101
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Peske JD, Thompson ED, Gemta L, Baylis RA, Fu YX, Engelhard VH. Effector lymphocyte-induced lymph node-like vasculature enables naive T-cell entry into tumours and enhanced anti-tumour immunity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7114. [PMID: 25968334 PMCID: PMC4435831 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of lymph node (LN)-like vasculature in tumors, characterized by expression of peripheral node addressin and chemokine CCL21, is correlated with T-cell infiltration and positive prognosis in breast cancer and melanoma patients. However, mechanisms controlling the development of LN-like vasculature and how it might contribute to a beneficial outcome for cancer patients are unknown. Here we demonstrate that LN-like vasculature is present in murine models of melanoma and lung carcinoma. It enables infiltration by naïve T-cells that significantly delay tumor outgrowth after intratumoral activation. Development of this vasculature is controlled by a mechanism involving effector CD8 T-cells and NK cells that secrete LTα3 and IFNγ. LN-like vasculature is also associated with organized aggregates of B-lymphocytes and gp38+ fibroblasts that resemble tertiary lymphoid organs that develop in models of chronic inflammation. These results establish LN-like vasculature as both a consequence of and key contributor to anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Peske
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
| | - Lelisa Gemta
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
| | - Richard A Baylis
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 801386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
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102
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Ager A, May MJ. Understanding high endothelial venules: Lessons for cancer immunology. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1008791. [PMID: 26155419 PMCID: PMC4485764 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1008791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEVs) are blood vessels especially adapted for lymphocyte trafficking which are normally found in secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes (LN) and Peyer's patches. It has long been known that HEVs develop in non-lymphoid organs during chronic inflammation driven by autoimmunity, infection or allografts. More recently, HEVs have been observed in solid, vascularized tumors and their presence correlated with reduced tumor size and improved patient outcome. It is proposed that newly formed HEV promote antitumor immunity by recruiting naive lymphocytes into the tumor, thus allowing the local generation of cancerous tissue-destroying lymphocytes. Understanding how HEVs develop and function are therefore important to unravel their role in human cancers. In LN, HEVs develop during embryonic and early post-natal life and are actively maintained by the LN microenvironment. Systemic blockade of lymphotoxin-β receptor leads to HEV de-differentiation, but the LN components that induce HEV differentiation have remained elusive. Recent elegant studies using gene-targeted mice have demonstrated clearly that triggering the lymphotoxin-β receptor in endothelial cells (EC) induces the differentiation of HEV and that CD11c+ dendritic cells play a crucial role in this process. It will be important to determine whether lymphotoxin-β receptor-dependent signaling in EC drives the development of HEV during tumorigenesis and which cells have HEV-inducer properties. This may reveal therapeutic approaches to promote HEV neogenesis and determine the impact of newly formed HEV on tumor immunity.
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Key Words
- EC, endothelial cells
- FRC, fibroblast reticular cells
- HEC, high endothelial cells
- HEV, high endothelial venules
- LN, lymph nodes
- LPA, lysophosphatidic acid
- LT, lymphotoxin
- LT-βR, lymphotoxin-β receptor
- MAdCAM, mucosal cell adhesion molecule
- PNAd, peripheral node addressin
- SIP, sphingosine-1-phosphate
- T cell homing
- TLO, tertiary lymphoid organ
- VE-cadherin, vascular endothelial cadherin
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- dendritic cells
- high endothelial venules
- lymphotoxin-β receptor
- tumor immunotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Ager
- Infection and Immunity; School of Medicine; Cardiff University ; Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J May
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania ; Philadelphia, PA, USA
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103
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Stromal cells as trend-setters for cells migrating into the lymph node. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:640-9. [PMID: 25354321 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node stromal cells are known to be immunorelevant during inflammation and tolerance. Differences between peripheral lymph nodes and mesenteric lymph nodes are important for an efficient and effective immune defense. Stromal cells were considered to be perfectly adapted to their draining area and not changeable concerning their expression pattern. Here we show that stromal cells can change their profile after isolation and transplantation into a different draining area. Subsequently, these newly organized lymph nodes are able to induce not only a region-specific but also an antigen-specific immune response. Thus, stromal cells are trend-setters for immune cells in producing a microenvironment that allows an optimized immune defense.
