-P is equivalent to up to 20% of WWT-P during peak leakage events. Winter rainfall events control temporal variation in both WWT-P and riverine P fluxes which consequently masks any signal in riverine P fluxes associated with MWL-P. The annual average ratio of MWL-P flux to WWT-P flux is predicted to increase from 15 to 38% between 2015 and 2040, associated with large increases in P removal at wastewater treatment works by 2040 relative to modest reductions in mains water leakage. However, further research is required to understand the fate of MWL-P in the environment. Future P research and management programmes should more fully consider MWL-P and its seasonal dynamics, alongside the likely impacts of this source of P on water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ascott
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.
| | - D C Gooddy
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - D J Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - P Davidson
- Environment Agency, Kings Meadow House, Kings Meadow Road, Reading, Berkshire, RG1 8DQ, United Kingdom
| | - M J Bowes
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - H P Jarvie
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - B W J Surridge
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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131
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A unified approach to the synthesis of both enantiomers of anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a cyanotoxins. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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132
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Su Y, Qian D, Adeleye AS, Zhang J, Zhou X, Jassby D, Zhang Y. Impact of ageing on the fate of molybdate-zerovalent iron nanohybrid and its subsequent effect on cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) growth in aqueous media. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 140:135-147. [PMID: 29704758 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) has been proposed to remediate heavy metal ions in the subsurface. However, the fate of metal-nZVI hybrid has not been fully investigated. In this study, we investigated (1) the long-term removal performance of nZVI for molybdate (Mo(VI)); (2) the relationship between the ageing of Mo-nZVI hybrid in specific solution chemistries and the remobilization of Mo(VI) from the hybrid; and (3) the effects of Mo-nZVI hybrid on cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa). Results showed that although common ions have limited influence on the removal ratio of Mo(VI) by nZVI, they do impact the structure evolution and transformation of the Mo-nZVI nanohybrid formed thereafter. Ageing time was crucial for the chemical stabilization of Mo-nZVI hybrid, but common groundwater ions retarded the stabilizing process, which may lead to a significant remobilization of Mo(VI) from the hybrid after exposure to water bodies. While low levels of Mo(VI) ions could stimulate the growth of M. aeruginosa, aged Mo-nZVI hybrid inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa, except when ageing occurred in the presence of HPO42-/CO32- (which also retarded hybrid stabilization). This study shows that nZVI can immobilize Mo(VI) ions in groundwater, and the derived metal-nZVI hybrid can effectively suppress the potential growth of M. aeruginosa in river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
| | - Dongxv Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Adeyemi S Adeleye
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - David Jassby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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133
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Scoglio S. Microcystins in water and in microalgae: Do microcystins as microalgae contaminants warrant the current public alarm? Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:785-792. [PMID: 30105209 PMCID: PMC6086208 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins have been the subject of increasingly alarming popular and scientific articles, which have taken as their unquestionable foundation the provisional Guideline of 1 μg/L established by the WHO Panel on microcystins levels in water, and mechanically translated by the Oregon government as 1 μg/g of Klamath Aphanizomenon flos aquae microalgae. This article underlines the significant limitations and ultimately scientific untenability of the WHO Guideline on microcystins in water, for being based on testing methodologies which may lead to a significant overestimation of the toxicity of microcystins. I propose criteria for the realization of new experimental studies on the toxicity of microcystins, based on the essential understanding that drinking water is contaminated by whole cyanobacterial microalgae rather than purified microcystins, while it is important to differentiate between water and cyanobacterial supplements. It is indeed a mistake to automatically apply standards that are proper for water to cyanobacterial supplements, as they have different concentrations of the antioxidant substances that inactivate or significantly reduce the toxicity of microcystins, a fact that also require that each cyanobacterial supplement be tested individually and through realistic testing methodologies.
