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Johns LE, Ferguson KK, Soldin OP, Cantonwine DE, Rivera-González LO, Del Toro LVA, Calafat AM, Ye X, Alshawabkeh AN, Cordero JF, Meeker JD. Urinary phthalate metabolites in relation to maternal serum thyroid and sex hormone levels during pregnancy: a longitudinal analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:4. [PMID: 25596636 PMCID: PMC4326411 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-13-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing scientific evidence suggests that exposure to phthalates during pregnancy may be associated with an elevated risk of adverse reproductive outcomes such as preterm birth. Maternal endocrine disruption across pregnancy may be one pathway mediating some of these relationships. We investigated whether urinary phthalate metabolites were associated with maternal serum thyroid (free thyroxine [FT4], free triiodothyronine [FT3], and thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]), and sex (estradiol, progesterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin [SHBG]) hormone levels at multiple time points during pregnancy. METHODS Preliminary data (n = 106) were obtained from an ongoing prospective birth cohort in Northern Puerto Rico. We collected urine and serum sample at the first and third study visits that occurred at 18 +/- 2 and 26 +/- 2 weeks of gestation, respectively. To explore the longitudinal relationships between urinary phthalate metabolites and serum thyroid and sex hormone concentrations, we used linear mixed models (LMMs) adjusted for prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and maternal age. An interaction term was added to each LMM to test whether the effect of urinary phthalate metabolites on serum thyroid and sex hormone levels varied by study visit. In cross-sectional analyses, we stratified BMI- and age-adjusted linear regression models by study visit. RESULTS In adjusted LMMs, we observed significant inverse associations between mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) and FT3 and between mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) and progesterone. In cross-sectional analyses by study visit, we detected stronger and statistically significant inverse associations at the third study visit between FT3 and MCPP as well as mono-carboxyisooctyl phthalate (MCOP); also at the third study visit, significant inverse associations were observed between FT4 and metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The inverse association between MEP and progesterone was consistent across study visits. CONCLUSIONS In this group of pregnant women, urinary phthalate metabolites may be associated with altered maternal serum thyroid and sex hormone levels, and the magnitude of these effects may depend on the timing of exposure during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Johns
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Offie P Soldin
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC USA
| | - David E Cantonwine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Luis O Rivera-González
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Liza V Anzalota Del Toro
- University of Puerto Rico Graduate School of Public Health, UPR Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - José F Cordero
- University of Puerto Rico Graduate School of Public Health, UPR Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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102
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Maggio M, De Vita F, Fisichella A, Lauretani F, Ticinesi A, Ceresini G, Cappola A, Ferrucci L, Ceda GP. The Role of the Multiple Hormonal Dysregulation in the Onset of "Anemia of Aging": Focus on Testosterone, IGF-1, and Thyroid Hormones. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:292574. [PMID: 26779261 PMCID: PMC4686706 DOI: 10.1155/2015/292574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a multifactorial condition whose prevalence increases in both sexes after the fifth decade of life. It is a highly represented phenomenon in older adults and in one-third of cases is "unexplained." Ageing process is also characterized by a "multiple hormonal dysregulation" with disruption in gonadal, adrenal, and somatotropic axes. Experimental studies suggest that anabolic hormones such as testosterone, IGF-1, and thyroid hormones are able to increase erythroid mass, erythropoietin synthesis, and iron bioavailability, underlining a potential role of multiple hormonal changes in the anemia of aging. Epidemiological data more consistently support an association between lower testosterone and anemia in adult-older individuals. Low IGF-1 has been especially associated with anemia in the pediatric population and in a wide range of disorders. There is also evidence of an association between thyroid hormones and abnormalities in hematological parameters under overt thyroid and euthyroid conditions, with limited data on subclinical statuses. Although RCTs have shown beneficial effects, stronger for testosterone and the GH-IGF-1 axis and less evident for thyroid hormones, in improving different hematological parameters, there is no clear evidence for the usefulness of hormonal treatment in improving anemia in older subjects. Thus, more clinical and research efforts are needed to investigate the hormonal contribution to anemia in the older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Maggio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- *Marcello Maggio:
| | - Francesca De Vita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Fisichella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Fulvio Lauretani
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Ticinesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Graziano Ceresini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Anne Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Gian Paolo Ceda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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103
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Jena S, Sahu L, Ray DK, Mishra SK, Chand PK. PIXE-based quantification of health-proactive trace elements in genetically transformed roots of a multi-medicinal plant, Sida acuta Burm.f. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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104
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Rohner F, Zimmermann M, Jooste P, Pandav C, Caldwell K, Raghavan R, Raiten DJ. Biomarkers of nutrition for development--iodine review. J Nutr 2014; 144:1322S-1342S. [PMID: 24966410 PMCID: PMC4093988 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.181974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND) project is to provide state-of-the-art information and service with regard to selection, use, and interpretation of biomarkers of nutrient exposure, status, function, and effect. Specifically, the BOND project seeks to develop consensus on accurate assessment methodologies that are applicable to researchers (laboratory/clinical/surveillance), clinicians, programmers, and policy makers (data consumers). The BOND project is also intended to develop targeted research agendas to support the discovery and development of biomarkers through improved understanding of nutrient biology within relevant biologic systems. In phase I of the BOND project, 6 nutrients (iodine, vitamin A, iron, zinc, folate, and vitamin B-12) were selected for their high public health importance because they typify the challenges faced by users in the selection, use, and interpretation of biomarkers. For each nutrient, an expert panel was constituted and charged with the development of a comprehensive review covering the respective nutrient's biology, existing biomarkers, and specific issues of use with particular reference to the needs of the individual user groups. In addition to the publication of these reviews, materials from each will be extracted to support the BOND interactive Web site (http://www.nichd.nih.gov/global_nutrition/programs/bond/pages/index.aspx). This review represents the first in the series of reviews and covers all relevant aspects of iodine biology and biomarkers. The article is organized to provide the reader with a full appreciation of iodine's background history as a public health issue, its biology, and an overview of available biomarkers and specific considerations for the use and interpretation of iodine biomarkers across a range of clinical and population-based uses. The review also includes a detailed research agenda to address priority gaps in our understanding of iodine biology and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Rohner
- Groundwork LLC, Crans-près-Céligny, Switzerland Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zimmermann
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland The International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) Global Network, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pieter Jooste
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa Southern Africa Office, The ICCIDD Global Network, Capetown, South Africa
| | - Chandrakant Pandav
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India South Asia Office, The ICCIDD Global Network, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ramkripa Raghavan
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
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105