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104
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Buckley CD, Barone F, Nayar S, Bénézech C, Caamaño J. Stromal Cells in Chronic Inflammation and Tertiary Lymphoid Organ Formation. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:715-45. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Cecile Bénézech
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Jorge Caamaño
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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105
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Germain C, Gnjatic S, Dieu-Nosjean MC. Tertiary Lymphoid Structure-Associated B Cells are Key Players in Anti-Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:67. [PMID: 25755654 PMCID: PMC4337382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now admitted that the immune system plays a major role in tumor control. Besides the existence of tumor-specific T cells and B cells, many studies have demonstrated that high numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with good clinical outcome. In addition, not only the density but also the organization of tumor-infiltrating immune cells has been shown to determine patient survival. Indeed, more and more studies describe the development within the tumor microenvironment of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), whose presence has a positive impact on tumor prognosis. TLS are transient ectopic lymphoid aggregates displaying the same organization and functionality as canonical secondary lymphoid organs, with T-cell-rich and B-cell-rich areas that are sites for the differentiation of effector and memory T cells and B cells. However, factors favoring the emergence of such structures within tumors still need to be fully characterized. In this review, we survey the state of the art of what is known about the general organization, induction, and functionality of TLS during chronic inflammation, and more especially in cancer, with a particular focus on the B-cell compartment. We detail the role played by TLS B cells in anti-tumor immunity, both as antigen-presenting cells and tumor antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells, and raise the question of the capacity of chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents to induce the development of TLS within tumors. Finally, we explore how to take advantage of our knowledge on TLS B cells to develop new therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Germain
- Laboratory Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS1138 , Paris , France ; UMRS1138, University Pierre and Marie Curie , Paris , France ; UMRS1138, University Paris Descartes , Paris , France
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Laboratory Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS1138 , Paris , France ; UMRS1138, University Pierre and Marie Curie , Paris , France ; UMRS1138, University Paris Descartes , Paris , France
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106
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Noort AR, Tak PP, Tas SW. Non-canonical NF-κB signaling in rheumatoid arthritis: Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde? Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:15. [PMID: 25774937 PMCID: PMC4308835 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors is essential for the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but can also induce regulatory pathways. NF-κB can be activated via two distinct pathways: the classical or canonical pathway, and the alternative or non-canonical pathway. It is well established that the canonical NF-κB pathway is essential both in acute inflammatory responses and in chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although less extensively studied, the non-canonical NF-κB pathway is not only central in lymphoid organ development and adaptive immune responses, but is also thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA. Importantly, this pathway appears to have cell type-specific functions and, since many different cell types are involved in the pathogenesis of RA, it is difficult to predict the net overall contribution of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway to synovial inflammation. In this review, we describe the current understanding of non-canonical NF-κB signaling in various important cell types in the context of RA and consider the relevance to the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, we discuss current drugs targeting this pathway, as well as future therapeutic prospects.