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134
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy A. Westrick
- Lumigen Instrument Center, Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; Detroit Mich
| | - David Szlag
- Department of Chemistry; Oakland University; Rochester Mich
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135
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Exposure routes and health effects of microcystins on animals and humans: A mini-review. Toxicon 2018; 151:156-162. [PMID: 30003917 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) pollution has quickly risen in infamy and has become a major problem to public health worldwide. MCs are a group of monocyclic hepatotoxic peptides, which are produced by some bloom-forming cyanobacteria in water. More than 100 different MCs variants posing a great threat to animals and humans due to their potential carcinogenicity have been reported. To reduce MCs risks, the World Health Organization has set a provisional guideline of 1 μg/L MCs in human's drinking water. This paper provides an overview of exposure routes of MCs into the human system and health effects on different organs after MCs exposure including the liver, intestine, brain, kidney, lung, heart and reproductive system. In addition, some evidences on human poisoning and deaths associated with MCs exposure are presented. Finally, in order to protect human life against the health threats posed by MCs, this paper also suggests some directions for future research that can advance MCs control and minimize human exposure to MCs.
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136
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Lyon-Colbert A, Su S, Cude C. A Systematic Literature Review for Evidence of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Toxigenicity in Recreational Waters and Toxicity of Dietary Supplements: 2000⁻2017. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070254. [PMID: 29933577 PMCID: PMC6071082 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of recreational waters and blue-green algae supplements (BGAS) demonstrated co-occurrence of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) and cyanotoxins, presenting exposure risk. The authors conducted a systematic literature review using a GRADE PRISMA-p 27-item checklist to assess the evidence for toxigenicity of AFA in both fresh waters and BGAS. Studies have shown AFA can produce significant levels of cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin in fresh waters. Toxicity studies evaluating AFA-based BGAS found some products carried the mcyE gene and tested positive for microcystins at levels ≤ 1 μg microcystin (MC)-LR equivalents/g dry weight. Further analysis discovered BGAS samples had cyanotoxins levels exceeding tolerable daily intake values. There is evidence that Aphanizomenon spp. are toxin producers and AFA has toxigenic genes such as mcyE that could lead to the production of MC under the right environmental conditions. Regardless of this ability, AFA commonly co-occur with known MC producers, which may contaminate BGAS. Toxin production by cyanobacteria is a health concern for both recreational water users and BGAS consumers. Recommendations include: limit harvesting of AFA to months when toxicity is lowest, include AFA in cell counts during visible blooms, and properly identify cyanobacteria species using 16S rRNA methods when toxicity levels are higher than advisory levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Lyon-Colbert
- School of Biological and Population Health Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Shelley Su
- School of Biological and Population Health Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Curtis Cude
- Oregon Health Authority, Public Health Division, Portland, OR 97232, USA.
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137
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Zhao S, Sun H, Yan W, Xu D, Shen T. A proteomic study of the pulmonary injury induced by microcystin-LR in mice. Toxicon 2018; 150:304-314. [PMID: 29908261 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MCLR has been shown to act as potent hepatotoxin, and recent studies showed that MCs can accumulate in lung tissue and exert adverse effects. However, the exact mechanism still remain unclear. The present study mainly focuses on the impairments of respiratory system after MCLR exposure in mice. After intratracheal instillation with MCLR (0, 10 and 25 μg/kg bw), histological change was examined in MCLR exposure groups. Results indicated that exposure of MCLR led to serious histopathology alteration and apoptosis in lung of mice. To further our understanding of the toxic effects of MCLR on the lung, we employed a proteomic method to search the mechanisms behind MCLR-induced pulmonary injury. In total, 38 proteins were identified to be significantly altered after MCLR exposure. These proteins involved in inflammatory response, apoptosis, cytoskeleton, and energetic metabolism, suggesting MCLR exerts complex toxic effects contributing to pulmonary injury. Furthermore, MCLR also induced pulmonary inflammation, as manifested by up-regulating the protein levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and p65 subunit. Our results indicated that MCLR exerts lung injury mainly by generating inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Wei Yan
- China Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards & Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Dexiang Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tong Shen
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
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138
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Comparative studies on the cytotoxic effects induced by nodularin in primary carp leukocytes and the cells of the fish CLC line. Toxicon 2018; 148:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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139