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Schulze KJ, Christian P, Wu LSF, Arguello M, Cui H, Nanayakkara-Bind A, Stewart CP, Khatry SK, LeClerq S, West KP. Micronutrient deficiencies are common in 6- to 8-year-old children of rural Nepal, with prevalence estimates modestly affected by inflammation. J Nutr 2014; 144:979-87. [PMID: 24744314 PMCID: PMC4018957 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.192336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Subclinical micronutrient deficiencies remain a hidden aspect of malnutrition for which comprehensive data are lacking in school-aged children. We assessed the micronutrient status of Nepalese children, aged 6 to 8 y, born to mothers who participated in a community-based antenatal micronutrient supplementation trial from 1999 to 2001. Of 3305 participants, plasma indicators were assessed in a random sample of 1000 children. Results revealed deficiencies of vitamins A (retinol <0.70 μmol/L, 8.5%), D (25-hydroxyvitamin D <50 nmol/L, 17.2%), E (α-tocopherol <9.3 μmol/L, 17.9%), K (decarboxy prothombin >2 μg/L, 20%), B-12 (cobalamin <150 pmol/L, 18.1%), B-6 [pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) <20 nmol/L, 43.1%], and β-carotene (41.5% <0.09 μmol/L), with little folate deficiency (6.2% <13.6 nmol/L). Deficiencies of iron [ferritin <15 μg/L, 10.7%; transferrin receptor (TfR) >8.3 mg/L, 40.1%; TfR:ferritin >500 μg/μg, 14.3%], iodine (thyroglobulin >40 μg/L, 11.4%), and selenium (plasma selenium <0.89 μmol/L, 59.0%) were observed, whereas copper deficiency was nearly absent (plasma copper <11.8 μmol/L, 0.7%). Hemoglobin was not assessed. Among all children, 91.7% experienced at least 1 micronutrient deficiency, and 64.7% experienced multiple deficiencies. Inflammation (α-1 acid glycoprotein >1 g/L, C-reactive protein >5 mg/L, or both) was present in 31.6% of children, affecting the prevalence of deficiency as assessed by retinol, β-carotene, PLP, ferritin, TfR, selenium, copper, or having any or multiple deficiencies. For any nutrient, population deficiency prevalence estimates were altered by ≤5.4% by the presence of inflammation, suggesting that the majority of deficiencies exist regardless of inflammation. Multiple micronutrient deficiencies coexist in school-aged children in rural Nepal, meriting more comprehensive strategies for their assessment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J. Schulze
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Parul Christian
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lee S.-F. Wu
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Margia Arguello
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hongjie Cui
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ashika Nanayakkara-Bind
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christine P. Stewart
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA; and
| | - Subarna K. Khatry
- The Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project-Sarlahi, Nepal Netra Jyoti Sangh, Tripureswor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Steven LeClerq
- The Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project-Sarlahi, Nepal Netra Jyoti Sangh, Tripureswor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Keith P. West
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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106
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Onyiriuka AN, Kouyate M, Oduwole AO, Oyenusi EE, Oluwayemi IO, Fakaye-Udeogu OB, Achonwa CJ, Abdullahi M. Primary congenital hypothyroidism complicated by persistent severe anaemia in early infancy: a case report with a literature review. JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, METABOLISM AND DIABETES OF SOUTH AFRICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/16089677.2014.11073605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AN Onyiriuka
- Paediatric Endocrinology Training Centre for West Africa, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - M Kouyate
- Paediatric Endocrinology Training Centre for West Africa, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - AO Oduwole
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - EE Oyenusi
- Paediatric Endocrinology Training Centre for West Africa, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - IO Oluwayemi
- Paediatric Endocrinology Training Centre for West Africa, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - OB Fakaye-Udeogu
- Paediatric Endocrinology Training Centre for West Africa, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - CJ Achonwa
- Paediatric Endocrinology Training Centre for West Africa, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - M Abdullahi
- Paediatric Endocrinology Training Centre for West Africa, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
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107
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Kaput J, van Ommen B, Kremer B, Priami C, Monteiro JP, Morine M, Pepping F, Diaz Z, Fenech M, He Y, Albers R, Drevon CA, Evelo CT, Hancock REW, Ijsselmuiden C, Lumey LH, Minihane AM, Muller M, Murgia C, Radonjic M, Sobral B, West KP. Consensus statement understanding health and malnutrition through a systems approach: the ENOUGH program for early life. GENES & NUTRITION 2014; 9:378. [PMID: 24363221 PMCID: PMC3896628 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-013-0378-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition research, like most biomedical disciplines, adopted and often uses experimental approaches based on Beadle and Tatum's one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis, thereby reducing biological processes to single reactions or pathways. Systems thinking is needed to understand the complexity of health and disease processes requiring measurements of physiological processes, as well as environmental and social factors, which may alter the expression of genetic information. Analysis of physiological processes with omics technologies to assess systems' responses has only become available over the past decade and remains costly. Studies of environmental and social conditions known to alter health are often not connected to biomedical research. While these facts are widely accepted, developing and conducting comprehensive research programs for health are often beyond financial and human resources of single research groups. We propose a new research program on essential nutrients for optimal underpinning of growth and health (ENOUGH) that will use systems approaches with more comprehensive measurements and biostatistical analysis of the many biological and environmental factors that influence undernutrition. Creating a knowledge base for nutrition and health is a necessary first step toward developing solutions targeted to different populations in diverse social and physical environments for the two billion undernourished people in developed and developing economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Kaput
- Clinical Translation Unit, Nestle Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland,
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108
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Mangiapane E, Lamberti C, Pessione A, Galano E, Amoresano A, Pessione E. Selenium effects on the metabolism of a Se-metabolizingLactobacillus reuteri: analysis of envelope-enriched and extracellular proteomes. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1272-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70557a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fixation of selenium byLactobacillus reuteriLb2 BM DSM 16143 into secreted proteins as selenocysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mangiapane
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology
- University of Turin
- Torino
- Italy
| | - C. Lamberti
- CNR ISPA
- c/o Bioindustry Park S. Fumero
- Colleretto Giacosa
- Italy
| | - A. Pessione
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology
- University of Turin
- Torino
- Italy
| | - E. Galano
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples “Federico II”
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - A. Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples “Federico II”
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - E. Pessione
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology
- University of Turin
- Torino
- Italy
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109
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Nutrient deficiencies in patients with obesity considering bariatric surgery: a cross-sectional study. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013; 10:540-6. [PMID: 24630922 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional deficiencies are common after bariatric surgery, but few studies have examined them preoperatively. The objective of this study was to evaluate several vitamins, nutrients, and nutritional markers and their determinants in patients with obesity considering bariatric surgery. METHODS Preoperative values of fasting plasma glucose, insulin, lipid profile, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), parathyroid hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, calcium, phosphate, albumin, magnesium, total proteins, liver function tests, iron, ferritin, folate, vitamin A, vitamin B12, selenium, and zinc were evaluated in 267 Caucasian outpatients (74.2% women, aged 40.5±12.6 years) who were considering bariatric surgery. The determinants of nutrient variability were analyzed by linear regression for nutrients with a prevalence of deficiency>10%, i.e., serum 25(OH)D, iron, phosphate, magnesium, and vitamin A. RESULTS Prevalence of inadequate concentrations was high for 25(OH)D (67.9% with values ≤ 20 ng/mL), magnesium (35.4%), phosphate (21.6%), iron (18.8%), and vitamin A (16.9%). Multiple deficiencies were common; 28.5%, 12.1%, and 6.3% of patients had 2, 3, and 4 deficiencies, respectively. In multivariate analyses, metabolic characteristics had an important impact on deficiencies, with lower values of 25(OH)D and vitamin A with increasing body mass index, lower values of 25(OH)D and magnesium with increasing fasting plasma glucose, and a positive correlation between vitamin A and triglycerides. Elevated TSH was associated with low iron concentrations. CONCLUSION At all ages, micronutrient deficiencies were common, with high prevalence of concentration inadequacies for 25(OH)D, magnesium, phosphate, iron, and vitamin A. High body mass index and high fasting plasma glucose increased the risk of deficiencies, particularly for 25(OH)D. Preoperative screening and correction of deficiencies should be advised.