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107
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Xu X, Zhang S, Jin R, Wang K, Li P, Lin L, Dong J, Hao J, Zhang Y, Sun X, Pang X, Qian X, Zhang J, Wu H, Zhang Y, Ge Q. Retention and tolerance of autoreactive CD4(+) recent thymic emigrants in the liver. J Autoimmun 2015; 56:87-97. [PMID: 25468259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance play a critical role in preventing T cells that escape from negative selection in the thymus from initiating autoimmune reactions. To investigate the site of peripheral tolerance induction, we examined migration and activation of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) in liver, spleen, lymph node and peripheral blood. We show that a fraction of RTE precursors were retained in the liver independent of the secondary lymphoid organs. Compared to RTEs from the lymph nodes, RTEs from the liver proliferated more and many exhibited an activated phenotype with the capability of producing IL-10 upon activation. Liver RTEs also responded poorly to interleukin (IL)-7 and were more prone to apoptosis. Following transfer into RAG(-/-) recipients, liver RTEs induced more severe inflammation and T cell infiltration in the lung and colon. The extrathymic expression of MHC and Aire is required for the acquisition of tolerogenic phenotype of newly generated thymic emigrants in the liver. These results suggest that the liver is the first checkpoint in the periphery to filter, retain, and enforce tolerance to autoreactive CD4(+) thymic emigrants that escape from negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Shusong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Rong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Pingping Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiuyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xuewen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Qian
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Hounan Wu
- Peking University Medical and Health Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Qing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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108
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Chang JE, Turley SJ. Stromal infrastructure of the lymph node and coordination of immunity. Trends Immunol 2014; 36:30-9. [PMID: 25499856 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of adaptive immune responses depends upon the careful maneuvering of lymphocytes and antigen into and within strategically placed lymph nodes (LNs). Non-hematopoietic stromal cells form the cellular infrastructure that directs this process. Once regarded as merely structural features of lymphoid tissues, these cells are now appreciated as essential regulators of immune cell trafficking, fluid flow, and LN homeostasis. Recent advances in the identification and in vivo targeting of specific stromal populations have resulted in striking new insights to the function of stromal cells and reveal a level of complexity previously unrealized. We discuss here recent discoveries that highlight the pivotal role that stromal cells play in orchestrating immune cell homeostasis and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Chang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shannon J Turley
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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109
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Suenaga F, Ueha S, Abe J, Kosugi-Kanaya M, Wang Y, Yokoyama A, Shono Y, Shand FHW, Morishita Y, Kunisawa J, Sato S, Kiyono H, Matsushima K. Loss of Lymph Node Fibroblastic Reticular Cells and High Endothelial Cells Is Associated with Humoral Immunodeficiency in Mouse Graft-versus-Host Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:398-406. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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110
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Kellermayer Z, Mihalj M, Lábadi Á, Czömpöly T, Lee M, O'Hara E, Butcher EC, Berta G, Balogh A, Arnold HH, Balogh P. Absence of Nkx2-3 homeodomain transcription factor reprograms the endothelial addressin preference for lymphocyte homing in Peyer's patches. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5284-93. [PMID: 25320278 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the homing of lymphocytes to GALT has been extensively studied, little is known about how high endothelial venules (HEVs) within Peyer's patches (PPs) are patterned to display dominantly mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). In this study, we report that Nkx2-3-deficient mice show gradual loss of MAdCAM-1 in PPs postnatally and increased levels of mRNA for peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd) backbone proteins as well as enhanced expression of MECA79 sulfated glycoepitope at the luminal aspect of HEVs, thus replacing MAdCAM-1 with PNAd. Induction of PNAd in mutant PPs requires lymphotoxin β receptor activity, and its upregulation needs the presence of mature T and B cells. Furthermore, treatment with MECA-79 anti-PNAd mAb in vivo effectively blocks lymphocyte homing to mutant PPs. Despite the replacement of MAdCAM-1 by PNAd in HEV endothelia, lymphocytes could efficiently home to PPs in mutant mice. We conclude that although Nkx2-3 activity controls the addressin balance of HEVs in GALT, the general HEV functionality is preserved independently from Nkx2-3, indicating a substantial plasticity in the specification of GALT HEV endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Kellermayer
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai János Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Árpád Lábadi
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Czömpöly
- Cancer Research and Product Development Laboratory, Immunal Ltd., H-7630 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mike Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Edward O'Hara
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304; Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Gergely Berta
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; and
| | - András Balogh