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Zhang Y, Yin C, Cao S, Cheng L, Wu G, Guo J. Heavy metal accumulation and health risk assessment in soil-wheat system under different nitrogen levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:1499-1508. [PMID: 29054646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) in organic fertilizer have become a primary source of HMs pollution of farmlands, which could cause deleterious health effects in people exposed through soil-plant systems via multi-pathways. This study investigated China's main grain production area (Henan Province) to evaluate the accumulation and transport characteristics of HMs (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb) in a soil-wheat system and conduct a health risk assessment for wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain under different nitrogenous fertilizer treatments. The results indicated that the Cr, Cu, As and Cd contents in soil were 56.21-113.66, 13.97-58.72, 5.79-22.62 and 0.04-0.23mg·kg-1, and the mean contents of Cr and As contents in wheat grains were 0.78±0.31 and 0.49±0.18mg·kg-1, respectively, which exceeded the corresponding standards. The bio-concentration factor and transfer factor were lowest in response to N-fertilization with N8-N15. Health risk assessment showed that the local population who ingested grain from culture condition of N15 experienced the lowest non-cancer and cancer risks. Among different population groups, HMs posed relatively higher non-cancer and cancer risks to children aged 0-5years. Furthermore, Cr and As exposure was the greatest contributor to Hazard Index (HI), accounting for 74.72-83.11%, while Cr exposure accounted for >90% of the total potential cancer risk. Concluding, this study indicated that, to protect human health, the current application of nitrogenous fertilizer should be controlled to an appropriate level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changbin Yin
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Suzhen Cao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Leilei Cheng
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Guosheng Wu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianbiao Guo
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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140
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Liu J, Hernández SE, Swift S, Singhal N. Estrogenic activity of cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a and their oxidative products by Fe III-B*/H 2O 2. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 132:309-319. [PMID: 29339303 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cyanotoxins released into waters during cyanobacterial blooms can pose serious hazards to humans and animals. Apart from their toxicological mechanisms, cyanotoxins have been shown to be involved in estrogenic activity by in vivo and in vitro assays; however, there is limited information on the change in estrogenicity of cyanotoxins following chemical oxidation. In this study, the estrogenic activity of cylindrospermopsin (CYL) and anatoxin-a (ANA) at concentrations ranging from 2.4 × 10-7 M to 2.4 × 10-12 M (CYL) and 7.1 × 10-6 M to 7.1 × 10-11 M (ANA), and after treatment by the FeIII-B*/H2O2 catalyst system, was investigated by the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay. The results indicate that CYL and ANA acted as agonists in the YES assay (CYL logEC50 = -8.901; ANA logEC50 = -6.789), their binding affinity to estrogen receptors is associated with their intrinsic properties, including ring structures and toxicant properties. CYL and ANA were shown to simulate endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) to modulate the 17β-estradiol-induced estrogenic activity, resulting in non-monotonic dose responses. The treated CYL showed a significantly altered estrogenicity compared to the untreated CYL (T(2) = 8.168, p ≤ .05), while the estrogenicity of the treated ANA was not significantly different to the untreated ANA (T(2) = 1.295, p > .05). Intermediate products generated from CYL and ANA oxidized by FeIII-B*/H2O2 were identified using Q-Exactive Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Treatment with FeIII-B*/H2O2 yielded open-ring by-products which likely resulted in CYL's reduced binding affinity to estrogen receptors. The insignificant change in the estrogenicity of treated ANA was possibly a result of its multiple ring structure products, which were likely able to bind to estrogen receptors. The comparisons for the estrogenicity of these cyanotoxins before and after FeIII-B*/H2O2 treatment suggest that the reductions in estrogenicity achieved by oxidation were dependent on the levels of cyanotoxins removed, as well as the estrogenicity of the degradation products. This is the first study on the change in the estrogenicity of CYL and ANA upon oxidation by FeIII-B*/H2O2, a high activity catalyst system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishan Liu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sandra E Hernández
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Simon Swift
- Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Naresh Singhal
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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141
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Main BJ, Bowling LC, Padula MP, Bishop DP, Mitrovic SM, Guillemin GJ, Rodgers KJ. Detection of the suspected neurotoxin β-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) in cyanobacterial blooms from multiple water bodies in Eastern Australia. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 74:10-18. [PMID: 29724339 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The emerging toxin β-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) has been linked to the development of a number of neurodegenerative diseases in humans including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. BMAA has been found to be produced by a range of cyanobacteria, diatoms, and dinoflagellates worldwide, and is present in freshwater, saltwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. Surface scum samples were collected from waterways in rural and urban New South Wales, Australia and algal species identified. Reverse phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyse sixteen cyanobacterial scum for the presence of BMAA as well as its toxic structural isomer 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (2,4-DAB). BMAA was detected in ten of the samples analysed, and 2,4-DAB in all sixteen. The presence of these toxins in water used for agriculture raises concerns for public health and food security in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J Main