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110
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide information on the role of the essential trace element selenium, which enables appropriate thyroid hormone synthesis, secretion, and metabolism, and to discuss supplementation with various selenium compounds, which prevent thyroid diseases such as goiter and exert beneficial effects in thyroid autoimmune diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Selenium administration in both autoimmune thyroiditis (M. Hashimoto) and mild Graves' disease improves clinical scores and well-being of patients and reduces autoimmune antibody titres in several prospective, placebo-controlled supplementation studies. SUMMARY Adequate nutritional supply of selenium, together with the two other essential trace elements iodine and iron, is required for a healthy thyroid during development and adolescence, as well as in the adult and aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany.
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111
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Lu Y, Zhang A, Li C, Zhang P, Su X, Li Y, Mu C, Li T. The link between selenium binding protein from Sinonovacula constricta and environmental pollutions exposure. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:271-277. [PMID: 23664910 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Selenium binding proteins (SeBPs) play a crucial role in controlling the oxidation/reduction in many physiological processes. Here we reported the isolation and characterization of a cDNA of SeBP gene from Sinonovacula constricta (denoted as ScSeBP). The full-length cDNA of ScSeBP was of 2345 bp, consisting of a 5'UTR of 246 bp, a 3' UTR of 626 bp, and a complete ORF of 1473 bp encoding a polypeptide with 491 amino acid residues. The predicted molecular mass of deduced amino acid of ScSeBP was 54.85 kDa and the theoretical pI was 6.44. Tissue distribution analysis of the ScSeBP revealed that the mRNA transcripts of ScSeBP were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues with the higher expressions in gill, gonad and the haemocytes. The temporal expression of ScSeBP in gill and haemocytes after B[α]P and heavy metals exposure were recorded by qPCR. B[α]P exposure at 0.5 and 5 mg L(-1) caused significant increase in mRNA expression of ScSeBP in haemocytes, but down-regulated ScSeBP mRNA expression in gill. Concerning heavy metals stresses, the suppressed expression patterns were detected in gill and haemocyte except lower concentration of PbCl2 exposure in haemocytes at 12 h. All our results indicated that ScSeBP was one of key effectors in mediating B[α]P and heavy metals exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China
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112
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Foroughi MA, Dehghani H, Mahdavi-Shahri N, Bassami MR. Sodium selenite increases the transcript levels of iodothyronine deiodinases I and II in ovine and bovine fetal thyrocytes in vitro. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2013; 27:213-20. [PMID: 23481027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is essential for thyroid hormone homeostasis. Selenium is co-translationally incorporated into the protein backbone of 5' deiodinase enzymes, which are responsible for the intra- and extra-thyroidal activation of thyroid hormones. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium selenite on the transcript levels of type I (DIO1) and II (DIO2) deiodinases in the primary culture of ovine and bovine fetal thyroid. By culture of fetal thyrocytes in the presence or absence of sodium selenite, and quantification of DIO1 and DIO2 transcripts using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we found that sodium selenite is able to increase the abundance of transcripts for DIO1 and DIO2 genes. We also found that cultured thyrocytes in the presence of sodium selenite compared to control cultured thyrocytes release more T3 into the culture medium. This indicates that in the presence of sodium selenite higher levels of DIO1 and DIO2 enzymes are produced, which are able to convert T4 to T3. In conclusion, we have shown that sodium selenite is increasing the abundance of DIO1 and DIO2 transcripts and increasing the production and release of T3 from cultured fetal thyrocytes. This finding emphasizes the role of selenium in transcriptional and expression processes during development and suggests that selenium deficiency during pregnancy in sheep and cattle may lead to the lower levels of DIO1 and DIO2 transcription in fetal thyroid, and thus, lower level of thyroidal T3 release into the fetal serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Foroughi
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, Iran.
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113
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Trumpff C, De Schepper J, Tafforeau J, Van Oyen H, Vanderfaeillie J, Vandevijvere S. Mild iodine deficiency in pregnancy in Europe and its consequences for cognitive and psychomotor development of children: a review. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2013; 27:174-83. [PMID: 23395294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Despite the introduction of salt iodization programmes as national measures to control iodine deficiency, several European countries are still suffering from mild iodine deficiency (MID). In iodine sufficient or mildly iodine deficient areas, iodine deficiency during pregnancy frequently appears in case the maternal thyroid gland cannot meet the demand for increasing production of thyroid hormones (TH) and its effect may be damaging for the neurodevelopment of the foetus. MID during pregnancy may lead to hypothyroxinaemia in the mother and/or elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the foetus, and these conditions have been found to be related to mild and subclinical cognitive and psychomotor deficits in neonates, infants and children. The consequences depend upon the timing and severity of the hypothyroxinaemia. However, it needs to be noted that it is difficult to establish a direct link between maternal iodine deficiency and maternal hypothyroxinaemia, as well as between maternal iodine deficiency and elevated neonatal TSH levels at birth. Finally, some studies suggest that iodine supplementation from the first trimester until the end of pregnancy may decrease the risk of cognitive and psychomotor developmental delay in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Trumpff
- Unit of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
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JANAKIRAM NAVEENAB, MOHAMMED ALTAF, RAVILLAH DURGADEVI, CHOI CHANGIN, ZHANG YUTING, DESAI DHIMANT, AMIN SHANTU, RAO CHINTHALAPALLYV. Chemopreventive effects of PBI-Se, a selenium-containing analog of PBIT, on AOM-induced aberrant crypt foci in F344 rats. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:952-60. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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115
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Selenium intake and selenium blood levels: a novel food frequency questionnaire. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2013; 125:160-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-013-0334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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116
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Ristić-Medić D, Novaković R, Glibetić M, Gurinović M. EURRECA—Estimating Iodine Requirements for Deriving Dietary Reference Values. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:1051-63. [PMID: 23952087 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.742859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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117
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Selenium content of Argentinean infant formulae and baby foods by pseudo-cyclic instrumental neutron activation analysis coupled to Compton suppression. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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118
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Petricca D, Nacamulli D, Mian C, Mantero F, Cavedon E, Girelli ME, Betterle C. Effects of selenium supplementation on the natural course of autoimmune thyroiditis: a short review. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:419-24. [PMID: 22453036 DOI: 10.3275/8302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an important element that exerts its effects on the selenoproteins. It is an essential component of the glutathione peroxidase enzymes, which have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and a component of iodothyronine selenodeiodinases, which catalyze the extrathyroid production of T3 from T4. Se is important to several aspects of thyroid homeostasis and may influence the natural course of thyroid diseases such as autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). This review analyzes the effects of Se supplementation in patients with AIT, based on the studies published on this issue to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Petricca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Ospedale n.105, Padua, Italy
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119
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Proliferative thyroid lesions in three diplodactylid geckos: Nephrurus amyae, Nephrurus levis, and Oedura marmorata. J Zoo Wildl Med 2012; 43:131-40. [PMID: 22448520 DOI: 10.1638/2011-0106.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a 5-mo period, three diplodactylid geckos housed at the National Aquarium were diagnosed with proliferative thyroid lesions: a rough knob-tail gecko (Nephrurus amyae), a smooth knob-tail gecko (Nephrurus levis), and a marbled velvet gecko (Oedura marmorata). Clinical signs included an intraoral mass or ventral throat swelling (or both), oral bleeding, and weight loss. Both of the knob-tail geckos died. The histologic diagnosis for the rough knob-tail gecko was thyroid carcinoma with metastases to the liver and lungs, and thyroid carcinoma with no metastases was reported in the smooth knob-tail gecko. A thyroidectomy was performed on the marbled velvet gecko with a histologic diagnosis of adenomatous hyperplasia. Postoperative weight loss and bradycardia resolved following oral supplementation with levothyroxine. The animal is in normal health 10 mo post-surgery. Five other diplodactylid geckos in the collection remain unaffected, giving a 38% prevalence of proliferative thyroid lesions (3/8). The etiology remains undetermined. This is the first report of a cluster of proliferative thyroid lesions in geckos.