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; and
| | - Hans-Henning Arnold
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Péter Balogh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai János Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
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111
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Broggi MAS, Schmaler M, Lagarde N, Rossi SW. Isolation of murine lymph node stromal cells. J Vis Exp 2014:e51803. [PMID: 25178108 DOI: 10.3791/51803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and differentiation of lymphocytes. Various stromal cell subsets have been identified by the expression of the adhesion molecule CD31 and glycoprotein podoplanin (gp38), T zone reticular cells or fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells and FRC-like pericytes within the double negative cell population. For all populations different functions are described including, separation and lining of different compartments, attraction of and interaction with different cell types, filtration of the draining fluidics and contraction of the lymphatic vessels. In the last years, different groups have described an additional role of stromal cells in orchestrating and regulating cytotoxic T cell responses potentially dangerous for the host. Lymph nodes are complex structures with many different cell types and therefore require a appropriate procedure for isolation of the desired cell populations. Currently, protocols for the isolation of lymph node stromal cells rely on enzymatic digestion with varying incubation times; however, stromal cells and their surface molecules are sensitive to these enzymes, which results in loss of surface marker expression and cell death. Here a short enzymatic digestion protocol combined with automated mechanical disruption to obtain viable single cells suspension of lymph node stromal cells maintaining their surface molecule expression is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A S Broggi
- Department of Biomedicine, Immunoregulation, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel
| | - Mathias Schmaler
- Department of Biomedicine, Immunoregulation, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel
| | - Nadège Lagarde
- Department of Biomedicine, Immunoregulation, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel
| | - Simona W Rossi
- Department of Biomedicine, Immunoregulation, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel;
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112
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Siliņa K, Rulle U, Kalniņa Z, Linē A. Manipulation of tumour-infiltrating B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures: a novel anti-cancer treatment avenue? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:643-62. [PMID: 24695950 PMCID: PMC11029173 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Combining different standard therapies with immunotherapy for the treatment of solid tumours has proven to yield a greater clinical benefit than when each is applied separately; however, the percentage of complete responses is still far from optimal, and there is an urgent need for improved treatment modalities. The latest literature data suggest that tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), previously shown to correlate with the severity of autoimmune diseases or transplant rejection, are also formed in tumours, have a significant beneficial effect on survival and might reflect the generation of an effective immune response in close proximity to the tumour. Thus, the facilitation of TLS formation in tumour stroma could provide novel means to improve the efficiency of immunotherapy and other standard therapies. However, little is known about the mechanisms regulating the formation of tumour-associated TLS. Studies of chronic inflammatory diseases and transplant rejection have demonstrated that TLS formation and/or function requires the presence of B cells. Additionally, the infiltration of B cells into the tumour stroma has been demonstrated to be a significant prognostic factor for improved survival in different human tumours. This suggests that B cells could play a beneficial role in anti-tumour immune response not only in the context of antibody production, antigen presentation and Th1-promoting cytokine production, but also TLS formation. This review focuses on the latest discoveries in tumour-infiltrating B cell functions, their role in TLS formation and relevance in human tumour control, revealing novel opportunities to improve cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karīna Siliņa
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia,
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113
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Tan JKH, Watanabe T. Murine spleen tissue regeneration from neonatal spleen capsule requires lymphotoxin priming of stromal cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1194-203. [PMID: 24951816 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Spleen is a tissue with regenerative capacity, which allows autotransplantation of human spleen fragments to counteract the effects of splenectomy. We now reveal in a murine model that transplant of neonatal spleen capsule alone leads to the regeneration of full spleen tissue. This finding indicates that graft-derived spleen stromal cells, but not lymphocytes, are essential components of tissue neogenesis, a finding verified by transplant and regeneration of Rag1KO spleen capsules. We further demonstrate that lymphotoxin and lymphoid tissue inducer cells participate in two key elements of spleen neogenesis, bulk tissue regeneration and white pulp organization, identifying a lymphotoxin-dependent pathway for neonatal spleen regeneration that contrasts with previously defined lymphotoxin-independent embryonic spleen organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K H Tan
- Astellas-Kyoto University (AK) Project, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Astellas-Kyoto University (AK) Project, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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114