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Lee C Bowling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; DPI Water, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - David P Bishop
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Simon M Mitrovic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- MND Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Kenneth J Rodgers
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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142
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Bui T, Dao TS, Vo TG, Lürling M. Warming Affects Growth Rates and Microcystin Production in Tropical Bloom-Forming Microcystis Strains. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E123. [PMID: 29538312 PMCID: PMC5869411 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Warming climate is predicted to promote cyanobacterial blooms but the toxicity of cyanobacteria under global warming is less well studied. We tested the hypothesis that raising temperature may lead to increased growth rates but to decreased microcystin (MC) production in tropical Microcystis strains. To this end, six Microcystis strains were isolated from different water bodies in Southern Vietnam. They were grown in triplicate at 27 °C (low), 31 °C (medium), 35 °C (high) and 37 °C (extreme). Chlorophyll-a-, particle- and MC concentrations as well as dry-weights were determined. All strains yielded higher biomass in terms of chlorophyll-a concentration and dry-weight at 31 °C compared to 27 °C and then either stabilised, slightly increased or declined with higher temperature. Five strains easily grew at 37 °C but one could not survive at 37 °C. When temperature was increased from 27 °C to 37 °C total MC concentration decreased by 35% in strains with MC-LR as the dominant variant and by 94% in strains with MC-RR. MC quota expressed per particle, per unit chlorophyll-a and per unit dry-weight significantly declined with higher temperatures. This study shows that warming can prompt the growth of some tropical Microcystis strains but that these strains become less toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Bui
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University, Hochiminh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Thanh-Son Dao
- Hochiminh City University of Technology, Vietnam National University, Hochiminh City, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Truong-Giang Vo
- National Breeding Center for Southern Marine Aquaculture, 167 Thuy Van Street, Vung Tau Town, Ba Ria 790000, Vung Tau Province, Vietnam.
| | - Miquel Lürling
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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143
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Microcystins: Synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies toward PP1 and PP2A. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1118-1126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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144
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Funari E, Manganelli M, Buratti FM, Testai E. Cyanobacteria blooms in water: Italian guidelines to assess and manage the risk associated to bathing and recreational activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:867-880. [PMID: 28458204 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria thrive in many aquatic environments, where they can produce cyanotoxins with different toxicological profile. Anthropic pressure and climate changes are causing the expansion in terms of time and space of their blooms, increasing the concerns for human health in several exposure scenarios. Here the update of the Italian guidelines for the management of cyanobacterial blooms in bathing water is presented. A risk-based approach has been developed according to the current scientific knowledge on cyanobacteria distribution in the Italian Lakes and on chemical, toxicological and epidemiological aspects of different cyanotoxins, summarized in the first part of the paper. Oral, dermal and inhalation exposure to cyanotoxins, during recreational activities, are individually examined, to develop a framework of thresholds and actions aimed at preventing harmful effects for bathers. Guidelines, also by comparing international guidance values and/or guidelines, provide criteria to plan environmental monitoring activities, health surveillance and public communication systems. Finally the still important scientific gaps and research needs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Funari
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dept. of Environment and Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maura Manganelli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dept. of Environment and Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Franca M Buratti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dept. of Environment and Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dept. of Environment and Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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145