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120
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Ferritin in adult-onset still's disease: just a useful innocent bystander? Int J Inflam 2012; 2012:298405. [PMID: 22536541 PMCID: PMC3321299 DOI: 10.1155/2012/298405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Adult-Onset Still's Disease (AOSD) is an immune-mediated systemic disease with quotidian-spiking fever, rash, and inflammatory arthritis. Hyperferritinemia is a prominent feature, often used for screening. Methods. The key terms “ferritin” and “hyperferritinemia” were used to search PubMed and Medline and were cross-referenced with “Still's Disease.” Results. Hyperferritinemia, although nonspecific, is particularly prevalent in AOSD. While most clinicians associate ferritin with iron metabolism, this is mostly true for the H isoform and not for the L isoform that tends to increase dramatically in hyperferritenemia. In these situations, hyperferritinemia is not associated with iron metabolism and may even mask an underlying iron deficiency. We review, in systematic fashion, the current basic science and clinical literature regarding the regulation of ferritin and its use in the diagnosis and management of AOSD. Conclusion. Serum hyperferritinemia in AOSD has been described for 2 decades, although its mechanism has not yet been completely elucidated. Regulation by proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-18, MCSF, and INF-α provides a link to the disease pathogenesis and may explain rapid resolution of hyperferritinemia after targeted treatment and inhibition of key cytokines.
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121
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Bremner AP, Feddema P, Joske DJ, Leedman PJ, O'Leary PC, Olynyk JK, Walsh JP. Significant association between thyroid hormones and erythrocyte indices in euthyroid subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 76:304-11. [PMID: 21913954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are each associated with anaemia, but relationships between thyroid function and erythrocyte indices in euthyroid subjects have not been examined. The aim of this study was to examine these relationships in a community-based cohort. DESIGN, SUBJECTS AND MEASUREMENTS Linear regression models with free T4, free T3 and TSH as predictors of erythrocyte indices and serum iron parameters were fitted to data from a cohort of 1179 participants in the 1994 Busselton health study and a subset of 1011 euthyroid participants. All models were adjusted for age, age(2), sex and an age-sex interaction. RESULTS In the full cohort and euthyroid subset, there were significant, positive linear relationships between free T4 and each of haemoglobin, haematocrit and erythrocyte count (P < 0·01 for each), such that in euthyroid participants, each 1·0 pM increase in free T4 was associated with an increase in haemoglobin of 0·39 g/l. There were significant relationships between free T3 and each of haemoglobin, haematocrit and erythrocyte count (P < 0·001 for each), with the best model fits obtained using free T3(2), indicating curved relationships. TSH had a significant (P < 0·05) inverse relationship with serum iron and transferrin saturation in the full cohort and the euthyroid subset. Serum iron concentrations were lower in participants with subclinical hypothyroidism (n = 87) than euthyroid subjects [mean (SD) 15·9 (4·7) vs 18·4 (6·0) μM, P = 0·001]. CONCLUSION In euthyroid subjects, small differences in thyroid function are associated with significant differences in erythrocyte indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra P Bremner
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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122
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Hypothyroidism. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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123
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Akhtar S, Anjum FM, Rehman ZU, Riaz M, Arshad M, Basit A, Ismail T. Effect of zinc and iron fortification of the feed on liver and thyroid function in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:894-903. [PMID: 21468629 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Changes in plasma glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxin (T4) of male rats, following 8 weeks of administration of different concentrations of elemental iron (EI), sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA), zinc sulfate (ZnSO(4)), and zinc oxide (ZnO) in whole wheat flour were investigated. Liver enzymes and thyroid hormones were determined using colorimetric methods and enzyme immune assay, respectively. Ingestion of fortified diets by the male rats did not show a marked effect on GOT and GPT, the exception being NaFeEDTA fed alone and EI with ZnO-fortified diets indicating a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in GOT levels in rats. Similarly, only NaFeEDTA significantly (p < 0.05) increased thyroxin, while EI, ZnSO(4), and ZnO either alone or in any combination did not alter thyroid secretions. Changes in GOT, GPT, T3, and T4 levels, as a result of ingesting iron and zinc-fortified diets by rats, ranged in the safe limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Akhtar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
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124
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Abstract
The trace element selenium (Se) occurs in the form of the amino acid selenocysteine in selenoproteins. Selenoproteins exerts multiple physiological effects in human health, many of which are related with regulation of reduction-oxidation processes. In fact, the selenoenzyme families of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TRx) display the ability to act as antioxidants, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Furthermore, another class of selenoproteins are the iodothyronine deiodinase enzymes (DIO), which catalyze the conversion of thyroxine (T4) in triiodothyronine (T3), then exerting a fine tuned control on thyroid hormones metabolism. Several studies have investigated the potential positive effects of Se supplementation in thyroid diseases, characterized by increased levels of hydrogen peroxide and free radicals, like autoimmune chronic thyroiditis. These studies have supplied evidences indicating that Se supplementation, maximizing the antioxidant enzymes activity, may reduce the thyroid inflammatory status. Then, it may be postulated that Se could play a therapeutical role in thyroid autoimmune diseases. Despite the fact that recent studies seem to be concordant about Se beneficial effects in decreasing thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) titers and ameliorating the ultrasound echogenicity pattern, several doubts have to be still clarified, before advising Se supplementation in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Negro
- Department of Endocrinology, "V. Fazzi" Hospital, Lecce, Italy
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125
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Kalra S, Unnikrishnan AG, Sahay R. Thyroidology and public health: The challenges ahead. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2011; 15:S73-S75. [PMID: 21966656 PMCID: PMC3169872 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.83326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital and BRIDE, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | | | - Rakesh Sahay
- Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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126
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Abstract
Thyroid autoimmune disease, a multifactorial organ-specific autoimmune disorder, is marking a constant increase worldwide. It is thought to be caused by multiple environmental factors triggering autoimmune response in genetically susceptible individuals, though the exact mechanisms linking environmental factors to thyroid autoimmunity are not as yet well understood. Nevertheless, there is increasing evidence that mainly nutritive factors and environmental pollution by metals and chemicals (e.g. organochlorines, pesticides) are the main factors in the present-day spread of this disease. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge regarding environmental factors, their association with genetics and their impact on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Duntas
- Endocrine Unit, University of Athens, Evgenidion Hospital, 1528 Athens, Greece.