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Perez-Shibayama C, Gil-Cruz C, Pastelin-Palacios R, Cervantes-Barragan L, Hisaki E, Chai Q, Onder L, Scandella E, Regen T, Waisman A, Isibasi A, Lopez-Macias C, Ludewig B. IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells promote generation of protective germinal center-derived IgM+ B cell memory against Salmonella Typhi. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5192-200. [PMID: 24778443 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abs play a significant role in protection against the intracellular bacterium Salmonella Typhi. In this article, we investigated how long-term protective IgM responses can be elicited by a S. Typhi outer-membrane protein C- and F-based subunit vaccine (porins). We found that repeated Ag exposure promoted a CD4(+) T cell-dependent germinal center reaction that generated mutated IgM-producing B cells and was accompanied by a strong expansion of IFN-γ-secreting T follicular helper cells. Genetic ablation of individual cytokine receptors revealed that both IFN-γ and IL-17 are required for optimal germinal center reactions and production of porin-specific memory IgM(+) B cells. However, more profound reduction of porin-specific IgM B cell responses in the absence of IFN-γR signaling indicated that this cytokine plays a dominant role. Importantly, mutated IgM mAbs against porins exhibited bactericidal capacity and efficiently augmented S. Typhi clearance. In conclusion, repeated vaccination with S. Typhi porins programs type I T follicular helper cell responses that contribute to the diversification of B cell memory and promote the generation of protective IgM Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Perez-Shibayama
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, CH-9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI," Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, C.P. 06020 Mexico
| | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, CH-9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI," Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, C.P. 06020 Mexico
| | | | - Luisa Cervantes-Barragan
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, CH-9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130; Department of Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130; and
| | - Emiliano Hisaki
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI," Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, C.P. 06020 Mexico
| | - Qian Chai
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, CH-9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, CH-9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Elke Scandella
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, CH-9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Tommy Regen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Armando Isibasi
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI," Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, C.P. 06020 Mexico
| | - Constantino Lopez-Macias
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI," Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, C.P. 06020 Mexico
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, CH-9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
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115
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Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are accumulations of lymphoid cells in chronic inflammation that resemble LNs in their cellular content and organization, high endothelial venules, and lymphatic vessels (LVs). Although acute inflammation can result in defective LVs, TLO LVs appear to function normally in that they drain fluid and transport cells that respond to chemokines and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) gradients. Molecular regulation of TLO LVs differs from lymphangiogenesis in ontogeny with a dependence on cytokines and hematopoietic cells. Ongoing work to elucidate the function and molecular regulation of LVs in TLOs is providing insight into therapies for conditions as diverse as lymphedema, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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116
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Lu TT, Browning JL. Role of the Lymphotoxin/LIGHT System in the Development and Maintenance of Reticular Networks and Vasculature in Lymphoid Tissues. Front Immunol 2014; 5:47. [PMID: 24575096 PMCID: PMC3920476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid organs are meeting zones where lymphocytes come together and encounter antigens present in the blood and lymph or as delivered by cells migrating from the draining tissue bed. The exquisite efficiency of this process relies heavily on highly specialized anatomy to direct and position the various players. Gated entry and exit control access to these theaters and reticular networks and associated chemokines guide cells into the proper sections. Lymphoid tissues are remarkably plastic, being able to expand dramatically and then involute upon resolution of the danger. All of the reticular scaffolds and vascular and lymphatic components adapt accordingly. As such, the lymph node (LN) is a wonderful example of a physiologic remodeling process and is potentially a guide to study such elements in pathological settings such as fibrosis, chronic infection, and tumor metastasis. The lymphotoxin/LIGHT axis delivers critical differentiation signals that direct and hone differentiation of both reticular networks and the vasculature. Considerable progress has been made recently in understanding the mesenchymal differentiation pathways leading to these specialized networks and in the remodeling that occurs in reactive LNs. In this article, we will review some new advances in the area in terms of developmental, differentiation, and maintenance events mediated by this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa T Lu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program and Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery , New York, NY , USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| | - Jeffrey L Browning