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Xiong W, Tang Y, Shao C, Zhao Y, Jin B, Huang T, Miao Y, Shu L, Ma W, Xu X, Tang R. Prevention of Cyanobacterial Blooms Using Nanosilica: A Biomineralization-Inspired Strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12717-12726. [PMID: 28949533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms represent a significant threat to global water resources because blooming cyanobacteria deplete oxygen and release cyanotoxins, which cause the mass death of aquatic organisms. In nature, a large biomass volume of cyanobacteria is a precondition for a bloom, and the cyanobacteria buoyancy is a key parameter for inducing the dense accumulation of cells on the water surface. Therefore, blooms will likely be curtailed if buoyancy is inhibited. Inspired by diatoms with naturally generated silica shells, we found that silica nanoparticles can be spontaneously incorporated onto cyanobacteria in the presence of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), a cationic polyelectrolyte that can simulate biosilicification proteins. The resulting cyanobacteria-SiO2 complexes can remain sedimentary in water. This strategy significantly inhibited the photoautotrophic growth of the cyanobacteria and decreased their biomass accumulation, which could effectively suppress harmful bloom events. Consequently, several of the adverse consequences of cyanobacteria blooms in water bodies, including oxygen consumption and microcystin release, were significantly alleviated. Based on the above results, we propose that the silica nanoparticle treatment has the potential for use as an efficient strategy for preventing cyanobacteria blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yiming Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Changyu Shao
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yueqi Zhao
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Biao Jin
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ya'nan Miao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Lei Shu
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Weimin Ma
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xurong Xu
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
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146
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Menezes C, Churro C, Dias E. Risk Levels of Toxic Cyanobacteria in Portuguese Recreational Freshwaters. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100327. [PMID: 29057822 PMCID: PMC5666374 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Portuguese freshwater reservoirs are important socio-economic resources, namely for recreational use. National legislation concerning bathing waters does not include mandatory levels or guidelines for cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. This is an issue of concern since cyanotoxin-based evidence is insufficient to change the law, and the collection of scientific evidence has been hampered by the lack of regulatory levels for cyanotoxins in bathing waters. In this work, we evaluate the profile of cyanobacteria and microcystins (MC) in eight freshwater reservoirs from the center of Portugal, used for bathing/recreation, in order to determine the risk levels concerning toxic cyanobacteria occurrence. Three of the reservoirs did not pose a risk of MC contamination. However, two reservoirs presented a high risk in 7% of the samples according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for MC in bathing waters (above 20 µg/L). In the remaining three reservoirs, the risk concerning microcystins occurrence was low. However, they exhibited recurrent blooms and persistent contamination with MC up to 4 µg/L. Thus, the risk of exposure to MC and potential acute and/or chronic health outcomes should not be disregarded in these reservoirs. These results contribute to characterize the cyanobacterial blooms profile and to map the risk of toxic cyanobacteria and microcystins occurrence in Portuguese inland waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Menezes
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Churro
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Elsa Dias
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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147
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Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang Q, Xiang Z, Li D, Han X. Microcystin-leucine arginine exhibits immunomodulatory roles in testicular cells resulting in orchitis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:964-975. [PMID: 28765008 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) causes testicular inflammation and hinders spermatogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune responses to MC-LR in the testis have not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we show that MC-LR induced immune responses in Sertoli cells (SC), germ cells (GC), and Leydig cells (LC) via activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10). The observed effects were attributed to reduced activity of protein phosphatases 2A (PP2A) as a result of binding of MC-LR to the catalytic subunit of PP2A in SC and GC. By contrast, innate immune responses were triggered by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in LC because MC-LR could not enter into the LC and subsequently inhibit the PP2A activity. PI3K/AKT/NF-κB were also activated in SC, GC, and LC in vivo, with the enrichment of TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, and CXCL10 in the testis. Following chronic exposure, MC-LR-treated mice exhibited decreased sperm counts and abnormal sperm morphology. Our data demonstrate that MC-LR can activate innate immune responses in testicular cells, which provides novel insights to explore the mechanism associated with MC-LR-induced orchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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148