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127
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Mihaila C, Schramm J, Strathmann FG, Lee DL, Gelein RM, Luebke AE, Mayer-Pröschel M. Identifying a window of vulnerability during fetal development in a maternal iron restriction model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17483. [PMID: 21423661 PMCID: PMC3057971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well acknowledged from observations in humans that iron deficiency during pregnancy can be associated with a number of developmental problems in the newborn and developing child. Due to the obvious limitations of human studies, the stage during gestation at which maternal iron deficiency causes an apparent impairment in the offspring remains elusive. In order to begin to understand the time window(s) during pregnancy that is/are especially susceptible to suboptimal iron levels, which may result in negative effects on the development of the fetus, we developed a rat model in which we were able to manipulate and monitor the dietary iron intake during specific stages of pregnancy and analyzed the developing fetuses. We established four different dietary-feeding protocols that were designed to render the fetuses iron deficient at different gestational stages. Based on a functional analysis that employed Auditory Brainstem Response measurements, we found that maternal iron restriction initiated prior to conception and during the first trimester were associated with profound changes in the developing fetus compared to iron restriction initiated later in pregnancy. We also showed that the presence of iron deficiency anemia, low body weight, and changes in core body temperature were not defining factors in the establishment of neural impairment in the rodent offspring.Our data may have significant relevance for understanding the impact of suboptimal iron levels during pregnancy not only on the mother but also on the developing fetus and hence might lead to a more informed timing of iron supplementation during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Mihaila
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jordan Schramm
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Frederick G. Strathmann
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Gelein
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Luebke
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MM-P); (AEL)
| | - Margot Mayer-Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MM-P); (AEL)
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128
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Abstract
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is identified as an antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic and increasing Se the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plant could benefit human and animal health. In 2006, Se was applied to soil at two locations and four concentrations to determine Se concentration in the peanut plant. Selenium (Sodium Selenite) was applied at rates of 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and 10 mg Se/kg soil. Prior to harvest, plant samples were collected, washed, partitioned, dried, and ground to pass through a 2 mm sieve and analyzed for Se. Composite soil samples were taken prior to peanut digging, air dried, and analyzed for Se. In general, the higher the concentration of Se applied to the soil the higher the concentration of Se in peanut leaf, stem, root, peg, kernel, and hull. There was no difference in Se concentration between sites for leaf, stem, root, or pegs. There was a difference of Se with hulls and kernels between sites possibly attributed to soil series. Pooled data over both sites showed the untreated areas had an average 0.495 mg Se/kg kernel. The 0.5Se and 1Se treatment had an average Se concentration of 3.97 mg Se/kg kernel which could decrease the quantity of peanuts a person would need to consume from 760 to 14 g/day to get the needed requirement of Se. The treatments 5Se and 10Se averaged 16.1 mg Se/kg kernel. Adding Se to the soil can increase Se in the peanut kernel and plant which could be beneficial to human and/or animal health. However, application of high grade Se to peanut land at 0.5 mg Se/kg would cost about $526/ha which may not be economical for the grower.
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129
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Jerome-Morais A, Diamond AM, Wright ME. Dietary supplements and human health: for better or for worse? Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 55:122-35. [PMID: 21207517 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Encouraged by the potential health benefits of higher dietary intake of substances with beneficial properties, the use of supplements containing these compounds has increased steadily over recent years. The effects of several of these, many of which are antioxidants, have been supported by data obtained in vitro, in animal models, and often by human studies as well. However, as carefully controlled human supplementation trials have been conducted, questions about the efficacy and safety of these supplements have emerged. In this Educational Paper, three different supplements were selected for consideration of the benefits and risks currently associated with their intake. The selected supplements include β-carotene, selenium, and genistein. The use of each is discussed in the context of preclinical and clinical data that provide evidence for both their use in reducing disease incidence and the possible liabilities that accompany their enhanced consumption. Variables that may influence their impact, such as lifestyle habits, baseline nutritional levels, and genetic makeup are considered and the application of these issues to broader classes of supplements is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Jerome-Morais
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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130
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Abdel-Rahman EM, Mansour W, Holley JL. Thyroid hormone abnormalities and frailty in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease: a hypothesis. Semin Dial 2010; 23:317-23. [PMID: 20636925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139x.2010.00736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in the metabolic activities of adults, affecting almost every organ system. All types of thyroid diseases are encountered in the elderly. As symptoms and signs of thyroid diseases may overlap with what is considered to be "normal aging," the presence of a thyroid disorder may go undiagnosed in the elderly. This potential problem is further compounded in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), where the presence of an underlying hormonal problem such as hypothyroidism may be erroneously attributed to multiple comorbidities, the aging process, or the kidney disease. Frailty is being recognized as a contributing factor to the poor outcomes (hospitalization and high mortality) in elderly patients with CKD. Predisposing factors leading to frailty in elderly with CKD such as increased inflammatory markers, anemia, low testosterone, sarcopenia, and depression are associated with thyroid hormonal abnormalities. These associations are remarkable and raise the question of whether routine monitoring and screening for thyroid hormone changes in elderly CKD patients might be helpful in identifying reversible causes of frailty. In this review, we will focus on the associations between thyroid hormone abnormalities and the predisposing factors of frailty in elderly patients with CKD. If a cause-effect relationship of thyroid hormone abnormalities and factors predisposing to frailty in CKD patients is established, identification and treatment of thyroid abnormalities in this population would assume increased importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emaad M Abdel-Rahman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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131
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Kazi TG, Kandhro GA, Sirajuddin, Afridi HI, Baig JA, Shah AQ, Wadhwa SK, Khan S, Kolachi NF, Shaikh HUR. Evaluation of iodine, iron, and selenium in biological samples of thyroid mother and their newly born babies. Early Hum Dev 2010; 86:649-55. [PMID: 20716473 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is accumulating facts that the metabolism of essential trace elements is altered in thyroid patients. AIM The aim of present study was to compare the status of essential trace elements, iodine, iron (Fe), and selenium (Se) in biological samples (serum and urine) of goitrous mothers (age ranged 30-40) and their newly born infants (n=76). An age matched 68 non-goitrous mothers and their infants, residing in the same locality, were selected as referents. For a comparative study, the biological samples of non-goitrous and goitrous pregnant and non pregnant female subjects of the same age group and socio-economic status were also analyzed. METHODS The Fe and Se concentrations in biological samples were determined by a flame and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry respectively, while iodine was measured by iodide-ion selective electrode, prior to microwave assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology was checked by certified reference materials. RESULTS The mean values of iodine, Fe and Se in serum and urine samples of thyroid mothers and their infants were significantly lower as compared to the referent mothers-infants pairs (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The deficiencies of essential trace elements may adversely affect the health of women and their neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