- Department of Microbiology and Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
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117
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Chen L, Fabian KL, Taylor JL, Storkus WJ. Therapeutic use of dendritic cells to promote the extranodal priming of anti-tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:388. [PMID: 24348473 PMCID: PMC3843121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic lymphoid tissue, also known as tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO) develop adaptively within sites of chronic tissue inflammation, thereby allowing the host to efficiently crossprime specific immune effector cells within sites of disease. Recent evidence suggests that the presence of TLO in the tumor microenvironment (TME) predicts better overall survival. We will discuss the relevance of extranodal T cell priming within the TME as a means to effectively promote anti-tumor immunity and the strategic use of dendritic cell (DC)-based therapies to reinforce this clinically preferred process in the cancer-bearing host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Kellsye L Fabian
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Jennifer L Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Walter J Storkus
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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118
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Kain MJW, Owens BMJ. Stromal cell regulation of homeostatic and inflammatory lymphoid organogenesis. Immunology 2013; 140:12-21. [PMID: 23621403 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs function to increase the efficiency of interactions between rare, antigen-specific lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells, concentrating antigen and lymphocytes in a supportive environment that facilitates the initiation of an adaptive immune response. Homeostatic lymphoid tissue organogenesis proceeds via exquisitely controlled spatiotemporal interactions between haematopoietic lymphoid tissue inducer populations and multiple subsets of non-haematopoietic stromal cells. However, it is becoming clear that in a range of inflammatory contexts, ectopic or tertiary lymphoid tissues can develop inappropriately under pathological stress. Here we summarize the role of stromal cells in the development of homeostatic lymphoid tissue, and assess emerging evidence that suggests a critical role for stromal involvement in the tertiary lymphoid tissue development associated with chronic infections and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J W Kain
- University of Oxford Medical School, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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119
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Martinet L, Girard JP. Regulation of tumor-associated high-endothelial venules by dendritic cells: A new opportunity to promote lymphocyte infiltration into breast cancer? Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26470. [PMID: 24482745 PMCID: PMC3897501 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that high-endothelial venules (HEVs) represent major gateways for the infiltration of lymphocytes within neoplastic lesions. However, the origin of these vessels in human neoplasms remains elusive. We have recently discovered a link between lymphotoxin β-producing dendritic cells and tumor-associated HEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Martinet
- CNRS; IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale); Toulouse, France ; Université de Toulouse; UPS; IPBS; Toulouse, France ; Institut Claudius Regaud; Toulouse, France ; Immunology of Cancer and Infection Laboratory; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Girard
- CNRS; IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale); Toulouse, France ; Université de Toulouse; UPS; IPBS; Toulouse, France
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120
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Orchestrating the organizers: lymphotoxin-β receptor conducts fibroblastic reticular cell maturation. Immunity 2013; 38:851-3. [PMID: 23706665 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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121
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Chai Q, Onder L, Scandella E, Gil-Cruz C, Perez-Shibayama C, Cupovic J, Danuser R, Sparwasser T, Luther SA, Thiel V, Rülicke T, Stein JV, Hehlgans T, Ludewig B. Maturation of lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells from myofibroblastic precursors is critical for antiviral immunity. Immunity 2013; 38:1013-24. [PMID: 23623380 PMCID: PMC7111182 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The stromal scaffold of the lymph node (LN) paracortex is built by fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs). Conditional ablation of lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) expression in LN FRCs and their mesenchymal progenitors in developing LNs revealed that LTβR-signaling in these cells was not essential for the formation of LNs. Although T cell zone reticular cells had lost podoplanin expression, they still formed a functional conduit system and showed enhanced expression of myofibroblastic markers. However, essential immune functions of FRCs, including homeostatic chemokine and interleukin-7 expression, were impaired. These changes in T cell zone reticular cell function were associated with increased susceptibility to viral infection. Thus, myofibroblasic FRC precursors are able to generate the basic T cell zone infrastructure, whereas LTβR-dependent maturation of FRCs guarantees full immunocompetence and hence optimal LN function during infection. Novel transgenic mouse model that targets FRCs in adult lymph nodes FRC-specific ablation of the LTβR did not abrogate LN development Myofibroblastic FRC precursors generate the basic infrastructure of the adult LN LTβR-mediated FRC maturation is critical for the maintenance of immunocompentence
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chai
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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