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Silva RC, Liebel S, de Oliveira HHP, Ramsdorf WA, Garcia JRE, Azevedo SMFO, Magalhães VF, Oliveira Ribeiro CA, Filipak Neto F. Cylindrospermopsin effects on cell viability and redox milieu of Neotropical fish Hoplias malabaricus hepatocytes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:1237-1244. [PMID: 28389904 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin that is cytotoxic to a wide variety of cells, particularly to the hepatocytes. In this study, the toxic effects of purified CYN were investigated in primary cultured hepatocytes of Neotropical fish Hoplias malabaricus. After isolation, attachment, and recovery for 72 h, the cells were exposed for 72 h to 0, 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 μg l-1 of CYN. Then, cell viability and a set of oxidative stress biomarker responses were determined. Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione S-transferase activities were not affected by exposure to CYN. Concentration-dependent decrease of glutathione reductase activity occurred for most CYN-exposed groups, whereas non-protein thiol content increased only for the highest CYN concentration. Lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and DNA damage levels were not altered, but reactive oxygen species levels increased in the cells exposed to the highest concentration of CYN. Cell viability decreased in all the groups exposed to CYN. Thus, CYN may cause a slight change in redox balance, but it is not the main cause of cell death in H. malabaricus hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética. Bloco M. Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil, CEP 84030-900
| | - S Liebel
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - H H P de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - W A Ramsdorf
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - J R E Garcia
- Campus Laranjeiras do Sul, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Laranjeiras do Sul, PR, 85303-775, Brazil
| | - S M F O Azevedo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900, Brazil
| | - V F Magalhães
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900, Brazil.
| | - C A Oliveira Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil.
| | - F Filipak Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
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149
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Tan VX, Mazzocco C, Varney B, Bodet D, Guillemin TA, Bessede A, Guillemin GJ. Detection of the Cyanotoxins L-BMAA Uptake and Accumulation in Primary Neurons and Astrocytes. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:55-61. [PMID: 28852990 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We show for the first time that a newly developed polyclonal antibody (pAb) can specifically target the cyanotoxin β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and can be used to enable direct visualization of BMAA entry and accumulation in primary brain cells. We used this pAb to investigate the effect of acute and chronic accumulation, and toxicity of both BMAA and its natural isomer 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB), separately or in combination, on primary cultures of rat neurons. We further present evidence that co-treatment with BMAA and DAB increased neuronal death, as measured by MAP2 fluorescence level, and appeared to reduce BMAA accumulation. DAB is likely to be acting synergistically with BMAA resulting in higher level of cellular toxicity. We also found that glial cells such as microglia and astrocytes are also able to directly uptake BMAA indicating that additional brain cell types are affected by BMAA-induced toxicity. Therefore, BMAA clearly acts at multiple cellular levels to possibly increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases, including neuro- and gliotoxicity and synergetic exacerbation with other cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa X Tan
- Macquarie University Centre for MND Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | | | - Bianca Varney
- Macquarie University Centre for MND Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | | | - Tristan A Guillemin
- Macquarie University Centre for MND Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | | | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Macquarie University Centre for MND Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia. .,Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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Mello FD, Braidy N, Marçal H, Guillemin G, Nabavi SM, Neilan BA. Mechanisms and Effects Posed by Neurotoxic Products of Cyanobacteria/Microbial Eukaryotes/Dinoflagellates in Algae Blooms: a Review. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:153-167. [PMID: 28836116 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxins produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates have increasingly become a public health concern due to their ability to damage several tissues in humans. In particular, emerging evidence has called attention to the neurodegenerative effects of the cyanobacterial toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Furthermore, other toxins such as anatoxin, saxitoxin, microcystin, nodularin and ciguatoxin also have a different range of effects on human tissues, including hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and gastrointestinal irritation. However, the vast majority of known environmental toxins have not yet been examined in the context of neurodegenerative disease. This review aims to investigate whether neurotoxic mechanisms can be demonstrated in all aforementioned toxins, and whether there exists a link to neurodegeneration. Management of toxin exposure and potential neuroprotective compounds is also discussed. Collectively, all aforementioned microbial toxins are likely to exert some form of neuronal damage, with many of their modes of action consistent with neurodegeneration. This is important in advancing our current understanding of the cytotoxic potential of environmental toxins upon human brain function, particularly in the context of age-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona D Mello
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helder Marçal
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gilles Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology group, MND and Neurodegenerative diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brett A Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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