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132
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Kazi TG, Kandhro GA, Afridi HI, Kazi N, Baig JA, Arain MB, Shah AQ, Syed N, Kumar S, Kolachi NF, Khan S. Interaction of copper with iron, iodine, and thyroid hormone status in goitrous patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010; 134:265-79. [PMID: 19693445 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In many developing countries, men and women are at high risk of goiter and iron deficiency. The aim of the recent study is to assess the interaction of (Cu), with iron (Fe), iodine/iodide (I), and thyroid hormones in goitrous patients. Sixty goitrous male (GMPs) and 72 female patients (GFPs) were evaluated for the Cu, Fe, I, and thyroid hormones status in biological samples (serum and urine), and compared to non-goitrous subjects of both genders (M = 106, F = 120). The biological samples were analyzed for Cu and Fe concentration using atomic absorption spectrometer, while I was measured by the potentiometric method, prior to microwave-assisted acid digestion (MD). Quality control for the method was established with certified samples. Significantly higher mean values of Cu in serum, and urine samples of GMPs and GFPs, while lower value of Fe and I were observed as compared to control subjects (p < 0.015), respectively. The mean values of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxin (FT4) were found to be lower in goitrous patients of both genders than in the age-matched healthy controls (p < 0.006 and 0.002), respectively, in contrast high mean values of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were detected in patients (p < 0.009), as compared to non-goitrous subjects. It was observed that the deficiencies of Fe, I, and thyroid hormone in goitrous patients could be influenced by efficiency of Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Sindh University, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
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133
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Hess SY. The impact of common micronutrient deficiencies on iodine and thyroid metabolism: the evidence from human studies. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 24:117-32. [PMID: 20172476 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies of micronutrients are highly prevalent in low-income countries. Inadequate intake of iodine impairs thyroid function and results in a spectrum of disorders. Other common deficiencies of micronutrients such as iron, selenium, vitamin A, and possibly zinc may interact with iodine nutrition and thyroid function. Randomised controlled intervention trials in iodine- and iron-deficient populations have shown that providing iron along with iodine results in greater improvements in thyroid function and volume than providing iodine alone. Vitamin A supplementation given alone or in combination with iodised salt can have a beneficial impact on thyroid function and thyroid size. Despite numerous studies of the effect of selenium on iodine and thyroid metabolism in animals, most published randomised controlled intervention trials in human populations failed to confirm an impact of selenium supplementation on thyroid metabolism. Little evidence is available on interactions between iodine and zinc metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Y Hess
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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134
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Combs GF, Midthune DN, Patterson KY, Canfield WK, Hill AD, Levander OA, Taylor PR, Moler JE, Patterson BH. Effects of selenomethionine supplementation on selenium status and thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:1808-14. [PMID: 19403637 PMCID: PMC2682996 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenium, a potential cancer prevention agent currently being tested against prostate cancer in the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT), plays an integral role in thyroid metabolism. The effects of long-term selenium supplementation on thyroid hormone concentrations are unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the effects of long-term selenium supplementation on thyroid hormone concentrations. DESIGN Twenty-eight healthy adults took 200 microg selenomethionine/d for 28 mo. The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyrotropin (TSH) were measured in plasma for 4 mo before supplementation and quarterly during supplementation. The assay methods were changed midstudy; the results of the 2 methods were not comparable. Therefore, one analysis was conducted based on the results of the first method, and a second analysis was based on all of the data, adjusted for the change. Serial data collection permitted a test for trends rather than simply a difference between initial and final values. RESULTS By 9 mo, mean (+/-SEM) plasma selenium concentrations had increased from 1.78 +/- 0.07 micromol/L at baseline to 2.85 +/- 0.11 micromol/L for men and from 1.64 +/- 0.04 to 3.32 +/- 0.1.2 micromol/L for women. T3 concentrations in men increased 5% per year (P = 0.01). T4 and TSH concentrations were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Selenium supplementation produced no clinically significant changes in thyroid hormone concentrations. A small but statistically significant increase in T3 concentrations was noted in men, with no corresponding decreases in TSH. A subset of SELECT subjects might be monitored periodically for changes during long-term selenium supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Combs
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks, ND 55202, USA.
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135
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Abstract
Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects in humans, termed iodine deficiency disorders, due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. Globally, it is estimated that 2 billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake, and South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are particularly affected. However, about 50% of Europe remains mildly iodine deficient, and iodine intakes in other industrialized countries, including the United States and Australia, have fallen in recent years. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and infancy may impair growth and neurodevelopment of the offspring and increase infant mortality. Deficiency during childhood reduces somatic growth and cognitive and motor function. Assessment methods include urinary iodine concentration, goiter, newborn TSH, and blood thyroglobulin. But assessment of iodine status in pregnancy is difficult, and it remains unclear whether iodine intakes are sufficient in this group, leading to calls for iodine supplementation during pregnancy in several industrialized countries. In most countries, the best strategy to control iodine deficiency in populations is carefully monitored universal salt iodization, one of the most cost-effective ways to contribute to economic and social development. Achieving optimal iodine intakes from iodized salt (in the range of 150-250 microg/d for adults) may minimize the amount of thyroid dysfunction in populations. Ensuring adequate iodine status during parenteral nutrition has become important, particularly in preterm infants, as the use of povidone-iodine disinfectants has declined. Introduction of iodized salt to regions of chronic iodine deficiency may transiently increase the incidence of thyroid disorders, but overall, the relatively small risks of iodine excess are far outweighed by the substantial risks of iodine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, LFV E19, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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136
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) constitute significant public health problems in parts of the world with poor iodine nutrition, but have been eradicated in North America and other regions. We herein report 3 cases of IDD, which occurred in women living in iodine-replete environments. METHODS The clinical presentation, biochemical findings, and radiological features of the patients were analyzed and presented in 3 case reports. The radiological features are illustrated in sonographic and scintigraphic images. A literature review and discussion, which highlight the risk factors, pathogenesis, ancillary investigations, and rational treatment of iodine deficiency goiter and hypothyroidism are provided. RESULTS All 3 patients were young women, aged 24 to 38 years, who had goiter. Two of them presented with goitrous hypothyroidism. Radioactive iodine scintigraphy showed a characteristic finding of diffusely increased uptake (in the absence of clinical and biochemical evidence of hyperthyroidism). This scintigraphic pattern was found to be pathognomonic. Dietary iodine supplementation alone resulted in complete remission of IDD in the subjects, including the 2 patients with hypothyroidism. CONCLUSION IDD can occur in iodine-replete environments. A high index of suspicion is needed to recognize these cases. It is pertinent that the correct diagnosis be made to avoid unwarranted life-long thyroxine therapy in patients presenting with goiter and hypothyroidism, which is easily treatable with iodized salt. These cases underscore the need for considering iodine deficiency in the etiologic diagnosis of goiter and hypothyroidism, even in iodine-sufficient regions.
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137
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Schomburg L, Köhrle J. On the importance of selenium and iodine metabolism for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and human health. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 52:1235-46. [PMID: 18686295 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The trace elements iodine and selenium (Se) are essential for thyroid gland functioning and thyroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism. While iodine is needed as the eponymous constituent of the two major thyroid hormones triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), and tetraiodo-L-thyronine (T4), Se is essential for the biosynthesis and function of a small number of selenocysteine (Sec)-containing selenoproteins implicated in thyroid hormone metabolism and gland function. The Se-dependent iodothyronine deiodinases control thyroid hormone turnover, while both intracellular and secreted Se-dependent glutathione peroxidases are implicated in gland protection. Recently, a number of clinical supplementation trials have indicated positive effects of increasing the Se status of the participants in a variety of pathologies. These findings enforce the notion that many people might profit from improving their Se status, both as a means to reduce the individual health risk as well as to balance a Se deficiency which often develops during the course of illness. Even though the underlying mechanisms are still largely uncharacterised, the effects of Se appear to be exerted via multiple different mechanisms that impact most pronounced on the endocrine and the immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Schomburg
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie und Endokrinologisches Forschungs-Centrum der Charité EnForCé, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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138
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Cinemre H, Bilir C, Gokosmanoglu F, Bahcebasi T. Hematologic effects of levothyroxine in iron-deficient subclinical hypothyroid patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:151-6. [PMID: 18984662 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In patients with coexisting iron-deficiency anemia and subclinical hypothyroidism, anemia does not adequately respond to oral iron therapy. OBJECTIVE We studied whether iron-deficiency anemia might indicate treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism. DESIGN PATIENTS were assigned to a control or experimental group: 240 mg/d oral iron alone (iron group) or 240 mg/d oral iron plus 75 microg/d levothyroxine (iron/levothyroxine group). Levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, serum iron levels, ferritin, total iron-binding capacity, TSH, and free T(4) were measured before and after treatment. SETTING The study was conducted at a university hospital outpatient clinic. PATIENTS Fifty-one patients with coexisting iron-deficiency anemia and subclinical hypothyroidism participated in the study. INTERVENTION PATIENTS were treated as described above in either the iron group or the iron/levothyroxine group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE A clinically satisfactory increase in hemoglobin was regarded as successful. RESULTS Mean hemoglobin levels increased by 0.4 g/dl in the iron group [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-0.7, P = 0.001], whereas it increased by a mean of 1.9 g/dl in the iron/levothyroxine group (95% CI 1.5-2.3, P < 0.0001). The increase in serum iron was greater in the iron/levothyroxine group by a mean of 47.6 microg/dl (95% CI 34.5-60.6, P < 0.0001). Increases in hemoglobin, red blood cells, hematocrit, and serum ferritin levels after treatment were statistically significantly greater in the iron/levothyroxine group (P < 0.0001). Starting hemoglobin and increase in hemoglobin were negatively correlated in the iron/levothyroxine group (r = -0.531, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Subclinical hypothyroidism should be treated in iron-deficiency anemia patients when both conditions coexist. This would provide a desired therapeutic response to oral iron replacement and prevent ineffective iron therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Cinemre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Duzce University School of Medicine, Duzce 81620, Turkey.
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139
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Pappas A, Zoidis E, Surai P, Zervas G. Selenoproteins and maternal nutrition. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 151:361-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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140
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Sarada S, Himadri P, Ruma D, Sharma S, Pauline T, Mrinalini. Selenium protects the hypoxia induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells through upregulation of Bcl-2. Brain Res 2008; 1209:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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141
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Rayman MP, Thompson AJ, Bekaert B, Catterick J, Galassini R, Hall E, Warren-Perry M, Beckett GJ. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of selenium supplementation on thyroid function in the elderly in the United Kingdom. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87:370-8. [PMID: 18258627 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.2.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid function depends on the essential trace mineral selenium, which is at the active center of the iodothyronine deiodinase enzymes that catalyze the conversion of the prohormone thyroxine (T(4)) to the active form of thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine (T(3)). OBJECTIVE Because selenium intake in the United Kingdom has fallen during the past 25 y, we wanted to determine whether current selenium status might be limiting conversion of T(4) to T(3) in the elderly, in whom marginal hypothyroidism is relatively common. DESIGN We investigated the effect of selenium supplementation in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 501 elderly UK volunteers. Similar numbers of men and women from each of 3 age groups, 60-64 y, 65-69 y, and 70-74 y, were randomly allocated to receive 100, 200, or 300 microg Se/d as high-selenium yeast or placebo yeast for 6 mo. As part of the study, plasma selenium, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and total and free T(3) and T(4) were measured. Data from 368 euthyroid volunteers who provided blood samples at baseline and 6 mo were analyzed. RESULTS Although selenium status at baseline correlated weakly with free T(4) (r = -0.19, P < 0.001) and with the ratio of free T(3) to free T(4) (r = 0.12, P = 0.02), we found no evidence of any effect of selenium supplementation on thyroid function, despite significant increases in plasma selenium. However, baseline plasma selenium in our study (x: 91 microg/L) was somewhat higher than in previous supplementation studies in which apparently beneficial effects were seen. CONCLUSION We found no indication for increasing selenium intake to benefit T(4) to T(3) conversion in the elderly UK population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret P Rayman
- Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
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Li Y, Dai Q, Torres ME, Zhang J. Gender-specific association between iron status and the history of attempted suicide: implications for gender paradox of suicide behaviors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31:1429-35. [PMID: 17692449 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Iron deficiency (ID) has been linked with high impulsivity, and an increased risk of ID was reported among suicide attempters. We hypothesized that poor iron status might be prevalent among suicide attempters, who have high impulsivity. METHODS As a part of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), a set of iron indices were measured in 2598 men and 2975 women aged 17-39 years, who completed a mental disorder diagnostic interview. RESULTS Using non-attempters as reference within each gender, we observed a gender-dependent association between poor iron status and the history of attempted suicide. For male attempters (n=74), the prevalence ratios (PR) of abnormal serum ferritin, serum iron and protoporphyrin were 18.3 (95%CI=3.3-101.7), 3.2 (1.1-9.4) and 5.4(1.8-15.6). In contrast, the PR of abnormal serum ferritin for female attempters (n=217) was 0.3 (0.1-0.6). The hematological indices did not differ significantly between attempters and non-attempters among either men or women. Compared with non-attempters, male attempters were prone to a higher odds [17.5 (4.2-72.4)] while female attempters to a lower odds [0.6 (0.3-1.1)] of ID. CONCLUSION These data suggest new opportunities for exploring biological bases of gender paradox of suicidal behaviors and a novel way to enhance therapeutic and preventive interventions against suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
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143
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Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Mabapa NS, Schoeman S, Biebinger R, Mushaphi LF, Mbhenyane X. Vitamin A supplementation in iodine-deficient African children decreases thyrotropin stimulation of the thyroid and reduces the goiter rate. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:1040-4. [PMID: 17921382 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.4.1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A (VA) deficiency (VAD) and iodine deficiency (ID) often coexist in children in Africa. VAD may affect thyroid function and the response to iodine prophylaxis. OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the effects of supplementation with iodine or VA alone, and in combination, in children with concurrent VAD and ID. DESIGN A 6-mo randomized, double-blind, 2 x 2 intervention trial was conducted in 5-14 y-old South African children (n = 404), who, on average, had mild-to-moderate VAD and ID. At baseline and after 3 mo, children received 1) iodine (191 mg I as oral iodized oil) + placebo (IS group), 2) VA (200000 IU VA as retinyl palmitate) + placebo (VAS group), 3) both iodine and VA (IS+VAS group), or 4) placebo. At baseline, 3 mo, and 6 mo, urinary iodine (UI), thyroid volume, thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSH), total thyroxine (TT(4)), thyroglobulin, serum retinol (SR), and retinol-binding protein (RBP) were measured. RESULTS SR and RBP increased significantly with VA supplementation (P < 0.05). For UI, SR, and RBP, there were no significant treatment interactions between iodine and vitamin A. The 3-factor and all three 2-factor interactions were significant for thyroid volume, TSH, and thyroglobulin (P < 0.001), whereas none of these interactions were significant for TT(4). There was a clear effect of VAS without IS on TSH, thyroglobulin, and thyroid volume; all 3 variables decreased significantly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Iodine prophylaxis is effective in controlling ID in areas of poor vitamin A status. VA supplements are effective in treating VAD in areas of mild ID and have an additional benefit-through suppression of the pituitary TSHbeta gene, VAS can decrease excess TSH stimulation of the thyroid and thereby reduce the risk of goiter and its sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland.
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144
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Otake T, Yoshinaga J, Enomoto T, Matsuda M, Wakimoto T, Ikegami M, Suzuki E, Naruse H, Yamanaka T, Shibuya N, Yasumizu T, Kato N. Thyroid hormone status of newborns in relation to in utero exposure to PCBs and hydroxylated PCB metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 105:240-6. [PMID: 17490634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The associations between in utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or hydroxylated PCB metabolites (OH-PCBs), and free thyroxin (fT4) or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) status in the newborn were investigated as a pilot study of a large-scale epidemiologic study on in utero PCB or OH-PCB exposure and thyroid function of the newborns. Umbilical cord tissue was used as the media for the biological monitoring of PCBs/OH-PCBs exposure in utero. For the measurement of fT4 and TSH, a heel-prick blood sample spotted on filter paper, which is called Guthrie card, is collected from each neonate at day 4-6 postpartum for this study when the mass screening sampling was performed. We showed that the concentration of total OH-PCBs and one of the OH-PCB congeners (OH-PCB 187) was related significantly to higher fT4 level of newborns. On the other hand, the concentration of total PCBs and PCB congeners (PCB 118, 138, 153, and 180) showed no relationship with fT4 and TSH level of the newborns. The results obtained in this pilot study indicated the possibility that in utero OH-PCBs exposure affects thyroid hormone status of newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Otake
- Department of Environmental Studies, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
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Abstract
The aim of this article is to review postpartum fatigue, especially as it relates to the occurrence and pathophysiology of three common postpartum conditions known to contribute to fatigue: anemia, infection/inflammation, and thyroid dysfunction. Fatigue is an unrelenting condition that affects physical and mental health, and it has implications for everyday activities, motivation, and social interactions. Although individuals of all ages and both genders are at risk for developing fatigue, postpartum fatigue is particularly challenging, because the new mother has demanding life tasks to accomplish during this period of time. Postpartum fatigue may impact postpartum maternal role attainment and may place a woman at increased risk for postpartum depression. Although several treatable physiological conditions common during the postpartum period are known to increase fatigue, none of these conditions is a part of the usual assessment of healthy postpartum women. For many women, subtle fatigue may develop, linger or worsen, and even lead to depression, with both the woman and her care provider unaware.
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146
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Semba RD, Ricks MO, Ferrucci L, Xue QL, Guralnik JM, Fried LP. Low serum selenium is associated with anemia among older adults in the United States. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 63:93-9. [PMID: 17805227 PMCID: PMC2645667 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that low serum selenium was associated with anemia in humans. SUBJECTS A total of 2092 adults aged 65 and older, in the third National Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 2 (1991-1994) (NHANES III). METHODS Examination of the relationship between serum selenium and hematological indices in NHANES III. RESULTS Anemia, defined by World Health Organization criteria, was present in 12.9%. Mean serum selenium among non-anemic and anemic adults was 1.60 and 1.51 micromol l(-1) (P=0.0003). The prevalence of anemia among adults in the lowest to highest quartiles of serum selenium was 18.3, 9.5, 9.7 and 6.9%, respectively (P=0.0005). The proportion of adults in the lowest quartile of selenium among those who were non-anemic or who had anemia due to nutritional causes, chronic inflammation, renal disease or unexplained anemia was 9.9, 27.5, 17.5, 24.0 and 15.4%, respectively. An increase in log(e) selenium was associated with a reduced risk of anemia (odds ratio per one standard deviation increase 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.58-0.97, P=0.03), adjusting for age, race, education, body mass index and chronic diseases. CONCLUSION Low serum selenium is independently associated with anemia among older men and women in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Semba
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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147
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Abstract
This article briefly summarizes thyroid function alterations generally seen in the euthyroid sick syndrome, provides an overview of specific thyroidal adaptations during several clinical conditions and secondary to specific pharmacologic agents, and discusses the current controversy in thyroid hormone treatment of nonthyroidal illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Myers Adler
- Department of Medicine, Washington Hospital Center, and Georgetown University School of Medicine, Building D, Suite 232, 4000 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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148
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Papp LV, Lu J, Holmgren A, Khanna KK. From selenium to selenoproteins: synthesis, identity, and their role in human health. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:775-806. [PMID: 17508906 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 867] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The requirement of the trace element selenium for life and its beneficial role in human health has been known for several decades. This is attributed to low molecular weight selenium compounds, as well as to its presence within at least 25 proteins, named selenoproteins, in the form of the amino acid selenocysteine (Sec). Incorporation of Sec into selenoproteins employs a unique mechanism that involves decoding of the UGA codon. This process requires multiple features such as the selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element and several protein factors including a specific elongation factor EFSec and the SECIS binding protein 2, SBP2. The function of most selenoproteins is currently unknown; however, thioredoxin reductases (TrxR), glutathione peroxidases (GPx) and thyroid hormone deiodinases (DIO) are well characterised selenoproteins involved in redox regulation of intracellular signalling, redox homeostasis and thyroid hormone metabolism. Recent evidence points to a role for selenium compounds as well as selenoproteins in the prevention of some forms of cancer. A number of clinical trials are either underway or being planned to examine the effects of selenium on cancer incidence. In this review we describe some of the recent progress in our understanding of the mechanism of selenoprotein synthesis, the role of selenoproteins in human health and disease and the therapeutic potential of some of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vanda Papp
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Herston, QLD, Australia
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149
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Thomson CD, McLachlan SK, Parnell WR, Wilson N, Wohlers M, Scragg R, Schaaf D, Fitzgerald ED. Serum selenium concentrations and dietary selenium intake of New Zealand children aged 5-14 years. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:357-64. [PMID: 17298706 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507336738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Serum Se concentrations and dietary Se intakes have been determined in relation to age, sex, ethnicity, region and index of deprivation in a nationally representative sample of New Zealand children aged 5-14 years from the 2002 National Children's Nutrition Survey. Dietary intake was assessed from computer-assisted, multiple-pass 24 h diet recall interviews (n 3275). Serum Se concentrations were obtained from a subset of urban-based children (n 1547). Mean (95 % CI) serum Se concentration in children was 0.96 (0.93, 1.00) micromol/l. Males (1.00 micromol/l) had higher serum Se levels than females (0.93 micromol/l; P = 0.027). Mäori children had lower serum Se than Pacific Islands children (P = 0.038) and New Zealand European and Other children (P = 0.005). Children in the Upper North Island (1.06 micromol/l) had higher mean serum Se values than those in the Lower North Island (0.98 micromol/l, P < 0.0005) and South Island (0.79 micromol/l, P < 0.0005), and serum Se in the Lower North Island was higher than that in the South Island (P < 0.0005). Mean dietary Se intake was 36 (34, 37) microg/d. The intakes of children aged 5-6 years (31 microg/d) were lower than those of children aged 7-10 and 11-14 years (35 and 38 microg/d, respectively; P < 0.00 005) and the intakes of 7-10-year-olds were lower than those of 11-14-year-olds (P = 0.002). Serum Se was associated with dietary Se after adjusting for all variables, including region (P = 0.006). The Se status of our children falls in the middle of the international range of serum Se concentrations, but that for children in the South Island is among the lowest values reported and may be a cause for concern.
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